584:, began on the heights of Tumilaca, and the constitutionalists forced their opponents to spend the night without water and on their weapons. At dawn the next day, Guarda had his troops camp near a stream. Attentive to this movement, Castilla advanced completely alone to the enemy camp and entered the tent of Guarda, to whom he offered to capitulate (which was only a simulation). After agreeing on the terms of the capitulation, Castile suggested to Guarda that he rest his troops so they could go drink at the stream. Castilla himself, leaving the store, addressed these troops and in a stentorian voice ordered them: "Battalion: set up pavilions and get out of the water." The Guarda soldiers obeyed, as if they had listened to their own boss. It was then the opportune moment for the Castilian soldiers to enter into action, who, advancing at a trot, surrounded Guarda's tent, while Castilla entered and took the Vivanquist chief by the arm, telling him: "You are my prisoner." The soldiers of Guarda, since they were unarmed, were easily taken prisoner. This was a great victory for the constitutionalists, who, mostly militiamen, subdued an army of experienced soldiers, superior in number. As a consequence of this victory, the rebellion advanced to Puno, Cuzco and
906:, Ríos and Lopera to place the troops in apparent positions to present the battle on July 23, the next day. But Lopera exceeded the limits in carrying out the orders and with the first body he moved, he began the attack on the enemy line. When Vivanco and other chiefs who were with him in the distance noticed the battle that was taking place, they decided to march to the battle scene, but it was already too late: their battalions had been destroyed. Pezet himself was seriously injured. At sunset, Vivanco ordered his surviving troops to leave the field. Castilla called off the pursuit at seven o'clock at night and his army concentrated in Challapampa, where he waited for dawn to enter the city.
577:, near Tacna, was fought on August 29, 1843. Nieto attacked Balta, but then pretended to withdraw to attract the opposing cavalry and his leader to a place distant from his infantry. Balta fell into the trap, which Castilla took advantage of to attack the enemy infantry and take up positions in a cemetery. Upon Balta's return, he received the closed volleys of the Castilla riflemen, while Nieto, leaving the farce of withdrawing from him, counterattacked from behind him. The skillful maneuver determined the defeat of Balta, who lost more than 500 men, including soldiers and officers.
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650:), for his adherence to the laws and for his vast culture. But he fell ill and died on February 17, 1844, a victim of liver disease. As such a death occurred unexpectedly, since Nieto was barely 40 years old, there were those who suspected possible poisoning. Castilla replaced Nieto in the presidency of the Junta, thus going on to lead the revolution. Vivanco, seeing that his situation was getting complicated, marched towards Arequipa, where he had massive support.
753:
1033:
423:). It was fought between the government forces of Vivanco and Echenique against the revolutionaries led by Domingo Nieto and Ramon Castilla. A battle was fought at Pachia in Tacna on August 29, 1843. A clash occurred at San Antonio, Moquegua on October 27, 1843. Domingo Nieto died on February 17, 1844. From June 17 to June 29, 1844, fighting occurred in the capital Lima between the government and supporters of
40:
1027:
894:, historian of the revolutions of Arequipa, tells an anecdote about this battle: he states that Vivanco, at the time the fight broke out, was busy trying to decipher the inscription of the year in which the bell of Cayma church, a monument of historical value, had been established. During that time he suffered the defeat of Carmen Alto and thus lost power. But more credible is the
68:
723:
Castilla, reinforced with the forces of Miguel de San Román, besieged
Arequipa, with both parties exchanging fire for 16 days. Later, on the night of July 21, 1844, Castilla took the offensive and advanced on Vivanco's right flank, dawning on Acequia Alta or Carmen Alto.
920:
to deal with
Vivanco, offering him guarantees. Vivanco, who had placed his troops in the Apacheta cemetery, refused everything. And in the evening of that same day he set off at full gallop for the port of Islay where he embarked on a merchant steamer. He arrived in
532:
Vivanco sent a division to the south of Peru under the command of his war minister, General Manuel de la Guarda, to strengthen the garrisons that already existed in that area, with the slogan of putting an end to the "factious" without hesitation. Guarda landed on
962:. The winner was Castilla, who assumed power on April 20, 1845. This first government of Castilla (1845-1851), meant the beginning of a stage of institutional calm and the organization of the Peruvian State, after two decades of internal conflict.
898:
version, which maintains that
Vivanco was in the bell tower of that church to observe the field of operations and that he had arranged for the battle to be fought the next day, but the imprudence of one of his officers precipitated the struggle.
719:
Vivanco, who was indeed in
Arequipa, wanted to resign when he heard the news of Elías's defection. But before the pleas of the Arequipa crowd he gave up. Arequipa was very devoted to his cause and prepared to resist the attack of Castilla.
