1424:), a vessel of 750 tonnes armed with 30 guns. Although surrounded, battered by artillery, and boarded by several French ships, her sailors held their ground and repulsed all attacks. They then took the fight to the enemy, boarding and capturing two French vessels before the battle ended. Several French ships took flight. Santa Cruz began the action by arranging themselves in a line abreast. This was the traditional tactic employed by the Spanish galleys, which carried their few cannon in the bow.
1378:
1588:"The flag galley began to batter and dismount the enemy artillery and the rest of the galleys did likewise.... the landing craft ran aground and placed soldiers on the flanks of the fortifications, and along the trenches, although with much difficulty and working under the pressure of the furious artillery, arquebus, and musket fire of the enemy. The soldiers mounting the trenches in several places came under heavy small-arms fire, but finally won the forts and trenches".
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1472:. This sentence seemed very cruel to all, so some of the Spanish soldiers and captains came forward to plead to Álvaro de Bazán for mercy, and suggested that he make an exemption for the French prisoners by sparing their lives as prisoners of war. Álvaro de Bazan responded by saying that he was only executing the "mandates" of the King of France, that being at peace with Castile would not allow his subjects to act as armed pirates attacking the Spaniards.
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1564:'s court sourly reported that some Spaniards went so far as to claim that "even Christ was no longer safe in Paradise, for the marquis might go there to bring him back and crucify him all over again". Later some of this pride and passion turned against the vanquished: according to the same ambassador by October 1582 the Spaniards had taken to "spitting in the faces of any Frenchmen they happened to meet in the street."
151:
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1526:, although the latter being robust and designed for greater maneuverability, was that of the Atlantic armed carracks, but especially, the Portuguese oceanic fighting galleons, were precisely incorporated into the Spanish fleet, and leading the fight (despite being only two, they would be decisive, being the other ships Portuguese and Castilian carracks,
1575:
base he prepared an amphibious invasion of overwhelming force: 15,372 men and 98 ships, including 31 big merchantmen converted as troop transports, small vessels and landing craft, fighting galleons, 12 galleys, and 2 galleasses. This time his aim was not to fight a fleet but to land an army—the task
1403:
which would probably put in at the Azores. However, on learning that
Strozzi had sailed, Álvaro de Bazán, Marquess of Santa Cruz also made for the Azores with fewer ships but larger in size and arms than Strozzi and about an equal number of men. He arrived too late to prevent the French from landing
1415:
After an indecisive gunfight on 24 July 1582 the fleets met two days later in a fierce close battle south of the island of São Miguel. The French initially had the advantage of the wind and attacked the
Spanish rear with superior forces but that gave Bazán, the Spanish commander the opportunity to
1583:
and Peggia, and had disposed their forces accordingly. However, Santa Cruz decided to deliver his main thrust at Mole, a beach 10 miles from Angra defended only by light earthworks occupied by infantry with some artillery support. Bazan's own report of the landings describes the assault on the
1513:
tactic, as they were doing in the Indian Ocean (resolving many battles by gunnery alone), which would be adopted by the other
Europeans in the 17th century. However, the battle shows that Strozzi tried, partly, an approximation to this tactic, by an attack by a group of naus engaged in
1607:. French and English soldiers on the island were allowed to retire unharmed, but sixteen supporters of António, including Silva, who had tried to flee on the night of the attack, were executed. Dom António and a handful of his supporters were lucky to escape with their lives.
1468:) barely managed to tow the captured enemy flagship back to port. On July 26, after a five-hour naval engagement, the French and English fleets, weaker in battle-power, were routed; seventeen of their ships deserted. Men over seventeen who were captured were put to death as
1599:, where he supervised the raising of levies for defense, but left in November to persuade the French to furnish another 1,500 men, who arrived in June 1583. Santa Cruz had increased his fleet to ninety-six ships and 9,500 men with a garrison of 2,000 on
1436:
sought out
Strozzi's ship amid the smoke and chaos and, having found her, pounded her with gunfire until she was close to sinking. At the battle's close, the Pretender's fleet had lost 10 ships sunk or captured, and well over 1,000 men, including
1576:
force could certainly defend itself if necessary, but its primary role was to put troops, together with their supporting equipment and supplies, on a selected beach-head and then to back them up until the military objectives had been gained.
