Wars of the Delian League - Knowledge (XXG)

840:. According to Thucydides, the official aim of the League was to "avenge the wrongs they suffered by ravaging the territory of the king." In reality, this goal was divided into three main efforts - to prepare against any future invasion, to seek revenge against Persia, and to organize a means of dividing spoils of war. The members were given a choice of either offering armed forces or paying a tax to the joint treasury; most states chose the tax. League members swore to have the same friends and enemies, and dropped ingots of iron into the sea to symbolize the permanence of their alliance. The ingots of iron were cast into the ocean because the oath the league members swore stipulated that their allegiance would not end, or be otherwise broken, until the iron floated to the surface. In other words, that they had made a pact perceived to be eternal. The Athenian politician 559:, who also wrote a universal history. However, from what little is known of Ephorus, historians are generally disparaging towards his history; for this period he seems to have simply recycled Thucydides's research, but used it to draw completely different conclusions. Diodorus, who has often been dismissed by modern historians anyway, is therefore not a particularly good source for this period. Indeed, one of his translators, Oldfather, says of Diodorus's account of the Eurymedon campaign that "...the three preceding chapters reveal Diodorus in the worst light...". There is also a reasonable body of archaeological evidence for the period, of which inscriptions detailing probable tribute lists of the Delian League are particularly important. 1192:, the heavily armoured hoplites proved superior, and routed the Persian army. Thucydides says that 200 Phoenician ships were captured and destroyed. It is highly unlikely that this occurred during the apparently brief naval battle, so these were probably grounded ships captured after the battle and destroyed with fire, as has been the case at Mycale. According to Plutarch, Cimon then sailed with the Greek fleet as quickly as possible, to intercept the fleet of 80 Phoenician ships which the Persians had been expecting. Taking them by surprise, he captured or destroyed the entire fleet. However, Thucydides does not mention this subsidiary action, and some have cast doubt on whether it actually happened. 1118:, near the mouth of the Eurymedon River. It is usually argued that the Persians were the would-be aggressors, and that Cimon's campaign was launched in order to deal with this new threat. Cawkwell suggests that the Persian build-up was the first concerted attempt to counter the activity of the Greeks since the failure of the second invasion. It is possible that internal strife with the Persian empire had contributed to the length of time it took to launch this campaign. Cawkwell suggests that the Persian forces gathered at Aspendos were aiming to move along the southern coast of Asia Minor, capturing each city, until eventually the Persian navy could begin operating in Ionia again. 1499:

a treaty was made after the Eurymedon does not preclude a peace being made at another point. Further, he suggests that Theopompus was actually referring to a treaty that had allegedly been negotiated with Persia in 423 BC. If these views are correct, it would remove one major obstacle to the acceptance of the treaty's existence. A further argument for the existence of the treaty is the sudden withdrawal of the Athenians from Cyprus in 450 BC, which makes most sense in the light of some kind of peace agreement. On the other hand, if there was indeed some kind of accommodation, Thucydides's failure to mention it is odd. In his digression on the

588:. This annotation places the fall of Eion in the archonship of Phaidon (known to be 476/475 BC). The siege may therefore have been between either 477–476 BC or 476–475 BC; both have found favour. The Battle of Eurymedon may be dated to 469 BC by Plutarch's anecdote about the Archon Apsephion (469/468 BC) choosing Cimon and his fellow generals as judges in a competition. The implication is that Cimon had recently achieved a great victory, and the most likely candidate is Eurymedon. However, since the Battle of Eurymedon seems to have occurred after the Athenian 1323: 3929: 1218: 1022: 975:(470/467 BC) was put down, the process by which the Delian league gradually transformed into the Athenian Empire accelerated after 461 BC. The transfer of the treasury to Athens is sometimes used as an arbitrary demarcation between the Delian League and the Athenian Empire. An alternative 'end-point' for the Delian League is the final end of hostilities with the Persians in 450 BC, after which, despite the fact that the stated aims of the League were fulfilled, the Athenians refused to allow member states to leave the alliance. 635:), and have generally been placed in around 470/469 BC. However, there are several incongruities in the story of Themistocles if this date is accepted. A much later date for Pausanias's expulsion from Byzantium has been proposed, and if accepted, this pushes these three events into c. 467 BC, which resolves the problems regarding Themistocles, and also probably explains some incidental details mentioned in Plutarch's biography of Cimon. However, this modified timeline is not universally accepted by historians. 1204:

League, which probably ended once and for all the threat of another Persian invasion of Greece. It also seems to have prevented any Persian attempt to reconquer the Asiatic Greeks until at least 451 BC. The accession of further cities of Asia Minor to the Delian league, particularly from Caria, probably followed Cimon's campaign there. The Greeks do not appear to have pressed their advantage home in a meaningful way. If the later date of 466 BC for the Eurymedon campaign is accepted, this might be because the

1438: 526:, which is generally considered by modern historians to be a reliable primary account. Thucydides only mentions this period in a digression on the growth of Athenian power in the run up to the Peloponnesian War, and the account is brief, probably selective and lacks any dates. Nevertheless, Thucydides's account can be, and is used by historians to draw up a skeleton chronology for the period, on to which details from archaeological records and other writers can be superimposed. 1403: 811: 545:. Plutarch was writing some 600 years after the events in question, and is therefore very much a secondary source, but he often explicitly names his sources, which allows some degree of verification of his statements. In his biographies, he explicitly draws on many ancient histories which have not survived, and thus often preserves details of the period which are omitted in Thucydides's brief account. The final major extant source for the period is the universal history ( 1586:

against Sparta, regularly bribing politicians to achieve their aims. In this way, they ensured that the Greeks remained distracted by internal conflicts, and were unable to turn their attentions to Persia. There was no open conflict between the Greeks and Persia until 396 BC, when the Spartan king Agesilaus briefly invaded Asia Minor; as Plutarch points out, the Greeks were far too busy overseeing the destruction of their own power to fight against the "barbarians".

1371:; Diodorus may be mistaken about his presence in this campaign. It is clearly possible that the Persian forces did spend some prolonged time in training, since it took four years for them to respond to the Egyptian victory at Papremis. Although neither author gives many details, it is clear that when Megabyzus finally arrived in Egypt, he was able to quickly lift the siege of Memphis, defeating the Egyptians in battle, and driving the Athenians from Memphis. 706: 498: 1099: 924: 3968: 1046:, was offered terms upon which he might be allowed to evacuate the city and return to Asia. However, not wanting to be thought a coward by Xerxes, he resisted to the last. When the food in Eion ran out, Boges threw his treasure into the Strymon, killed his entire household and then immolated them, and himself, on a giant pyre. The Athenians thus captured the city and enslaved the remaining population. 994: 1238: 1188:

Persian battle line was quickly breached, and the Persian ships then turned about, and made for the river bank. Grounding their ships, the crews sought sanctuary with the army waiting nearby. Despite the weariness of his troops after this first battle, Cimon landed the marines and proceeded to attack the Persian army. Initially the Persian line held the Athenian assault, but eventually, as at

827:, the Athenian commander at Mycale, had furiously rejected this; the Ionian cities were originally Athenian colonies, and the Athenians, if no one else, would protect the Ionians. This marked the point at which the leadership of the Hellenic alliance effectively passed to the Athenians; with the Spartan withdrawal after Byzantium, the leadership of the Athenians became explicit. 1160: 48: 1611:

that the Spartans could maintain their hegemony over Greece. It is in the aftermath of this treaty that Greek orators began to refer to the Peace of Callias (whether fictional or not), as a counterpoint to the shame of the King's Peace, and a glorious example of the "good old days" when the Greeks of the Aegean had been freed from Persian rule by the Delian League.

431:, in 479 and 478 BC respectively. After the capture of Byzantium, the Spartans elected not to continue the war effort, and a new alliance, commonly known as the Delian League, was formed, with Athens very much the dominant power. Over the next 30 years, Athens would gradually assume a more hegemonic position over the league, which gradually evolved into the 1264:

Cyprus. This would go some way towards explaining the apparently reckless decision of the Athenians to fight wars on two fronts. Thucydides seems to imply that the whole fleet was diverted to Egypt, although it has also been suggested that such a large fleet was unnecessary, and some portion of it remained of the coast of Asia Minor during this period.

1308:. Diodorus tells us that once the Athenians had arrived, they and the Egyptians accepted battle from the Persians. At first the Persians' superior numbers gave them the advantage, but eventually the Athenians broke through the Persian line, whereupon the Persian army routed and fled. Some portion of the Persian army found refuge in the citadel of 592:(but before the siege of Thasos), the date of Eurymedon is clearly constrained by the date of Naxos. Whilst some accept a date of 469 or earlier for this Naxos, another school of thought places it as late as 467 BC. Since the Battle of Eurymedon seems to have occurred before Thasos, the alternative date for this battle would therefore be 466 BC. 1018:. Eion may have been worthy of particular mention by Thucydides because of its strategic importance; abundant supplies of timber were available in the region, and there were nearby silver mines. Furthermore, it was near the site of the future Athenian colony of Amphipolis, which was the site of several future disasters for the Athenians. 1145:. By capturing Phaselis, the furthest east Greek city in Asia Minor (and just to the west of the Eurymedon), he effectively blocked the Persian campaign before it had begun, denying them the first naval base they needed to control. Taking further initiative, Cimon then moved to directly attack the Persian fleet at Aspendos. 1411:

that the Allies made any attempt to actually take possession of the island, and shortly after they sailed to Byzantium. Certainly, the fact that the Delian League repeatedly campaigned in Cyprus suggests that the island was not garrisoned by the Allies in 478 BC, or that the garrisons were quickly expelled.

