1330:
among the allies even before they met with the
Nicaean army, allegedly as the result of some Achaean knights coveting John Doukas' beautiful Vlach wife. Matters were made worse when William of Villehardouin not only did not punish his men, but also insulted John Doukas for his illegitimate birth, infuriating the latter. John Doukas then entered into contact with John Palaiologos, and after extracting promises that his father and half-brother would not be harmed, persuaded them to withdraw during night. Pachymeres' account of William insulting John the Bastard is further confirmed by Marino Sanudo.
4337:
4315:
4329:
1372:, the Nicaean commander tried to frighten his opponents by lighting many camp fires and using cattle to simulate marching troops, and sent an agent to the allied camp to persuade the Despot of the vastly superior size of the Nicaean force. The stratagem worked in so far as the Epirote troops fled during the night, while the Nicaeans, emboldened by this, moved to confront the Achaeans. The Achaeans, with Geoffrey of Briel leading the van, managed to rout the German knights who were the Nicaeans' first line; but the
1154:, opined that the "Duke of Karantana" is a fictitious character symbolizing a brave warrior, and the name was chosen possibly under the influence of a corruption of the name Karytaina. It is also likely that Latin troops fought on the Nicaean side, although they are not explicitly mentioned: they were a prominent element of previous Nicaean armies, and Michael Palaiologos had relied on their support for his usurpation. The total size of the Nicaean army is nowhere reported, except for a reference in the Greek
4307:
4322:
950:
256:
1391:
1316:
distributed his men, leaving the heavily armed troops to occupy strong defensive positions on the hills, while his lighter Cuman, Turkish and Greek troops harassed the allied army with hit-and-run attacks, striking at their horses when they were being watered and plundering their supply trains. Faced with this constant harassment, Akropolites reports that the morale of the
Epirote army withered, and Michael II with his troops withdrew towards
1382:
disquieted by the presence of such a strong
Frankish army, and feared that in the event of an allied victory, he would be likely to lose his own territory to the Latins, fears which would have been confirmed with the clash between his son John Doukas and William of Villehardouin in the days leading up to the battle. Conversely, if the Nicaeans won, not only his rule, but his own life would be in danger, leading him to choose flight instead.
1360:
were killed, while most of the survivors were taken prisoner. Gregoras reports that the 400 Germans surrendered to only four
Nicaeans (possibly high-ranking commanders), while the forces of William of Villehardouin scattered. The Prince himself was discovered hiding in a pile of hay (Akropolites) or a shrub (Pachymeres) near Kastoria, and some thirty of his most senior barons were likewise taken captive.
240:
1458:. At Arta they found and released many Nicaean prisoners, including Akropolites. In the next year, however, the Nicaean successes were largely undone: John Doukas defected back to his father, and Michael II with an Italian mercenary army landed at Arta, and the Epirote population rallied to his cause. The Epirotes routed the Nicaeans, and Strategopoulos himself was captured and briefly held prisoner.
1336:
shield was raised for protection, he flung him lifeless onto the ground together with his horse. After that he slew two others who were the Dukeās kinsmen. The lance which he held shattered into three pieces, and so he quickly drew his sword and began to do battle in earnest with the
Germans, and all those who came to fight him he mowed down like hay in a field.
263:
985:, and wintered in Macedonia, where it was joined by local levies. At the same time, Michael Palaiologos sent separate embassies to each of the three main allies, hoping to pry them apart by diplomacy. These efforts failed, as the three allies stood to gain much from a successful offensive against Nicaea.
1471:
he finally agreed to hand over a number of fortresses and swear an oath of allegiance to
Palaiologos in exchange for his freedom. This was ratified by the so-called "Parliament of Ladies" (as most of the male nobles of Achaea were prisoners), and in early 1262 Villehardouin was released, and the forts of
1499:
in 1267, after which, in the words of the historian Peter Lock, "The
Frankish states of the Aegean became virtual marcher lordships of the Angevin kingdom of Naples and no longer lordships in their own right. They become subsumed in the power politics of the Mediterranean as viewed from a Neapolitan
1483:, were handed over to the Byzantines. From there the Byzantines would launch repeated attempts to conquer Achaea, and although these failed for the moment, they were extremely costly to the Achaeans. In the longer term, the foothold gained by the Byzantines in the region would form the nucleus of the
1359:
Whatever the true course of events, on the next morning, when the
Epirote flight was discovered by their Latin allies, they too tried to withdraw, but it was too late. The Nicaeans fell upon them, and in addition, according to Pachymeres, John Doukas and his Vlachs attacked from the rear. Many Latins
1335:
The first battalion had was that of the
Germans, and when the renowned lord of Karytaina saw them, he immediately rushed at them, and they couched their lances. The first he met and to whom he dealt a blow of the lance was he who was called Duke of Carinthia, and striking him on the chest, where his
1301:
Akropolites puts the location of the first clashes between the two armies at Boril's Wood. In view of their numerical disadvantage, the
Nicaeans had no choice but to employ strategy to overcome their opponents, aiming at the cohesion of the enemy alliance. Like all Greeks, the Epirotes mistrusted and
1470:
peninsula was also opened up to Michael Palaiologos' ambitions. The emperor offered to set free Villehardouin and his nobles and provide for comfortable retainers for them, if they were to hand over the Principality to him; and while Villehardouin refused this offer, after the fall of Constantinople
1381:
According to Geanakoplos, although differing in details, the various accounts can be reconciled to form a more complete picture of the battle. Certainly the crucial turning point, Michael II's flight on the eve of the battle, is easy to explain even without a Nicaean stratagem: the Epirote ruler was
1329:
to betray the Epirotes in exchange for money. Persuaded, the Epirote ruler immediately fled his camp with as many men as he could gather, while the rest of the Epirote army too dispersed after his flight became known. Pachymeres offers a completely different version, highlighting the discord present
1278:
engaged the enemy, striking them with arrows from a distance. They began to attack the enemy from a place whose name is Borilla Longos. They allowed them neither to march freely in the daytime nor to rest at night. For they clashed with them in the day when they were watering their horsesāif someone
1233:
As a result of the differences in the sources, numerous details of the battle remain unclear, from the exact date (proposed dates range from June to November), the location (Pelagonia or Kastoria), or the exact roles the various leaders played in the events. The two main suggestions for the date are
1225:
is at pains to portray the fight as a heroic albeit doomed combat, exaggerating the number of the Nicaean troops, avoiding any mention of the Sicilian contingent, and stressing the role of Nicaean agents in spreading dissension among the allies. Gregoras and Pachymeres, while following the earlier
1091:
gives the totals of 8,000 heavily-armed and 12,000 lightly-armed troops for William's army, including twenty dukes, counts, and barons; and 8,000 heavily-armed and 18,000 lightly-armed troops for the Epirote army. These numbers are universally considered as much exaggerated by modern historians.
