Battle of Savo Island - Knowledge (XXG)

45: 1792: 1474: 2121: 2112:, if Mikawa had elected to risk his ships to go after the Allied transports on the morning of 9 August, he could have improved the chances of Japanese victory in the Guadalcanal campaign at its inception, and the course of the war in the southern Pacific could have gone much differently. Although the Allied warships at Guadalcanal that night were completely routed, the transports were unaffected. Many of these same transports were later used many times to bring crucial supplies and reinforcements to Allied forces on Guadalcanal over succeeding months. Mikawa's decision not to destroy the Allied transport ships when he had the opportunity proved to be a crucial strategic mistake for the Japanese. 1938: 854: 1079:, conduct extra reconnaissance missions over The Slot in the afternoon of 8 August. But for unexplained reasons McCain did not order the missions nor did he tell Turner that they were not carried out. Thus, Turner mistakenly believed that The Slot was under Allied observation throughout the day. However, McCain cannot totally bear fault as his patrol craft were few in number and operated over a vast area at the extreme limit of their endurance. Turner had fifteen scouting planes of the cruiser force, which were never used that afternoon and remained on the decks of their cruisers, filled with gasoline and serving as an explosive hazard to the cruisers. 1247:

lead of the southern group of ships, the customary place for the senior ship, and went back to sleep. At the conference, Turner, Crutchley, and Vandegrift discussed the reports of the "seaplane tender" force reported by the Australian Hudson crew earlier that day. They decided that it would not be a threat that night, because seaplane tenders did not normally engage in a surface action. Vandegrift said that he would need to inspect the transport unloading situation at Tulagi before recommending a withdrawal time for the transport ships, and he departed at midnight to conduct the inspection. Crutchley elected not to return with

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and still function. During the battle, many ship fires were attributed to aviation facilities filled with gas, oil, and planes. Motorboats were filled with gasoline and also caught fire. In some cases, these facilities were dead amidships, presenting a perfect target for enemy ships at night. Ready-service lockers (lockers containing ammunition that is armed and ready for use) added to the destruction, and it was noted that the lockers were never close to being depleted, i.e., they contained much more dangerous ammunition than they needed to. A focus was put on removing or minimizing flammable amidship materials. Admiral

1083: 2161:"The Navy was still obsessed with a strong feeling of technical and mental superiority over the enemy. In spite of ample evidence as to enemy capabilities, most of our officers and men despised the enemy and felt themselves sure victors in all encounters under any circumstances. The net result of all this was a fatal lethargy of mind which induced a confidence without readiness, and a routine acceptance of outworn peacetime standards of conduct. I believe that this psychological factor, as a cause of our defeat, was even more important than the element of surprise." 205: 158: 143: 2502:, writes that: "For nearly 40 years the sailors held their grief for the loss of 389 shipmates – and an underserved shame for this overwhelming loss." However, because of the Freedom of Information Act, historians were able to discover the truth concerning "The Battle of Savo Island." Galvin writes that what precipitated the defeat was Fletcher leaving the area and not assigning anyone to be in charge. Additionally, Australian allies who knew of the approaching Japanese warships failed to inform the Americans 193: 216: 172: 1781:

him I found out that the Captain, who at that time was laying near the wheel, had instructed him to beach the ship and he was trying to head for Savo Island, distant some four miles (6 km) on the port quarter. I stepped to the port side of the Pilot House, and looked out to find the island and noted that the ship was heeling rapidly to port, sinking by the bow. At that instant the Captain straightened up and fell back, apparently dead, without having uttered any sound other than a moan.

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contend that Fletcher's fuel situation was not at all critical but that Fletcher used it to justify his withdrawal from the battle area. Fletcher's biographer notes that Fletcher concluded that the landing was a success and that no important targets for close air support were at hand. Turner, however, believed that Fletcher understood that he was to provide air cover until all the transports were unloaded on 9 August.

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withdrawn beyond operational range. This missed opportunity to cripple (rather than interrupt) the supply of Allied forces on Guadalcanal contributed to Japan's failure to recapture the island. At this critical early stage of the campaign, it allowed the Allied forces to entrench and fortify themselves sufficiently to defend the area around

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Guadalcanal. He communicated the following battle plan to his warships: "On the rush-in we will go from S. (south) of Savo Island and torpedo the enemy main force in front of Guadalcanal anchorage; after which we will turn toward the Tulagi forward area to shell and torpedo the enemy. We will then withdraw north of Savo Island."

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the fire control radar, but the timing of the last pre-engagement sweep was too early to detect the approaching Japanese cruisers. Wary of the potential threat from Japanese submarines to the transport ships, Crutchley placed his remaining seven destroyers as close-in protection around the two transport anchorages.

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Guadalcanal. He was unaware that the U.S. carriers had withdrawn from the battle area and would not be a threat the next day. Although several of Mikawa's staff urged an attack on the Allied transports, the consensus was to withdraw from the battle area. Therefore, at 02:20, Mikawa ordered his ships to retire.

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When I reached the bridge level, I found it a shambles of dead bodies with only three or four people still standing. In the Pilot House itself the only person standing was the signalman at the wheel who was vainly endeavoring to check the ship's swing to starboard to bring her to port. On questioning

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The crews of the Allied ships were fatigued after two days of constant alert and action in supporting the landings. Also, the weather was extremely hot and humid, inducing further fatigue and, in Morison's words, "inviting weary sailors to slackness." In response, most of Crutchley's warships went to

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wrote in his 1949 account that the RAAF Hudson's crew failed to report the sighting until after they had landed and even had tea. This claim made international headlines and was repeated by many subsequent historians. Later research has discredited this version of events, and in 2014, the U.S. Navy's

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The Japanese Navy had trained extensively in night-fighting tactics before the war, a fact of which the Allies were unaware. Mikawa hoped to engage the Allied naval forces off Guadalcanal and Tulagi on the night of 8–9 August when he could employ his night-battle expertise while avoiding attacks from

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The report of the inquiry caused the U.S. Navy to make many operational and structural changes. All the earlier models of U.S. Navy cruisers were retrofitted with emergency diesel-electric generators. The fire mains of the ships were changed to a vertical loop design that could be broken many times

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to assist the cruiser in fighting her fires. By 05:00, it appeared that the fires were almost under control, but Turner, who at this time intended to withdraw all Allied ships by 06:30, ordered the ship to be scuttled if she was not able to accompany the fleet. After the survivors were removed, the

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s warning of threatening ships entering the area, it took some time for the crews to go from Condition II to full alert. At 01:44, the Japanese cruisers began firing torpedoes at the northern force. At 01:50, they aimed powerful searchlights at the three northern cruisers and opened fire with their

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s Captain Bode ordered his ship's radar to be used only intermittently out of concern that it would reveal his position, a decision that conformed with general Navy radar usage guidelines but which may have been incorrect in this specific circumstance. He allowed a single sweep every half hour with

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The battle was the first of five costly, large-scale sea and air-sea actions fought in support of the ground battles on Guadalcanal, as the Japanese sought to counter the American offensive in the Pacific. These sea battles took place after increasing delays by each side to regroup and refit, until

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After the initial engagement, Mikawa, fearing Allied carrier strikes against his fleet in daylight, decided to withdraw under cover of night rather than attempt to locate and destroy the Allied invasion transports. The Japanese attacks prompted the remaining Allied warships and the amphibious force

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The misidentification of two of Mikawa's cruisers as seaplane tenders by the first Hudson may have been because of the wide dispersal of the Japanese warships; also, the Hudson's crew sighted a floatplane returning. The first Hudson's report was not received by radio because the Fall River station

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signaled a congratulatory note to Mikawa on his victory, stating, "Appreciate the courageous and hard fighting of every man of your organization. I expect you to expand your exploits and you will make every effort to support the land forces of the Imperial army which are now engaged in a desperate

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was less than 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) away from Mikawa's force, she reversed course, having reached the end of her patrol track, and steamed away, apparently oblivious to the long column of large Japanese ships sailing by her. Seeing that his ships were still undetected, Mikawa turned back to a

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southeast of Bougainville. At that time, several surviving Japanese aircraft from the noon torpedo raid on the Allied ships off the coast of Guadalcanal flew over the cruisers on the way back to Rabaul and gave them waves of encouragement. Mikawa entered The Slot by 16:00 and began his run towards

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for six hours on the morning of 8 August to avoid daytime air attacks during its final approach to Guadalcanal. Mikawa proceeded along the dangerous New Georgia Sound (known as "The Slot"), hoping that no Allied plane would see them in the fading light. The Japanese fleet was in fact sighted in St

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Mikawa's decision to withdraw under cover of night rather than attempt to destroy the Allied invasion transports was primarily founded on concern over possible Allied carrier strikes against his fleet in daylight. In reality, the Allied carrier fleet, similarly fearing Japanese attack, had already

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As Mikawa's force neared the Guadalcanal area, the Japanese ships launched three floatplanes for one final reconnaissance of the Allied ships, and to provide illumination by dropping flares during the upcoming battle. Although several of the Allied ships heard and/or observed one or more of these

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to attend the conference, leaving Bode in charge of the southern group. Crutchley did not inform the commanders of the other cruiser groups of his absence, contributing further to the dissolution of command arrangements. Bode, awakened from sleep in his cabin, decided not to place his ship in the

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in New Guinea. The Hudson's crew tried to report the sighting to the Allied radio station at Fall River, New Guinea. Receiving no acknowledgment, they returned to Milne Bay at 12:42 to ensure that the report was received as soon as possible. The second Hudson also failed to report its sighting by