1610:

demanded and received the return of the cities of Asia Minor from the Spartans, in return for which the Persians threatened to make war on any Greek state which did not make peace. This humiliating treaty, which undid all the Greek gains of the previous century, sacrificed the Greeks of Asia Minor so

1498:

Opinion amongst modern historians is also split; for instance, Fine accepts the concept of the Peace of Callias, whereas Sealey effectively rejects it. Holland accepts that some kind of accommodation was made between Athens and Persia, but no actual treaty. Fine argues that Callisthenes's denial that

1423:

Cimon sailed for Cyprus with a fleet of 200 ships provided by the Athenians and their allies. However, 60 of these ships were sent to Egypt at the request of Amyrtaeus, the so-called "King of the Marshes" (who still remained independent of, and opposed to Persian rule). The rest of the force besieged

1362:

and Cypriots, and spent a year training their men. Then they finally headed to Egypt. Modern estimates, however, place the number of Persian troops at the considerably lower figure of 25,000 men given that it would have been highly impractical to deprive the already strained satrapies of any more man

1179:

Thucydides gives only the barest of details for this battle; the most reliable detailed account is given by Plutarch. According to Plutarch, the Persian fleet was anchored off the mouth of the Eurymedon, awaiting the arrival of 80 Phoenician ships from Cyprus. Several different estimates for the size

1393:

As a final disastrous coda to the expedition, Thucydides mentions the fate of a squadron of fifty triremes sent to relieve the siege of Prosopitis. Unaware that the Athenians had finally succumbed, the fleet put in at the Mendesian mouth of the Nile, where it was promptly attacked from the land, and

1299:

According to Diodorus, the only detailed source for this campaign, the Persian relief force had pitched camp near the Nile. Although Herodotus does not cover this period in his history, he mentions as an aside that he "saw too the skulls of those Persians at Papremis who were killed with Darius' son

1268:

suggests that the Athenians sent 40 ships, whereas Diodorus says 200, in apparent agreement with Thucydides. Fine suggests a number of reasons that the Athenians may have been willing to engage themselves in Egypt, despite the ongoing war elsewhere; the opportunity to weaken Persia, the desire for a

1263:

already campaigning in Cyprus at this time, which the Athenians then diverted Egypt to support the revolt. Indeed, it is possible that the fleet had been dispatched to Cyprus in the first place because, with Persian attention focused on the Egyptian revolt, it seemed a favourable time to campaign in

1229:

The Egyptian campaign, as discussed above, is generally thought to have begun in 460 BC. Even this date is subject to some debate however, since at this time Athens was already at war with Sparta in the First Peloponnesian War. It has been questioned whether Athens would really commit to an Egyptian

1041:

The force which attacked Eion was under the command of Cimon. Plutarch says that Cimon first defeated the Persians in battle, whereupon they retreated to the city, and were besieged there. Cimon then expelled all Thracian collaborators from the region in order to starve the Persians into submission.

970:

in 454 BC caused panic in Athens, and resulted in decreased military activity until 451 BC, when a five-year truce was concluded with Sparta. During the panic, the treasury of the League was moved from Delos to the perceived safety of Athens in 454 BC. Although Athens had in practice had a hegemonic

919:

During the period 479–461, the mainland Greek states were at least outwardly at peace with each other, even if divided into pro-Spartan and pro-Athenian factions. The Hellenic alliance still existed in name, and since Athens and Sparta were still allied, Greece achieved a modicum of stability.

1577:

between the power-blocs of Athens and Sparta, which had continued on and off since 460 BC, finally ended in 445 BC, with the agreement of a thirty-year truce. However, the growing enmity between Sparta and Athens would lead, just 14 years later, to the outbreak of the Second Peloponnesian War. This

1384:

survived to return to Athens. In Diodorus's version, however, the draining of the river prompted the Egyptians (whom Thucydides does not mention) to defect and surrender to the Persians. The Persians, not wanting to sustain heavy casualties in attacking the Athenians, instead allowed them to depart

965:

It can be seen, however, that the First Peloponnesian War may have hastened the transition of the Delian League from an Athenian-dominated alliance to an Athenian-ruled empire. During the early years of the war, Athens and her non-Delian allies scored a series of victories. However, the collapse of

818:

After Byzantium, Sparta was eager to end her involvement in the war. The Spartans were of the view that, with the liberation of mainland Greece, and the Greek cities of Asia Minor, the war's purpose had already been reached. There was also perhaps a feeling that obtaining long-term security for the

677:

in each Ionian city. While Greek states had in the past often been ruled by tyrants, this was a form of government on the decline. By 500 BC, Ionia appears to have been ripe for rebellion against these Persian place-men. The simmering tension finally broke into open revolt due to the actions of the

1635:

While the Athenians and allies were campaigning successfully against the Spartans, subjugating Aegina, Boeotia, and central Greece, further expansion was checked when the league fleet was virtually destroyed in Egypt. Fearing the Persians would mount an offensive following such a naval defeat, the

1503:

his aim is to explain the growth of Athenian power, and such a treaty, and the fact that the Delian allies were not released from their obligations after it, would have marked a major step in the Athenian ascendancy. Conversely, it has been suggested that certain passages elsewhere in Thucydides's

1203:

as if he had made a humiliating peace with the Greeks, because he was so fearful of engaging in battle with them again. It is generally considered unlikely by modern historians that a peace treaty was made in the aftermath of Eurymedon. The Eurymedon was a highly significant victory for the Delian

1014:. The campaign against Eion should probably be seen as part of a general campaign aimed at removing the Persian presence from Thrace. Even though he does not directly cover this period, Herodotus alludes to several failed attempts, presumably Athenian, to dislodge the Persian governor of Doriskos, 646:

campaigns are somewhat easier to date. Thucydides says that the Egyptian campaign lasted six years and that three years later, the Athenians and Spartans signed a five-year truce. This treaty is known to date to 451 BC, so the Egyptian campaign dates from c. 460–454 BC. The Cyprian campaign,

1410:

In 478 BC the Allies had, according to Thucydides, sailed to Cyprus and "subdued most of the island". Exactly what Thucydides means by this is unclear. Sealey suggests that this was essentially a raid to gather as much booty as possible from the Persian garrisons on Cyprus. There is no indication

1334:

The Athenians and Egyptians thus settled down to besiege the White Castle. The siege evidently did not progress well, and probably lasted for at least four years, since Thucydides says that their whole expedition lasted 6 years, and of this time the final 18 months was occupied with the Siege of

1110:

Once the Persian forces in Europe had largely been neutralised, the Athenians seem to have gone about starting to extend the League in Asia Minor. The islands of Samos, Chios and Lesbos seem to have become members of the original Hellenic alliance after Mycale, and presumably were also therefore

567:

Thucydides provides a succinct list of the main events occurring between the end of the second Persian invasion and the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, but almost no chronological information. Various attempts have been made to reassemble the chronology, but there is no definitive answer. The

484:

Cimon died, and the Athenian force decided to withdraw, winning another double victory at the Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus in order to extricate themselves. This campaign marked the end of hostilities between the Delian League and Persia, and some ancient historians claim that a peace treaty, the

1585:

Repeatedly defeated in battle by the Greeks, and plagued by internal rebellions which hindered their ability to fight the Greeks, after 450 BC Artaxerxes and his successors adopted a policy of divide-and-rule. Avoiding fighting the Greeks themselves, the Persians instead attempted to set Athens

1481:

It is possible that the Athenians had attempted to negotiate with the Persians previously. Plutarch suggests that in the aftermath of the victory at the Eurymedon, Artaxerxes had agreed a peace treaty with the Greeks, even naming Callias as the Athenian ambassador involved. However, as Plutarch

1187:

Cimon, sailing from Phaselis, made to attack the Persians before the reinforcements arrived, whereupon the Persian fleet, eager to avoid fighting, retreated into the river itself. However, when Cimon continued to bear down on the Persians, they accepted battle. Regardless of their numbers, the

725:

decided that, despite successfully subduing the revolt, there remained the unfinished business of exacting punishment on Athens and Eretria for supporting the revolt. The Ionian Revolt had severely threatened the stability of Darius's empire, and the states of mainland Greece would continue to

1494:

representatives and can probably be therefore dated to c. 461 BC (after forging of the alliance between Athens and Argos). This embassy may have been an attempt to reach some kind of peace agreement, and it has even been suggested that the failure of these hypothetical negotiations led to the

900:

in 465 BC. Thucydides does not provide more examples, but from archaeological sources it is possible to deduce that there were further rebellions in the following years. Thucydides leaves us under no illusions that the behaviour of the Athenians in crushing such rebellions led firstly to the

458:, the Athenians and allied fleet achieved a stunning double victory, destroying a Persian fleet and then landing the ships' marines to attack and rout the Persian army. After this battle, the Persians took an essentially passive role in the conflict, anxious not to risk battle where possible. 1461:

