869:'s regime, but remained neutral. It was reported to have declared war against the United Kingdom in September 1940, though the Sammarinese government later transmitted a message to the British government stating that it had not. In early 1942, the Sammarinese government reiterated it was not at war with the United States, a position that was confirmed by the US State Department. The British Foreign Office noted more equivocally in 1943 that Britain had never declared war, but also had never formally recognised San Marino's neutrality, and that it felt that military action on Sammarinese territory would be justified if it were being used by Axis forces.
1116:
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43:
232:
101:
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976:
1036:, about two miles from the Sammarinese border. The main assault successfully pushed onto the ridge, and the 56th Division advanced about 1 mi (1.6 km) past Croce, before digging in on the evening of the 13th; that night, the 4th Indian Division gained a foothold south of Gemmano. It was finally captured by the 46th and 4th Indian Divisions on the morning of the 15th, and the British forces prepared to move toward Montescudo and exploit the German confusion.
244:
1760:
128:
143:
1012:, and the last major geographic obstacle south of Rimini. The Allied offensive reached the river on 3 September, but ground to a halt due to mechanical difficulties with its tanks, strengthening German resistance, and heavy rain. The Allied forces halted, and brought up reinforcements whilst waiting for a chance to resume the offensive along the coast. On the left flank of the assault, the attack had been halted in the
936:
943:
158:
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818:
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1111:
of 11th Indian
Infantry Brigade began to push into the outskirts of the city from the north, but early on the morning of the 20th were held back by defensive positions in the north-west of the city, where the road to the upper part of the city, situated higher on the mountain, began. Tanks moved into
1049:
The 46th
Division took Montescudo on the 15th, and on the next day the 56th Division entered the town of Mulazzano, directly north of Montescudo and equally close to the border. The fighting pressed westward from here, with the 56th Division on the northern flank and the 46th on the south; both were
872:
The country was bombed by the Allies on 27 June 1943, killing at least 35. The
Sammarinese government declared the same day that no military installations or equipment were located on its territory, and that no belligerent forces had been allowed to enter. In early July, it announced that prominent
916:; 11 divisions would attack along a narrow front, converging on the "Rimini Gap", an 8 mi (13 km) stretch of plain along the coast around the city, and then moving northward. Once through the Gap, the force would deploy outward onto the Romagna Plain, and move westward toward
1061:
On
September 13, the German Army had sent a strong force into San Marino to defend it against the Allies; this would also give them control of one of the major roads in the area, and allow artillery observers to occupy the mountain peaks. The defending force was drawn from the
1031:
was to the south of the 46th, forming the very left wing of the offensive. When the assault on
Coriano was resumed on the 12th, led by two armoured divisions with heavy artillery support, these forces pushed westwards; their goal was to pass through towards the town of
806:—just east of San Marino—and break out onto the plains north of the city. Whilst San Marino was southwest of Rimini, the plan was for it to be bypassed entirely. In response to the Allied movements, the Germans sent a small force into San Marino to guard their
1007:
The main Allied assault began on 25 August, reaching the Foglia valley—the Gothic Line proper—on 29 August. It was quickly breached, and the German command attempted to assemble a second defensive line on the
Coriano ridge, a hilly spur to the north of the
825:
After a few days, the main thrust of the offensive was halted south of Rimini by strong resistance and severe weather, and the
British and Indian flanking forces began to push westwards, taking the frontline towards San Marino. On 17 September the
1088:. These small hills—just behind the river—were held by two battalions of the 993rd Grenadier Regiment. The first—Point 343—was taken at 05:00, but the force occupying Point 366 had to fall back after running low on ammunition. Rifleman
1146:
as the costs of the occupation. The
British government rejected this claim, arguing that as Germany had breached the Sammarinese neutrality before Allied troops had entered the country, it was not liable; it did, however, offer an
2224:
2244:
1112:
the suburbs, whilst a company of the
Camerons moved uphill toward the summit in heavy rain. The city was secured by the early afternoon, with only 24 casualties among the attackers, and 54 prisoners taken.
1099:
Point 343 was held through the 18th, however, though with the loss of 63 men; by the evening, a force of tanks had managed to come up and stabilise the position with the aid of artillery support. The 4th/
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Allied forces remained in occupation of San Marino for a short period after the German surrender. In
October 1945, after the end of the war, the Sammarinese government submitted a claim for 732 million
1123:
On the 21st, the local defence forces were enlisted to help mop up straggling German troops, and the 4th Indian Division pressed onward through a heavy gale and passed out of the country.