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for failing to broadcast a warning to the fleet of encroaching enemy ships. The report stopped short of recommending formal action against other Allied officers, including Admirals Fletcher, Turner, McCain, and Crutchley, and Captain Riefkohl. The careers of Turner, Crutchley, and McCain do not

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When Mikawa's ships attacked the Allied southern force, the captains of all three U.S. northern force cruisers were asleep, with their ships steaming quietly at 10 knots (19 km/h). Although crewmen on all three ships observed flares or gunfire from the battle south of Savo or else received

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Concerned over the losses to his carrier fighter aircraft strength, anxious about the threat to his carriers from further Japanese air attacks, and worried about his ships' fuel levels, Fletcher announced that he would withdraw his carrier task forces on the evening of 8 August. Some historians

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At 02:16 Mikawa conferred with his staff about whether they should turn to continue the battle with the surviving Allied warships and try to sink the Allied transports in the two anchorages. Several factors influenced his ultimate decision. His ships were scattered and would take some time to

680:, but only five cruisers and seven destroyers were involved in the battle. In a night action, Mikawa thoroughly surprised and routed the Allied force, sinking one Australian and three American cruisers, while suffering only light damage in return. Rear Admiral Samuel J. Cox, director of the 1923:

More importantly, Mikawa had no air cover and believed that U.S. aircraft carriers were in the area. Mikawa was probably aware that the Japanese Navy had no more heavy cruisers in production and thus would be unable to replace any he might lose to air attack the next day if he remained near

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on Bougainville radioed a warning of a Japanese airstrike on the way from Rabaul. The Allied transport crews ceased unloading for a time but were puzzled when the airstrike did not materialize. Allied forces did not discover until after the war was over that this Japanese airstrike instead

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struggled to see the Japanese ships. Both destroyers briefly fired at Mikawa's cruisers but caused no damage and received no damage to themselves. At 02:16, the Japanese columns ceased fire on the northern Allied force as they moved out of range around the north side of Savo Island.

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Historian Frank adds that "This lethargy of mind would not be completely shaken off without some more hard blows to (U.S.) Navy pride around Guadalcanal, but after Savo, the United States picked itself up off the deck and prepared for the most savage combat in its history."

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floatplanes, starting at 23:45, none of them interpreted the presence of unknown aircraft in the area as an actionable threat, and no one reported the sightings to Crutchley or Turner. Mikawa's force approached in a single 3-kilometer (1.9 mi) column led by

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A formal United States Navy board of inquiry, known as the Hepburn Investigation, prepared a report of the battle. The board interviewed most of the major Allied officers involved over several months, beginning in December 1942. The report recommended official

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s captain, awakened to find his ship in action, rushed to the bridge and ordered a ceasefire, fearful that his ship might be firing on friendly forces. As shells continued to cascade around his ship, the captain ordered firing resumed less than a minute later.

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detached from the Japanese column and reversed direction, perhaps because she lost sight of the other Japanese ships ahead of her, or perhaps she was ordered to provide a rearguard for Mikawa's force. One minute later, Japanese lookouts sighted a warship to

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appear to have been affected by the defeat or the mistakes they made in contributing to it. Riefkohl never commanded ships again. Bode, upon learning that the report was going to be especially critical of his actions, shot himself in his quarters at

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regroup. His ships would need to reload their torpedo tubes, a labor-intensive task that would take some time. Mikawa also did not know the number and locations of any remaining Allied warships, and his ships had expended much of their ammunition.

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Even though the unloading was going more slowly than planned, Turner decided that without carrier air cover, he would have to withdraw his ships from Guadalcanal. He planned to unload as much as possible during the night and depart the next day.

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could fire any of her guns or communicate a warning to other Allied ships. The cruiser glided to a stop, on fire, with a 5- to 10-degree list to starboard, and unable to fight the fires or pump out flooded compartments because of lack of power.

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headquartered at Rabaul, loaded 519 naval troops on two transports and sent them towards Guadalcanal on 7 August. When the Japanese learned that Allied forces at Guadalcanal were stronger than originally reported, the transports were recalled.

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course south of Savo Island and increased speed, first to 26 knots (48 km/h), and then to 30 knots (56 km/h). At 01:25, Mikawa released his ships to operate independently of his flagship, and at 01:31 he ordered "Every ship attack."

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guarded the eastern entrances to the sound between Florida and Guadalcanal Islands. Crutchley placed two radar-equipped U.S. destroyers to the west of Savo Island to provide early warning for any approaching Japanese ships. The destroyer

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Thus ended one of the most ignominious defeats in U.S. Navy history, although technically Wright and TF-67 succeeded in their mission, since none of the supplies from Tanaka's destroyers made it ashore to starving Japanese troops on

808:'s screening force of eight cruisers, fifteen destroyers, and five minesweepers. This force was to protect Turner's ships and provide gunfire support for the landings. Crutchley commanded his force of mostly American ships from his 673:(also known as "The Slot") with the intention of interrupting the Allied landings by attacking the supporting amphibious fleet and its screening force. The Allied screen consisted of eight cruisers and fifteen destroyers under 2703: 7134: 1034:

alerted the fleet. Once at Bougainville, Mikawa spread his ships out over a wide area to mask the composition of his force and launched four floatplanes from his cruisers to scout for Allied ships in the southern Solomons.

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Later in the morning, Vandegrift advised Turner that he needed more supplies unloaded from the transports before they withdrew. Therefore, Turner postponed the withdrawal of his ships until mid-afternoon. In the meantime,

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and any available aircraft carriers flew covering missions. During this time, Allied forces on Guadalcanal received barely enough ammunition and provisions to withstand the several Japanese drives to retake the islands.

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From the time of the battle until several months later, almost all Allied supplies and reinforcements sent to Guadalcanal came by transports in small convoys, mainly during daylight hours, while Allied aircraft from the

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south of Guadalcanal, sinking her with all hands. The Allied transports and warships all departed the Guadalcanal area by nightfall on 9 August. During the naval surface battle of Savo Island, three U.S. heavy cruisers,

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Approach route of Mikawa's force from Rabaul and Kavieng (upper left), pausing off the east coast of Bougainville (center) and then traveling down The Slot to attack Allied naval forces off Guadalcanal and Tulagi (lower

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in front of them, came alert and awakened Captain Bode. Bode ordered his 5 in (127 mm) guns to fire star shells towards the Japanese column, but the shells did not function. At 01:47, a torpedo, probably from

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to withdraw earlier than planned (before unloading all supplies), temporarily ceding control of the seas around Guadalcanal to the Japanese. This early withdrawal of the fleet left the Allied ground forces (primarily

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radio but completed its patrol and landed at Milne Bay at 15:00. For unknown reasons, these reports were not relayed to the Allied fleet off Guadalcanal until 18:45 and 21:30, respectively. U.S. official historian

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was shut down at that time for an air raid alert. When the second Hudson tried to radio its sighting of Mikawa's force, Fall River refused to receive the report and rebuked the Hudson's crew for breaking

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shipping routes between the U.S. and Australia. The Allies also wanted to use the islands as launching points for a campaign to recapture the Solomons, isolate or capture the major Japanese base at

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also sighted the aerial flares to the south, and furthermore, actually sighted gunfire from the southern engagement. At 01:50, when the U.S. cruisers were illuminated by the Japanese searchlights,

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Naval History and Heritage Command acknowledged in a letter to the Hudson's radio operator, who had lobbied for decades to clear his crewmates' name, that Morison's criticisms were "unwarranted."

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s bow, sending a shock wave throughout the ship that damaged the main battery director. A second torpedo hit but failed to explode, and a shell hit the cruiser's mainmast, killing two crewmen.

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Mikawa's floatplanes returned around 12:00 and reported two groups of Allied ships, one off Guadalcanal and the other off Tulagi. By 13:00, he reassembled his warships and headed south through

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steamed west for 40 minutes,leaving behind the transports she was assigned to protect. The cruiser fired her secondary batteries at the trailing ships in the Japanese column and may have hit

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to the southern force but instead stationed his ship just outside the Guadalcanal transport anchorage, without informing the other Allied ship commanders of his intentions or location.

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Japanese night battle preparations included the use of lookouts intensively trained for night operations, specially designed optical devices for nighttime observation, the long-range

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was aware of the Japanese ships passing by, she did not respond in any noticeable way and was torpedoed and sunk the following day by aircraft from Rabaul. There were no survivors.

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Unprepared for the Allied operation at Guadalcanal, the initial Japanese response included airstrikes and an attempted reinforcement. Mikawa, commander of the newly formed Japanese

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To protect the unloading transports during the night, Crutchley divided the Allied warship forces into three groups. A "southern" group, consisting of the Australian cruisers HMAS

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took up to 24 large-caliber hits. Early hits killed her gunnery officer, mortally wounded Getting, and destroyed both boiler rooms, knocking out power to the entire ship before

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s chart room 6 meters (20 ft) from Admiral Mikawa and killed or wounded 36 men, although Mikawa was not injured. At 02:10, incoming shells killed or wounded almost all of

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with 71 personnel killed, this loss is usually considered a separate action from the battle. All of the other damage inflicted on the Japanese cruisers was repaired locally

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the 30 November 1942 Battle of Tassafaronga—after which the Japanese, eschewing the costly losses, attempted resupplying by submarine and barges. The final naval battle, the

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s crew was alert because the destroyer's captain had taken seriously the earlier daytime sightings of Japanese warships and evening sightings of unknown aircraft. At 01:43,

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struggle." Later on, though, when it became apparent that Mikawa had missed an opportunity to destroy the Allied transports, he was intensely criticised by his comrades.