After the Battles of Salamis-in-Cyprus, Thucydides makes no further mention of conflict with the Persians, simply saying that the Greeks returned home. Diodorus, on the other hand, claims that in the aftermath of Salamis, a full-blown peace treaty (the "Peace of Callias") was agreed with the

1414:

The next time Cyprus is mentioned is in relation to c. 460 BC, when a League fleet was campaigning there, before being instructed to head to Egypt to support Inaros's rebellion, with the fateful consequences discussed above. The Egyptian disaster would eventually lead the Athenians to sign a

1379:

The Athenians now fell back to the island of Prosopitis in the Nile delta, where their ships were moored. There, Megabyzus laid siege to them for 18 months, until finally he was able to drain the river from around the island by digging canals, thus "joining the island to the mainland". In

1009:

river. Since Thucydides does not provide a detailed chronology for his history of the league, the year in which this campaign took place is uncertain. The siege seems to have lasted from autumn of one year into the summer of the next, with historians supporting either 477–476 BC or

1312:(called the 'White Castle'), however, and could not be dislodged. Thucydides's rather compressed version of these events is: "and making themselves masters of the river and two-thirds of Memphis, addressed themselves to the attack of the remaining third, which is called White Castle". 1589:

If the wars of the Delian League shifted the balance of power between Greece and Persia in favour of the Greeks, then the subsequent half-century of internecine conflict in Greece did much to restore the balance of power to Persia. In 387 BC, Sparta, confronted by an alliance of

580:

of Lysitheus (known to be 465/464 BC). Thucydides mentions this attack on the 'Nine-Ways' in connection with the beginning of the siege of Thasos, and since Thucydides says that the siege ended in its third year, the siege of Thasos therefore dates to c. 465–463 BC.

1129:) with 200 triremes. It is highly likely that Cimon had assembled this force because the Athenians had had some warning of a forthcoming Persian campaign to re-subjugate the Asiatic Greeks. According to Plutarch, Cimon sailed with these 200 triremes to the Greek city of 1300:

Achaemenes by Inaros the Libyan". This provides some confirmation that this battle was factual, and provides a name for it, which Diodorus does not. Papremis (or Pampremis) seems to have been a city on the Nile delta, and a cult centre for the Egyptian equivalent of

631:, at that time being besieged by Athenians. The three events, Pausanias's treason, Themistocles's flight and the siege of Naxos therefore occurred in close temporal sequence. These events certainly happened after 474 BC (the earliest possible date for Themistocles's 1069:. This was not an anti-Persian action, but a pragmatic assault on a native population that had lapsed into piracy. As a result of this action, the Athenians "liberated the Aegean", and they sent colonists to the island to prevent the island returning to piracy. 937:

Athens sent troops in 462 BC to aid Sparta with the Messenian Revolt (c. 465–461 BC), under the terms of the old Hellenic alliance. The Spartans however, in the fear that Athens might interfere in the political situation between the Spartans and their

1280:, and defeated a fleet consisting of 50 Phoenician ships. It was the last great naval encounter between the Greeks and the Achaemenids. Of the 50 Phoenician ships, he managed to destroy 30 ships, and capture the remaining 20 that faced him in that battle. 796:). The siege was successful, but the behaviour of the Spartan general Pausanias alienated many of the Allies, and resulted in Pausanias's recall. The siege of Byzantium was the last action of the Hellenic alliance which had defeated the Persian invasion. 1085:

with the help of native Thracians. Cimon sailed to the Chersonesos with just 4 triremes, but managed to capture the 13 ships of the Persians, and then proceeded to drive them out of the peninsula. Cimon then turned the Chersonesos (of which his father,

1636:

Athenians transferred the league treasury to Athens (454). Within the next five years, with the resolution of difficulties with Sparta (five-year truce, 451) and Persia (Peace of Callias, c. 449/448), the league became an acknowledged Athenian empire.

1208:

meant that resources were diverted away from Asia Minor to prevent the Thasians seceding from the League. The Persian fleet was effectively absent from the Aegean until 451 BC, and Greek ships were able to ply the coasts of Asia Minor with impunity.

1385:

freely to Cyrene, whence they returned to Athens. Since the defeat of the Egyptian expedition caused a genuine panic in Athens, including the relocation of the Delian treasury to Athens, Thucydides's version is probably more likely to be correct.

1199:). However, as Plutarch admits, other authors denied that such a peace was made at this time, and the more logical date for any peace treaty would have been after the Cyprus campaign. The alternative suggested by Plutarch is that the Persian king 1450:. Under the 'command' of the deceased Cimon, they defeated this force at sea, and also in a land battle. Having thus successfully extricated themselves, the Athenians sailed back to Greece, joined by the detachment which had been sent to Egypt. 957:

This conflict was really the Athenians' own struggle, and need not have involved the Delian allies. After all, the League members had signed up to fight against the Persians, not fellow Greeks. Nevertheless, it does seem that at least at the

920:

However, over this period, Sparta became increasingly suspicious and fearful of the growing power of Athens. It was this fear, according to Thucydides, which made the second, larger (and more famous) Peloponnesian War inevitable.

1256:, a Libyan king living on the border of Egypt. This rebellion quickly swept the country, which was soon largely in the hands of Inaros. Inaros now appealed to the Delian League for assistance in their fight against the Persians. 871:

Thucydides provides just one example of the use of force to extend membership of the League, but since his account seems to be selective, there were presumably more; certainly, Plutarch provides details of one such instance.

721:. After this, the Ionian Revolt carried on (without further outside aid) for a further 5 years, until it was finally completely crushed by the Persians. However, in a decision of great historic significance, the Persian king 1445:

Cimon's death was kept a secret from the Athenian army. 30 days after leaving Kition, the Athenians and their allies were attacked by a Persian force composed of Cilicians, Phoenicians, and Cyprians, whilst sailing off

1428:

in Cyprus, but during the siege, Cimon died either of sickness or a wound. The Athenians lacked provisions, and apparently under the death-bed instructions of Cimon, the Athenians retreated towards Salamis-in-Cyprus.

830:

The loose alliance of city states which had fought against Xerxes's invasion had been dominated by Sparta and the Peloponnesian league. With the withdrawal of these states, a congress was called on the holy island of

1394:

from the sea by the Phoenician navy. Most of the ships were destroyed, with only a handful managing to escape and return to Athens. Total Athenian casualties of the expedition totaled some 50,000 men and 250 ships.

835:

to institute a new alliance to continue the fight against the Persians. This alliance, now including many of the Aegean islands, was formally constituted as the 'First Athenian Alliance', commonly known as the

1111:

original members of the Delian League. However, it is unclear exactly when the other Ionian cities, or indeed the other Greek cities of Asia Minor, joined the league, though they certainly did at some point.

876:, which had collaborated with the Persians during the second Persian invasion, was attacked by the League at some point in the 470s BC, and eventually agreed to become a member. Plutarch mentions the fate of 272: 717:

allowed themselves to be drawn into this conflict by Aristagoras, and during their only campaigning season (498 BC) they contributed to the capture and burning of the Persian regional capital of

1415:

five-year truce with Sparta in 451 BC. Thereby freed from fighting in Greece, the League was again able to dispatch a fleet to campaign in Cyprus in 451 BC, under the recently recalled Cimon.

1470:— from whom we have the earliest reference to the supposed peace, in 380 BC. Even during the 4th century BC the idea of the treaty was controversial, and two authors from that period, 1195:

According to Plutarch, one tradition had it that the Persian king (who at the time would still have been Xerxes) had agreed a humiliating peace treaty in the aftermath of the Eurymedon (see

1578:

disastrous conflict, which dragged on for 27 years, would eventually result in the utter destruction of Athenian power, the dismemberment of the Athenian empire, and the establishment of a

2581:

Schauenburg 1975, restoring the third word as κυβάδε, perhaps related to κύβδα, the term connoting the bent-over, rear-entry position associated with a 3-obol prostitute, see J. Davidson,

627:, of complicity in Pausanias's treason. As a result, Themistocles fled from Argos, eventually to Asia Minor. Thucydides states that on his journey, Themistocles inadvertently ended up at 1180:

of the Persian fleet are given. Thucydides says that there was a fleet of 200 Phoenician ships, and is generally considered the most reliable source. Plutarch gives numbers of 350 from

568:

assumption central to these attempts is that Thucydides is describing the events in the appropriate chronological order. The one firmly accepted date is 465 BC for the beginning of the

1234:

the war with Sparta, in 462 BC. However, this date is generally rejected, and it seems that the Egyptian campaign was, on the part of Athens, simply a piece of political opportunism.

1171:

Greek warrior. An inscription on the vase states εύρυμέδον ειμ κυβα έστεκα "I am Eurymedon, I stand bent forward", in probable reference to the Persian defeat and humiliation at the

472:, despite a three year long siege. The Persians then counter-attacked, and the Athenian force was itself besieged for 18 months, before being wiped out. This disaster, coupled with 749:

personally in 480 BC, taking an enormous (although oft-exaggerated) army and navy to Greece. Those Greeks who chose to resist (the 'Allies') were defeated in the twin battles of

1495:

Athenian decision to support the Egyptian revolt. The ancient sources therefore disagree as to whether there was an official peace or not, and if there was, when it was agreed.