837:
holding two hills just across the Sammarinese border; after heavy fighting to gain control of the hills, the situation stabilised on the 19th, and Allied forces began to push into the
841:
itself. The city was captured by the afternoon of 20 September, and the 4th Indian Division left the country on the 21st, leaving it under the control of the local defence forces.
1019:
At this point, the forces on the Allied left wing were strung out in a line running due south from the Coriano ridge, facing westward toward San Marino, a few miles distant. The
1096:
for holding the crest of the hill single-handed for two hours, allowing two companies to withdraw in safety, before being killed whilst trying to rescue another wounded Gurkha.
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signs had been put up at the border crossings by the German command, to instruct German units not to enter the territory, and again reiterated its complete neutrality.
1603:
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369:
51:, the attempt to break the Gothic Line (red); the planned offensive is shown in blue, along the eastern coast. The arrows converge north of San Marino.
2177:
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1949:
1966:
1024:
1201:
1183:
285:
1626:
1182:. The latter three of these had fought as part of 4th Indian Division in the main attack, whilst the first two had had battalions in the
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1944:
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794:, ran across the peninsula a short distance south of the Sammarinese border, and in late June, the country was bombed by the
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would push north along the centre of the peninsula, hopefully converging on Bologna and trapping a large German force in a
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802:, launched in late August, a strong Allied force attacked at the very eastern end of the line, aiming to pass through
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moved around the Gurkhas to the north, covering the northern flank of the San Marino heights, and the division's
710:
391:
1915:
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658:
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331:
1151:
payment of ÂŁ26,000 in regard to the June bombing, later increased to ÂŁ80,000 (equivalent of 32 million lira).
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and the plains of Northern Italy. This would involve a strong thrust up the eastern seaboard by the
798:, killing 35 people, in the belief that the German Army had taken up positions on its territory. In
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and fully surrounded by Italy, had played little role throughout the Second World War. It had a
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passed through them to help encircle the city. On the evening of the 19th, the 2nd Battalion,
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1255:"Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers 1944, Europe, Volume IV"
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904:. The Allies formulated a plan to break through the defences, pushing north toward
756:
534:
231:
106:
1628:
Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1944. Europe (Volume IV)
1527:, 7 July 1961. A statement giving the overall breakdown of the claim was given on
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were given as the related costs of the fighting in September and 20 million
189:
1138:
to the British government for wartime compensation, of which 500 million
1424:
1069:, whilst the 4th Indian Division was assigned to attack it on the 17th.
270:
1809:
1085:
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862:
1641:
786:
until 1943, when Allied forces had advanced a sizable distance up the
1855:
905:
803:
177:
1393:
Packard, Reynolds (September 14, 1944). "Nazis Invade San Marino".
347:
1114:
1052:
816:
1645:
351:
274:
1080:
on the eastern border on the night of the 17th, with the 1st/
2225:
World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign
1249:
1247:
1158:"San Marino" was awarded to three British Army units — the
1261:. (U.S.) Department of State. 4 Jul 1944. pp. 290–291
1057:
British soldier observing German positions near San Marino
782:
earlier in the war and had remained broadly unaffected by
2245:
Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
1119:
Allied troops passing through San Marino, September 1944
1027:
opposite the heavily defended position at Gemmano. The
2235:
Battles and operations of World War II involving India
1084:
moving through them to attack Points 343 and 366 near
900:, a chain of defended positions stretching across the
1559:
Battle Honours of the British and Commonwealth Armies
751:
was an engagement on 17–20 September 1944 during the
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2011:
1979:
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1578:The War North of Rome: June 1944 – May 1945
821:Neutrality placards at the borders of San Marino
23:
1657:
1604:United States Army Center of Military History
1492:
1490:
1471:(Supplement). 26 December 1944. p. 5933.
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1072:The leading elements of the division—the 3rd/
892:By the late summer of 1944, German forces in
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1985:
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2230:Battles of World War II involving Germany
790:. A major German defensive position, the
1423:. Gurkhas Faetano. 2007. Archived from
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1050:held back by strong German resistance.
1508:
1380:
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1356:
7:
1631:. United States Department of State.
771:. It is also sometimes known as the
1625:United States Department of State.
1580:. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd.
1561:. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd.
1016:, to the south of the Conca river.
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1109:Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders
1021:56th (London) Infantry Division
35:Italian Campaign (World War II)
1:
1092:was posthumously awarded the
1023:was opposite Croce, with the
1029:4th Indian Infantry Division
828:4th Indian Infantry Division
778:San Marino had declared its
763:forces occupied the neutral
1164:York and Lancaster Regiment
1160:Royal Lincolnshire Regiment
2266:
2220:San Marino in World War II
1596:Fisher, Ernest F. (1989).