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the naval battles around Guadalcanal were bookended with two of the worst defeats in U.S. naval history (Savo Island and Tassafaronga), eclipsed only by Pearl Harbor.

1227:"Condition II" the night of 8 August, which meant that half the crews were on duty while the other half rested, either in their bunks or near their battle stations. 2463:

s captain's exact words upon arriving on the bridge were, "Topper, I think we are firing on our own ships. Let's not get excited and act too hasty! Cease firing!"

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Despite their defeat in this battle, the Allies eventually won the battle for Guadalcanal, an important step in the defeat of Japan. In hindsight, according to

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spent the next 6 months in drydock, returned to Guadalcanal in late January 1943 and was promptly finished off for good in the campaign's last engagement: the

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to discuss the departure of Fletcher's carriers and the resulting withdrawal schedule for the transport ships. At 20:55, Crutchley left the southern group in

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turned to face this new threat, and the rest of the Japanese column followed, while still preparing to engage the Allied southern force ships with gunfire.

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upon sighting the flares south of Savo, around 01:49. At 01:52, shortly after the Japanese searchlights came on and shells began falling around the ship,

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The Battle of Savo Island: The Harrowing Account of the Disastrous Night Battle Off Guadalcanal that Nearly Destroyed the Pacific Fleet in August 1942

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110 kilometers (68 mi) from her destination. The other three Japanese cruisers picked up all but 71 of her crew and went on to Kavieng.

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before exiting the battle area to the west with the intention of eventually rejoining the Japanese column north and west of Savo Island.

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towards the Japanese column. Her captain ordered a torpedo attack, but his order was not heard over the noise from the destroyer's guns.

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was sunk by Japanese aircraft, and is not counted as a casualty of the Battle of Savo Island, even though it happened at the same time.

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was sunk later on August 9 with the loss of her entire crew of 233; this loss is usually considered a separate action from the battle.

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commanded the amphibious fleet that delivered the 16,000 Allied troops to Guadalcanal and Tulagi. Also under Turner was Rear Admiral

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Mikawa also assembled all the available warships in the area to attack the Allied forces at Guadalcanal. At Rabaul were the heavy

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s gunnery officer replied to this command with, "For God's sake give the word to commence firing!" The captain, after witnessing

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In the evening, Turner called a conference on his command ship off Guadalcanal with Crutchley and Marine commander Major General

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between the Japanese and the Allied transports, and for her guns to train out and fire at any targets that could be sighted. As

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patrolled the southern passage, with a gap of 12–30 kilometers (7.5–18.6 mi) between their uncoordinated patrol patterns.

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s warning, and had just sounded general quarters and was coming alert when the searchlights from the Japanese column came on.

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Dull says the time was 00:44, Loxton 00:53 (1997, p. 171), Morison 00:54 (1958, p. 35), and Frank says 00:50 (1990, p. 103).

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Japanese artwork from during the war depicts the destruction of three U.S. cruisers by Japanese warships at Savo Island

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s fourth salvo straddle his ship, declared, "Whether our ships or not, we will have to stop them. Commence firing!"

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Lost at Guadalcanal: The Final Battles of the Astoria and Chicago as Described by Survivors and in Official Reports

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came to a halt, burning "everywhere" and listing to port. At 02:16, Riefkohl ordered the crew to abandon ship, and

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with the loss of 373 personnel. This loss is usually regarded as a separate action from the Battle of Savo Island

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released the four cruisers of Cruiser Division 6 to return to their home base at Kavieng. At 08:10 on 10 August,

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later sighted a "Japanese auxiliary schooner" in that same area but gives no supporting evidence for why he or

2184: 2053: 717: 604: 554: 459: 416: 389: 3762: 6909: 6853: 6723: 6583: 6268: 5921: 5817: 5723: 5291: 5159: 5129: 5093: 5078: 4950: 4842: 4820: 4766: 4752: 4734: 4398: 4179: 3907: 3856: 1832: 1343:, heavily damaged the day before and departing Guadalcanal independently for repairs in Australia. Whether 7164: 7159: 6601: 6494: 6296: 6247: 6150: 6043: 6013: 5796: 5684: 5410: 5201: 4792: 4773: 4743: 4290: 4260: 3314: 2198: 1966: 1418:

sighted the Japanese ships and went into action, Japanese floatplanes dropped aerial flares directly over

1109: 978:

Allied aircraft, which could not operate effectively at night. Mikawa's warships rendezvoused at sea near

957: 764: 689: 685: 620: 616: 404: 5264: 3052:

https://www.history.navy.mil/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-009/h009-1.html

1215:, such as the effectiveness of the radar could be greatly degraded by the presence of nearby landmasses. 7092: 6815: 6658: 6554: 6524: 6480: 6220: 6185: 6178: 6101: 5999: 5440: 5417: 4875: 4412: 4152: 4138: 3821: 2027: 1739:

s captain ordered his cruiser to charge towards the eastern Japanese column, but as she turned to do so

1187: 1131: 969: 945: 542: 4467: 623:

naval forces. The battle took place on 8–9 August 1942 and was the first major naval engagement of the

1535:

then lost sight of the Japanese column as it headed northeast along the eastern shore of Savo Island.

6916: 6771: 6422: 6379: 6349: 6275: 6085: 6064: 4990: 4145: 3407: 2698: 1716:

s captain gave the order to commence firing, but the gun crews were not ready. Within a few minutes,

1239: 1180: 1166: 1071:

Mikawa's run down The Slot was not detected by Allied forces. Turner had requested that U.S. Admiral

1052: 816: 744: 738: 666: 624: 520: 483: 327: 303: 3609: 2134: 1776:

s assistant gunnery officer, sent to the bridge to ask for instructions, reported on what he found:

763:

that was being constructed on Guadalcanal. If Japanese air and sea forces were allowed to establish

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causing moderate damage to her steering engines. The rest of the Japanese ships also fired and hit

1431: 1337: 1138: 1116: 1102: 1095: 1060: 1015: 889: 857: 840: 790: 776: 502: 495: 362: 352: 7027: 6860: 6785: 6739: 6709: 6617: 6457: 6122: 6006: 5900: 5851: 5789: 5545: 5496: 5305: 5208: 4929: 4584: 4515: 4382: 3742: 2021: 1671:, destroying the cruiser's engine room and bringing the flaming ship to a halt. At 02:16, one of 1311:

of unknown nationality. The Japanese ships held their course while pointing more than 50 guns at

1145: 1076: 1072: 939: 801: 639: 209: 7072: 3078: 3573:

Carrier Clash: The Invasion of Guadalcanal & The Battle of the Eastern Solomons August 1942

7018: 6902: 6792: 6732: 6693: 6626: 6608: 6574: 6517: 6471: 6415: 6240: 5978: 5970: 5907: 5760: 5354: 4886: 4531: 4508: 4347: 4326: 4036: 3636: 3617: 3595: 3576: 3547: 3528: 3507: 3488: 3469: 3452: 3442: 3419: 3393: 3374: 3355: 3334: 3324: 3303: 3297: 3283: 3264: 3236: 3213: 3194: 2973: 2633: 2620: 2147: 1211:

At this time, the Allies were unaware of all of the limitations of their primitive ship-borne

1202: 1173: 1030:, lying in ambush. She was too close to fire torpedoes, but her captain, Lieutenant Commander 786:

The overall commander of Allied naval forces in the Guadalcanal and Tulagi operation was U.S.

780: 720:, took place months later on 29–30 January 1943, by which time the Japanese were preparing to 670: 357: 3653: 3342: 1692:

s forward turrets, putting the turret out of action and causing moderate damage to the ship.

755:

in the eastern Solomon Islands. The landings were meant to deny their use to the Japanese as

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following. Sometime between 00:44 and 00:54 on 9 August, lookouts in Mikawa's ships spotted

1195: 847: 825:

The Allied landings took the Japanese by surprise. The Allies secured Tulagi, nearby islets

805: 794: 677: 628: 537: 220: 1835:, ordered an increase of speed to 25 knots (46 km/h), but at 01:55 two torpedoes from 6960: 6672: 6587: 6545: 6443: 6386: 6254: 6036: 6027: 5556: 5138: 5114: 4710: 4368: 3722: 3371:

First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign: Naval Fighter Combat from August to November 1942

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spotted the ships of the Allied northern force at a range of 16 kilometers (9.9 mi).

1333: 1064: 1043: 1031: 979: 643: 148: 1819:

hesitated to open fire, believing that the searchlight's source might be friendly ships.