1220:
Akropolites emphasizes the Nicaeans' use of strategy, and his account describes "a series of skirmishes on the road rather than a confrontation of two armies on a battlefield", giving the impression that "the defeat of the allies at the hands of the Nicene forces came quickly and ingloriously",
1315:
John Palaiologos followed a deliberate strategy of attrition to wear down his opponents and impact their morale, while avoiding a direct confrontation. Akropolites ascribes this to advice given from the outset of the campaign by Michael Palaiologos to his brother. According to this plan, John
1490:
The defeat at Pelagonia also ended the supremacy of the Principality of Achaea in the affairs of Frankish Greece, and the Nicaean/Byzantine offensive that followed further curtailed its political independence. No longer able to confront the resurgent Byzantines, Prince William turned to the
705:. It appears that the barely concealed rivalries between the Epirote Greeks and their Latin allies came to the fore in the lead-up to the battle, possibly fanned by Palaiologos' agents. As a result, the Epirotes abandoned the Latins on the eve of the battle, while Michael II's bastard son
720:. It also led to the brief conquest of Epirus and Thessaly by Nicaean forces, although Michael II and his sons rapidly managed to reverse these gains. In 1262, William of Villehardouin was released in exchange for three fortresses on the southeastern tip of the
1054:
under William's command, implying a general feudal levy from the Frankish states of Greece, which were vassals of the Prince of Achaea. Many of the most distinguished nobles of Frankish Greece also took part in the expedition. The Achaean host crossed the
1406:
The battle was a decisive event for the subsequent history of the Balkans. With the collapse of the EpiroteāLatin league, Michael Palaiologos was free to pursue the reconquest of Constantinople and the revival of the Byzantine Empire: the rump
1461:
The battle was a particularly heavy blow to the Principality of Achaea. It was the first heavy defeat it had ever suffered, and at a stroke lost most of its soldiers and a greater part of its nobles. Alongside the Prince, his close relatives
1248:(then known as Pelagonia). Using the sources and the topography to reconstruct the movements of the armies, the modern scholars Freiderikos Rochontzis and Robert Mihajlovski have independently suggested as the battlefield the plain between
1367:
offers a variant account, but confuses the leading personages, claiming that "Theodore Doukas" (an error for John Doukas) was the commander of the Nicaean forces, and placing Nikephoros at the head of the Epirote army. According to the
697:. The details of the battle, including its precise date and location, are disputed as the primary sources give contradictory information; modern scholars usually place it either in July or in September, somewhere in the plain of
961:, "seemed likely to threaten the possession not only of Thessalonica but even of Constantinople itself". Michael Palaiologos did not tarry. Already in the autumn of 1258, his army crossed over into Europe, under his brother
1040:ābut sent 400 superbly outfitted German knights, who probably landed at Avlona to join Michael II's forces. William of Villehardouin on the other hand campaigned at the head his forces. The Greek and French versions of the
1302:
hated the Franks as a result of the Fourth Crusade and the oppression of the Orthodox Greeks by the Roman Catholic clergy in the Frankish states, while the Franks despised the Greeks as cowardly, devious and
1279:
should distance himself to water his horseāand they fell upon them also on the road and, drawing near their carts and beasts of burden, they plundered their loads, while those who were guarding yielded.
1238:, in early summer (July), and Deno Geanakoplos, in early fall (around September). The exact location of the battle has been disputed, as the only clear toponym given in the sources is Boril's Wood (
4038:
1323:
Gregoras, however, reports that Michael II's flight was precipitated by John Palaiologos, who sent a false deserter to the Epirote camp, claiming that the Franks had secretly agreed with the
546:
840:, the widow of Vatatzes, at the Nicaean court, only aggravated his feelings towards Nicaea. Thus, when Michael II offered to hand over Albania and Corfu as the dowry of his eldest daughter
4018:
1567:
1201:
focuses not on Prince William of Villehardouin, but on his nephew Geoffrey of Briel, whose deeds in the battle are presented in length, and in a style reminiscent of contemporary
5089:
306:
1012:
on 2 June 1259. In their retreat, which continued even during night, the Epirotes reportedly lost many men in the dangerous mountain passes, while the Nicaean generals captured
3605:
1411:
was now cut off from any aid, and the capture of Villehardouin deprived it, in the words of Donald Nicol, "of its only capable defender". Already in 1260, Michael Palaiologos
1149:
4932:
1378:
ordered his Hungarian and Cuman horse archers to shoot indiscriminately at the horses of the Franks and the Germans, bringing the knights down and forcing them to surrender.
1182:, offer considerably divergent accounts on the exact course of events before and during the battle, while the Western sources, chiefly the Greek and French versions of the
5074:
1434:
The Nicaean victory at Pelagonia also led to immediate, but short-lived, territorial expansion in Greece: John Palaiologos invaded Thessaly and the Duchy of Athens up to
1533:
suggests that rather than a royal army, it may instead have been "some disaffected Serbian nobleman with his own followers" who joined the Nicaeans on his own account.
5084:
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defected to the Nicaean camp. The Latins were then set upon by the Nicaeans and routed, while many nobles, including Villehardouin, were taken captive.
513:
176:
4284:
4262:
4257:
4247:
4237:
532:
299:
1197:
is generally considered less reliable, being riddled with errors and mix-ups, but often provides details not appearing elsewhere. The account of the
4122:
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419:
4314:
1529:
Historians point out that if true, this is a remarkable fact, given the close relations of the Serbian king with the anti-Nicaean alliance. Thus
1028:
The Epirote ruler had lost much of his territory, but soon his Latin allies came to his aid. Manfred, preoccupied with his conflicts against the
4076:
3983:
1008:, held by his ally Manfred. There the final negotiations for the marriage between Manfred and Helena were concluded: the wedding took place at
836:
kings of Sicily, Manfred had his own ambitions in the Balkans, including Constantinople itself; and the enforced residence of his half-sister,
3773:
5069:
3439:
2938:
2846:
2797:
2726:
2600:
255:
3761:
3736:
4669:
4654:
292:
4336:
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1570:) for neglecting the lessons of Pelagonia and confronting the Franks head on instead of by stratagem, and of not shooting at their horses.
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601:
271:
5094:
4835:
4752:
4597:
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are often exaggerated", and "one gets a clear impression from the sources that the allied forces surpassed those of Nicaea in size".
5114:
3444:
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3016:
2988:
2963:
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1213:, whereas William is almost mentioned in passing. Briel was the only male grandchild of the first Villehardouin Prince of Achaea,
5099:
5124:
1419:, had promised to open a gate for the emperor's troops. He failed to do so, and Palaiologos launched an unsuccessful assault on
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3788:
1128:
737:
4306:
1032:
in central Italy, did not come in personāalthough his presence is erroneously reported by near-contemporary sources like
32:
4765:
4157:
4137:
3706:
3630:
3374:
3324:
1424:
713:
581:
488:
407:
372:
5104:
5004:
4869:
4735:
4232:
4192:
3938:
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3672:
1214:
62:
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5109:
4553:
4127:
4069:
3810:
3726:
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1495:
of Naples, for aid, as, faced with a common enemy, did the Greek rulers of Epirus and Thessaly. The result was the
791:
686:
621:
449:
197:
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202:
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931:
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in western Greece. This engendered a persistent rivalry between the two states as to which would first recover
690:
682:
557:
358:
210:
147:
3635:
3404:
1075:). Michael of Epirus in turn was accompanied by his elder son Nikephoros and further aided by his bastard son
5059:
4708:
4649:
4464:
4439:
4023:
3756:
3414:
3127:
1492:
1112:
905:
365:
28:
4825:
4820:
4802:
4659:
4573:
4469:
4444:
4294:
4252:
4242:
4227:
3853:
3652:
3580:
3575:
3379:
1484:
1439:
1350:
1190:
1067:, before crossing the Pindus at joining the forces of the other Frankish states at Thalassionon (possibly
1047:
1042:
982:
871:
725:
659:
434:
341:
181:
153:
135:
1144:
844:, Manfred accepted. Michael II now formed a wider anti-Nicaean alliance, by giving his second daughter,
4217:
4062:
4013:
4003:
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3943:
3741:
3691:
3429:
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1427:, almost by chance, by Alexios Strategopoulos on 25 July 1261, allowing for the re-establishment of the
1285:
1265:
845:
663:
3399:
1566:
has an envoy from Michael Palaiologos berating the Byzantine commander (another of Michael's brothers,
1303:
919:
in marriage. Before he could campaign against Epirus, however, he died and was succeeded his young son
2613:
La MorĆ©e franque. Recherches historiques, topographiques et archĆ©ologiques sur la principautĆ© d'AchaĆÆe
1463:
5009:
4994:
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4730:
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3259:
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1037:
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Michael Palaiologos found himself faced with a powerful coalition that, according to the Byzantinist
890:
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591:
493:
429:
382:
3065:(Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 186ā233.