619:

for trial (after which he starved himself to death). Thucydides again provides no chronology of these events. Shortly afterwards, the Spartans accused the Athenian statesman

265: 1573:

reached its conclusion. The allies of Athens were not released from their obligations to provide either money or ships, despite the cessation of hostilities. In Greece, the

962:, a contingent of Ionians fought with the Athenians. The conflicts in Greece during these years are, however, not directly relevant to the history of the Delian League. 737:

and the Aegean islands were added to the Persian Empire, and Eretria was duly destroyed. However, the invasion ended in 490 BC with the decisive Athenian victory at the

1252:

of the Persian Empire was particularly prone to revolts, one of which had occurred as recently as 486 BC. In 461 or 460 BC, a new rebellion began under the command of

726:

threaten that stability unless dealt with. Darius thus began to contemplate the complete conquest of Greece, beginning with the destruction of Athens and Eretria.

419:

alliance, centred on Sparta and Athens, that had defeated the second Persian invasion had initially followed up this success by capturing the Persian garrisons of

258: 1881: 1730: 942:, sent the Athenians home. This event directly led to the ostracism of Cimon (who had been leading the troops), the ascendancy of the radical democrats (led by 516:

by ancient scholars, was a period of relative peace and prosperity within Greece. The richest source for the period, and also the most contemporary with it, is

1276:

At any rate, the Athenians arrived in Egypt, and sailed up the Nile to join up with Inaros's forces. Charitimides led his fleet against the Achaemenids in the

4667: 3550: 3895: 2984: 2524: 2412: 2141: 1350:, and dispatched it to Egypt. Diodorus has more or less the same story, with more detail; after the attempt at bribery failed, Artaxerxes put Megabyzus and 3917: 3001: 2957: 2945: 2920: 2802: 2751: 1973: 2903: 2891: 2006: 1141:

contingent of his fleet, the people of Phaselis agreed to join the league. They were to contribute troops to the expedition, and to pay the Athenians ten

2301: 2229: 2201: 2184: 2158: 2129: 1504:

history are best interpreted as referring to a peace agreement. There is thus no clear consensus amongst modern historians as to the treaty's existence.

1380:

Thucydides's account the Persians then crossed over to the former island, and captured it. Only a few of the Athenian force, marching through Libya to

1482:

admits, Callisthenes denied that such a peace was made at this point (c. 466 BC). Herodotus also mentions, in passing, an Athenian embassy headed by

476:, dissuaded the Athenians from resuming conflict with Persia. In 451 BC, a truce was agreed in Greece, and Cimon was able to lead an expedition to 4228: 3760: 3740: 780:. After Mycale, the Greek cities of Asia Minor again revolted, with the Persians now powerless to stop them. The Allied fleet then sailed to the 603:, returned to Byzantium as a private citizen soon after and took command of the city until he was expelled by the Athenians. He then crossed the 1077:

Cimon returned a decade later to complete the expulsion of Persian forces from Europe. This action seems to have occurred concurrently with the

4723: 3957: 3704: 1010:

476–475 BC. Eion seems to have been one of the Persian garrisons left in Thrace during and after the second Persian invasion, along with

892:

Naxos attempted to leave the League c. 470/467 BC but was attacked by the Athenians and forced to remain a member. A similar fate awaited the

4728: 3412: 3246: 595:

The dating of Naxos is intimately connected with two other events in the Greek world which occurred at the same time. Thucydides claims that

3216: 4738: 2316: 2268: 1930: 1795: 1734: 1081:, and so is generally dated to 465 BC. Evidently, even at this point, some Persian forces were holding (or had re-taken) some part of the 823:

had proposed transplanting all the Greeks from Asia Minor to Europe as the only method of permanently freeing them from Persian dominion.

729:

In the next two decades, there would be two Persian invasions of Greece, including some of the most famous battles in history. During the

3086: 3046: 4384: 3281: 2778: 1291:. Diodorus and Ctesias give numbers for this force of 300,000 and 400,000 respectively, but these numbers are presumably over-inflated. 4698: 4541: 4536: 4233: 3952: 3519: 3498: 3475: 3456: 3433: 3393: 3366: 3339: 3320: 2875: 2845: 2474: 2447: 1368: 746: 409: 772:

According to tradition, on the same day as Plataea, the Allied fleet defeated the demoralised remnants of the Persian fleet in the

468:

of the Persian Empire. Although the Greek task force achieved initial success, they were unable to capture the Persian garrison in

765:. The following year, 479 BC, the Allies assembled the largest Greek army yet seen and defeated the Persian invasion force at the 761:

thus fell into Persian hands, but then seeking to finally destroy the Allied navy, the Persians suffered a decisive defeat at the

4298: 4150: 3543: 730: 522: 405: 3910: 1273:'s huge grain supply, and from the viewpoint of the Ionian allies, the chance to restore profitable trading links with Egypt. 3982: 1560:

If the terms were observed by the king and his generals, then the Athenians were not to send troops to lands ruled by Persia.

844:

would spend the rest of his life occupied in the affairs of the alliance, dying (according to Plutarch) a few years later in

4238: 1065:

Following the action at Eion, and possibly in the same campaign, the Athenians, still under Cimon, attacked the island of

1049:

After the fall of Eion, other coastal cities of the area surrendered to the Delian League, with the notable exception of

690:

in 499 BC, Aristagoras chose to declare Miletus a democracy. This triggered similar revolutions across Ionia, and indeed

4189: 3815: 3785: 3686: 1114:

Cimon's Eurymedon campaign itself seems to have begun in response to the assembly of a large Persian fleet and army at

4733: 4389: 4327: 3709: 3536: 3290: 1346:, to draw off the Athenian forces from Egypt. When this failed, he instead assembled a large army under (confusingly) 3770: 1322: 776:. This action marks the end of the Persian invasion, and the beginning of the next phase in the Greco-Persian wars, 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4444: 4086: 3903: 1217: 959: 1507:

The ancient sources which give details of the treaty are reasonably consistent in their description of the terms:

442:

to remove the remaining Persian garrisons from the region, primarily under the command of the Athenian politician

1569:

As already noted, towards the end of the conflict with Persia, the process by which the Delian League became the

3745: 3227: 1021: 4215: 4061: 3358: 1137:) but was refused admittance. He therefore began ravaging the lands of Phaselis, but with the mediation of the 4379: 3590: 555:. Much of Diodorus's writing concerning this period seems to be derived from the much earlier Greek historian 512:(479–431 BC) is poorly attested by surviving ancient sources. This period, sometimes referred to as the 1582:

over Greece. However, not just Athens suffered. The conflict would significantly weaken the whole of Greece.

673:

shortly after 550 BC. The Persians found the Ionians difficult to rule, eventually settling for sponsoring a

4430: 4338: 4256: 4025: 3638: 3312: 1574: 1172: 1154: 951: 914: 687: 661:

The Greco-Persian Wars had their roots in the conquest of the Greek cities of Asia Minor, and in particular

473: 451: 322: 242: 3820: 3679: 1437: 4651: 4423: 4409: 4395: 3947: 3863: 3845: 1553:(on the southern coast of Asia Minor), nor west of the Cyanaean rocks (probably at the eastern end of the 1364: 1351: 462: 220: 4615: 4284: 4135: 3867: 3859: 3809: 3801: 3559: 1087: 750: 547: 2566: 1241:

Map of Egypt showing relevant locations, where known, to the Delian league campaign of 460–454 BC

1221:

Main actions of the Egyptian campaign of the Wars of the Delian League, to which the Athenian Admiral

1121:

Plutarch says that upon hearing that the Persian forces were gathering at Aspendos, Cimon sailed from

572:. This is based on an anonymous ancient scholiast's annotations to one of the existing manuscripts of 4677: 4291: 4145: 4081: 3805: 3797: 3732: 3585: 931: 754: 461:

Towards the end of the 460s BC, the Athenians took the ambitious decision to support a revolt in the

814:

Athens and her empire in 431 BC. The Athenian Empire was the direct descendant of the Delian League.

4595: 4473: 4437: 4046: 3633: 3575: 1603: 1288: 1082: 901:

hegemony of Athens over the league, and eventually to the transition from the Delian League to the

781: 596: 1057:

with his garrison around 465 BC, and finally abandoned this last Achaemenid stronghold in Europe.