48:
1622:
An
English flotilla of seven privateer ships and two more vessels commanded by a Captain Henry Richards, assisted the Portuguese loyalists, in the Azores. Richards' vessels took part in the first battle of São Miguel. Quinn, David (1979).
1240:
expedition, mainly French (a French, English and Dutch fleet with
Portuguese forces included), sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under the pretender
290:
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The other problem for the French-allied fleet to win more easily with such tactical or approximate strategy, despite its numbers and the fact that several carracks in its fleet had more guns aboard than the galleon
1570:
remained in the
Pretender's hands, and in the spring of 1583 he managed to reinforce his garrisons there with 800 fresh French troops. Bazan, who now enjoyed command of the sea, reacted swiftly. Secure within his
1416:
gain the wind for the
Spanish vanguard which in its turn attacked the French. The Spanish were outnumbered two to one, the brunt of the French attack was borne by the Portuguese-built Spanish galleon
1498:
Though larger, the improvised French fleet had not been sufficient to challenge the
Spanish in the Atlantic triangle. The magnitude of French losses is uncertain but they were heavy and decisive.
1314:, Pedro Valdés, was ordered to deliver a new offer of pardon, but on no account to begin hostilities until the necessary force was assembled. However, receiving the same replies the former envoy,
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1441:, wounded to death by order of Bazán, and then, still breathing, thrown into the sea. Álvaro de Bazán defeated the French through a combination of gunfire and boarding.
1326:, his landing-force of 600 men met with a savage welcome; the half-wild bulls of the island were driven into them and they were cut to pieces as they fled to the ships.
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had won a great victory and jubilation at his triumphant return seems to have gripped the whole of Spain. The French ambassador at
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Some thought that
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Rif Winfield, John Tredrea, Enrique García-Torralba Pérez, Manuel Blasco Felip (30 May 2023).
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Batalla de Isla Terceira (26 de julio de 1582): Felipe II consolida el trono de Portugal
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Spanish Warships in the Age of Sail, 1700–1860: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates
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1456:. The Spanish fleet suffered severe damage, Philip II's commemorative mural in the
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Batalla de la Isla Tercera "El mundo no es suficiente para la España de Felipe II"
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the enemy, although the Portuguese were the first to understand the importance of
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to subdue the nine islands, a Spanish commander sent out to escort the incoming
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The only portion of the Portuguese overseas empire to resist the Habsburg King
1534:). These galleons were also strongly armed—with its personnel and specialized
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Warfare At Sea 1500-1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe
2037:
1250:
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47:
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operating at great distances from the mainland, the mercenary fleet under
1909:. Manchester, England: Mandolin Publishing, Manchester University Press.
1832:. 1574-1592, Author: Augusto Salgado, Lisbon, Prefácio, 2004, pages 18-29
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to charge, and assail each of them one of the great vessels of the enemy
1303:, which had presented its allegiance to the King of Spain and Portugal.
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ABC - Historia militar de España, Cesar Cervera (in Spanish) - 2014.
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2020:
Pioneers of Globalization: Why the Portuguese Surprised the World
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The Terceirans expected the Spaniards to land at the harbours of
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Os navios de Portugal na Grande Armada. O poder naval português
1830:
Os navios de Portugal na Grande Armada. O poder naval português
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1978:
The Armada Campaign 1588: The Great Enterprise Against England
56:
showing the Battle of Ponta Delgada in the Hall of Battles at
1220:, took place on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island of
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1249:, the largest French force sent overseas before the age of
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favoured the sending of an expedition to the Azores: the
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1633:
1876:
The Spanish Armada by Colin Martin/Geoffrey Parker p.73
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and to defend the islands from incorporation into the
1937:
1902:
27:16th-century naval battle between Spain and France
2073:Secretary of State for Information and Tourism.