2754:(Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 234ā275.
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The Frankish Morea. Historical, Topographic and Archaeological Studies on the Principality of Achaea
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4187:
4182:
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3463:
3177:
3172:
1261:
1230:, including the role of a Nicaean agent, and praise for the valiant conduct of the Achaean nobles.
1095:
On the Nicaean side, the army comprised not only native Greek contingents from Asia, Macedonia and
1033:
996:, was caught off guard by the rapidity of their advance, and when the Nicaeans crossed the pass of
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130:
2639:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
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2874:[The rebirth of Hellenism and decline of Frankocracy: The Battle of Kastoria (1259 AD)].
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peninsula. This foothold would be gradually expanded, and would over the next century become the
586:
424:
685:, to recover Constantinople, led the formation of a coalition between the Epirote Greeks, under
4874:
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4602:
4592:
4563:
4548:
4454:
4162:
3998:
3921:
3863:
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3585:
3498:
3453:
3339:
3274:
3182:
3157:
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3035:
3012:
2984:
2974:
2959:
2949:
2934:
2915:
2893:
2842:
2820:
2793:
2774:
2755:
2722:
2703:
2643:
2621:
2596:
1549:'s author relied on an epic on Briel's life as his main source for the events of the campaign.
1496:
1415:
Constantinople, as one of the knights taken prisoner in Pelagonia, and whose house was in the
1345:
1341:
1179:
1136:
818:
773:
694:
655:
439:
222:
158:
2662:"Greco-Latin Relations on the Eve of the Byzantine Restoration: The Battle of Pelagoniaā1259"
988:
In spring 1259, the Nicaeans went on the offensive, and advanced quickly westwards along the
5019:
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3419:
3111:
3056:
2998:
2883:
2745:
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are in agreement, whereas the later Aragonese and Italian versions give exaggerated numbers.
1443:
1416:
1395:
976:
920:
901:
852:
753:
749:
741:
647:
239:
122:
3060:
2872:"Ī Ī±Ī½Ī±Ī²ĪÆĻĻĪ· ĻĪæĻ
ĪĪ»Ī»Ī·Ī½Ī¹ĻĪ¼ĪæĻ ĪŗĪ±Ī¹ Ī· ĻĪ±ĻĪ±ĪŗĪ¼Ī® ĻĪ·Ļ Ī¦ĻĪ±Ī³ĪŗĪæĪŗĻĪ±ĻĪÆĪ±Ļ: Ī¼Ī¬ĻĪ· ĻĪ·Ļ ĪĪ±ĻĻĪæĻĪ¹Ī¬Ļ (1259 Ī¼.Ī§.)"
2749:
5014:
4958:
4937:
4558:
4526:
4499:
4449:
4272:
3968:
3958:
3948:
3933:
3858:
3841:
3816:
3524:
3488:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3334:
3239:
3162:
3137:
1210:
1108:
1056:
879:
875:
867:
503:
226:
214:
141:
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Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258ā1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations
2911:
The Papacy and the Levant (1204ā1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
1131:, but he ruled for many years after 1259, and was probably not at the battle, where the
4989:
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4358:
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4043:
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3468:
3394:
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3304:
3142:
3052:
2905:
2741:
1530:
1480:
1435:
1244:), which has been variously placed by modern researchers close to Prilep, Kastoria, or
1123:
mentions that the Germans were led by the "Duke of Karentana", usually identified with
765:
745:
667:
329:
1390:
1193:, in turn differ from the Byzantine sources and from each other. The narrative of the
5053:
4859:
4782:
4689:
4644:
4033:
4028:
3963:
3873:
3846:
3806:
3208:
3147:
1166:). However, according to the historian Deno John Geanakoplos, "the statements of the
1084:
1076:
1009:
968:
833:
706:
234:
186:
1442:
were tasked with reducing Epirus proper. Strategopoulos and Petraliphas crossed the
787:
in western Macedonia became a border zone between the Nicaean and Epirote domains.
5024:
4684:
4434:
4363:
4085:
3544:
3514:
3483:
3249:
3234:
2832:
1451:
1408:
1253:
1235:
1064:
958:
849:
814:
671:
524:
317:
2809:"The Battle of Pelagonia 1259: A New Look through the March Routes and Topography"
1487:, where Byzantine culture enjoyed its last flowering before the Ottoman conquest.
3002:
2909:
2860:
2836:
2787:
2716:
2697:
2637:
2590:
4917:
3978:
3898:
3284:
3279:
3224:
989:
4907:
4902:
4279:
3988:
3187:
2707:
1472:
1455:
1320:, while John Doukas deserted the allied cause and went over to the Nicaeans.
1202:
757:
3039:
2897:
2824:
2625:
77:
64:
4720:
4616:
4368:
3229:
2888:
2871:
1060:
784:
698:
56:
4054:
866:), who was also overlord of the other Latin states of southern Greece, the
2789:
George Akropolites: The History ā Introduction, Translation and Commentary
1260:(formerly known as Banitsa); a strategically important location where the
5034:
4787:
3745:
3549:
3264:
3244:
3203:
3196:
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1447:
1206:
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The main Byzantine sources, George Akropolites, Nikephoros Gregoras, and
1161:
1072:
1068:
1017:
1005:
1000:
to face him, he was forced to hastily retreat with his troops across the
993:
702:
1562:, a small Frankish force routed a far more numerous Byzantine army. The
4626:
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3973:
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3254:
2685:
2661:
1476:
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1226:
account of Akropolites in the main, contain elements also found in the
1029:
828:) landed his own troops in Albania and captured most of it, as well as
802:
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997:
806:
2983:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1619ā1620.
2958:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1409ā1410.
2808:
2677:
3080:
3062:
A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189ā1311
3027:
2751:
A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189ā1311
4922:
4621:
4414:
4399:
4394:
1467:
1466:
and Geoffrey of Briel were also captured. As a result, the entire
1389:
1013:
829:
721:
1963:
1961:
1450:, which they left under siege, and captured the Epirote capital,
768:. Nicaea gained an important advantage following the conquest of
3836:
2595:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1257:
689:, and the chief Latin rulers of the time, the Prince of Achaea,
4058:
3084:
2778:
2079:
2077:
2075:
1111:", 600 Serbian horsemen, likewise "all good archers", and even
528:
288:
953:
Miniature portrait of Michael VIII Palaiologos in full regalia
2157:
2155:
805:, and invaded the Nicaean domains, capturing the fortress of
2118:
2116:
1641:
1639:
1143:. The modern editor of the Greek version of the chronicle,
1103:, 300 German knights, "all select, all hand-picked", 1,500
930:). Very soon, power was seized by the ambitious aristocrat
2841:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2038:
2036:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
2931:
The Chronicle of Morea: Historiography in Crusader Greece
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
752:
contenders for the imperial legacy of Byzantium were the
1217:, and hence a potential claimant to the Principality.