1013:. (Hasta 1973). Tomo 3. El Perú, primera independencia nacional y revolución peruana. Publicada bajo el auspicio del Gobierno Revolucionario de las Fuerzas Armadas. Impreso en los Talleres Gráficos de Iberia S.A. Lima, 1973.
447:, assumed power. After containing the Bolivian invasion of southern Peru and signing peace with the neighboring country, Menéndez ended up being overthrown. Peru was then plunged into a period later known as the
568:
With the rebels in Puno having been dispersed, the leadership's troops advanced on Tacna. Nieto and
Castilla, at the head of rebel militiamen from Tacna and Moquegua, lured Colonel Juan Francisco Balta, a
865:, the army of Castilla was deployed, sheltered by the irregularities of the terrain, and waited for the attack of its adversaries. Castilla assumed command of his troops and appointed General
260:
699:. All of Lima mobilized to defend itself, but after a week of tense waiting, the attack did not take place because Echenique, according to what he says in his memoirs, was informed by
580:
The forces of Guarda and
Castillo remained standing, numbering about 3,200 men. They met the forces of Nieto and Castilla on October 27, 1843, near Moquegua. The battle, known as the
948:, the President of the Council of State Manuel Menéndez resumed supreme command on October 7, 1844, with the mission of carrying out the constitutional transfer of power.
932:
Castilla was magnanimous with the defeated and did not apply any repression. The people of
Arequipa, who had fervently supported Vivanco (as they would also in the
552:. Before continuing the march towards Tacna, both were in charge of subduing the generals Juan Crisóstomo Torrico and Miguel de San Román, who had risen up in
253:
1077:
512:
246:
944:
Victorious on the battlefield, Castilla complied with reestablishing the
Constitution of 1839. Consequently, and after a brief interim period of
957:
936:), accepted the new order of things, given that their leader showed no interest in continuing the fight and rather fled, abandoning his troops.
588:, thus consolidating itself throughout southern Peru, with the exception of Arequipa, which remained unwavering in its loyalty to Vivanco.
933:
329:
324:
309:
270:
440:
402:
983:
681:, until then loyal to Vivanco, taking advantage of his departure, rose up against the Directorial government and proclaimed himself
619:, Dr. José M., Coronel Zegarra, and National Guard Colonel Nicolás Jacinto Chocano. The secretary and substitute member was Colonel
1111:
391:
380:
560:. Vivanco was irritated upon hearing this news, harshly reprimanding Guarda for not having captured and shot the rebels.
347:
1096:
1070:
376:
711:, an episode remembered as an expression of weariness or disgust of the population of Lima in the face of militarism.
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453:
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on June 17, 1844. Immediately afterwards, Elías organized the defense of the capital against the threat of the
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came to power. The latter established an authoritarian and conservative government, which he called the
889:
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506:
government and restore legitimate authority, that is, that of Menéndez. As its goal was to restore the
362:
1006:. Tomo VIII. La República (1833-1843). Primera Edición. Editor Carlos Milla Batres. Lima, Perú, 1971.
870:
608:), whose presidency was assumed by Domingo Nieto. It was made up of General Ramón Castilla, Colonel
547:
499:
351:
209:
903:
862:
809:
106:
444:
436:
752:
979:
853:
495:
198:
630:. The representative figure of the revolutionaries was Marshal Nieto, who was nicknamed the "
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424:
369:
231:
735:
and established his defense line there, yielding the initiative to the enemy in this part.
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chief who with a small detachment had moved away from the bulk of his army. Thus, the
1090:
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181:
17:
39:
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861:
In Carmen Alto, a small town surrounded by a plain located between Cayma and
529:, to support the revolution, with some units of the regular army joining it.
1026:
929:
a few days later. Shortly before, the squad had joined the winning side.
538:
526:
978:, Tomo 4. Editada por la Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A. Lima, 2005.
707:
near
Arequipa, rendering an attack on Lima meaningless. Thus ended the
557:
922:
238:
926:
556:. Once the capitulation was signed, Torrico and San Román went to
522:
458:, where several generals vied for power. After successive coups,
419:
was the second internal conflict in 19th century Peru (after the
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553:
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598:
Provisional
Government Junta of the Free Departments in Cuzco
925:
on July 27, being arrested by Domingo Elías and exiled to
902:
Indeed, on July 22, 1844, Vivanco ordered his lieutenants
427:. A final clash occurred at Carmen Alto on July 22, 1844.
909:
The next morning, Castilla entered the city and sent Dr.