4643: 4609: 4585: 4528: 4277: 4243: 3992: 3719: 3618: 1626: 1354:

in charge of 300,000 men, with instructions to quell the revolt. They went first from Persia to

777: 738: 691: 656: 600: 397: 39: 1402: 810: 508:

The military history of Greece between the end of the second Persian invasion of Greece and the

1090:, had been tyrant before the Greco-Persian Wars began) over to the Athenians for colonisation. 4601: 4590: 4352: 4346: 4312: 4305: 4208: 3933: 3928: 3830: 3653: 3643: 3515: 3494: 3471: 3452: 3429: 3408: 3389: 3362: 3335: 3316: 2871: 2841: 2835: 2470: 2464: 2443: 2437: 1205: 1078: 897: 861: 845: 766: 762: 666: 569: 509: 389: 328: 153: 3278: 2865: 2775: 17: 4672: 4623: 4468: 4402: 4371: 4360: 4319: 4270: 4201: 4130: 4091: 3885: 3855: 3840: 3765: 3694: 3610: 3595: 1579: 1531: 1305: 1189: 993: 773: 722: 552: 497: 486: 385: 188: 176: 102: 1994: 741:. Between the two invasions, Darius died, and responsibility for the war passed to his son 705: 4637: 4463: 4416: 4182: 4104: 3793: 3674: 3304: 3285: 2782: 1570: 1447: 1098: 902: 670: 432: 200: 923: 4365: 4263: 4223: 4176: 4160: 4111: 4076: 4071: 3775: 3663: 3658: 3567: 3487: 3423: 3258: 1599: 1595: 1309: 1164: 1006: 534: 469: 416: 393: 1053:, which was "never taken". The Achaemenids probably recalled the Governor of Doriscus 950:) over the previously dominant aristocratic faction (led by Cimon) in Athens, and the 4692: 4552: 4249: 4066: 3998: 3987: 3873: 3623: 3600: 3580: 3509: 3382: 3377: 1607: 1491: 1381: 1246: 1230:

campaign under these circumstances, and therefore suggested that this campaign began

1030: 972: 857: 837: 805: 699: 624: 589: 401: 381: 316: 309: 143: 90: 576:'s works. The scholiast notes that the Athenians met disaster at 'Nine-Ways' in the 3835: 3825: 3668: 3271: 1535: 1471: 1284: 1260: 1222: 1142: 758: 628: 620: 215: 172: 3351: 1287:

had in the meantime assembled a relief force to crush the revolt, under his uncle

1237: 1168: 997:

Map showing the locations of battles fought by the Delian League, 477–450 BC

819:

Asian Greeks would prove impossible. In the aftermath of Mycale, the Spartan king

615:, until he was accused of collaborating with the Persians and was recalled by the 3445: 2815: 4140: 3967: 3850: 3780: 3755: 3750: 3699: 2971:

Land Battles in 5th Century BC Greece: A History and Analysis of 173 Engagements

1519: 820: 709:

Map showing main events of the Ionian Revolt and the Persian invasions of Greece

683: 1001:

According to Thucydides, the League's opening campaign was against the city of

4546: 4493: 4097: 4033: 3727: 3648: 3489:

Athens and Sparta: constructing Greek political and social history from 478 BC

3223: 1475: 1277: 1034: 824: 788:. The following year, 478 BC, the Allies sent a force to capture the city of 517: 501: 447: 439: 121: 82: 52:

The ruins of Delos, location of the treasury of the Delian League until 454 BC

1518:

Persian satraps (and presumably their armies) were not to travel west of the

4155: 3332:

A political history of the Achaemenid empire (translated by W. J. Vogelsang)

3263: 3239: 3212: 1523: 1467: 1359: 1347: 1339: 1253: 1159: 943: 841: 789: 632: 573: 538: 455: 424: 250: 224: 196: 147: 47: 4559: 4500: 3253: 3234: 1602:, sought the aid of Persia to shore up her position. Under the so-called 1554: 1550: 1327: 1130: 1115: 1054: 1050: 1015: 1011: 947: 927: 877: 873: 793: 742: 604: 530: 209: 167: 3384:

Thucydides — History of the Peloponnesian War (translated by Rex Warner)

4566: 4507: 4053: 4039: 1591: 1543: 1483: 1463: 1355: 1265: 1249: 1181: 1103: 734: 714: 679: 608: 556: 465: 438:

Throughout the 470s BC, the Delian League campaigned in Thrace and the

4522: 4005: 3528: 1425: 1343: 1122: 1066: 939: 893: 785: 718: 695: 674: 616: 577: 481: 477: 428: 420: 117: 86: 78: 74: 1466:

at this point, who in turn was presumably influenced by his teacher

784:, still held by the Persians, and besieged and captured the town of 584:

Similarly, the anonymous scholiast provides a probable date for the

647:

which directly followed the truce, thus dates to 451–450 BC.

446:. In the early part of the next decade, Cimon began campaigning in 4629: 4012: 3267: 1436: 1401: 1321: 1236: 1216: 1158: 1138: 1134: 1126: 1097: 1043: 1020: 992: 922: 832: 809: 704: 686:. Attempting to save himself after a disastrous Persian-sponsored 662: 612: 542: 496: 443: 184: 380:(477–449 BC) were a series of campaigns fought between the 4514: 3425:

Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West

1487: 1301: 1270: 1026: 1002: 489:, was agreed to cement the final end of the Greco-Persian Wars. 3899: 3532: 254: 1627:

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/156539/Delian-League

1106:, the type of ship in use by both the Greek and Persian forces 930:, the Athenian politician who led Athens through much of her 848:, whilst determining what the tax of new members was to be. 1542:

closer than three days' journey on foot to the Aegean Sea (

504:, whose history provides many of the details of this period 127:

Greek expeditionary force defeated and repelled from Egypt.

2864:

Fornara, Charles W.; Badian, E.; Sherk, Robert K. (1983).

1511:

All Greek cities of Asia were to 'live by their own laws'

757:

on land and at sea respectively. All of Greece except the

1490:

to negotiate with Artaxerxes. This embassy included some

1462:

Persians. Diodorus was probably following the history of

1367:, who is reported by Herodotus to have taken part in the 1358:

and gathered a fleet of 300 triremes from the Cilicians,

954:

between Athens and Sparta (and their respective allies).

450:, seeking to strengthen the Greek position there. At the 1453:

These battles formed the end of the Greco-Persian Wars.

880:, which Cimon compelled to join the league during his 3511:

A history of the Greek city states, ca. 700-338 B.C.

1259:

There was a League fleet of 200 ships under Admiral

4660: 4578: 4482: 4456: 4169: 4123: 4024: 3975: 3940: 3718: 3609: 3566: 3486: 3444: 3381: 3350: 1338:According to Thucydides, at first Artaxerxes sent 396:. These conflicts represent a continuation of the 2973:. McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 109–110. 2867:Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War 2466:A History of the Greek City States, 700-338 B. C. 364: 3015:From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto 2817:The Passing of the Empires: 850 B.C. to 330 B.C. 1042:Herodotus indicates that the Persian commander, 769:, ending the invasion and the threat to Greece. 599:, having been stripped of his command after the 529:Much extra detail for the period is provided by 1167:, made circa 460 BC. On the reverse is a naked 971:position over the rest of the league since the 32: 3911: 3544: 2469:University of California Press. p. 208. 1363:power than that. Thucydides does not mention 388:and her allies (and later subjects), and the 266: 8: 4668:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire 1790: 1788: 1342:to try and bribe the Spartans into invading 881: 3405:Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age 3173: 3171: 3169: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1515:'be autonomous' (depending on translation). 3918: 3904: 3896: 3551: 3537: 3529: 3096: 3094: 3081: 3079: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2870:. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2678: 2676: 2627: 2625: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2552: 2550: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2356: 2354: 2335: 2333: 1826: 1824: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1406:Map showing the ancient kingdoms of Cyprus 273: 259: 251: 120:, the Aegean sea and the western coast of 29: 3032:. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2770: 2768: 2640:see Cawkwell, pp. 137–138, note 13. 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2387: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1814: 1812: 1716: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1700: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3041: 3039: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2377: 2375: 2311: 2309: 2287: 2285: 2263: 2261: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1669: 1667: 354: 349: 339: 2820:D. Appleton & Company. p. 731. 2648: 2646: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2034: 2032: 1690: 1688: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1619: 1549:No Persian warship was to sail west of 1269:naval base in Egypt, the access to the 201: 3468:The Defence of Greece 490–479 BC 3353:The ancient Greeks: a critical history 2422: 2420: 1867: 1865: 1196: 3447:The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War 2859: 2857: 2829: 2827: 1733:has a direct reference to Thucydides 344: 7: 3761:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese 359: 4542:Persepolis Administrative Archives 3741:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations 1326:Egyptian soldier, circa 470 BCE – 585: 551:) of the 1st century BC Sicilian, 296: 25: 1606:which brought the war to an end, 1369:Second Persian invasion of Greece 27:5th century BC military conflicts 3966: 3927: 3514:University of California Press. 3229:History of the Peloponnesian War 2840:. Soho Press. pp. 289–290. 1534:on horseback to the Aegean Sea ( 1478:appear to reject its existence. 1033:(right), seen from Ennea Hodoi ( 867:Military expansion of the League 523:History of the Peloponnesian War 334: 46: 3349:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983). 966:the simultaneous Delian League 713:The Greek states of Athens and 3983:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton 1441:The ruins of Salamis-in-Cyprus 1316:Siege of Memphis (459–455 BCE) 1: 4724:Wars involving ancient Cyprus 4239:Scythian campaign of Darius I 4151:Xerxes I's inscription at Van 3030:The Cambridge Ancient History 2814:G. (Gaston), Maspero (1900). 2436:Blunsom, E. O. (2013-04-10). 1375:Siege of Prosopitis (455 BCE) 412:Persian invasions of Greece. 18:Battle of Salamis (in Cyprus) 4729:Wars involving ancient Egypt 4229:Conquest of the Indus Valley 4190:Battle of the Persian Border 3451:. Cornell University Press. 3017:. Da Capo Press. p. 56. 2670:Hornblower, pp. 22–23. 2661:Cawkwell, pp. 132–134. 1794:Oldfather, note to Diodorus 1433:Battles of Salamis-in-Cyprus 1029:(left) and the mouth of the 1025:The ancient Persian fort at 480:. However, whilst besieging 4739:Battles involving Phoenicia 4390:Wars of Alexander the Great 3710:Wars of Alexander the Great 3470:. Aris & Phillips Ltd. 2568:Eurymedon bottle 1 - Livius 2381:Holland, pp. 366–367. 2110:Holland, pp. 357–358. 2101:Holland, pp. 342–355. 2092:Holland, pp. 320–326. 2083:Holland, pp. 276–281. 2074:Holland, pp. 240–244. 2065:Holland, pp. 202–203. 2056:Holland, pp. 187–194. 2047:Holland, pp. 183–186. 2038:Holland, pp. 175–177. 2026:Holland, pp. 160–162. 2017:Holland, pp. 155–157. 1984:Holland, pp. 147–151. 1295:Battle of Papremis (460 BC) 643: 302: 4755: 4445:Battle of the Persian Gate 4087:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 2439:The Past and Future of Law 2360:Sealey, pp. 271–273. 2348:Sealey, pp. 268–271. 1880:Perrin, note to Plutarch, 1708:Sealey, pp. 248–250. 1163:The Persian archer on the 1152: 967: 912: 855: 803: 654: 639: 116:Persia loses control over 4699:Wars of the Delian League 4333:Wars of the Delian League 3964: 3882: 3629:Wars of the Delian League 3330:Dandamaev, M. A. (1989). 3163:Xenophon, Hellenica II, 2 3028:Seltman, Charles (1974). 1629:Encyclopædia Britannica: 1184:and 600 from Phanodemus. 1102:Reconstructed model of a 898:tried to leave the League 474:ongoing warfare in Greece 378:Wars of the Delian League 292: 230: 160: 137: 56: 45: 37: 33:Wars of the Delian League 4385:Second conquest of Egypt 4216:Siege of Sardis (547 BC) 4062:Palace of Darius in Susa 3654:Second Peloponnesian War 3508:Sealey, Raphael (1976). 3359:Harvard University Press 3186:Xenophon, Hellenica V, I 2785:(from Photius's Epitome) 2691:Powell, pp. 19–20. 2583:Courtesans and Fishcakes 2463:Sealey, Raphael (1976). 1911:Fine, pp. 338–342. 1806:Fine, pp. 357–358. 1694:Finley, pp. 29–30. 979:Campaigns against Persia 778:the Greek counter-attack 4537:Districts of the Empire 4339:Battle of the Eurymedon 4257:Siege of Naxos (499 BC) 4234:First conquest of Egypt 3639:First Peloponnesian War 3313:Oxford University Press 2837:The Singer from Memphis 2544:Powell, p. 19–20. 2327:Kagan, pp. 73–74. 2212:Plutarch, Aristides, 26 1575:First Peloponnesian War 1173:Battle of the Eurymedon 1155:Battle of the Eurymedon 1149:Battle of the Eurymedon 952:First Peloponnesian War 915:First Peloponnesian War 452:Battle of the Eurymedon 243:Battle of the Eurymedon 4652:Seven Achaemenid clans 4424:Siege of Tyre (332 BC) 4410:Siege of Halicarnassus 4396:Battle of the Granicus 3846:Seleucid Dynastic Wars 3771:Seleucid–Parthian Wars 3705:Expansion of Macedonia 3485:Powell, Anton (1988). 3443:Kagan, Donald (1989). 3376:Finley, Moses (1972). 1598:and Athens during the 1557:, on the north coast). 1442: 1407: 1331: 1242: 1226: 1176: 1107: 1038: 1005:, at the mouth of the 998: 934: 815: 745:. Xerxes then led the 710: 505: 493:Sources and chronology 161:Commanders and leaders 4380:Great Satraps' Revolt 4299:Destruction of Athens 4285:Battle of Thermopylae 4136:Old Persian cuneiform 3422:Holland, Tom (2006). 3403:Green, Peter (2008). 3013:Fuller, John (1954). 1440: 1405: 1325: 1240: 1220: 1162: 1101: 1088:Miltiades the Younger 1024: 996: 926: 856:Further information: 852:Non-Persian campaigns 813: 708: 548:Bibliotheca historica 500: 231:Casualties and losses 150:rebels (until 454 BC) 101:Strategic stalemate, 4678:Cappadocian calendar 4292:Battle of Artemisium 4197:Lydian-Persian Wars 4146:Behistun Inscription 3958:History of democracy 3746:Seleucid–Mauryan war 3586:Second Messenian War 3466:Lazenby, JF (1993). 3248:Biblioteca Historica 2834:Corby, Gary (2016). 1486:, which was sent to 4474:Peace of Antalcidas 4438:Battle of Gaugamela 4047:Gate of All Nations 3634:Third Messenian War 3591:Lydian–Milesian War 3576:First Messenian War 3073:Plutarch, Cimon, 19 2619:Plutarch, Cimon, 13 2494:Plutarch, Cimon, 14 2255:Plutarch, Cimon, 12 1389:Battle of Mendesium 968:expedition in Egypt 909:Conflicts in Greece 888:Internal rebellions 623:, then in exile in 4734:Greco-Persian Wars 4328:Babylonian revolts 4278:Battle of Marathon 4244:Greco-Persian Wars 3993:Achaemenid coinage 3821:Roman–Seleucid War 3680:Theban–Spartan War 3619:Greco-Persian Wars 3560:Ancient Greek wars 3284:2020-10-09 at the 3245:Diodorus Siculus, 3195:Dandamaev, p. 294. 3177:Dandamaev, p. 256. 3109:Herodotus VII, 151 2969:Ray, Fred (1949). 2781:2020-10-09 at the 2426:Plutarch, Cimon, 7 1995:pp. 269–277. 1871:Plutarch, Cimon, 8 1443: 1408: 1332: 1243: 1227: 1177: 1108: 1039: 999: 973:rebellion of Naxos 935: 882:Eurymedon campaign 816: 739:Battle of Marathon 711: 657:Greco-Persian Wars 601:siege of Byzantium 506: 398:Greco-Persian Wars 40:Greco-Persian Wars 4719:440s BC conflicts 4714:450s BC conflicts 4709:460s BC conflicts 4704:470s BC conflicts 4686: 4685: 4353:Battle of Cyzicus 4347:Peloponnesian War 4313:Battle of Plataea 4306:Battle of Salamis 4209:Battle of Thymbra 4082:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht 3934:Achaemenid Empire 3893: 3892: 3831:War against Nabis 3644:Second Sacred War 3414:978-0-7538-2413-9 3298:Secondary sources 2599:Cawkwell, p. 134. 2556:Cawkwell, p. 132. 2514:Cawkwell, p. 133. 1457:Peace with Persia 1448:Salamis-in-Cyprus 1283:The Persian king 960:Battle of Tanagra 862:Thasian rebellion 767:Battle of Plataea 763:Battle of Salamis 510:Peloponnesian War 390:Achaemenid Empire 373: 372: 365:Salamis in Cyprus 249: 248: 133: 132: 16:(Redirected from 4746: 4673:Xanthian Obelisk 4646: 4632: 4618: 4604: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4531: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4469:Peace of Callias 4447: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4403:Siege of Miletus 4398: 4374: 4372:Battle of Cnidus 4361:Battle of Cunaxa 4355: 4341: 4322: 4320:Battle of Mycale 4315: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4271:Siege of Eretria 4266: 4259: 4252: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4202:Battle of Pteria 4192: 4185: 4131:Achaemenid music 4114: 4107: 4100: 4092:Tombs at Xanthos 4056: 4049: 4042: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3970: 3932: 3931: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3897: 3886:Military history 3856:Mithridatic Wars 3841:Maccabean Revolt 3789: 3766:Chremonidean War 3695:Third Sacred War 3690: 3596:First Sacred War 3553: 3546: 3539: 3530: 3525: 3504: 3492: 3481: 3462: 3450: 3439: 3418: 3399: 3387: 3372: 3356: 3345: 3326: 3305:Cawkwell, George 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3154:Holland, p. 371. 