646:
took place in early summer or autumn 1259, between the
4019:
Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki
2973:
Talbot, Alice-Mary (1991). "Pelagonia, Battle of". In
2702:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2400:
2398:
1751:
1749:
809:
and the local Nicaean governor, and future historian,
2948:
Talbot, Alice-Mary (1991). "Morea, Despotate of". In
2642:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
1691:
1689:
1687:
1046:
mention troops from Achaea, the Duchy of Athens, the
2914:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
712:
The battle cleared the last obstacle to the Nicaean
16:
Battle between Frankish and Byzantine forces in 1259
4972:
4951:
4933:
Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes
4890:
4883:
4813:
4637:
4427:
4387:
4351:
4344:
4093:
3891:
3799:
3594:
3558:
3507:
3217:
3120:
2592:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204ā1453
1373:
1324:
1310:
1256:, north of Kastoria, near the modern settlement of
1159:
974:
966:
2773:. New York and London: Columbia University Press.
941:), first as regent and then as senior co-emperor.
790:When Vatatzes died in 1254, the ruler of Epirus,
2933:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
783:). Following Vatatzes' conquests, the region of
662:. It was a decisive event in the history of the
3049:"The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204ā1261"
2771:Crusaders as Conquerors: The Chronicle of Morea
1333:
1276:
21:
1454:, forcing Michael II to flee to the island of
1429:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
1099:, but also many mercenaries; according to the
718:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
4070:
3096:
874:. Michael II also secured the backing of the
540:
483:Wars with the Venetians, Catalans, and others
300:
8:
5090:Battles involving the Principality of Achaea
3004:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1135:maintains that he was killed at the hand of
1115:cavalry, as well as 1,500 Turkish and 2,000
992:. Michael II of Epirus, who was encamped at
4544:County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
3028:"The Campaign and Battle of Pelagonia 1259"
2452:
2305:
2281:
2257:
2245:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2161:
2134:
2107:
2095:
1979:
1967:
1952:
1928:
1916:
1892:
1880:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1779:
1767:
1657:
1645:
1590:
1239:
801:), sponsored a rebellion against Nicaea in
677:The rising power of Nicaea in the southern
262:
4887:
4348:
4077:
4063:
4055:
3103:
3089:
3081:
2838:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261ā1453
2738:"The Frankish States in Greece, 1204ā1311"
2524:
2476:
2122:
1851:
1630:
1594:
547:
533:
525:
307:
293:
285:
18:
5075:Battles involving the Despotate of Epirus
2887:
2269:
2054:
2042:
2015:
2003:
1883:, pp. 124ā125 (esp. notes 116, 117).
1678:
2512:
2416:
2233:
2173:
2146:
2027:
1740:
1728:
1707:
948:
716:in 1261 and the re-establishment of the
650:and an anti-Nicaean alliance comprising
5085:Battles involving the Kingdom of Sicily
3685:Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras
2536:
2317:
2083:
1582:
1509:
1284:Description of the Nicaean hit-and-run
227:
215:
5080:Battles involving the Empire of Nicaea
3984:Monastery of Saint John the Theologian
2620:] (in French). Paris: De Boccard.
2464:
2293:
1940:
1904:
1868:
1839:
1063:and marched to the Epirote capital of
965:, who held the quasi-imperial rank of
889:), while Vatatzes' son and successor,
666:, ensuring the eventual reconquest of
3440:Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy
2404:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
1791:
1755:
1695:
1618:
1606:
1516:The Greek and French versions of the
1491:successors of Manfred of Sicily, the
7:
4655:Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople
2572:
2560:
2548:
2500:
2329:
1955:, pp. 124, 125 (esp. note 119).
316:ByzantineāFrankish conflicts of the
106:Collapse of the Epiroto-Latin League
2792:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2718:The Franks in the Aegean, 1204ā1500
2488:
2440:
2428:
2066:
1991:
1895:, pp. 124 (note 116), 130ā131.
1438:, while Alexios Strategopoulos and
4836:Catholic Church in the Middle East
4753:Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat
2980:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2955:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2721:. New York and London: Routledge.
1818:, pp. 123ā124, esp. note 115.
1402:and the surrounding states in 1265
1264:had been fought in 423 BC and the
1087:region of Thessaly. The Aragonese
681:, and the ambitions of its ruler,
577:Constantinople & Galata (1260)
403:Constantinople & Galata (1260)
275:Approximate location within Greece
14:
3774:Siege of Thessalonica (1422ā1430)
3752:ByzantineāGenoese War (1348ā1349)
3445:Byzantine scholars in Renaissance
945:Nicaean expedition against Epirus
900:), in turn sought the support of
4771:Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam
4335:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4305:
3762:Byzantine civil war of 1341ā1347
3737:Byzantine civil war of 1321ā1328
2870:Rochontzis, Freiderikos (1982).
1542:It is therefore likely that the
1158:that it comprised 27 regiments (
261:
254:
238:
4841:Latin Church in the Middle East
3626:Siege of Thessalonica (676ā678)
3410:Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos
2769:Lurier, Harold E., ed. (1964).
1558:In one of these conflicts, the
936:
925:
910:
895:
884:
861:
823:
817:was interrupted, however, when
796:
778:
4290:Fall of the Republic of Venice
4198:Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes
4143:War of the Euboeote Succession
3779:Battle of the Echinades (1427)
3658:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
2862:History of the Byzantine State
1354:, Greek version, vv. 4017ā4032
915:) giving him his own daughter
509:Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes
46:Early summer or autumn of 1259
1:
3869:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
3789:Ottoman conquest of the Morea
3702:Under the Palaiologos dynasty
3646:Byzantine reconquest of Crete
2176:, pp. 360, 363 (note 8).
2110:, p. 278 (esp. note 13).
1479:, as well as the district of
1004:mountains to the vicinity of
5070:Battles involving the Cumans
4138:Genoese occupation of Rhodes
3707:Reconquest of Constantinople
3631:Siege of Patras (805 or 807)
3325:Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas
3026:Wilskman, Juho (2009ā2010).
2807:Mihajlovski, Robert (2006).
1423:instead. Constantinople was
1079:, who brought with him many
714:reconquest of Constantinople
489:Genoese occupation of Rhodes
5005:Fortifications of Heraklion
4870:Heptanese school (painting)
4193:Revolt of Alexios Kallergis
3939:Church of the Parigoritissa
3912:Church of the Holy Apostles
3832:Miracles of Saint Demetrius
3673:Sack of Thessalonica (1185)
3616:Under the Heraclian dynasty
3059:; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.).
3047:Wolff, Robert Lee (1969) .
2748:; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.).
1871:, p. 85 (esp. note 3).
1374:
1325:
1311:
1215:Geoffrey I of Villehardouin
1160:
1127:. The duke at the time was
975:
967:
450:Campaigns of Constantine XI
5141:
4554:Maona of Chios and Phocaea
3727:Battle of Pharsalus (1277)
3474:Eustathius of Thessalonica
3425:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3365:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3310:Michael II Komnenos Doukas
2929:Shawcross, Teresa (2009).
2865:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
2589:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).