1590:. Thus, the Allied northern force was about to be enveloped and attacked from two sides. 3683: 1489:, observing the illumination of their ship by air-dropped flares and the sudden turn by 1363:

to look down onto the destroyer's decks without seeing any of her crew moving about. If

6967: 6503: 6429: 4481: 4340: 3568: 3435: 3229: 2359: 2171: 2143: 1127: 752: 658: 488: 197: 3684:"The Battle of Savo Island, August 9, 1942. Strategical and Tactical Analysis. Part I" 1765:

s bridge crew, including the captain. At 02:16, the cruiser was hit by a torpedo from

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Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal

3260: 3188: 2380: 2005: 813: 756: 600: 332: 163: 83: 3747:

Combat narrative dealing with the probable friendly fire incident with HMAS Canberra

1907:

with searchlights and hit her several times with gunfire, causing heavy damage, but

1434:

ordering an increase in speed and a reversal of an initial turn to port, which kept

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shines searchlights towards the northern force of Allied warships during the battle

935: 798: 787: 721: 674: 655: 612: 409: 36: 3414:. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 5. Boston: 3143:

Guadalcanal Echoes, Spring 2010 Edition, p. 14 (The Guadalcanal Campaign Veterans)

1230: 1001: 3614:

The Japanese Navy in World War II: In the Words of Former Japanese Naval Officers

3522: 2967: 2001:

s fires eventually became completely out of control, and the ship sank at 12:15.

6716: 6702: 6364: 5040: 4861: 4846: 4200: 3254: 2150:, on 19 April 1943 and died the next day. Crutchley was later gazetted with the 1123: 1011: 662: 632: 608: 79: 32: 2157:

Admiral Turner assessed why his forces were so soundly defeated in the battle:

1523:

received a shell hit aft, causing moderate damage and killing 10 crew members.

6071: 5824: 5803: 4696: 4029: 3957: 3456: 2355: 1598: 1578:, either because of a steering problem, or to avoid a possible collision with 1408: 1159: 3338: 3122: 104: 91: 6334: 5739: 5536: 5347: 5145: 5100: 4117: 1973: 1574:

split from the rest of the Japanese column and took a more westward course.

1347:

sighted the Japanese ships is unknown, since her radios had been destroyed.

1047: 918: 830: 701: 651: 177: 4621: 2409:

believed that the schooner was of Japanese nationality. Loxton states that

2300:

The Eighth Fleet was also known as the Outer South Seas Force and included

1911:

escaped into a nearby rain squall, and the Japanese ships left her behind.

1651:

was quickly hit by numerous shells and set afire. Between 02:00 and 02:15,

427: 1234:

Chart of the approach and departure of Mikawa's ships from the battle area

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and does not discuss the possibility that Allied torpedoes hit the ship.

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s main gun director crews spotted the Japanese cruisers and opened fire.

1308: 1152: 1024: 809: 768: 2235: 2130: 1481:

during the battle as aerial flares illuminate the Allied southern force

927: 647: 271: 3299:

The Pacific Campaign in World War II: From Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal

2622:

The Pacific Campaign in World War II: From Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal

1566:

At 01:44, as Mikawa's ships headed towards the Allied northern force,

5215: 2704:

The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945

1863:

up to 74 times, and at 02:03 another torpedo hit her, this time from

826: 772: 767:

in the eastern Solomons, they would be in a position to threaten the

7130:

Battles and operations of World War II involving the Solomon Islands

3715:"Interactive Animation of The Battle of Savo Island, August 9, 1942" 1702:

had also seen the aircraft flares over the southern ships, received

1527:

continued to pursue and fire at the Japanese ships and may have hit

688:

to be two of the worst defeats in U.S. naval history, with only the

5403: 2947:(Australian Broadcasting Corporation) 7:30 Report 27 October 2014" 2119: 1936: 1790: 1597: 1472: 1229: 1212: 1081: 1019: 1000: 852: 783:. The landings initiated the six-month-long Guadalcanal campaign. 712:

until additional Allied reinforcements arrived later in the year.

627:

and the first of several naval battles in the straits later named

3658:. Combat Narrative. Naval Historical Center, United States Navy. 1063:

at 24 knots (44 km/h). At 13:45, the cruiser force was near

7135:

World War II naval operations and battles of the Pacific theatre

3817: 3813: 3633:

Disaster in the Pacific: New Light on the Battle of Savo Island

2234:

was sunk the next day (August 10) before reaching home port at

2038:(84 killed), were sunk or scuttled. The commanding officers of 1291:

about 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) ahead of the Japanese column.

1130:

on Guadalcanal. A "northern" group, consisting of the cruisers

431: 275: 3612:(1986). "The Battle of Savo Island". In David C. Evans (ed.). 1359:

as 1,100 meters (1,200 yd), close enough for officers on

3616:(2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3373:(New ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 595:, and colloquially among Allied Guadalcanal veterans as the 3788:"Opening Salvos: The Battle of Savo Island, August 9, 1942" 2993:

Warner, Denis; Warner, Peggy (1999). "Surprised Off Savo".

982:

in the evening of 7 August and then headed east-southeast.

3631:

Warner, Denis Ashton; Warner, Peggy; Senoo, Sadao (1992).

3256:

Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle

1355:, which all missed. The Japanese ships passed as close to 7150:

Naval battles of World War II involving the United States

3412:

The Struggle for Guadalcanal, August 1942 – February 1943

3320:

Strong Men Armed: The United States Marines Against Japan

3231:

A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945

1751:

managed to fire a few main gun salvos, one of which hit

743:

On 7 August 1942 Allied forces (primarily U.S. Marines)

2498:

Daniel H. Galvin Jr., a survivor of the sinking of USS

1903:

as they cleared Savo Island. The Japanese ships fixed

1086:

Chart of the disposition of ships the night of 8 August

4475:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

839:(which sank later) and heavily damaging the destroyer 2317:

After the two transports were recalled, one of them,

1831:

began to receive damaging shell hits, her commander,

1696:

sank at 12:16 after all attempts to save her failed.

16:

Naval battle of the Pacific Campaign of World War II

6836: 6564: 6405: 6230: 5989: 5841: 5779: 5683: 5674: 5555: 5281: 5191: 5039: 4742: 4733: 4491: 4316: 4169: 3931: 3924: 3151: 3149: 2422:Frank does not believe that Japanese torpedoes hit 1827:which responded with her own gunfire at 01:53. As 3434: 3228: 2354:The floatplanes launched by Mikawa included three 2287:was under repair in the U.S. until November 1942. 1678:s remaining operational main gun turrets fired at 1315:, ready to open fire at the first indication that 1307:about 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) away or a small 638:The Imperial Japanese Navy, in response to Allied 7140:Naval battles of World War II involving Australia 1983:, which took some 300 shells and five torpedoes. 1201:patrolled the northern passage and the destroyer 1023:George Channel, where the column almost ran into 779:, which was then building strength under General 722:evacuate their remaining land forces and withdraw 2032:(322 killed), and one Australian heavy cruiser, 1769:, and the ship's remaining guns were silenced. 1539:, whose crew sighted the Japanese shortly after 1519:engaged in a gun duel with the Japanese column. 661:. The task forces sailed from Japanese bases in 2362:"Alf". One Jake was shot down by aircraft from 2159: 1778: 588: 25: 3468:(2002 reissue ed.). New York: Owl Books. 3437:A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War 3352:The Shame of Savo: Anatomy of a Naval Disaster 1126:to block the entrance between Savo Island and 1038:At 10:20 and 11:10, his ships were spotted by 759:, especially the nearly completed airfield at 582: 7155:Military history of Japan during World War II 7145:Naval battles of World War II involving Japan 3829: 3433:Murray, Williamson; Allan R. Millett (2000). 3350:Loxton, Bruce; Chris Coulthard-Clark (1997). 2197:The Fourth Battle of Savo Island (a.k.a. the 2183:The Second Battle of Savo Island (a.k.a. the 443: 287: 57:, on fire and sinking from Japanese torpedoes 8: 2190:The Third Battle of Savo Island (a.k.a. the 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2064:In the late evening of 9 August, Mikawa on 1878:During the engagement, the U.S. destroyers 1453:opened fire on her, scoring numerous hits. 5680: 4739: 3928: 3836: 3822: 3814: 3524:No Bended Knee: The Battle for Guadalcanal 3280:US Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History 2969:No Bended Knee: The Battle for Guadalcanal 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2004:On the morning of 9 August, an Australian 1010:Mikawa decided to take his fleet north of 450: 436: 428: 294: 280: 272: 22: 2888: 2886: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2693: 2691: 2689: 1994:s crew tried to save their sinking ship. 1075:, commander of Allied air forces for the 3655:The Battle of Savo Island August 9, 1942 3354:. Australia: Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd. 3079:"The Bode Testament: Author's Interview" 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2441:s crew witnessed the gun battle between 2072:was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine 1685:s searchlight but missed and hit one of 901:(Mikawa's flagship), the light cruisers 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2211: 5661:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 2325:at 21:25 on August 8 by the submarine 2218:Breakdown of Japanese deaths by ship: 1555:played no further role in the battle. 797:task groups providing air cover. U.S. 7120:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II 6532:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 5964:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 5610:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5566:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4671:Rape during the occupation of Germany 3652:Office of Naval Intelligence (1943). 3546:. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Ltd. 3487:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co. 3302:. London; New York: Routledge, 2006. 2632:. London; New York: Routledge, 2006. 2283:was under repair until January 1943. 1732:, and was hit heavily and set afire. 53:being illuminated by searchlights of 7: 5654:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4686:Rape during the liberation of France 3700:from the original on August 24, 2006 3527:(reprint ed.). Presidio Press. 3392:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2672:"H-013-1 The Battle of Tassafaronga" 2413:found the schooner to be "harmless" 2247:Breakdown of Allied deaths by ship: 1559:exchanged non-damaging gunfire with 1122:, patrolled between Lunga Point and 3592:Naval Night Battles of the Solomons 1949:evacuate the crew from the burning 1867:. With all boiler rooms destroyed, 1602:Map of the action northeast of Savo 5880:German invasion of the Netherlands 4160:Weather events during World War II 3743:"Lifting the Shame of Savo Island" 3506:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Ltd. 2676:Naval History and Heritage Command 2655:Naval History and Heritage Command 1720:was caught in a crossfire between 1407:increased speed to full and fired 682:Naval History and Heritage Command 646:, mobilized a task force of seven 14: 6511:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3798:from the original on May 17, 2006 3773:from the original on May 17, 2006 3662:from the original on May 13, 2006 3544:Japanese Warships of World War II 3089:from the original on May 17, 2008 1445:s guns took aim at the Japanese, 1046:reconnaissance aircraft based at 7071: 3670:– via Hyperwar Foundation. 3441:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 2321:, was sunk near Cape St George, 1014:and then down the east coast of 974:, totaling 34 8-inch main guns. 684:, considers this battle and the 597:Battle of the Five Sitting Ducks 214: 203: 191: 170: 156: 141: 43: 3504:US Navy Light Cruisers, 1941–45 1477:View from the Japanese cruiser 578:First Battle of the Solomon Sea 576:and in Japanese sources as the 6758:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 4468:Territorial changes of Germany 4376:Indonesian National Revolution 3792:The Pacific War: The U.S. Navy 3575:. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press. 3001:(3). Cowles History Group: 33. 2275: – 2. Although 2230: – 1. Although 1743:was hit by two torpedoes from 1414:At about the same moment that 1336:. This ship was the destroyer 1: 6158:Japanese invasion of Thailand 6109:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 5873:German invasion of Luxembourg 4254:Mediterranean and Middle East 3763:"First Battle of Savo Island" 3521:Twining, Merrill B. (2004) . 3485:U.S. Warships of World War II 3483:Silverstone, Paul H. (1970). 3323:. Da Capo Press. p. 35. 3193:. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole. 2966:Twining, Merrill B. (2004) . 1833:Captain Frederick L. Riefkohl 6065:Invasion of the Soviet Union 5754:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 5072:Independent State of Croatia 3464:Newcomb, Richard F. (1961). 3208:Domagalski, John J. (2010). 2046:were also killed in action. 1461:joined in with gunfire, and 930:were four heavy cruisers of 7125:1942 in the Solomon Islands 7049:End of World War II in Asia 6889:Western invasion of Germany 6396:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 6373:Second Battle of El Alamein 5943:Hundred Regiments Offensive 5915:Battle of the Mediterranean 5768:Italian invasion of Albania 3942:Air warfare of World War II 3388:Lundstrom, John B. (2006). 3369:Lundstrom, John B. (2005). 3282:. London: Arms and Armour. 3190:Derailing the Tokyo Express 2910:Derailing the Tokyo Express 2894:Derailing the Tokyo Express 2719:Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal 2192:Naval Battle of Guadalcanal 1839:hit, causing heavy damage. 1788:sank, bow first, at 02:38. 1531:, causing moderate damage. 1018:. The fleet paused east of 997:Savo Island order of battle 589: 574:First Battle of Savo Island 7186: 6975:Naval bombardment of Japan 6343:First Battle of El Alamein 6262:Battle of Christmas Island 6207:Japanese invasion of Burma 5971:Italian invasion of Greece 5887:German invasion of Belgium 5859:German invasion of Denmark 5832:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 5701:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 3965:Comparative military ranks 3682:Bates, Richard W. (1950). 3590:Kilpatrick, C. W. (1987). 3173:Friedman, 1985, pp. 317–23 3164:Friedman, 1985, pp. 316–17 3054:. Retrieved 24 August 2023 2853:Black Shoe Carrier Admiral 2369:, and its crew was killed. 2271: – 10, and 2226: – 23, and 2116:U.S. Navy board of inquiry 1040:Royal Australian Air Force 994: 736: 590:Dai-ichi-ji Soromon Kaisen 7064: 6896:Bratislava–Brno offensive 6827:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 6451:Allied invasion of Sicily 6311:Aleutian Islands campaign 6283:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 6221:Greek famine of 1941–1944 6116:Second Battle of Changsha 6021:German invasion of Greece 5866:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 4208:North and Central Pacific 3851: 3635:. Naval Institute Press. 3416:Little, Brown and Company 3278:Friedman, Norman (1985). 3235:. Naval Institute Press. 3125:. Australian War Memorial 2651:"H-Gram 009: Savo Island" 1747:, causing severe damage. 1647:had found the range, and 1399:spotted a ship, probably 775:, and support the Allied 733:Operations at Guadalcanal 583: 469: 461:Solomon Islands campaign 313: 255:2 heavy cruisers damaged 247: 226: 184: 133: 61: 42: 30: 6488:Allied invasion of Italy 6465:Solomon Islands campaign 6214:Third Battle of Changsha 5811:First Battle of Changsha 5717:Second Sino-Japanese War 4657:German military brothels 4523:United States war crimes 3296:Johnson, William Bruce. 3187:Coombe, Jack D. (1991). 2769:Struggle for Guadalcanal 2628:January 3, 2014, at the 2619:Johnson, William Bruce. 2185:Battle of Cape Esperance 2054:Battle of Rennell Island 1914: 793:. He also commanded the 718:Battle of Rennell Island 642:landings in the eastern 605:Solomon Islands campaign 555:Neutralisation of Rabaul 264:1 heavy cruiser damaged 6910:Second Guangxi campaign 6765:Philippines (1944–1945) 6269:Battle of the Coral Sea 6172:Fall of the Philippines 5818:Battle of South Guangxi 5724:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5130:Italian Social Republic 3741:Eime, Roderick (2015). 