1576:Brooks, Thomas R. (1996).
885:
882:Assault on the Gothic Line
767:and were then attacked by
2250:History of Emilia-Romagna
2164:
2062:
2031:Rimini–San Marino railway
1988:
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1395:The Philadelphia Inquirer
896:had withdrawn toward the
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312:
254:
223:
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40:
28:
1705:Diocletianic Persecution
1612:Linklater, Eric (1951).
1950:with the European Union
1557:Baker, Anthony (1986).
1281:Diplomatic papers, 1944
1259:Office of the Historian
1238:Diplomatic papers, 1944
1224:Diplomatic papers, 1944
830:attacked forces of the
120:Italian Social Republic
1184:138th Infantry Brigade
1120:
1058:
1025:46th Infantry Division
822:
808:lines of communication
773:Battle of Monte Pulito
765:Republic of San Marino
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2240:September 1944 events
2026:Funivia di San Marino
1614:The Campaign in Italy
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1045:Entry into San Marino
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671:1945 Spring Offensive
304:Gothic Line Offensive
255:Casualties and losses
47:The initial plan for
33:Offensive during the
1911:European microstates
1720:Battle of San Marino
1210:, 30 September 1940.
1074:10th Baluch Regiment
749:Battle of San Marino
501:Armistice with Italy
63:17–20 September 1944
24:Battle of San Marino
1599:Cassino to the Alps
1066:Infanterie-Division
922:American Fifth Army
910:British Eighth Army
834:Infanterie-Division
812:artillery observers
2215:1944 in San Marino
2041:Torraccia Airfield
2036:San Marino Highway
1998:Telecommunications
1841:Apennine Mountains
1468:The London Gazette
1186:of 46th Division.
1180:11th Sikh Regiment
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1101:11th Sikh Regiment
1090:Sher Bahadur Thapa
1059:
857:, in the northern
839:City of San Marino
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393:Invasion of Sicily
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1176:9th Gurkha Rifles
1082:9th Gurkha Rifles
1014:Battle of Gemmano
920:. Meanwhile, the
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515:
510:
503:
498:
491:
484:
469:
468:
463:
458:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
411:
404:
390:
387:
386:
377:
375:
374:
367:
360:
352:
343:
342:
340:
339:
334:
332:Monte Castello
329:
324:
319:
313:
310:
309:
300:
298:
297:
290:
283:
275:
267:
266:
263:
257:
256:
252:
251:
239:
226:
225:
221:
220:
168:
167:
152:
134:United Kingdom
122:
94:
93:
89:
88:
85:
84:
83:Allied victory
81:
77:
76:
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
38:
37:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2262:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Montegiardino
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:Saint Marinus
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1587:1-885119-26-7
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1568:0-7110-1600-3
1564:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1427:on 2011-07-11
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:battle honour
1152:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:—crossed the
1075:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1000:
970:Coriano Ridge
944:
937:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
889:
881:
876:
874:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
844:
842:
840:
836:
835:
829:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
769:Allied forces
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
737:
736:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
701:
697:
695:
694:
690:
688:
687:
683:
681:
680:
676:
675:
674:
673:
672:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
639:
638:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
615:
611:
609:
608:
604:
602:
601:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:Monte Cassino
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
549:
548:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
530:Volturno Line
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
509:
508:
504:
502:
499:
497:
496:
492:
490:
489:
485:
483:
482:
478:
477:
476:
475:
474:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
451:
447:
445:
444:
440:
438:
437:
433:
431:
430:
426:
424:
423:
419:
417:
416:
412:
410:
409:
405:
403:
402:
398:
397:
395:
394:
388:
383:
373:
368:
366:
361:
359:
354:
353:
350:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
311:
306:
296:
291:
289:
284:
282:
277:
276:
273:
264:
259:
258:
253:
250:
245:
240:
238:
233:
228:
227:
222:
218:
204:
191:
179:
165:
153:
150:
138:
137:
136:
135:
123:
121:
108:
96:
95:
90:
82:
79:
78:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
2197:
2115:Coat of arms
1901:Constitution
1871:Monte Titano
1719:
1627:
1613:
1598:
1577:
1558:
1536:
1524:
1516:
1511:, pp. 367–8.
1504:
1484:, pp. 211–12
1477:
1466:
1457:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:the original
1415:
1410:, pp. 210–11
1403:
1397:. p. 2.
1394:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1337:
1332:, pp. 316–7.