1174:Differences in the sources
813:. Michael II's advance on
792:Michael II Komnenos Doukas
687:Michael II Komnenos Doukas
456:AngevināByzantine conflict
198:Michael II Komnenos Doukas
5095:Battles involving Hungary
4853:Catholic Church in Greece
4766:Juan FernƔndez de Heredia
4303:
3784:Morea revolt of 1453ā1454
3320:John I Doukas of Thessaly
3290:Michael I Komnenos Doukas
3009:Stanford University Press
1240:
567:
355:Michael I Komnenos Doukas
325:
249:
167:
116:
38:
26:
5115:Michael VIII Palaiologos
5000:Fortifications of Chania
4913:Fortifications of Rhodes
4579:Duchy of the Archipelago
4285:7th OttomanāVenetian War
4280:6th OttomanāVenetian War
4268:5th OttomanāVenetian War
4263:4th OttomanāVenetian War
4258:3rd OttomanāVenetian War
4248:2nd OttomanāVenetian War
4238:1st OttomanāVenetian War
4039:Saints Theodoroi, Serres
3641:Muslim conquest of Crete
3330:Thomas I Komnenos Doukas
3315:Michael VIII Palaiologos
3295:Theodore Komnenos Doukas
3173:Theme of the Peloponnese
3007:. Stanford, California:
2551:, pp. 84ā86, 91ā92.
2296:, pp. 181, 187ā191.
2188:, pp. 125ā126, 132.
1907:, p. 189 (note 70).
1609:, pp. 10ā15, 19ā22.
1400:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1052:Duchy of the Archipelago
932:Michael VIII Palaiologos
857:William of Villehardouin
691:William of Villehardouin
683:Michael VIII Palaiologos
559:Michael VIII Palaiologos
359:Theodore Komnenos Doukas
211:William of Villehardouin
148:Duchy of the Archipelago
100:Decisive Nicaean victory
33:EpiroteāNicaean conflict
5100:Battles of the Crusades
4440:Kingdom of Thessalonica
4024:Panagia Ekatontapiliani
4004:Old Metropolis of Veria
3757:Zealots of Thessalonica
3606:Persecution of paganism
3559:Greek states after 1204
3415:Theodore II Palaiologos
2889:10.12681/makedonika.528
2786:Macrides, Ruth (2007).
2736:Longnon, Jean (1969) .
2069:, p. 121 (note 4).
2030:, p. 363 (note 8).
1994:, p. 121 (note 3).
1186:and the history of the
772:by the Nicaean emperor
5065:13th century in Greece
4826:Chronicle of the Tocco
4821:Chronicle of the Morea
4680:Archbishops of Corinth
4574:Triarchy of Negroponte
4445:Principality of Achaea
4428:States and territories
4295:Treaty of Campo Formio
3854:Byzantine architecture
3769:ByzantineāOttoman Wars
3653:Macedonian Renaissance
3581:Despotate of the Morea
3576:Empire of Thessalonica
3380:Stephen Gabrielopoulos
2694:Geanakoplos, Deno John
2658:Geanakoplos, Deno John
1564:Chronicle of the Morea
1485:Despotate of the Morea
1440:John Raoul Petraliphas
1403:
1365:Chronicle of the Morea
1351:Chronicle of the Morea
1338:
1281:
1191:Marino Sanudo Torcello
1184:Chronicle of the Morea
1168:Chronicle of the Morea
1101:Chronicle of the Morea
1089:Chronicle of the Morea
1048:Triarchy of Negroponte
1043:Chronicle of the Morea
983:Alexios Strategopoulos
954:
872:Triarchs of Negroponte
748:in 1204, the two main
726:Despotate of the Morea
660:Principality of Achaea
499:ByzantineāVenetian War
414:Conflicts in the Morea
182:Alexios Strategopoulos
168:Commanders and leaders
154:Triarchs of Negroponte
136:Principality of Achaea
4675:Archbishops of Patras
4218:Revolt of Saint Titus
4213:ByzantineāGenoese War
4014:Panagia Kontariotissa
3944:Didymoteicho Fortress
3742:Hesychast controversy
3692:Battle of Klokotnitsa
3668:ByzantineāNorman wars
3430:Demetrios Palaiologos
3405:Esau de' Buondelmonti
3270:Nikephoros Melissenos
3168:Theme of Thessalonica
3121:Provinces and regions
2715:Lock, Peter (2013) .
2666:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
2610:Bon, Antoine (1969).
2539:, pp. 1409ā1410.
2086:, pp. 1619ā1620.
1393:
1286:strategy of attrition
981:(commander-in-chief)
952:
664:Eastern Mediterranean
582:Constantinople (1261)
514:ByzantineāGenoese War
408:Constantinople (1261)
393:Constantinople (1241)
388:Constantinople (1235)
342:Constantinople (1204)
337:Constantinople (1203)
5010:Gouverneto Monastery
4995:Fortezza of Rethymno
4776:Foulques de Villaret
4757:Knights Hospitaller
4731:Villehardouin family
4665:Princesses of Achaea
4612:Kingdom of the Morea
4515:Veligosti and Damala
3904:Angelokastro (Corfu)
3822:Byzantine literature
3717:Battle of Makryplagi
3621:Byzantine Iconoclasm
3390:Manuel Kantakouzenos
3385:Nikephoros II Orsini
3300:Demetrios Chomatenos
3260:Nikephoros II Phokas
3178:Theme of Cephallenia
2634:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
1394:Map of the restored
1268:was fought in 1941.
891:Theodore II Laskaris
272:class=notpageimage|
5030:Old Fortress, Corfu
5025:New Fortress, Corfu
4928:Old Navarino castle
4898:Argyrokastro Castle
4714:Charles I of Naples
4233:Vlastos' conspiracy
4158:Constantinople 1261
4153:Constantinople 1260
4133:Constantinople 1235
4128:Treaty of Nymphaeum
4111:Constantinople 1204
4106:Constantinople 1203
3732:Battle of Demetrias
3722:Battle of Neopatras
3697:Battle of Pelagonia
3636:ArabāByzantine wars
3611:Barbarian invasions
3566:Despotate of Epirus
3464:Nicephorus Gregoras
3133:Theme of the Aegean
2857:Ostrogorsky, George
2527:, pp. 353ā354.
2491:, pp. 125ā135.
2479:, pp. 350ā351.
2467:, pp. 214ā215.
2455:, pp. 154ā155.
2443:, pp. 122ā125.
2419:, pp. 365ā366.
2308:, pp. 132ā133.
2284:, pp. 130ā131.
2260:, pp. 131ā132.
2248:, pp. 128ā129.
2224:, pp. 127ā128.
2212:, pp. 125ā127.
2137:, pp. 278ā283.
1982:, pp. 130ā132.
1970:, pp. 127ā129.
1806:, pp. 121ā123.
1660:, pp. 275ā276.
1597:, pp. 340ā357.
1262:Battle of Lyncestis
1145:Petros P. Kalonaros
1034:Nikephoros Gregoras
832:. Like the earlier
762:Despotate of Epirus
670:and the end of the
652:Despotate of Epirus
640:Battle of Pelagonia
617:Licario's campaigns
472:Licario's campaigns
420:Grove of Kountouras
152: •
146: •
140: •
131:Despotate of Epirus
74: /
22:Battle of Pelagonia
5125:NicaeanāLatin wars
5105:Medieval Macedonia
4964:Castle of Mytilene
4831:Assizes of Romania
4726:Pallavicini family
4588:Republic of Venice
4569:Hospitaller Rhodes
4539:Duchy of Neopatras
3712:Battle of Prinitza
3459:George Akropolites
3435:Thomas Palaiologos
3400:Thomas PreljuboviÄ
3370:Michael Monomachos
3183:Theme of Nicopolis
3158:Theme of Macedonia
3153:Macedonia Province
3053:Setton, Kenneth M.
3034:. 17ā18: 131ā174.