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3136:Holland, p. 366. 3134: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3089: 3083: 3074: 3071: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2923: 2917: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2786: 2772: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2727:Holland, p. 203. 2725: 2719: 2716: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2652:Holland, p. 363. 2650: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2620: 2617: 2600: 2597: 2586: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2495: 2492: 2481: 2480: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2415: 2409: 2396: 2393: 2382: 2379: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2256: 2253: 2232: 2226: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2174:Holland, p. 362. 2172: 2161: 2155: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2119:Lazenby, p. 247. 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1931:I, 135–137 1927: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1898: 1895: 1884: 1882:Themistocles, 25 1878: 1872: 1869: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1831: 1828: 1819: 1816: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1783: 1782:Cawkwell, p. 134 1780: 1774: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1737: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1709: 1706: 1695: 1692: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1662: 1659: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1624: 1580:Spartan hegemony 1206:revolt in Thasos 1190:Battle of Mycale 774:Battle of Mycale 723:Darius the Great 698:, beginning the 553:Diodorus Siculus 487:Peace of Callias 287: 275: 268: 261: 252: 203: 193: 181: 103:Peace of Callias 64:477–449 BC 58: 57: 50: 30: 21: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4656: 4642: 4628: 4614: 4600: 4574: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4527: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4478: 4464:Earth and water 4452: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4417:Battle of Issus 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4370: 4351: 4337: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4188: 4183:Battle of Hyrba 4181: 4165: 4119: 4110: 4105:Nereid Monument 4103: 4096: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4020: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3971: 3962: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3894: 3889: 3878: 3794:Macedonian Wars 3787: 3714: 3688: 3675:Theban hegemony 3605: 3562: 3557: 3522: 3507: 3501: 3484: 3478: 3465: 3459: 3442: 3436: 3421: 3415: 3402: 3396: 3375: 3369: 3348: 3342: 3329: 3323: 3303: 3300: 3286:Wayback Machine 3209: 3207:Primary sources 3204: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127:Sealey, p. 281. 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100:Sealey, p. 280. 3099: 3092: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3037: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2958:XI, 74–75 2955: 2951: 2943: 2926: 2918: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2848: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2789: 2783:Wayback Machine 2773: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2740: 2736:Sealey, p. 269. 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2623: 2618: 2603: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535:Sealey, p. 247. 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2498: 2493: 2484: 2477: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2410: 2399: 2395:Sealey, p. 282. 2394: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2259: 2254: 2235: 2227: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2164: 2156: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1901: 1896: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850:Sealey, p. 250. 1849: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1818:Sealey, p. 248. 1817: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1740: 1731:Themistocles 25 1728: 1724: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1698: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1673:Sealey, p. 264. 1672: 1665: 1660: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1571:Athenian Empire 1567: 1459: 1435: 1421: 1419:Siege of Kition 1400: 1391: 1377: 1318: 1297: 1215: 1157: 1151: 1096: 1079:siege of Thasos 1075: 1063: 991: 986: 981: 917: 911: 903:Athenian Empire 890: 869: 864: 854: 808: 802: 747:second invasion 671:Cyrus the Great 659: 653: 607:and settled in 570:siege of Thasos 565: 541:and especially 495: 433:Athenian Empire 374: 369: 288: 284: 281: 279: 237: 223: 219: 213: 195: 189: 183: 177: 171: 146: 110: 93: 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4752: 4750: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4691: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4486: 4484: 4483:Administration 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4366:Corinthian War 4363: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4330: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4264:Battle of Lade 4260: 4253: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4224:Battle of Opis 4221: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4177:Persian Revolt 4173: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4161:Cyrus Cylinder 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4112:Tomb of Payava 4108: 4101: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4077:Naqsh-e Rostam 4074: 4072:Persian column 4069: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4030: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3791: 3783: 3778: 3776:Cleomenean War 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3730: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3671: 3666: 3664:Corinthian War 3661: 3659:Phyle Campaign 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3520: 3505: 3499: 3482: 3476: 3463: 3457: 3440: 3434: 3419: 3413: 3400: 3394: 3378:"Introduction" 3373: 3367: 3346: 3340: 3327: 3321: 3309:The Greek Wars 3299: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3274: 3259:Parallel Lives 3251: 3243: 3232: 3221: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3145:Kagan, p. 128. 3138: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3090: 3075: 3059: 3057:Sealey, p. 242 3050: 3035: 3020: 3005: 2988: 2976: 2961: 2949: 2924: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2876: 2853: 2846: 2823: 2806: 2787: 2764: 2755: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2642: 2633: 2621: 2601: 2587: 2585:, 1998, p.170. 2574: 2558: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2516: 2496: 2482: 2475: 2455: 2448: 2428: 2416: 2397: 2383: 2371: 2362: 2350: 2341: 2329: 2320: 2305: 2293: 2281: 2272: 2257: 2233: 2214: 2205: 2188: 2176: 2162: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2058: 2049: 2040: 2028: 2019: 2010: 1998: 1986: 1977: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1922: 1913: 1899: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1852: 1832: 1820: 1808: 1799: 1784: 1775: 1762: 1738: 1722: 1710: 1696: 1684: 1675: 1663: 1649: 1647:Finley, p. 16. 1640: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1604:"King's Peace" 1600:Corinthian War 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1547: 1546:and Diodorus). 1530:closer than a 1516: 1501:pentekontaetia 1458: 1455: 1434: 1431: 1420: 1417: 1399: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1376: 1373: 1317: 1314: 1296: 1293: 1214: 1211: 1165:Eurymedon vase 1153:Main article: 1150: 1147: 1095: 1092: 1074: 1071: 1062: 1059: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 913:Main article: 910: 907: 889: 886: 868: 865: 853: 850: 804:Main article: 801: 798: 731:first invasion 667:Persian Empire 655:Main article: 652: 649: 590:siege of Naxos 564: 561: 514:pentekontaetia 494: 491: 371: 370: 368: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 325: 320: 313: 306: 299: 293: 290: 289: 280: 278: 277: 270: 263: 255: 247: 246: 239: 233: 232: 228: 227: 206: 163: 162: 158: 157: 154:Persian Empire 151: 140: 139: 135: 134: 131: 130: 129: 128: 125: 112: 106: 105: 99: 95: 94: 72: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 43: 42: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4751: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553:Chapar Khaneh 4550: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4431:Siege of Gaza 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4250:Ionian Revolt 4247: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4067:Tomb of Cyrus 4065: 4063: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3999:Apadana hoard 3996: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3988:Oxus Treasure 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3888: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3874:War of Actium 3872: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3624:Aeginetan War 3622: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3601:Sicilian Wars 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3581:Lelantine War 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3523: 3521:0-520-03177-6 3517: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3500:0-415-00338-5 3496: 3493:. Routledge. 3491: 3490: 3483: 3479: 3477:0-85668-591-7 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3458:0-8014-9556-3 3454: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3437: 3435:0-385-51311-9 3431: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3395:0-14-044039-9 3391: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3368:0-674-03314-0 3364: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3343: 3341:90-04-09172-6 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3322:0-19-814871-2 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3218:The Histories 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3118:Kagan, p. 84. 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2877:9780521299466 2873: 2869: 2868: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2847:9781616956691 2843: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2818: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2718:Fine, p. 352. 