564:
160:
138:
283:
31:
672:
ultimately led to its downfall. Because
Krishna Raya was able to overcome an army with technologically superior weapons, he underestimated the value of investment in military technology. The Sultans of the Deccan, on the other hand, continued to improve their arms and learned the tactics necessary to
440:
lost many, including Mirza
Jehangir, and five important captains including Salabut Khan taken prisoners. Upon seeing the enemy retreat, Krishna's generals sought permission to continue the battle. However, prioritizing peace, he ordered his troops to withdraw. After capturing the Bijapuris' camp,
457:
picked off the defenders from the walls, and thus enabled the besiegers to approach close to the lines of fortification and pull down the stones. Driven to desperation, and their governor being slain, the garrison surrendered. Portuguese accounts state that cannons were used extensively by the
395:
also known as Saluva Timma. The
Vijayanagara Empire had a force consisting of 32,600 cavalry and 551 elephants according to contemporary sources. The Bijapur Sultanate had a force consisting of 7,000 cavalry and 250 elephants. Modern and contemporary writers disagree on the number of infantry
366:
with a large sum of money to buy horses. Maraikar betrayed
Krishnadevaraya's cause and went to Adil Khan with the money and offered his services. Krishnadevaraya's demand that Maraikar be returned along with the money was duly refused. During the period of peace Krishnadevaraya made extensive
441:
Krishna counted the spoils: 100 elephants, 400 cannons, tents, horses, oxen, and other animals. He released captured women, honored the fallen with funeral rites, and distributed alms. With the battle concluded, Krishna returned to the siege of
830:, p. 278: "In the confusion surrounding the expulsion of imperial forces in 1347, the Doab apparently fell to the powers that simultaneously arose on the ashes of Tughluq imperialism in the Deccan, the Bahmani sultanate (1347-1538).
773:
The Raya then crossed the river and seized the Shah's camp, while the Shah himself, by the counsel and help of Asada Khan, a man who afterwards became very famous, escaped only with his life, and fled from the field on an
503:
generals lost their lands. That if Adil Shah would come to him, do obeisance, and kiss his foot, his lands would be restored to him. The submission never took place. Krishnadevaraya then led his army as far north as
428:, the Vijayanagar leader, encouraged his remaining troops, vowing to die as soldiers instead of fleeing. He called for loyal officers, and together, they charged the enemy. This unexpected counter-attack caused the
589:, causing destruction and capturing some cities. At Sagar, he faced a large army and won a decisive battle with heavy casualties on both sides. Krishnaraya also won battles at Shorapur and Kemba in
641:
victory weakened the power and prestige of the Adil Shah. He turned his attention to making alliances with the other Muslim neighbours. The victory also caused other
Sultans in
621:, which was in Adil Shah's possession. Soon after, he fell seriously ill to carry out his project and died at the age of forty-five years, in the year 1530. He was succeeded by
445:.Moreover, the use of a Portuguese contingent commanded by Cristovão de Figueiredo with the use of fireweapons helped to conquer the fortress. There is a high probability that
1011:, p. 289: "All of this suggests that by 1520 cannon were being used in the field—extensively by Bijapur, at best minimally by Vijayanagara—but with only limited effect."
1266:
1271:
997:
There is also a strong likelihood of the adoption of
European matchlocks in the Vijayanagara Empire at around the same time , through contact with the Portuguese.
420:
ordered an attack on the
Musalmans, initially making progress but facing heavy artillery fire from the Bijapuris. The Hindu forces retreated in disorder, and
416:
troops. He then crossed the river and advanced towards
Krishna's camp. Both armies prepared for battle and spent a night armed and ready. The next morning,
574:
tried to negotiate, but his ambassador, Asad Khan Lari, betrayed him, claiming
Salabat Khan's interference for the failed meeting. Believing the lie,
346:. Ever since, the fort had been under dispute for nearly two centuries. The fort, along with other areas of the northern Deccan, was captured by
957:
1226:
1199:
1179:
1132:
982:
1281:
812:
791:, p. 68: "In 1520, Battle of Raichur was fought between Krishna Raya of Vijayanagara and Sultan Ismail Adil Shah of Bijapur."