1625:England and the Azores, 1581-1582: three letters
1256:In the first engagement between large fleets of
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1712:Nascimento Rodrigues/Tessaleno Devezas p. 122
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2106:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1964:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1858:Revista Militar, José Ramón Cumplido Muñoz
1268:was severely defeated by a squadron under
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1844:. 1574-1592, Augusto Salgado, pages 18-29
1395:In June 1582 António's French fleet left
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1318:was persuaded to attempt an assault on
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1957:
2239:Amphibious operations involving Spain
1651:Colin Martin/Geoffrey Parker p. XVIII
1292:in order to help defend the islands.
7:
1931:. London, England: Penguin Classics.
1627:. UC Biblioteca Geral 1, pp. 212–213
2118:Spanish Warships in the Age of Sail
1408:, but in time to save the capital,
255:1,500 wounded, missing or captured,
1369:, and António returned to France.
25:
1430:in his Portuguese-built flagship
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2219:Naval battles involving Portugal
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40:War of the Portuguese Succession
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2229:Naval battles involving France
2214:Military history of the Azores
1322:. At what became known as the
1306:While a fleet was prepared at
1210:Battle of Vila Franca do Campo
1:
2224:Naval battles involving Spain
2077:. Cambridge University Press.
2014:Rodrigues, Jorge Nascimento;
1365:was unwilling to make war on
395:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
1936:Brimancomble, Peter (2000).
1353:even made an agreement with
448:Cavendish's circumnavigation
1997:The Spanish Treasure Fleets
1450:Hawkins at San Juan de Ulúa
647:Spanish Armada (1st Calais
407:Caribbean and South America
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418:Drake's 1572-73 expedition
1751:History of Portugal p.270
1742:History of Portugal p.269
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745:Low Countries and Germany
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2143:Batalla de Isla Terceira
1995:Walton, Timothy (2002).
1266:Filippo di Piero Strozzi
656:English Armada (Corunna
423:Drake's circumnavigation
1929:Vogayes and Discoveries
1243:António, Prior of Crato
1214:Battle of Ponta Delgada
33:Battle of Ponta Delgada
18:Battle of Punta Delgada
2115:Winfield, Rif (2023).
1590:
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191:Commanders and leaders
2022:. Osprey Publishing.
1980:. Osprey Publishing.
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303:Portuguese Succession
243:Casualties and losses
1885:Geoffrey Parker p.73
1489:landing on Terceira.
675:2nd Gibraltar Strait
670:1st Gibraltar Strait
561:Vila Franca do Campo
346:Vila Franca do Campo
2166: /
2075:History of Portugal
2044:. London, England.
1999:. Pineapple Press.
1944:. London, England.
1228:archipelago of the
956:3rd Geertruidenberg
906:2nd Geertruidenberg
771:1st Geertruidenberg
544:2nd Puerto Caballos
472:1st Puerto Caballos
453:Spanish West Indies
2016:Devezas, Tessaleno
1905:The Spanish Armada
1772:Angus Konstam p.45
1660:Konstam/Bryan p.44
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1286:Philip II of Spain
2249:São Miguel Island
2204:Conflicts in 1582
2170:38.644°N 27.653°W
2029:978-989-615-056-3
2018:(December 2007).
1976:(25 March 2001).
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185:Prior of Crato
131:
118:Spanish Empire
107:
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89:
86:Azores Islands
79:
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43:
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35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2261:
2250:
2247:
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2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Ponta Delgada
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:9781526790798
2124:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2093:9781526790811
2089:
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2051:0-415-21454-8
2047:
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2035:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2006:1-56164-049-2
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1987:1-84176-192-3
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1953:
1951:0-312-23251-9
1947:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:1-901341-14-3
1912:
1907:
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1666:
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1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1642:, p. 29.