2975:Kazhdan, Alexander
2950:Kazhdan, Alexander
2906:Setton, Kenneth M.
2742:Setton, Kenneth M.
2380:, p. 230ā232.
1621:, pp. 13, 15.
1560:Battle of Prinitza
1404:
1290:George Akropolites
1141:Baron of Karytaina
1020:and other cities.
955:
811:George Akropolites
644:Battle of Kastoria
366:NicaeanāLatin wars
348:EpiroteāLatin wars
29:NicaeanāLatin wars
5110:Conflicts in 1259
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
4875:Cuisine of Greece
4865:Cretan literature
4761:Pierre d'Aubusson
4670:Baillis of Achaea
4660:Princes of Achaea
4564:Navarrese Company
4549:Lordship of Chios
4460:Argos and Nauplia
4423:
4422:
4163:Treaty of Viterbo
4116:Partitio Romaniae
4052:
4051:
3999:Nea Moni of Chios
3927:Soteira Lykodemou
3922:Little Metropolis
3864:Byzantine cuisine
3827:Alexander romance
3499:George Sphrantzes
3454:Niketas Choniates
3340:Demetrios Kydones
3275:Michael Choniates
3057:Wolff, Robert Lee
2999:Treadgold, Warren
2940:978-0-19-955700-4
2848:978-0-521-43991-6
2799:978-0-19-921067-1
2746:Wolff, Robert Lee
2728:978-0-582-05139-3
2602:978-0-8122-1620-2
2575:, pp. 91ā92.
2563:, pp. 98ā99.
2392:, pp. 34ā36.
2344:, pp. 32ā33.
2057:, pp. 74ā76.
2018:, pp. 73ā74.
1842:, pp. 87ā88.
1794:, pp. 31ā32.
1782:, pp. 62ā63.
1743:, pp. 36ā37.
1710:, pp. 35ā36.
1497:Treaty of Viterbo
1346:Duke of Carinthia
1342:Geoffrey of Briel
1180:George Pachymeres
1137:Geoffrey of Briel
819:Manfred of Sicily
774:John III Vatatzes
695:Manfred of Sicily
656:Kingdom of Sicily
635:
634:
522:
521:
283:
282:
223:Geoffrey of Briel
207:
159:Kingdom of Sicily
112:
111:
78:40.817Ā°N 21.567Ā°E
5132:
5020:Toplou Monastery
4980:Arkadi Monastery
4943:Zaraka Monastery
4888:
4349:
4339:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4123:Kountouras Grove
4079:
4072:
4065:
4056:
4009:Panagia Episkopi
3917:Daphni Monastery
3663:East-West Schism
3598:
3571:Empire of Nicaea
3420:Gemistos Plethon
3163:Theme of Strymon
3114:
3113:Byzantine Greece
3105:
3098:
3091:
3082:
3076:
3043:
3032:Byzantinos Domos
3022:
2994:
2969:
2944:
2925:
2901:
2891:
2866:
2852:
2833:Nicol, Donald M.
2828:
2813:Byzantinoslavica
2803:
2782:
2765:
2732:
2711:
2689:
2653:
2629:
2606:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2453:Geanakoplos 1959
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2306:Geanakoplos 1953
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2282:Geanakoplos 1953
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2258:Geanakoplos 1953
2255:
2249:
2246:Geanakoplos 1953
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2222:Geanakoplos 1953
2219:
2213:
2210:Geanakoplos 1953
2207:
2201:
2198:Geanakoplos 1953
2195:
2189:
2186:Geanakoplos 1953
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2162:Geanakoplos 1953
2159:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2135:Mihajlovski 2006
2132:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2108:Mihajlovski 2006
2105:
2099:
2096:Mihajlovski 2006
2093:
2087:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1980:Geanakoplos 1953
1977:
1971:
1968:Geanakoplos 1953
1965:
1956:
1953:Geanakoplos 1953
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1929:Geanakoplos 1953
1926:
1920:
1917:Geanakoplos 1953
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1893:Geanakoplos 1953
1890:
1884:
1881:Geanakoplos 1953
1878:
1872:
1866:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1828:Geanakoplos 1953
1825:
1819:
1816:Geanakoplos 1953
1813:
1807:
1804:Geanakoplos 1953
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1780:Geanakoplos 1959
1777:
1771:
1768:Geanakoplos 1959
1765:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1661:
1658:Mihajlovski 2006
1655:
1649:
1646:Mihajlovski 2006
1643:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1591:Geanakoplos 1953
1587:
1571:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1464:Anselin of Toucy
1444:Pindus Mountains
1425:finally captured
1396:Byzantine Empire
1377:
1355:
1328:
1314:
1297:
1243:
1242:
1165:
1153:
980:
977:megas domestikos
972:
963:John Palaiologos
940:
939: 1259ā1282
938:
929:
928: 1258ā1261
927:
921:John IV Laskaris
914:
913: 1257ā1277
912:
902:Constantine Tikh
899:
898: 1254ā1258
897:
888:
887: 1243ā1276
886:
865:
864: 1246ā1278
863:
853:Prince of Achaea
827:
826: 1258ā1266
825:
800:
799: 1230ā1268
798:
782:
781: 1222ā1254
780:
754:Empire of Nicaea
742:Byzantine Empire
648:Empire of Nicaea
562:
560:
549:
542:
535:
526:
320:
309:
302:
295:
286:
265:
264:
258:
242:
229:
217:
205:
177:John Palaiologos
123:Empire of Nicaea
89:
88:
86:
85:
84:
79:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
40:
39:
19:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5039:
5015:Koules Fortress
4968:
4959:Castle of Chios
4947:
4938:Platamon Castle
4879:
4814:Cultural impact
4809:
4650:Latin Empresses
4633:
4559:Catalan Company
4527:Duchy of Athens
4419:
4383:
4340:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4310:
4301:
4273:Siege of Candia
4089:
4083:
4053:
4048:
3969:Kassiopi Castle
3959:Hexamilion wall
3949:Feraklos Castle
3934:Castle of Chios
3887:
3859:Byzantine dress
3842:Greek Anthology
3817:Byzantine music
3795:
3596:
3590:
3554:
3503:
3489:Joannes Zonaras
3355:Andronikos Asen
3350:Nicholas Orsini
3345:Catalan Company
3335:Gregory Palamas
3240:Irene of Athens
3213:
3143:Theme of Hellas
3128:Achaea Province
3116:
3112:
3109:
3079:
3073:
3046:
3025:
3019:
2997:
2991:
2972:
2966:
2947:
2941:
2928:
2922:
2904:
2869:
2855:
2849:
2831:
2806:
2800:
2785:
2768:
2762:
2735:
2729:
2714:
2692:
2678:10.2307/1291057
2656:
2650:
2632:
2609:
2603:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2525:Rochontzis 1982
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2477:Rochontzis 1982
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2123:Rochontzis 1982
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1858:
1852:Rochontzis 1982
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1685:
1677:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1637:
1631:Rochontzis 1982
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1595:Rochontzis 1982
1593:, p. 136;
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1388:
1357:
1340:
1299:
1283:
1274:
1211:Digenes Akritas
1176:
1147:
1109:mounted archers
1057:Gulf of Corinth
1038:Matteo Spinelli
1026:
1024:Opposing forces
947:
935:
924:
909:
894:
883:
880:Stephen Urosh I
868:Duchy of Athens
860:
822:
795:
777:
750:Byzantine Greek
734:
636:
631:
602:Mongol invasion
563:
558:
555:
553:
523:
518:
321:
315:
313:
279:
278:
277:
276:
274:
268:
267:
266:
245:
191:
163:
142:Duchy of Athens
103:
82:
80:
76:
73:
68:
65:
63:
61:
60:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5138:
5136:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5060:1259 in Europe
5052:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4990:Frangokastello
4987:
4985:Bourtzi Castle
4982:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4755:
4750:
4748:Marco I Sanudo
4745:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4645:Latin Emperors
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4600:
4598:Ionian Islands
4595:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4359:Constantinople
4355:
4353:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4101:Fourth Crusade
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4044:Trikala Castle
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3954:Gardiki Castle
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3819:
3814:
3811:Macedonian art
3803:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3680:Fourth Crusade
3677:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3494:George Kodinos
3491:
3486:
3481:
3479:Michael Glykas
3476:
3471:
3469:John Scylitzes
3466:
3461:
3456:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:John II Orsini
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:John Apokaukos
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:Theme of Samos
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3044:
3023:
3017:
2995:
2989:
2970:
2964:
2945:
2939:
2926:
2920:
2902:
2867:
2853:
2847:
2829:
2804:
2798:
2783:
2766:
2760:
2733:
2727:
2712:
2690:
2654:
2648:
2630:
2607:
2601:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2431:, p. 122.