606:
Junta de Gobierno Provisional de los Departamentos Libres
596:
On September 3, 1843, the revolutionaries constituted a
1051:
525:
on May 17, 1843. Militias were organized in Tacna and
996:. Tomo I. Lima, AFA Editores Importadores S.A., 1985.
822:
120:
757:1865 map highlighting the location of the battle
727:Vivanco, who was preceded by several parties of
443:in 1841, the president of the Council of State,
976:Historia de la República del Perú (1822 - 1933)
745:
703:that Vivanco and Castilla were preparing for a
32:
1071:
661:Another episode of the war was the so-called
254:
8:
683:Political and Military Chief of the Republic
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1064:
751:
742:
704:
435:After the death of the Peruvian president
261:
247:
239:
38:
29:
541:, where he joined the forces of General
693:, who were advancing from the central
7:
1022:
1020:
994:Historia de la República (1821-1930)
731:, positioned himself in the town of
677:. It all started when the prefect
25:
642:) and the "Greco-Roman Marshal" (
564:Battles of Pachía and San Antonio
1031:
1025:
1011:Historia general de los peruanos
869:as General-in-Chief and General
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835:
816:
802:
592:The Provisional Government Junta
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99:
66:
951:Menéndez complied with calling
517:, the uprising was called the "
417:Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844
33:Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844
521:", the same one that began in
1:
1050:. You can help Knowledge by
911:Juan Manuel Polar y Carasas
778:Carmen Alto, Arequipa, Peru
44:Militia during the conflict
1128:
1019:
421:Peruvian Civil War of 1834
1004:Historia General del Perú
842:Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
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795:
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519:Constitutional Revolution
502:set out to end Vivanco's
468:Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
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141:Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
127:
92:
48:
37:
401:Huacanvelica and Junín (
1042:This article about the
972:Basadre Grohmann, Jorge
885:Juan Gualberto Valdivia
464:Juan Francisco de Vidal
460:Juan Crisóstomo Torrico
1112:Peruvian history stubs
990:Chirinos Soto, Enrique
934:civil war of 1856–1858
829:Commanders and leaders
670:
647:
639:
605:
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128:Commanders and leaders
787:Revolutionary victory
746:Battle of Carmen Alto
739:Battle of Carmen Alto
701:Felipe Pardo y Aliaga
691:José Rufino Echenique
648:Mariscal greco-romano
582:battle of San Antonio
170:José Rufino Echenique
84:Revolutionary victory
18:Battle of San Antonio
1000:Vargas Ugarte, Rubén
689:forces commanded by
640:El Quijote de la Ley
508:Constitution of 1839
152:Juan Francisco Balta
123:(constitutionalists)
1097:Wars involving Peru
880:as Chief of Staff.
867:Miguel de San Román
715:Arequipa Resistance
543:Fermín del Castillo
500:Manuel de Mendiburu
221:Miguel de San Román
210:Manuel de Mendiburu
904:Juan Antonio Pezet
272:Civil wars in Peru
1107:Conflicts in 1844
1102:Conflicts in 1843
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953:general elections
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621:José Félix Iguaín
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16:(Redirected from
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480:el Directorio
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796:Belligerents
769:22 July 1844
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705:final battle
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671:Semana Magna
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110:(government)
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93:Belligerents
956: [
914: [
896:vivanquista
888: [
874: [
687:vivanquista
624: [
613: [
586:Andahuaylas
571:Vivanquista
546: [
511: [
452: [
439:during the
155: [
1091:Categories
729:montoneros
709:Magna Week
663:Magna Week
431:Background
940:Aftermath
863:Yanahuara
490:Generals
472:Directory
396:1867–1868
381:1921–1922
356:1896–1897
348:1825–1828
330:1894–1895
325:1884–1885
310:1856–1858
305:1854–1855
300:1843–1844
295:1836–1839
290:1835–1836
56:1843–1844
774:Location
539:Arequipa
527:Moquegua
504:de facto
375:Loreto (
368:Huaraz (
346:Huanta (
61:Location
667:Spanish
644:Spanish
636:Spanish
632:Quixote
602:Spanish
558:Bolivia
476:Spanish
982:
923:Callao
784:Result
696:Sierra
390:Puno (
361:Lima (
184:
81:Result
71:
1046:is a
986:(V.4)
960:]
927:Chile
918:]
892:]
883:Dean
878:]
733:Cayma
673:) in
628:]
617:]
550:]
535:Islay
523:Tacna
515:]
456:]
335:1980–
159:]
1048:stub
980:ISBN
766:Date
675:Lima
654:The
554:Puno
498:and
466:and
415:The
403:1965
392:1815
385:1932
377:1896
370:1885
363:1872
352:1839
320:1867
315:1865
285:1834
74:Peru
53:Date
482:).
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