1325:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1280:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1258:
1237:
1232:
1223:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1178:and the 4th/
1153:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1122:
1105:11th Brigade
1098:
1078:Marano River
1071:
1065:
1060:
1048:
1018:
1006:
912:, codenamed
891:
871:
848:
833:
824:
777:
772:
748:
746:
733:
716:
699:
692:
685:
678:
670:
668:
648:
635:
634:
614:Chesterfield
613:
606:
599:
545:
544:
535:Barbara Line
518:
506:
494:
487:
480:
472:
470:
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
392:
321:
203:South Africa
124:
92:Belligerents
29:Part of the
1800:Chiesanuova
1715:Fascist era
1529:9 July 1952
1497:Brooks 1996
1482:Brooks 1996
1463:"No. 36860"
1450:Brooks 1996
1408:Brooks 1996
1342:Fisher 1989
1330:Fisher 1989
1318:Fisher 1989
1306:Fisher 1989
1294:Fisher 1989
1172:Indian Army
1010:Conca river
898:Gothic Line
888:Gothic Line
810:and act as
792:Gothic Line
761:German Army
759:, in which
711:Argenta Gap
637:Gothic Line
547:Winter Line
262:54 captured
237:Harry Hoppe
164:New Zealand
31:Gothic Line
16:WWII battle
2204:Categories
2077:Healthcare
2067:Demography
1962:Parliament
1916:Government
1825:Serravalle
1815:Fiorentino
1693:Chronology
1673:San Marino
1550:References
1541:Baker 1986
1431:2010-02-08
1170:— and two
1166:, and the
1034:Montescudo
855:San Marino
851:microstate
845:Background
780:neutrality
723:Collecchio
664:Garfagnana
649:San Marino
564:San Pietro
337:Garfagnana
322:San Marino
265:323 killed
260:274 killed
73:San Marino
2082:Languages
2072:Education
2013:Transport
1957:Judiciary
1906:Elections
1805:Domagnano
1790:Acquaviva
1769:Geography
1543:, p. 336.
1421:"History"
1383:, p. 366.
1371:, p. 365.
1359:, p. 363.
1344:, p. 318.
1320:, p. 315.
1308:, p. 314.
1149:ex gratia
1127:Aftermath
540:Bari raid
495:Slapstick
488:Avalanche
466:Centuripe
436:Narcissus
408:Mincemeat
401:Corkscrew
190:Australia
2187:Category
2147:Religion
1933:Military
1889:Politics
1834:Physical
1739:By topic
1677:articles
1499:, p. 212
1452:, p. 211
1296:, p.308.
1284:, p. 295
1241:, p. 293
1227:, p. 292
607:Strangle
594:Cisterna
450:Ladbroke
429:Chestnut
68:Location
2171:Outline
2120:Cuisine
2102:Culture
2055:Society
2003:Tourism
1981:Economy
1851:Geology
1810:Faetano
1685:History
1525:Hansard
1086:Faetano
982:Gemmano
918:Bologna
877:Prelude
863:fascist
755:of the
728:Trieste
717:Herring
706:Bologna
686:Tombola
654:Gemmano
481:Baytown
443:Fustian
422:Animals
415:Barclay
327:Gemmano
107:Germany
2110:Anthem
1856:Guaita
1746:Jewish
1675:
1584:
1565:
1265:29 May
1162:, the
1040:Battle
958:3miles
906:Rimini
804:Rimini
693:Bowler
679:Encore
644:Rimini
625:Ancona
600:Diadem
579:Rapido
574:Ortona
513:Naples
461:Troina
317:Rimini
217:Poland
214:
200:
187:
178:Canada
175:
161:
146:
131:
117:
104:
80:Result
2178:Index
2152:Sport
2142:Music
2137:Media
1993:Banks
1938:Ranks
1206:, in
1190:Notes
1064:278.
994:Croce
894:Italy
832:278.
700:Roast
589:Anzio
519:Devon
507:Achse
149:India
2132:Flag
2125:Wine
2092:Time
1618:HMSO
1582:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1267:2022
1208:Time
1154:The
1144:lira
1140:lira
1135:lira
849:The
747:The
630:Elba
569:Moro
456:Gela
60:Date
956:5km
853:of
2206::
1616:.
1602:.
1523:,
1489:^
1465:.
1440:^
1349:^
1257:.
1246:^
1215:^
928:.
814:.
775:.
1665:e
1658:t
1651:v
1620:.
1606:.
1590:.
1571:.
1531:.
1434:.
1269:.
371:e
364:t
357:v
294:e
287:t
280:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