2421:
2409:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2356:, p. 229.
2346:
2334:
2322:
2320:, p. 247.
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2272:, p. 314.
2270:Shawcross 2009
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2200:, p. 126.
2190:
2178:
2166:
2164:, p. 127.
2151:
2149:, p. 360.
2139:
2127:
2125:, p. 347.
2112:
2100:
2098:, p. 276.
2088:
2071:
2059:
2055:Shawcross 2009
2047:
2043:Shawcross 2009
2032:
2020:
2016:Shawcross 2009
2008:
2004:Shawcross 2009
1996:
1984:
1972:
1957:
1945:
1943:, p. 181.
1933:
1931:, p. 124.
1921:
1919:, p. 125.
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1856:
1854:, p. 345.
1844:
1832:
1830:, p. 123.
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1745:
1733:
1712:
1700:
1683:
1681:, p. 731.
1679:Treadgold 1997
1662:
1650:
1648:, p. 275.
1635:
1633:, p. 342.
1623:
1611:
1599:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1551:
1535:
1531:Kenneth Setton
1522:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:perspective".
1387:
1384:
1332:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1266:Battle of Vevi
1241:ĪĪæĻĪÆĪ»Ī»Ī± Ī»ĻĪ³Ī³ĪæĻ
1175:
1172:
1025:
1022:
946:
943:
766:Constantinople
746:Fourth Crusade
736:Following the
733:
730:
668:Constantinople
633:
632:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
568:
565:
564:
554:
552:
551:
544:
537:
529:
520:
519:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
485:
484:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
458:
457:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
415:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
369:
368:
362:
361:
350:
349:
345:
344:
339:
333:
332:
330:Fourth Crusade
326:
323:
322:
314:
312:
311:
304:
297:
289:
281:
280:
270:
269:
260:
259:
253:
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:
244:
243:
232:
220:
208:
200:
194:
192:
190:
189:
184:
179:
173:
170:
169:
165:
164:
162:
161:
156:
150:
144:
138:
133:
127:
125:
119:
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
101:
97:
95:
91:
90:
83:40.817; 21.567
54:
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5137:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4860:Cretan school
4858:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4804:
4803:Centurione II
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:Roger de Flor
4781:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:Major centres
4343:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Porta Panagia
4032:
4030:
4029:Patras Castle
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Hosios Loukas
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3874:Byzantine law
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3847:Acritic songs
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3807:Byzantine art
3805:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:Major centres
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3209:Great Vlachia
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3074:
3072:0-299-04844-6
3068:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3018:0-8047-2630-2
3014:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2990:0-19-504652-8
2986:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2965:0-19-504652-8
2961:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2921:0-87169-114-0
2917:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2761:0-299-04844-6
2757:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2649:0-472-08260-4
2645:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2515:, p. 49.
2514:
2513:Bartusis 1997
2509:
2506:
2503:, p. 83.
2502:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:Macrides 2007
2413:
2410:
2407:, p. 32.
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2368:, p. 33.
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2332:, p. 91.
2331:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2236:, p. 38.
2235:
2234:Bartusis 1997
2230:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:Macrides 2007
2170:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:Macrides 2007
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2045:, p. 75.
2044:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:Macrides 2007
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2006:, p. 76.
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1770:, p. 62.
1769:
1764:
1761:
1758:, p. 31.
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:Bartusis 1997
1737:
1734:
1731:, p. 37.
1730:
1729:Bartusis 1997
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:Bartusis 1997
1704:
1701:
1698:, p. 28.
1697:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1375:sebastokrator
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1326:sebastokrator
1321:
1319:
1313:
1312:sebastokrator
1307:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:cavalry. The
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:Great Vlachia
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
979:
978:
971:
970:
969:sebastokrator
964:
960:
951:
944:
942:
933:
922:
918:
907:
903:
892:
881:
877:
873:
869:
858:
854:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
793:
788:
786:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
731:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
566:
561:
550:
545:
543:
538:
536:
531:
530:
527:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
455:
454:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
413:
412:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
367:
364:
363:
360:
356:
353:Campaigns of
352:
351:
347:
346:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
327:
324:
319:
310:
305:
303:
298:
296:
291:
290:
287:
273:
257:
248:
241:
236:
235:Angelo Sanudo
233:
230:
224:
221:
218:
212:
209:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
193:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
172:
171:
166:
160:
157:
155:
151:
149:
145:
143:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
126:
124:
121:
120:
115:
105:
104:
99:
98:
96:
93:
92:
87:
58:
53:
50:
49:
45:
42:
41:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4584:Stato da MĆ r
4470:Chalandritsa
4435:Latin Empire
4364:Thessaloniki
4312:
4147:
4086:Frankokratia
3878:
3696:
3515:Thessaloniki
3484:Anna Komnene
3449:
3375:John Angelos
3250:Nikephoros I
3235:Justinian II
3061:
3031:
3003:
2978:
2953:
2930:
2910:
2879:
2878:(in Greek).
2875:
2861:
2837:
2816:
2812:
2788:
2770:
2750:
2717:
2698:
2669:
2665:
2638:
2617:
2612:
2591:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2537:Talbot 1991a
2532:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2318:Longnon 1969
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2142:
2130:
2103:
2091:
2084:Talbot 1991b
2062:
2050:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1736:
1703:
1653:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1585:
1563:
1554:
1543:
1538:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1489:
1460:
1433:
1409:Latin Empire
1405:
1380:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1339:
1334:
1322:
1308:
1300:
1293:
1282:
1277:
1254:Kaimakchalan
1236:Donald Nicol
1232:
1227:
1222:
1221:whereas the
1219:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1177:
1167:
1155:
1132:
1120:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1071:in northern
1041:
1027:
987:
959:Donald Nicol
956:
815:Thessalonica
789:
735:
711:
676:
672:Latin Empire
643:
639:
637:
571:
435:Saint George
397:
318:Frankokratia
117:Belligerents
27:Part of the
4918:Grand Magne
4793:Benedetto I
4253:Rhodes 1522
4243:Rhodes 1480
4228:Rhodes 1444
4088:(1204ā1797)
3979:Mount Athos
3899:Acrocorinth
3395:Simeon UroÅ”
3285:Leo Gabalas
3280:Leo Sgouros
3225:Justinian I
2882:: 340ā357.