2259: – 235, 2255: – 342, 2251: – 389, 1430:responded with Captain 1319:had sighted them. When 1240:Alexander A. Vandegrift 765:forward operating bases 257:1 light cruiser damaged 6495:Armistice of Cassibile 6297:Battle of Dutch Harbor 6248:Battle of the Java Sea 6151:Attack on Pearl Harbor 6051:Syria–Lebanon campaign 6044:Battle of South Shanxi 6014:Invasion of Yugoslavia 5797:Battle of the Atlantic 5411:Korean Liberation Army 5124:(until September 1943) 5081:(until September 1944) 5059:(until September 1944) 3713:Cagney, James (2012). 3227:Dull, Paul S. (1978). 3155:Friedman, 1985, p. 320 3020:Loxton, 1997, p. 216). 2956:Lundstrom, 2005, p. 78 2908:, pp. 193–94, Coombe, 2906:Imperial Japanese Navy 2879:Imperial Japanese Navy 2267: – 14, 2263: – 85, 2222: – 34, 2199:Battle of Tassafaronga 2163: 2125: 1956:At 04:00 on 9 August, 1953: 1800: 1783: 1603: 1482: 1351:launched torpedoes at 1235: 1087: 1007: 864: 690:attack on Pearl Harbor 686:Battle of Tassafaronga 617:Imperial Japanese Navy 262:4 heavy cruisers sunk 185:Commanders and leaders 6659:Second Battle of Guam 6555:Bengal famine of 1943 6525:Second Battle of Kiev 6481:Battle of the Dnieper 6186:Battle of Wake Island 6058:East African campaign 6000:Battle of South Henan 5645:atrocities by Germans 5418:Korean Volunteer Army 4399:Occupation of Germany 4153:Music in World War II 3542:Watts, A. J. (1966). 3502:Stille, Mark (2016). 3408:Morison, Samuel Eliot 2291:was repaired locally 2123: 1940: 1794: 1624:s bridge crew called 1601: 1476: 1233: 1085: 1004: 995:Further information: 856: 745:landed on Guadalcanal 698:United States Marines 654:under the command of 631:, near the island of 570:Battle of Savo Island 248:Casualties and losses 26:Battle of Savo Island 6945:Surrender of Germany 6423:Battle of West Hubei 6380:Guadalcanal campaign 6350:Battle of Stalingrad 6276:Battle of Madagascar 5050:Albania protectorate 4837:(formerly Swaziland) 4546:Wehrmacht war crimes 4362:Expulsion of Germans 4146:Art and World War II 4044:British contribution 3993:Governments in exile 3594:. Exposition Press. 3029:Loxton, 1997, p. 208 2934:Loxton, 1997, p. 129 2592:Frank, 1990, p. 117. 2401:Morison claims that 1594:Action north of Savo 1327:At about this time, 1295:Action south of Savo 739:Guadalcanal campaign 625:Guadalcanal campaign 572:, also known as the 305:Guadalcanal campaign 266:2 destroyers damaged 7035:Potsdam Declaration 6924:Italy (Spring 1945) 6687:Liberation of Paris 6144:Siege of Sevastopol 5162:(until August 1944) 5065:Wang Jingwei regime 4887:from September 1943 4847:from September 1944 4785:from September 1944 4645:Romanian war crimes 4636:Persecution of Jews 4622:Croatian war crimes 4592:Japanese war crimes 4406:Occupation of Japan 4355:First Indochina War 4067:Military production 3979:Declarations of war 3786:Lanzendörfer, Tim. 3719:HistoryAnimated.com 3345:on January 3, 2014. 3011:Morison 1958, p. 55 2601:Frank, 1990, p. 121 2306:Cruiser Division 18 2154:(Chief Commander). 1061:Bougainville Strait 934:under Rear Admiral 909:Cruiser Division 18 791:Frank Jack Fletcher 777:New Guinea campaign 521:New Georgia Islands 353:Matanikau Offensive 101: / 7170:August 1942 events 7028:Surrender of Japan 6861:Battle of Iwo Jima 6710:Belgrade offensive 6123:Siege of Leningrad 6007:Battle of Shanggao 5936:British Somaliland 5901:Dunkirk evacuation 5852:Norwegian campaign 5790:Invasion of Poland 5617:Japanese prisoners 4585:Italian war crimes 4516:British war crimes 4431:Soviet occupations 4215:South-West Pacific 4102:Allied cooperation 4060:Military equipment 3728:on August 26, 2016 2972:. Presidio Press. 2302:Cruiser Division 6 2126: 2026:(370 killed), and 1954: 1855:scored one hit on 1801: 1604: 1483: 1236: 1088: 1077:South Pacific Area 1073:John S. McCain Sr. 1008: 932:Cruiser Division 6 865: 802:Richmond K. Turner 7115:Conflicts in 1942 7102: 7101: 7060: 7059: 6903:Battle of Okinawa 6802:Burma (1944–1945) 6636:Mariana and Palau 6416:Tunisian campaign 6241:Fall of Singapore 6165:Fall of Hong Kong 5908:Battle of Britain 5761:Operation Himmler 5670: 5669: 5334:Dutch East Indies 4977:Southern Rhodesia 4729: 4728: 4629:Genocide of Serbs 4532:German war crimes 4509:Soviet war crimes 4502:Allied war crimes 4348:Division of Korea 4327:Chinese Civil War 4125:Strategic bombing 4037:Manhattan Project 3691:Naval War College 3513:978-1-4728-1140-0 3330:978-0-306-81892-9 3308:978-0-415-70175-4 3289:978-0-85368-651-4 3251:Frank, Richard B. 3110:CombinedFleet.com 2638:978-0-415-70175-4 2148:Panama Canal Zone 1915:Mikawa's decision 1795:Japanese cruiser 1376:George F. Elliott 1151:, and destroyers 1108:, and destroyers 876:Japanese response 836:George F. Elliott 812:, the Australian 781:Douglas MacArthur 671:New Georgia Sound 563: 562: 527:Northern Solomons 473:Southern Solomons 425: 424: 400:Naval Guadalcanal 343:Matanikau Actions 270: 269: 241:2 light cruisers 239:6 heavy cruisers 234:2 light cruisers 232:5 heavy cruisers 129: 128: 105:9.133°S 159.817°E 7177: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7078:World portal 7076: 7075: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7021: 7014: 7007: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6938:Prague offensive 6933: 6931:Battle of Berlin 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6875:Vienna offensive 6870: 6863: 6856: 6854:Battle of Manila 6849: 6829: 6820: 6811: 6804: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6728: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6638: 6631: 6622: 6613: 6604: 6597: 6595:Korsun–Cherkassy 6590: 6579: 6557: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6437:Bombing of Gorky 6432: 6425: 6418: 6398: 6391: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6304:Battle of Midway 6299: 6292: 6290:Battle of Gazala 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6200:Battle of Borneo 6195: 6193:Malayan campaign 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6137:Bombing of Gorky 6132: 6130:Battle of Moscow 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5982: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5894:Battle of France 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5747:Munich Agreement 5742: 5735: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5703: 5696: 5681: 5663: 5656: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5632:Soviet prisoners 5626: 5619: 5612: 5603: 5596: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5572:German prisoners 5568: 5548: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5110: 5108:French Indochina 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5032: 5023: 5016: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4955:from August 1944 4946: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4890: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4838: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4740: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4681: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4647: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4599:Nanjing Massacre 4594: 4587: 4578: 4576:Nuremberg trials 4569: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4309: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4180:Asia and Pacific 4162: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4111: 4109:Mulberry harbour 4104: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3951: 3944: 3929: 3917: 3910: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3815: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3727: 3721:. Archived from 3709: 3707: 3705: 3699: 3688: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3646: 3627: 3605: 3586: 3557: 3538: 3517: 3498: 3479: 3460: 3440: 3429: 3403: 3384: 3365: 3346: 3341:. Archived from 3293: 3274: 3246: 3234: 3223: 3204: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3119: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2881: 2875: 2856: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2771: 2765: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2695: 2684: 2683: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2647: 2641: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2449: 2440: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2414: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2376: 2370: 2358:"Jakes" and one 2352: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2315: 2309: 2298: 2292: 2245: 2239: 2216: 2110:Richard B. Frank 2084:Isoroku Yamamoto 2009:concentrated on 2000: 1993: 1941:U.S. destroyers 1775: 1764: 1757: 1738: 1715: 1708: 1691: 1684: 1677: 1641: 1634: 1626:general quarters 1623: 1613: 1504: 1444: 1394: 1221: 1179:with destroyers 926:. En route from 848:fighter aircraft 806:Victor Crutchley 678:Victor Crutchley 629:Ironbottom Sound 594: 592: 586: 585: 533:Treasury Islands 515:Central Solomons 464: 462: 452: 445: 438: 429: 385:Eastern Solomons 363:Carlson's patrol 308: 306: 296: 289: 282: 273: 221:Victor Crutchley 219: 218: 217: 208: 207: 206: 196: 195: 194: 180: 176: 174: 173: 166: 162: 160: 159: 151: 147: 145: 144: 125:Japanese victory 116: 115: 113: 112: 111: 106: 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 63: 62: 47: 23: 7185: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7070: 7068: 7056: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6994: 6989:Atomic bombings 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6832: 6825: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6747: 6738: 6731: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6692: 6685: 6680:Eastern Romania 6678: 6673:Warsaw Uprising 6671: 6666:Tannenberg Line 6664: 6657: 6652:Western Ukraine 6650: 6641: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6582: 6573: 6560: 6553: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6444:Battle of Kursk 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6401: 6394: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6332: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6255:St Nazaire Raid 6253: 6246: 6239: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6079: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6037:Anglo-Iraqi War 6035: 6028:Battle of Crete 6026: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5985: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5957:Eastern Romania 5955: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5775: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5699: 5692: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5643: 5636: 5631: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5599: 5592: 5583: 5576: 5571: 5564: 5551: 5544: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5518:Western Ukraine 5516: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5462:Northeast China 5460: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5168:Slovak Republic 5166: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5139:Empire of Japan 5137: 5128: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5048: 5035: 5028: 5019: 5012: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4841: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4725: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4684: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4651:Sexual violence 4650: 4643: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4381: 4374: 4369:Greek Civil War 4367: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4312: 4305: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4194:South-East Asia 4192: 4185: 4178: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4053:Military awards 4051: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3947: 3940: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3842: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3785: 3776: 3774: 3767:Order of Battle 3760: 3751: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3712: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3665: 3663: 3651: 3643: 3630: 3624: 3610:Ōmae, Toshikazu 3608: 3602: 3589: 3583: 3567: 3564: 3562:Further reading 3554: 3541: 3535: 3520: 3514: 3501: 3495: 3482: 3476: 3463: 3449: 3432: 3426: 3406: 3400: 3387: 3381: 3368: 3362: 3349: 3331: 3313: 3290: 3277: 3271: 3249: 3243: 3226: 3220: 3207: 3201: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3107: 3103: 3092: 3090: 3077:Shanks, Sandy. 