766:
695:
673:
deploy them well. This difference in military technology was a decisive factor in the
Sultans' defeat of Vijayanagara at the
314:. It resulted in a decisive victory for Vijayanagara forces, and the Bijapur ruler was defeated and pushed across the river
1276:
802:
657:
rose and fell simultaneously with the rise and fall of the Vijayanagara dynasty because their entire trade depended on
935:
1291:
358:
from the Bahmanis, but failed.The immediate prelude to the Battle of Raichur began in the year 1520. In that year,
351:
1296:
1286:
712:
500:
388:
347:
453:, were used as well by the army of the Vijayanagara Empire. Additionally, the Portuguese with their
665:
638:
563:
467:
463:
433:
413:
339:
299:
99:
1245:
674:
646:
505:
471:
437:
429:
303:
110:
1222:
1195:
1175:
1167:
1128:
1122:
988:
978:
808:
650:
622:
459:
450:
287:
77:
598:
571:
549:
541:
529:
517:
401:
143:
137:
132:
103:
424:
rallied his troops to counter-attack, ultimately leading to the enemy's panic and retreat.
1172:
Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards
614:
590:
582:
575:
553:
537:
525:
513:
492:
425:
421:
417:
397:
359:
152:
124:
1240:
K. Iswara Dutt, Journal of Andhra Historical Research Society. Vol. 10, pp. 222–224.
1191:
Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships
916:
408:. Despite being outnumbered, his artillery advantage was significant. Upon reaching the
1023:, p. 68: "Though Bijapur had superior firepower, Vijayanagara emerged victorious."
384:
159:
1260:
1168:"'Kiss My Foot,' Said the King: Firearms, Diplomacy and the Battle for Raichur, 1520"
733:
Bhat, N. Shyam (2009). "Political Interaction between Portuguese Goa and Karnataka".
409:
404:, with a 120,000 foot, 18,000 horses and 150 elephants strong army, moved to relieve
315:
221:
1074:
900:
850:
749:
1218:
Tidings of the king: a translation and ethnohistorical analysis of the Rāyavācakamu
521:
509:
442:
368:
81:
35:
878:
613:
sovereignty only resulted in stiffening their hostility towards their common foe.
1216:
1189:
1090:
1041:
The city of Raichur surrendered and Krishnadevaraya made triumphal entry into it.
1034:
972:
282:
1170:, in Richard M. Eaton; Munis D. Faruqui; David Gilmartin; Sunil Kumar (eds.),
446:
992:
392:
246:
187:
62:
30:
454:
343:
331:
234:
210:
179:
1124:
A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A Contribution to the History of India
880:
History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate
669:
634:
618:
594:
586:
578:
ordered Salabat's execution. Asad Khan accomplished his goal and fled.
557:
545:
496:
488:
405:
380:
355:
327:
307:
240:
215:
183:
58:
642:
610:
606:
602:
533:
556:
occupied the royal palace. Although not intending to sack the city,
432:
to retreat, leading to chaos and many casualties on both sides. The
1237:
Sougandhika Prasavapaharanamu - Ratnakaram Gopala Kavi (in Telugu).
1036:
A History of Karnataka, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
658:
562:
520:
ambassador, who requested the return of captured items, including
335:
311:
66:
400:
had an infantry force consisting of a bit over 700,000 soldiers.
396:
personnel that each side had. The contemporary sources say that
839:
History of South India: Medieval period, University of Virginia
1147:
Eaton, Richard (2019). "The Deccan and the South, 1400-1650".
654:
593:
district. He took prisoner three sons of a former king of the
363:
1095:, Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, 1996, p. 200
491:
surrendered, Krishnadevaraya made a triumphal entry into it.
974:
Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History
936:"Political Interaction between Portuguese Goa and Karnataka"
883:. Public Resource. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 314–315.
609:
who had established themselves on the ruins of the single
391:. The main commander of the Vijayanagara army was Saluva
350:
in 1323.The Bahmani Sultanate captured the fort in 1347.
1051:
1049:
1121:
Sewell, Robert; Nunes, Fernão; Paes, Domingos (2000),
1033:Murthy, H. V. Sreenivasa; Ramakrishnan, R. (1977),
1234:Krishnaraja Vijayam - Kumara Dhurjati (in Telugu).
362:sent Seyed Maraikar, a Muslim in his service, to
1174:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 275–298,
605:. This attempt to subvert the rule of the five
532:would pay homage. The meeting was scheduled at
449:, which were obtained through contact with the
286:Portuguese Arcabuziers in India, 16th century.
23:
1127:, Asian Educational Services, pp. 157–,
1079:. POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY. pp. 140–144.
905:. POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY. pp. 137–139.
754:. POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY. pp. 139–144.
273:16,000 soldiers killed (contemporary sources)
8:
714:Further Source Of Vijayanagara History Vol I
649:. The war also affected the fortunes of the
617:began to make preparations for an attack on
601:and he proclaimed the eldest as king of the
597:dynasty, who had been held captive by the
29:
20:
1267:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire
735:Portuguese Studies Review, Vol. 16, No. 2
1272:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
855:. POPULAR PRAKASHAN,BOMBAY. p. 136.