2819:: 275ā284.
2465:Lurier 1964
2294:Lurier 1964
1941:Lurier 1964
1905:Lurier 1964
1869:Setton 1976
1840:Setton 1976
1568:Constantine
1446:, bypassed
1344:kills the '
1294:The History
1148: [
1077:John Doukas
990:Via Egnatia
756:in western
707:John Doukas
373:Adramyttion
203:John Doukas
187:John Doukas
81: /
5054:Categories
4908:Exomvourgo
4903:Chlemoutsi
4741:William II
4736:Geoffrey I
4178:Settepozzi
4173:Makryplagi
3989:Monemvasia
3880:Hexabiblos
3450:Historians
3188:Sclaviniae
2876:Makedonika
2708:1011763434
2672:: 99ā141.
2405:Nicol 1993
2390:Nicol 1993
2378:Wolff 1969
2366:Nicol 1993
2354:Wolff 1969
2342:Nicol 1993
1792:Nicol 1993
1756:Nicol 1993
1696:Nicol 1993
1619:Nicol 1993
1607:Nicol 1993
1578:References
1473:Monemvasia
1456:Cephalonia
1417:city walls
1304:schismatic
1203:epic poems
1129:Ulrich III
1050:, and the
973:, and the
760:, and the
758:Asia Minor
732:Background
674:in 1261.
597:Makryplagi
592:Settepozzi
494:Settepozzi
430:Makryplagi
383:Poimanenon
206:(defected)
5120:Pelagonia
4884:Monuments
4721:Gattilusi
4702:Antonio I
4697:Acciaioli
4505:Passavant
4495:Karytaina
4490:Kalavryta
4465:Bodonitsa
4369:Glarentza
4223:Echinades
4188:Demetrias
4183:Neopatras
4148:Pelagonia
3892:Monuments
3230:Heraclius
3040:1106-1901
2898:0076-289X
2825:0007-7712
2636:(1994) .
2626:869621129
2573:Lock 2013
2561:Lock 2013
2549:Lock 2013
2501:Lock 2013
2330:Lock 2013
1544:Chronicle
1518:Chronicle
1504:Footnotes
1386:Aftermath
1370:Chronicle
1228:Chronicle
1223:Chronicle
1199:Chronicle
1195:Chronicle
1156:Chronicle
1133:Chronicle
1125:Carinthia
1121:Chronicle
1113:Bulgarian
1105:Hungarian
1083:from the
1061:Naupaktos
848:, to the
838:Constance
785:Pelagonia
770:Macedonia
699:Pelagonia
622:Pharsalus
612:Demetrias
607:Neopatras
572:Pelagonia
467:Demetrias
462:Neopatras
445:Echinades
398:Pelagonia
378:Rhyndacus
57:Pelagonia
55:Plain of
5035:Palamidi
4973:Venetian
4891:Frankish
4788:Zaccaria
4709:Angevins
4520:Vostitsa
4485:Gritzena
4475:Estamira
4208:Manolada
4203:Halmyros
4168:Prinitza
3746:Palamism
3586:Thessaly
3550:Ioannina
3265:Basil II
3245:Danielis
3204:Tsakonia
3197:Ezeritai
3193:Melingoi
3001:(1997).
2908:(1976).
2859:(1956).
2835:(1993).
2696:(1959).
2660:(1953).
2489:Bon 1969
2441:Bon 1969
2429:Bon 1969
2067:Bon 1969
1992:Bon 1969
1493:Angevins
1448:Ioannina
1413:attacked
1207:Achilles
1188:Venetian
1107:"choice
1073:Thessaly
1069:Elassona
1018:Deavolis
994:Kastoria
906:Bulgaria
870:and the
703:Kastoria
701:or near
658:and the
587:Prinitza
556:Wars of
425:Prinitza
51:Location
4952:Genoese
4798:Martino
4690:Carlo I
4627:Preveza
4617:Lepanto
4586:of the
4455:Arcadia
4388:Islands
4094:History
3994:Mystras
3974:Meteora
3908:Athens
3800:Culture
3597:History
3530:Mystras
3525:Corinth
3255:Basil I
2977:(ed.).
2952:(ed.).
2779:62-9367
2686:1291057
2582:Sources
1477:Mystras
1250:Florina
1162:allagia
1030:Guelphs
876:Serbian
803:Albania
744:to the
740:of the
679:Balkans
440:Gardiki
225: (
213: (
69:21Ā°34ā²E
66:40Ā°49ā²N
4846:Latins
4638:People
4532:Salona
4510:Patras
4480:Geraki
4410:Rhodes
4405:Lesbos
4379:Athens
4374:Patras
4352:Cities
3540:Thebes
3535:Patras
3520:Athens
3218:People
3069:
3038:
3015:
2987:
2962:
2937:
2918:
2896:
2845:
2823:
2796:
2777:
2758:
2725:
2706:
2684:
2646:
2624:
2599:
1436:Thebes
1421:Galata
1318:Prilep
1272:Battle
1246:Bitola
1139:, the
1097:Thrace
1081:Vlachs
1006:Avlona
1002:Pindus
998:Vodena
878:king,
842:Helena
834:Norman
807:Prilep
693:, and
237:
94:Result
4923:Isova
4685:Tocco
4622:Parga
4607:Coron
4603:Modon
4593:Crete
4500:Nikli
4450:Akova
4415:Naxos
4400:Chios
4395:Crete
3138:Crete
3051:. In
2740:. In
2682:JSTOR
2616:[
1589:e.g.
1547:'
1468:Morea
1296:, Ā§81
1152:]
1117:Cuman
1014:Ohrid
1010:Trani
917:Irene
850:Latin
830:Corfu
722:Morea
627:Berat
504:Apros
477:Berat
4605:and
3837:Suda
3545:Arta
3195:and
3067:ISBN
3036:ISSN
3013:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2960:ISBN
2935:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2894:ISSN
2843:ISBN
2821:ISSN
2794:ISBN
2775:LCCN
2756:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2704:OCLC
2644:ISBN
2622:OCLC
2597:ISBN
1481:Mani
1475:and
1452:Arta
1363:The
1309:The
1258:Vevi
1252:and
1065:Arta
1036:and
1016:and
846:Anna
738:fall
638:The
357:and
43:Date
31:and
2884:doi
2674:doi
1431:.
1398:of
1348:',
1288:by
1234:by
1209:or
1205:on
1059:at
904:of
642:or
228:POW
216:POW
5056::
3452::
3055:;
3030:.
3011:.
2892:.
2880:22
2817:64
2815:.
2811:.
2744:;
2680:.
2668:.
2664:.
2397:^
2154:^
2115:^
2074:^
2035:^
1960:^
1859:^
1748:^
1715:^
1686:^
1665:^
1638:^
1306:.
1292:,
1150:el
937:r.
926:r.
911:r.
896:r.
885:r.
862:r.
855:,
824:r.
797:r.
779:r.
728:.
654:,
4078:e
4071:t
4064:v
3813:)
3809:(
3748:)
3744:(
3104:e
3097:t
3090:v
3075:.
3042:.
3021:.
2993:.
2968:.
2943:.
2924:.
2900:.
2886::
2851:.
2827:.
2802:.
2781:.
2764:.
2731:.
2710:.
2688:.
2676::
2670:7
2652:.
2628:.
2605:.
934:(
923:(
908:(
893:(
882:(
859:(
821:(
794:(
776:(
548:e
541:t
534:v
308:e
301:t
294:v
231:)
219:)
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