3076: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2920: 2916: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2884: 2876: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2774: 2766: 2725: 2716: 2712: 2707:. Random House. 2697: 2696: 2687: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2630:Wayback Machine 2618: 2614: 2610:Leckie 2011 p35 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2417: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2373: 2353: 2349: 2343:Type 93 torpedo 2340: 2336: 2316: 2312: 2299: 2295: 2246: 2242: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2180: 2152:Legion of Merit 2118: 2102:Henderson Field 2093: 2091:Tactical result 2062: 1998: 1991: 1960:came alongside 1935: 1930: 1917: 1875:sank at 02:50. 1823:opened fire on 1773: 1762: 1755: 1736: 1713: 1706: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1639: 1632: 1621: 1611: 1596: 1502: 1442: 1392: 1370:After sighting 1297: 1219: 1044:Lockheed Hudson 1032:Henry G. Munson 999: 993: 988: 980:Cape St. George 878: 761:Henderson Field 741: 735: 730: 710:Henderson Field 644:Solomon Islands 580: 566: 565: 564: 559: 465: 460: 458: 456: 426: 421: 348:Henderson Field 309: 304: 302: 300: 265: 263: 261: 256: 254: 242: 240: 235: 233: 215: 213: 212: 210:Richmond Turner 204: 202: 192: 190: 171: 169: 168: 167: 157: 155: 154: 142: 140: 139: 117: 110:-9.133; 159.817 109: 107: 103: 100: 95: 92: 90: 88: 87: 86: 69:8–9 August 1942 48: 33:Pacific Theater 17: 12: 11: 5: 7183: 7181: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7107: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7008: 7005:South Sakhalin 7001: 7000: 6999: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6842: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6805: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6745: 6736: 6729: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6639: 6632: 6623: 6614: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6542: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6484: 6477: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6430:Battle of Attu 6426: 6419: 6411: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6392: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6321: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6236: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6179:Battle of Guam 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6102:Battle of Kiev 6098: 6091: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6017: 6010: 6003: 5995: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5847: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5720: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5689: 5687: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5641: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5613: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5601:United Kingdom 5597: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5569: 5561: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5414: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5045: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5005:British Empire 4998:United Kingdom 4994: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4839: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4814:Czechoslovakia 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4746: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4714: 4711:Rape of Manila 4707: 4700: 4693: 4682: 4667: 4660: 4648: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4632: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4588: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4563: 4549: 4542: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4497: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4482:United Nations 4478: 4471: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4427: 4418: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4341:Decolonization 4337: 4330: 4322: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4287: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4241: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4175: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4033: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4014:United Kingdom 4010: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3937: 3935: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3860: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3783: 3758: 3738: 3710: 3677: 3676:External links 3674: 3673: 3672: 3648: 3647: 3641: 3628: 3622: 3606: 3600: 3587: 3581: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3552: 3539: 3534:978-0891418269 3533: 3518: 3512: 3499: 3493: 3480: 3474: 3461: 3448:978-0674006805 3447: 3430: 3424: 3404: 3398: 3385: 3379: 3366: 3360: 3347: 3329: 3315:Leckie, Robert 3311: 3294: 3288: 3275: 3269: 3247: 3241: 3224: 3219:978-0786458974 3218: 3205: 3199: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3145: 3136: 3114: 3101: 3069: 3056: 3044: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2985: 2979:978-0891418269 2978: 2958: 2949: 2945:ABC Television 2936: 2927: 2914: 2897: 2882: 2857: 2844: 2831: 2772: 2723: 2710: 2685: 2663: 2642: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2491: 2479: 2450: 2428: 2415: 2394: 2385: 2371: 2360:Kawanishi E7K2 2347: 2334: 2310: 2293: 2240: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2179: 2176: 2172:Ernest J. King 2135:Howard D. Bode 2117: 2114: 2092: 2089: 2061: 2058: 2020:(219 killed), 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1916: 1913: 1595: 1592: 1296: 1293: 1128:Cape Esperance 1053:Samuel Morison 992: 989: 987: 984: 877: 874: 753:Florida Island 737:Main article: 734: 731: 729: 726: 659:Gunichi Mikawa 561: 560: 558: 557: 551: 550: 545: 540: 535: 529: 528: 524: 523: 517: 516: 512: 511: 500: 493: 486: 481: 475: 474: 470: 467: 466: 457: 455: 454: 447: 440: 432: 423: 422: 420: 419: 417:Rennell Island 414: 407: 402: 397: 395:Santa Cruz Is. 392: 390:Cape Esperance 387: 382: 376: 375: 371: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 333:Goettge Patrol 330: 325: 319: 318: 314: 311: 310: 301: 299: 298: 291: 284: 276: 268: 267: 258: 250: 249: 245: 244: 237: 229: 228: 224: 223: 200: 198:Gunichi Mikawa 187: 186: 182: 181: 152: 136: 135: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 77: 75: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 40: 39: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7182: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7165:Night battles 7163: 7161: 7160:1942 in Japan 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012:Kuril Islands 7009: 7006: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6779:Syrmian Front 6776: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6725:Market Garden 6721: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6584:Monte Cassino 6581: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5950:Baltic states 5947: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5594:United States 5591: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5530:Quốc dân Đảng 5527: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5230:Liechtenstein 5227: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014:United States 5011: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4704:Comfort women 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4688: / 4687: 4683: 4680: 4677: / 4676: 4673: / 4672: 4668: 4665: 4664:Camp brothels 4661: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553:The Holocaust 4550: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4539:forced labour 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4392:Marshall Plan 4389: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4245:Eastern Front 4242: 4239: 4238:Western Front 4235: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4132:Puppet states 4129: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4074:Naval history 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4021:United States 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3761:Horan, Mark. 3759: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3732:September 20, 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3642:0-87021-256-7 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3623:0-87021-316-4 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3601:0-682-40333-4 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3582:0-7603-2052-7 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3553:0-7110-0215-0 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3494:0-8702-1773-9 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3475:0-8050-7072-9 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3427: 3425:0-316-58305-7 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3399:1-59114-475-2 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3380:1-59114-472-8 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3361:1-86448-286-9 3357: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3270:0-14-016561-4 3266: 3262: 3261:Penguin Group 3258: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3242:0-87021-097-1 3238: 3233: 3232: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212:. McFarland. 