1641:
1640:Winfield 2023
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1605:Terceira fell
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:naval warfare
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
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1435:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1423:
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1413:
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1410:Ponta Delgada
1407:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1372:
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1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
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1287:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:Iberian Union
1244:
1239:
1236:. A combined
1235:
1232:, during the
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
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1102:
1099:
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1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
996:2nd Rheinberg
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:2nd Coevorden
959:
957:
954:
952:
951:1st Coevorden
949:
947:
946:2nd Steenwijk
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
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907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
886:1st Rheinberg
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
816:1st Steenwijk
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
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769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
743:
740:
739:Gulf of Cádiz
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
723:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
695:Bay of Biscay
693:
691:
690:Barbary Coast
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
659:
654:
652:
650:
645:
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636:
634:
631:
629:
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621:
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614:
612:
609:
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602:
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584:
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579:
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569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
553:
550:
547:
545:
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537:
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532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
503:
499:
494:
492:
490:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
466:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
443:St. Augustine
441:
439:
436:
434:
433:Santo Domingo
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
405:
402:
397:
387:
382:
380:
375:
373:
368:
367:
364:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
333:
331:
330:Lisbon harbor
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
309:
304:
294:
289:
287:
282:
280:
275:
274:
271:
259:4 ships sunk,
252:
247:
246:
241:
237:
234:
233:
228:
225:
223:
217:
216:Piero Strozzi
212:
207:
205:
200:
195:
194:
189:
186:
182:
177:
171:
158:
144:
132:
130:
125:
119:
114:
109:
108:
103:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
78:
75:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2151:
2121:. Seaforth.
2117:
2086:. Seaforth.
2083:
2074:
2041:
2019:
1996:
1977:
1939:
1928:
1904:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1747:
1728:Konstam p.44
1708:
1699:
1694:Walton p. 80
1690:
1685:Glete p. 156
1665:
1656:
1647:
1624:
1618:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1566:
1556:
1547:
1539:
1536:bombardeiros
1535:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1500:
1497:
1485:The Spanish
1484:
1466:São Martinho
1465:
1461:
1453:
1448:, and, like
1443:
1433:São Martinho
1431:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1394:
1381:
1328:
1315:
1305:
1294:
1283:
1255:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1177:Carrigafoyle
1095:
1091:
1062:
734:Dover Strait
721:
657:
648:
639:
571:Newfoundland
560:
529:2nd San Juan
514:1st San Juan
501:
497:
488:
464:
345:
221:
105:Belligerents
71:26 July 1582
38:Part of the
2173: /
1867:Parker p.74
1806:Parker p.73
1790:Walton p.80
1781:Parker p.72
1763:Glete p.157
1540:artilheiros
1492:El Escorial
1329:Meanwhile,
1197:Castlehaven
1085:Hoogstraten
1051:San Andreas
1006:2nd Groenlo
976:1st Groenlo
931:Knodsenburg
916:2nd Zutphen
891:1st Zutphen
851:Steenbergen
791:Schoonhoven
700:Mount's Bay
651:Gravelines)
633:Pantelleria
463:Hispaniola
428:São Vicente
253:1,500 dead,
250:550 wounded
238:60 warships
235:28 warships
58:El Escorial
2188:Categories
2161:27°39′11″W
2158:38°38′38″N
2038:Glete, Jan
1611:References
1601:São Miguel
1524:São Mateus
1462:San Martín
1422:São Mateus
1406:São Miguel
1397:Belle-Isle
1343:Walsingham
1301:São Miguel
1280:Background
1226:Portuguese
1222:São Miguel
1208:The naval
1160:2nd Calais
1090:Ardenburg
1056:Nieuwpoort
1041:Zaltbommel
1011:Bredevoort
806:Borgerhout
786:Valkenburg
761:Middelburg
724:West Wales
638:1st Cádiz
616:2nd Azores
611:Las Palmas
601:2nd Flores
596:1st Flores
591:1st Azores
539:Portobello
496:La Guaira
301:War of the
181:Portuguese
52:Fresco by
2102:cite book
2060:cite book
1960:cite book
1584:beaches:
1562:Philip II
1516:formation
1476:Aftermath
1418:San Mateo
1363:Elizabeth
1251:Louis XIV
1098:2nd Sluis
1094:Oostberg
1080:2nd Grave
1065:2nd Meurs
1026:Oldenzaal
1021:Ootmarsum
986:2nd Hulst
966:Groningen
936:1st Hulst
896:1st Sluis
871:1st Grave
846:Eindhoven
826:Noordhorn
720:Cornwall
710:2nd Cádiz
680:Berlengas
509:Guadalupe
487:Trinidad
477:San Mateo
438:Cartagena
325:Alcântara
248:224 dead,
183:loyal to
2040:(2000).