784:
782:
495:was brutal towards Bijapuri Generals of
281:
1247:Further Sources of Vijayanagara History
1076:THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1
902:THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1
852:THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1
751:THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1
686:
581:Infuriated by the ambassador's deceit,
153:
1149:India in the Persianate Age, 1000-1765
728:
726:
724:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1008:
894:
892:
890:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
827:
436:suffered over 16,000 dead, while the
7:
917:"Ismāʿīl ʿĀdil Shāh - Bijāpur ruler"
544:was absent. Enraged, he advanced on
1020:
934:Bhat, N. Shyam (15 December 2009).
788:
508:and occupied it. Upon returning to
466:used them minimally, at best. The
367:preparations for a grand attack on
354:attempted to recapture the city of
1151:. Penguin Books. pp. 168–172.
1108:Military History of Medieval India
1092:Vijayanagara, Progress of Research
645:to form an alliance to defeat the
14:
1244:Sastry, K. A. Nilakanta (1946).
158:
136:
1106:Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh (2003).
470:emerged victorious despite the
1221:, University of Hawaii Press,
637:had far-reaching effects. The
338:in 1284, and passed on to the
1:
528:agreed on the condition that
342:Kingdom after the decline of
1215:Wagoner, Phillip B. (1993),
1110:. Vision Books. p. 342.
971:Buchanan, Brenda J. (2016),
768:Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar
737:. Baywolf Press. p. 27.
697:Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar
567:Vijayanagara Empire in 1525
474:having superior firepower.
1313:
1166:Eaton, Richard M. (2013),
664:Richard Eaton argues that
352:Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya
1282:History of Andhra Pradesh
1039:, S. Chand, p. 189,
940:Portuguese Studies Review
412:, he found it blocked by
379:The battle was fought in
267:
168:
117:
92:
41:
28:
977:, Taylor & Francis,
711:Sastri, K A Nilakanta.
128:Cristovão de Figueiredo
306:in 1520 in the town of
298:was fought between the
877:Majumdar, R.C (1967).
801:Krishna Reddy (2008).
629:Political consequences
568:
383:between the armies of
291:
118:Commanders and leaders
1188:Roy, Kaushik (2014),
1073:GOPAL, M. H. (1956).
899:GOPAL, M. H. (1956).
849:GOPAL, M. H. (1956).
748:GOPAL, M. H. (1956).
566:
285:
268:Casualties and losses
193:Portuguese contingent
1277:History of Karnataka
807:. Tata McGraw-Hill.
389:Sultanate of Bijapur
348:Muhammad Bin Tughluq
304:Sultanate of Bijapur
230:Contemporary source
182:(consists of 32,000
175:Contemporary source
142:Mirza Jahangir
111:Sultanate of Bijapur
653:on the west coast.
647:Vijayanagara Empire
518:Isma'il Adil Khan's
468:Vijayanagara Empire
464:Vijayanagara Empire
300:Vijayanagara Empire
260:200 Heavy artillery
151:Salabut Khan (
100:Vijayanagara Empire
675:Battle of Talikota
569:
292:
1292:Conflicts in 1520
1228:978-0-8248-1495-3
1201:978-1-78093-813-4
1194:, A&C Black,
1181:978-1-107-03428-0
1134:978-81-206-0125-3
984:978-1-351-93190-8
623:Achyuta Deva Raya
560:suffered damage.
487:When the city of
472:Bijapur Sultanate
460:Bijapur Sultanate
296:Battle of Raichur
280:
279:
276:Unknown but heavy
205:Modern estimates
88:
87:
24:Battle of Raichur
1304:
1297:Raichur district
1251:
1231:
1204:
1184:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1059:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
999:
968:
962:
961:
954:
948:
947:
931:
925:
924:
913:
907:
906:
896:
885:
884:
874:
857:
856:
846:
840:
837:
831:
825:
819:
818:
798:
792:
786:
777:
776:
765:Sewell, Robert.
762:
756:
755:
745:
739:
738:
730:
719:
718:
708:
702:
701:
694:Sewell, Robert.
691:
677:45 years later.
434:Vijayanagar army
288:D João de Castro
162:
155:
148:
140:
133:Ismail Adil Shah
104:Portuguese India
43:
42:
33:
21:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1257:
1256:
1243:
1229:
1214:
1211:
1209:Further reading
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1115:
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1071:
1062:
1054:
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1027:
1019:
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1007:
1003:
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732:
731:
722:
710:
709:
705:
693:
692:
688:
683:
631:
615:Krishnadevaraya
576:Krishnadevaraya
538:Krishnadevaraya
514:Krishnadevaraya
493:Krishnadevaraya
485:
483:Sack of Bijapur
480:
422:Krishnadevaraya
398:Krishnadevaraya
385:Krishnadevaraya
377:
360:Krishnadevaraya
324:
263:
259:
257:
255:
253:
251:
249:
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213:
163:
150:
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141:
129:
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125:Krishnadevaraya
113:
106:
102:
69:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1180:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1113:
1098:
1082:
1060:
1058:, p. 292.