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2700:Kagan, p. 82. 2697: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2682:Fine, p. 345. 2679: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2631:Fine, p. 363. 2628: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476:9780520031777 2472: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2449:9781462875160 2445: 2441: 2440: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2369:Kagan, p. 48. 2366: 2363: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2339:Fine, p. 358. 2336: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2291:Kagan, p. 44. 2288: 2286: 2282: 2279:Fine, p. 359. 2276: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1950:Fine, p. 351. 1947: 1944: 1941:Fine, p. 341. 1938: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1920:Fine, p. 339. 1917: 1914: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1897:Kagan, p. 45. 1894: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1859:Fine, p. 337. 1856: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1830:Fine, p. 344. 1827: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1760:Fine, p. 360. 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1720:Fine, p. 343. 1717: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1682:Fine, p. 336. 1679: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1661:Kagan, p. 77. 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1631:Delian League 1628: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608:Artaxerxes II 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532:day's journey 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1397: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1224: 1219: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1105: 1100: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1036: 1032: 1031:Strymon River 1028: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1004: 995: 989:Siege of Eion 988: 983: 978: 976: 974: 969: 963: 961: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 908: 906: 904: 899: 895: 887: 885: 883: 879: 875: 866: 863: 859: 858:Delian League 851: 849: 847: 843: 839: 838:Delian League 834: 828: 826: 822: 812: 807: 806:Delian League 800:Delian League 799: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 724: 720: 716: 707: 703: 701: 700:Ionian Revolt 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 672: 668: 664: 658: 650: 648: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 586:siege of Eion 582: 579: 575: 571: 562: 560: 558: 554: 550: 549: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 524: 519: 515: 511: 503: 499: 492: 490: 488: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 402:Ionian Revolt 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 382:Delian League 379: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 330: 326: 324: 321: 319: 318: 314: 312: 311: 307: 305: 304: 300: 298: 295: 294: 291: 286: 285:Delian League 276: 271: 269: 264: 262: 257: 256: 253: 244: 240: 235: 234: 229: 226: 222: 218: 217: 212: 211: 207: 204: 198: 194: 192: 186: 182: 180: 174: 170: 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 152: 149: 145: 144:Delian League 142: 141: 136: 126: 123: 119: 115: 114: 113: 108: 107: 104: 100: 97: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 71: 68: 67: 63: 60: 59: 55: 49: 44: 41: 36: 31: 19: 4332: 4026:Architecture 3884: 3836:Galatian War 3826:Aetolian War 3788:(220–217 BC) 3734: 3733:Wars of the 3689:(357–355 BC) 3673:Wars of the 3669:Boeotian War 3628: 3510: 3488: 3467: 3446: 3424: 3404: 3383: 3352: 3331: 3308: 3277: 3272:Themistocles 3257: 3247: 3238: 3228: 3217: 3202:Bibliography 3191: 3182: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3053: 3029: 3023: 3014: 3008: 2979: 2970: 2964: 2952: 2898: 2886: 2866: 2836: 2816: 2809: 2762:Kagan, p. 81 2758: 2732: 2723: 2696: 2687: 2666: 2657: 2636: 2582: 2577: 2567: 2561: 2540: 2531: 2519: 2465: 2458: 2438: 2431: 2365: 2344: 2323: 2296: 2275: 2208: 2179: 2136: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2043: 2022: 2013: 2001: 1989: 1980: 1946: 1937: 1925: 1916: 1876: 1855: 1802: 1778: 1770: 1765: 1725: 1678: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1588: 1584: 1568: 1539: 1536:Callisthenes 1527: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1480: 1472:Callisthenes 1460: 1452: 1444: 1422: 1413: 1409: 1392: 1378: 1337: 1333: 1319: 1298: 1285:Artaxerxes I 1282: 1275: 1261:Charitimides 1258: 1244: 1231: 1228: 1225:participated 1223:Charitimides 1200: 1194: 1186: 1178: 1120: 1113: 1109: 1076: 1064: 1048: 1040: 1000: 964: 956: 936: 932:"Golden Age" 918: 891: 870: 829: 817: 792:(modern day 771: 759:Peloponnesus 728: 712: 660: 637: 621:Themistocles 594: 583: 566: 546: 528: 521: 513: 507: 460: 437: 414: 400:, after the 377: 375: 327: 315: 308: 301: 283:Wars of the 282: 216:Artaxerxes I 214: 208: 190: 178: 173:Charitimides 166: 138:Belligerents 38:Part of the 4596:Mithridatic 4141:Old Persian 3948:Family tree 3851:Achaean War 3786:Social War 3781:Lyttian War 3756:Syrian Wars 3751:Pyrrhic War 3720:Hellenistic 3700:Foreign War 3687:Social War 3407:. Phoenix. 3388:. Penguin. 3293:'s Epitome) 3045:Thucydides 2944:Thucydides 2919:Thucydides 2776:Persica, 36 2750:Thucydides 2315:Thucydides 2300:Thucydides 2267:Thucydides 2228:Thucydides 2200:Thucydides 2183:Thucydides 2157:Thucydides 2128:Thucydides 1972:Thucydides 1929:Thucydides 1633:(Citation: 1360:Phoenicians 1335:Prosoptis. 1330:tomb relief 1169:ithyphallic 1083:Chersonesos 1073:Chersonesos 896:after they 821:Leotychides 782:Chersonesos 751:Thermopylae 684:Aristagoras 535:biographies 335:Chersonesos 241:200 ships ( 109:Territorial 4693:Categories 4616:Cappadocia 4610:Ariarathid 4586:Achaemenid 4547:Royal Road 4494:Pasargadae 4098:Harpy Tomb 4034:Persepolis 3816:Cretan War 3728:Lamian War 3649:Samian War 3428:. Abacus. 3224:Thucydides 2983:Herodotus 2902:Herodotus 2890:Herodotus 2523:Herodotus 2411:Herodotus 2140:Herodotus 2005:Herodotus 1769:Green, p. 1615:References 1476:Theopompus 1289:Achaemenes 1278:Nile river 1094:Asia Minor 1035:Amphipolis 825:Xanthippus 755:Artemisium 733:, Thrace, 688:expedition 678:tyrant of 651:Background 578:archonship 563:Chronology 518:Thucydides 502:Thucydides 448:Asia Minor 427:, both in 350:Prosopitis 238:50,000 men 236:250 ships 156:and allies 122:Asia Minor 83:Asia Minor 4591:Pharnacid 4579:Dynasties 4523:Satrapies 4489:Capitals 4457:Diplomacy 4156:Ganjnameh 3611:Classical 3334:. BRILL. 3276:Ctesias, 3264:Aristides 3240:Hellenica 3213:Herodotus 3085:Diodorus 3000:Diodorus 2985:VIII, 126 2956:Diodorus 2801:Diodorus 2774:Ctesias, 1565:Aftermath 1524:Isocrates 1468:Isocrates 1365:Artabazus 1352:Artabazus 1348:Megabyzus 1340:Megabazus 944:Ephialtes 842:Aristides 790:Byzantium 665:, by the 633:ostracism 597:Pausanias 574:Aeschines 539:Aristides 533:, in his 456:Pamphylia 425:Byzantium 355:Mendisium 340:Pampremis 323:Eurymedon 317:3rd Naxos 225:Megabyzus 221:Artabazus 197:Inaros II 73:Mainland 4624:Lygdamid 4560:Angarium 4501:Ecbatana 3953:Timeline 3735:Diadochi 3307:(2005). 3282:Archived 3254:Plutarch 3235:Xenophon 2779:Archived 2413:VII, 107 1555:Bosporus 1551:Phaselis 1328:Xerxes I 1247:Egyptian 1131:Phaselis 1116:Aspendos 1055:Mascames 1051:Doriscus 1016:Mascames 1012:Doriskos 948:Pericles 928:Pericles 894:Thasians 878:Phaselis 874:Karystos 794:Istanbul 743:Xerxes I 640:Egyptian 617:Spartans 605:Bosporus 531:Plutarch 463:Egyptian 404:and the 310:Karystos 210:Xerxes I 168:Pericles 148:Egyptian 69:Location 4661:Related 4644:Armenia 4638:Orontid 4567:Angarum 4529:Armenia 4508:Babylon 4170:Warfare 4124:Culture 4054:Tachara 4040:Apadana 3941:History 3858: ( 3796: ( 3568:Archaic 3291:Photius 3279:Persica 2892:III, 12 2525:IX, 106 2142:IX, 114 1592:Corinth 1544:Ephorus 1484:Callias 1464:Ephorus 1356:Cilicia 1310:Memphis 1266:Ctesias 1250:satrapy 1182:Ephorus 1143:talents 1104:trireme 1007:Strymon 735:Macedon 715:Eretria 680:Miletus 644:Cyprian 611:in the 609:Colonae 557:Ephorus 470:Memphis 466:satrapy 345:Memphis 199: ( 191:† 179:† 111:changes 4602:Pontus 4006:Danake 3864:Second 3810:Fourth 3802:Second 3518: 3497: 3474: 3455: 3432: 3411: 3392: 3365: 3338: 3319: 3289:(from 3087:XII, 4 3002:XI, 77 2946:I, 109 2921:I, 110 2904:II, 63 2874: 2844: 2803:XI, 74 2752:I, 104 2473: 2446: 2317:I, 102 2269:I, 100 1993:Fine, 1974:I, 112 1796:XI, 62 1735:I, 137 1596:Thebes 1492:Argive 1426:Kition 1398:Cyprus 1382:Cyrene 1344:Attica 1254:Inaros 1232:before 1123:Cnidus 1067:Skyros 1061:Skyros 984:Thrace 940:helots 846:Pontus 786:Sestos 719:Sardis 696:Aeolis 675:tyrant 482:Kition 478:Cyprus 440:Aegean 429:Thrace 421:Sestos 410:second 394:Persia 386:Athens 360:Kition 329:Thasos 303:Skyros 187: 175: 118:Thrace 98:Result 89:, and 87:Cyprus 79:Thrace 75:Greece 4630:Caria 4013:Daric 3868:Third 3860:First 3806:Third 3798:First 3268:Cimon 3047:I, 94 2302:I, 23 2230:I, 98 2202:I, 99 2185:I, 96 2159:I, 95 2130:I, 89 2007:V, 35 1729:e.g. 1520:Halys 1213:Egypt 1201:acted 1197:below 1139:Chian 1135:Lycia 1127:Caria 1044:Boges 833:Delos 692:Doris 663:Ionia 629:Naxos 625:Argos 613:Troad 543:Cimon 444:Cimon 417:Greek 406:first 185:Cimon 91:Egypt 4515:Susa 3516:ISBN 3495:ISBN 3472:ISBN 3453:ISBN 3430:ISBN 3409:ISBN 3390:ISBN 3363:ISBN 3336:ISBN 3317:ISBN 2872:ISBN 2842:ISBN 2471:ISBN 2444:ISBN 1771:xxiv 1488:Susa 1474:and 1306:Mars 1302:Ares 1271:Nile 1245:The 1133:(in 1125:(in 1027:Eion 1003:Eion 946:and 860:and 753:and 694:and 642:and 638:The 423:and 415:The 408:and 376:The 297:Eion 245:)+++ 61:Date 3976:Art 669:of 537:of 520:'s 454:in 392:of 384:of 202:POW 4695:: 3866:, 3862:, 3808:, 3804:, 3800:, 3380:. 3361:. 3357:. 3315:. 3311:. 3270:, 3266:, 3262:— 3256:, 3237:, 3226:, 3215:, 3168:^ 3093:^ 3078:^ 3062:^ 3038:^ 2991:^ 2927:^ 2910:^ 2856:^ 2826:^ 2790:^ 2767:^ 2741:^ 2705:^ 2675:^ 2645:^ 2624:^ 2604:^ 2590:^ 2549:^ 2499:^ 2485:^ 2442:. 2419:^ 2400:^ 2386:^ 2374:^ 2353:^ 2332:^ 2308:^ 2284:^ 2260:^ 2236:^ 2217:^ 2191:^ 2165:^ 2148:^ 2031:^ 1955:^ 1902:^ 1888:^ 1864:^ 1835:^ 1823:^ 1811:^ 1787:^ 1741:^ 1713:^ 1699:^ 1687:^ 1666:^ 1652:^ 1594:, 1540:or 1538:) 1528:or 1526:) 1513:or 1037:). 905:. 884:. 702:. 682:, 435:. 85:, 81:, 77:, 3919:e 3912:t 3905:v 3870:) 3812:) 3552:e 3545:t 3538:v 3524:. 3503:. 3480:. 3461:. 3438:. 3417:. 3398:. 3371:. 3344:. 3325:. 2880:. 2850:. 2571:. 2479:. 2452:. 1773:. 1638:) 1522:( 1304:/ 1175:. 274:e 267:t 260:v 205:) 124:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index