1927:(1972).
1901:(1999).
1597:Terceira
1568:Terceira
1532:pataches
1503:boarding
1458:Escorial
1384:Terceira
1347:Burghley
1333:reached
1320:Terceira
1262:galleons
1258:carracks
1182:Smerwick
1135:Caudebec
1016:Enschede
991:Turnhout
941:Nijmegen
926:Delfzijl
921:Deventer
811:Mechelen
801:Rijmenam
796:Gembloux
729:Sesimbra
581:Santiago
566:Terceira
555:Atlantic
500:Caracas
230:Strength
129:Portugal
76:Location
2147:Spanish
1892:Sources
1593:António
1548:old way
1544:galleys
1487:Tercios
1470:pirates
1439:Strozzi
1382:Map of
1359:Hawkins
1339:England
1331:António
1238:corsair
1224:in the
1192:Kinsale
1171:Ireland
1150:Morlaix
861:Antwerp
831:Niezijl
766:Haarlem
705:Cawsand
660:Lisbon)
642:Algarve
628:Scheldt
586:Senegal
576:Bermuda
534:Tabasco
491:Orinoco
320:Cascais
315:Setúbal
222:†
157:England
2125:
2090:
2048:
2026:
2003:
1984:
1948:
1913:
1573:Lisbon
1373:Battle
1367:Philip
1361:, but
1335:Calais
1316:Valdés
1308:Lisbon
1230:Azores
1165:Amiens
1155:Crozon
1110:Arques
1104:France
1070:Ostend
1031:Lingen
866:Arnhem
836:Lochem
821:Kollum
776:Leiden
665:Bayona
519:Panama
482:Recife
458:Havana
351:Azores
218:
167:
154:
143:France
140:
93:Result
1581:Angra
1528:urcas
1355:Drake
1297:Angra
1145:Blaye
1140:Craon
1130:Rouen
1120:Paris
1001:Meurs
981:Lippe
911:Breda
876:Venlo
856:Aalst
781:Delft
606:Faial
524:Pinos
341:Salga
336:Porto
2123:ISBN
2108:link
2088:ISBN
2066:link
2046:ISBN
2024:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1966:link
1946:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1530:and
1357:and
1345:and
1260:and
1216:and
1115:Ivry
1046:Rees
881:Axel
841:Lier
756:Goes
751:Mons
504:Coro
80:Off
68:Date
2145:in
1550:of
1538:or
1404:on
1388:By
971:Huy
2190::
2104:}}
2100:{{
2062:}}
2058:{{
1962:}}
1958:{{
1795:^
1756:^
1733:^
1717:^
1674:^
1632:^
1554:.
1518:.
1412:.
1341:.
1276:.
1253:.
84:,
2131:.
2110:)
2096:.
2068:)
2054:.
2032:.
2009:.
1990:.
1968:)
1954:.
1919:.
1464:(
1420:(
1386:.
1096:·
1092:·
1063:·
722:·
658:·
649:·
640:·
502:·
498:·
489:·
465:·
385:e
378:t
371:v
292:e
285:t
278:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