1045:
1025:
1013:
1001:
983:
963:
949:
926:
908:
886:
858:
841:
832:
820:
813:
804:Indian History
793:
778:
757:
740:
720:
703:
685:
684:
682:
679:
666:Vijayanagara's
633:The battle of
630:
627:
583:Krishndevaraya
554:Krishndevaraya
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481:
479:
476:
376:
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323:
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26:
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15:
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9:
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4:
3:
2:
1309:
1298:
1295:
1293:
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1288:
1287:1520 in India
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964:
959:
958:"Evolve Back"
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814:9780070635777
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531:
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477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
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435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:Krishna River
407:
403:
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394:
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386:
382:
374:
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365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
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333:
330:was built by
329:
321:
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309:
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297:
289:
284:
275:
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228:
223:
222:war elephants
219:
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212:
208:
207:
206:
201:30,000 troops
200:
199:
198:
197:Another est.
192:
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185:
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177:
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167:
161:
156:
149:
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139:
134:
131:
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97:
96:
91:
83:
82:Vijayanagaran
79:
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68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
45:
44:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1254:
1246:
1217:
1190:
1171:
1160:Bibliography
1148:
1142:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1075:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1016:
1009:Eaton (2013)
1004:
996:
973:
966:
952:
943:
939:
929:
920:
911:
901:
879:
851:
844:
835:
828:Eaton (2013)
823:
803:
796:
772:
767:
760:
750:
743:
734:
713:
706:
696:
689:
663:
639:Vijayanagara
632:
580:
570:
522:Raichur fort
510:Vijayanagara
486:
378:
369:Raichur Doab
340:Vijayanagara
326:The fort of
325:
295:
293:
258:30 Catapults
256:20 Elephants
250:Inside fort:
204:
196:
145:
93:Belligerents
36:Raichur Fort
18:
16:War in India
668:victory at
536:, but when
526:Krishnaraya
426:Krishnadeva
418:Krishnadeva
414:Vijayanagar
290:Tapestries.
49:19 May 1520
1261:Categories
1056:Eaton 2013
1021:Roy (2014)
921:Britannica
789:Roy (2014)
681:References
651:Portuguese
591:Kalaburagi
455:arquebuses
451:Portuguese
447:matchlocks
322:Background
254:400 Horses
252:8,000 Foot
164:Asada Khan
993:965718764
774:elephant.
661:support.
599:Adil Shah
572:Adil Shah
552:fled and
550:Adil Shah
542:Adil Khan
540:arrived,
530:Adil Khan
516:received
478:Aftermath
438:Bijapuris
430:Bijapuris
402:Adil Shah
393:Timmarusu
344:Kakatiyas
247:Elephants
188:elephants
63:Karnataka
585:invaded
501:Bijapuri
387:and the
332:Kakatiya
302:and the
235:Infantry
233:120,000
211:infantry
186:and 550
180:soldiers
178:132,000
169:Strength
54:Location
670:Raichur
635:Raichur
619:Belgaum
607:Sultans
595:Bahmani
587:Bijapur
558:Bijapur
546:Bijapur
506:Bijapur
499:. Many
497:Raichur
489:Raichur
443:Raichur
406:Raichur
381:Raichur
356:Raichur
328:Raichur
316:Krishna
308:Raichur
241:Cavalry
239:18,000
216:cavalry
214:30,000
209:70,000
184:cavalry
157:)
146:†
84:victory
59:Raichur
1225:
1198:
1178:
1131:
991:
981:
811:
643:Deccan
611:Deccan
603:Deccan
534:Mudgal
462:; the
375:Battle
135:
74:Result
659:Hindu
336:Rudra
334:king
312:India
67:India
1223:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1129:ISBN
989:OCLC
979:ISBN
946:(2).
809:ISBN
294:The
245:150
220:550
78:Luso
46:Date
655:Goa
364:Goa
154:POW
1263::
1063:^
1048:^
995:,
987:,
944:16
942:.
938:.
919:.
889:^
861:^
781:^
771:.
723:^
625:.
524:.
512:,
371:.
318:.
310:,
65:,
61:,
1250:.
960:.
923:.
817:.
717:.
700:.
548:,
190:)
80:-
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