3211: 3206: 3202: 3200:0-8117-3030-1 3196: 3192: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3070: 3067:, pp. 211–15. 3066: 3065:War to be Won 3060: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3042:, pp. 226–27. 3041: 3040:Shame of Savo 3035: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2923:Shame of Savo 2918: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2855:, pp. 368–85. 2854: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2840:Carrier Clash 2835: 2832: 2829: 2828:Shame of Savo 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2721:, pp. 235–36. 2720: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2473: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2381:radio silence 2375: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1761: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1688: 1681: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1638: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432:Frank Getting 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1003: 998: 990: 985: 983: 981: 975: 973: 972: 967: 966: 962: 960: 955: 954: 949: 948: 944: 942: 937: 933: 929: 925: 924: 920: 916: 915: 910: 906: 905: 900: 899: 894: 892: 886: 883: 875: 873: 869: 862: 861: 855: 851: 849: 845: 844: 838: 837: 832: 828: 823: 821: 820: 815: 814:heavy cruiser 811: 807: 803: 800: 796: 792: 789: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 740: 732: 727: 725: 723: 719: 713: 711: 705: 703: 699: 693: 692:being worse. 691: 687: 683: 679: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 591: 579: 575: 571: 556: 553: 552: 549: 548:Green Islands 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 530: 526: 525: 522: 519: 518: 514: 513: 510: 509: 505: 501: 499: 498: 494: 492: 491: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 472: 471: 468: 463: 453: 448: 446: 441: 439: 434: 433: 430: 418: 415: 413: 412: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 373: 372: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 338:Edson's Ridge 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 316: 315: 312: 307: 297: 292: 290: 285: 283: 278: 277: 274: 260:1,077 killed 259: 252: 251: 246: 243:15 destroyers 238: 231: 230: 225: 222: 211: 201: 199: 189: 188: 183: 179: 165: 164:United States 153: 150: 138: 137: 132: 124: 121: 120: 114: 85: 84:Pacific Ocean 81: 76: 73: 72: 68: 65: 64: 60: 56: 52: 46: 41: 38: 34: 29: 24: 19: 7086:Bibliography 7069: 6882:Project Hula 6847:Vistula–Oder 6816: 6749: 6740: 6724: 6694: 6643: 6627: 6618: 6609: 6575: 6472: 6387: 6363: 6333: 6084: 5977: 5922:North Africa 5624:Soviet Union 5578:Soviet Union 5504:Soviet Union 5272:Vatican City 5182:Vichy France 5087:German Reich 4984:Soviet Union 4970:South Africa 4963:Sierra Leone 4916:Newfoundland 4735:Participants 4718:Marocchinate 4422: 4413: 4383: 4261:North Africa 4222:Indian Ocean 4081:Nazi plunder 3972:Cryptography 3845:World War II 3810: 3800:. Retrieved 3791: 3775:. Retrieved 3766: 3750:. Retrieved 3746: 3730:. Retrieved 3726:(javascript) 3723:the original 3718: 3702:. Retrieved 3690: 3664:. Retrieved 3654: 3632: 3613: 3591: 3572: 3569:Hammel, Eric 3543: 3523: 3503: 3484: 3465: 3436: 3411: 3389: 3370: 3351: 3343:the original 3319: 3298: 3279: 3259:. New York: 3255: 3230: 3209: 3189: 3169: 3160: 3139: 3127:. Retrieved 3117: 3109: 3104: 3091:. 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Austen 358:Koli Point 253:58 killed 6982:Manchuria 6868:Indochina 6644:Bagration 6095:Lithuania 5740:Anschluss 5537:Viet Minh 5434:Lithuania 5376:Hong Kong 5146:Manchukuo 5101:Azad Hind 4760:Australia 4560:Aftermath 4423:Paperclip 4318:Aftermath 4118:Total war 3986:Diplomacy 3949:In Europe 3339:561214425 3317:(2011) . 3108:Hackett, 2767:Morison, 2640:. p. 188. 2364:USS 2327:USS 2289:Patterson 2269:Patterson 2253:Vincennes 2074:USS 2029:Vincennes 1974:USS 1969:Selfridge 1967:USS 1958:Patterson 1947:Patterson 1928:Aftermath 1873:Vincennes 1869:Vincennes 1861:Vincennes 1853:Vincennes 1849:Vincennes 1829:Vincennes 1825:Vincennes 1817:Vincennes 1813:Vincennes 1704:Patterson 1609:Patterson 1541:Patterson 1533:Patterson 1525:Patterson 1521:Patterson 1517:Patterson 1416:Patterson 1405:Patterson 1397:Patterson 1390:Patterson 1338:USS 1299:To avoid 1249:Australia 1244:Australia 1203:USS 1196:USS 1167:USS 1160:USS 1153:USS 1146:USS 1139:USS 1134:Vincennes 1132:USS 1117:USS 1112:Patterson 1110:USS 1103:USS 1092:Australia 1048:Milne Bay 1025:USS 919:destroyer 841:USS 831:Tanambogo 819:Australia 702:beachhead 652:destroyer 584:第一次ソロモン海戦 497:Vengeance 178:Australia 7093:Category 7042:document 6952:document 6809:Ardennes 6793:Budapest 6741:Crossbow 6619:Overlord 6458:Smolensk 5676:Timeline 5511:Slovakia 5497:Thailand 5348:Ethiopia 5313:Bulgaria 5237:Portugal 5175:Thailand 5057:Bulgaria 4835:Eswatini 4828:Ethiopia 4781:Bulgaria 4606:Unit 731 4567:Response 4384:Keelhaul 4334:Cold War 4307:Americas 4298:timeline 4291:Atlantic 4171:Theaters 3796:Archived 3771:Archived 3695:Archived 3660:Archived 3571:(1999). 3410:(1958). 3253:(1990). 3129:April 4, 3087:Archived 3063:Murray, 3038:Loxton, 2921:Loxton, 2912:, p. 21. 2892:Coombe, 2842:, p. 99. 2838:Hammel, 2826:Loxton, 2701:(1970). 2626:Archived 2424:Canberra 2261:Canberra 2228:Kinugasa 2178:See also 2082:Admiral 2060:Japanese 2040:Canberra 2035:Canberra 1981:Canberra 1962:Canberra 1951:Canberra 1893:Furutaka 1857:Kinugasa 1841:Kinugasa 1726:Furutaka 1680:Kinugasa 1657:Kinugasa 1580:Canberra 1576:Furutaka 1549:Canberra 1545:Canberra 1529:Kinugasa 1491:Canberra 1467:Canberra 1463:Canberra 1451:Furutaka 1440:Canberra 1436:Canberra 1428:Canberra 1420:Canberra 1401:Kinugasa 1349:Furutaka 1309:schooner 1273:Furutaka 1269:Kinugasa 1190:Buchanan 1169:San Juan 1098:Canberra 1065:Choiseul 965:Furutaka 959:Furutaka 956:and the 953:Kinugasa 917:and the 895:cruiser 860:Canberra 810:flagship 650:and one 648:cruisers 599:, was a 538:Choiseul 380:Savo Is. 227:Strength 96:159°49′E 74:Location 7019:Shumshu 6786:Hungary 6733:Estonia 6717:Lapland 6695:Dragoon 6628:Neptune 6610:Ichi-Go 6576:Tempest 6518:Changde 6473:Cottage 6365:Jubilee 6081:Finland 5979:Compass 5685:Prelude 5638:Finland 5524:Vietnam 5490:Romania 5362:Germany 5341:Estonia 5327:Denmark 5306:Belgium 5299:Austria 5292:Albania 5223:Ireland 5209:Andorra 5193:Neutral 5160:Romania 5094:Hungary 5079:Finland 4951:Romania 4843:Finland 4821:Denmark 4767:Belgium 4753:Algeria 4459:Romania 4445:Hungary 4201:Pacific 3925:General 3879:Leaders 3864:Battles 3857:Outline 3802:May 17, 3777:May 17, 3666:May 17, 2717:Hogue, 2465:Astoria 2458:Astoria 2436:Chicago 2281:Chicago 2273:Chicago 2257:Astoria 2236:Kavieng 2139:Chicago 2137:of the 2131:censure 2049:Chicago 2017:Astoria 1996:Astoria 1989:Astoria 1843:joined 1809:Astoria 1694:Astoria 1673:Astoria 1669:Astoria 1663:joined 1649:Astoria 1637:Astoria 1630:Astoria 1619:Astoria 1507:Chicago 1500:Chicago 1487:Chicago 1424:Chicago 1259:, with 1217:Chicago 1183:Monssen 1141:Astoria 1105:Chicago 1042:(RAAF) 991:Prelude 928:Kavieng 795:carrier 607:of the 603:of the 6996:Debate 6968:Taipei 6961:Borneo 6539:Tarawa 5733:Europe 5694:Africa 5483:Poland 5469:Norway 5448:Malaya 5427:Latvia 5369:Greece 5355:France 5251:Sweden 5216:Bhutan 4944:Poland 4930:Norway 4902:Mexico 4869:Greece 4855:France 4793:Canada 4774:Brazil 4744:Allies 4690:Serbia 4679:Poland 4452:Poland 4438:Baltic 4231:Europe 3933:Topics 3885:Allied 3639: 3620: 3598: 3579: 3550: 3531: 3510: 3491: 3472: 3455: 3445: 3422: 3396: 3377: 3358: 3337: 3327: 3306: 3286: 3267: 3239: 3216: 3197: 2976: 2904:Dull, 2877:Dull, 2636: 2500:Quincy 2487:Jarvis 2472:Chōkai 2447:Yūnagi 2443:Jarvis 2277:Jarvis 2249:Quincy 2224:Tenryū 2220:Chōkai 2144:Balboa 2066:Chōkai 2044:Quincy 2023:Quincy 2011:Jarvis 1933:Allied 1901:Yūbari 1899:, and 1897:Tenryū 1884:Wilson 1865:Yūbari 1837:Chōkai 1805:Quincy 1797:Yūbari 1786:Quincy 1771:Quincy 1760:Quincy 1753:Chōkai 1749:Quincy 1745:Tenryū 1741:Quincy 1734:Quincy 1730:Tenryū 1728:, and 1718:Quincy 1711:Quincy 1700:Quincy 1687:Chōkai 1665:Chōkai 1659:, and 1645:Chōkai 1615:guns. 1588:Tenryū 1584:Yūbari 1572:Yūbari 1568:Tenryū 1561:Jarvis 1557:Yūnagi 1553:Bagley 1537:Bagley 1511:Tenryū 1498:, hit 1479:Chokai 1447:Chōkai 1384:Chōkai 1380:Chōkai 1372:Jarvis 1365:Jarvis 1361:Tenryū 1357:Jarvis 1353:Jarvis 1345:Jarvis 1340:Jarvis 1329:Yūnagi 1285:Yūnagi 1283:, and 1281:Yūbari 1277:Tenryū 1257:Chōkai 1176:Hobart 1162:Wilson 1148:Quincy 1119:Bagley 1006:right) 986:Battle 961:-class 943:-class 938:: the 923:Yūnagi 914:Yūbari 904:Tenryū 898:Chōkai 893:-class 843:Jarvis 827:Gavutu 773:Rabaul 769:supply 751:, and 749:Tulagi 621:Allied 479:Tulagi 328:Tenaru 323:Tulagi 175: 161: 146: 122:Result 55:Chōkai 51:Quincy 6772:Leyte 6602:Narva 6588:Anzio 6546:Makin 6504:Burma 6388:Torch 6357:Rzhev 6318:Kiska 5404:Korea 5390:Japan 5383:Italy 5265:Tibet 5244:Spain 5122:Italy 4883:Italy 4876:India 4800:China 4675:Japan 4275:Italy 4187:China 4139:Women 3698:(PDF) 3687:(PDF) 2475:' 2468:' 2461:' 2439:' 2206:Notes 1999:' 1992:' 1979:sank 1976:Ellet 1803:Like 1774:' 1763:' 1756:' 1737:' 1714:' 1707:' 1690:' 1683:' 1676:' 1640:' 1633:' 1622:' 1612:' 1503:' 1443:' 1393:' 1220:' 1213:radar 1188:USS 1020:Kieta 891:Takao 757:bases 669:down 374:Naval 149:Japan 93:9°8′S 6838:1945 6566:1944 6407:1943 6335:Blue 6325:Attu 6232:1942 5991:1941 5843:1940 5781:1939 5710:Asia 5557:POWs 5397:Jews 5115:Iraq 5041:Axis 4991:Tuva 4807:Cuba 3892:Axis 3804:2006 3779:2006 3754:2019 3734:2012 3706:2006 3668:2006 3637:ISBN 3618:ISBN 3596:ISBN 3577:ISBN 3548:ISBN 3529:ISBN 3508:ISBN 3489:ISBN 3470:ISBN 3453:OCLC 3443:ISBN 3420:ISBN 3394:ISBN 3375:ISBN 3356:ISBN 3335:OCLC 3325:ISBN 3304:ISBN 3284:ISBN 3265:ISBN 3237:ISBN 3214:ISBN 3195:ISBN 3131:2021 3095:2006 2974:ISBN 2634:ISBN 2445:and 2411:Blue 2407:Blue 2403:Blue 2366:Wasp 2329:S-38 2304:and 2232:Kako 2100:and 2076:S-44 2070:Kako 2042:and 1972:and 1945:and 1943:Blue 1882:and 1880:Helm 1845:Kako 1821:Kako 1807:and 1767:Aoba 1722:Aoba 1661:Kako 1653:Aoba 1586:and 1570:and 1543:and 1496:Kako 1459:Kako 1457:and 1455:Aoba 1449:and 1422:and 1334:port 1321:Blue 1317:Blue 1313:Blue 1301:Blue 1289:Blue 1265:Kako 1261:Aoba 1205:Blue 1186:and 1181:USS 1172:and 1158:and 1155:Helm 1144:and 1115:and 1094:and 1027:S-38 971:Kako 968:and 950:and 947:Aoba 941:Aoba 911:and 829:and 665:and 619:and 568:The 506:and 490:I-Go 317:Land 78:Off 66:Date 49:USS 2995:MHQ 907:of 611:of 35:of 7111:: 6586:/ 3794:. 3790:. 3769:. 3765:. 3745:. 3717:. 3693:. 3689:. 3451:. 3418:. 3333:. 3263:. 3148:^ 3085:. 3081:. 2999:11 2997:. 2885:^ 2860:^ 2775:^ 2726:^ 2688:^ 2678:. 2674:. 2657:. 2653:. 2518:^ 2146:, 2056:. 1895:, 1851:. 1811:, 1724:, 1655:, 1551:. 1426:. 1279:, 1275:, 1271:, 1267:, 1263:, 1137:, 850:. 822:. 747:, 724:. 704:. 635:. 587:, 508:SE 504:SO 411:Ke 82:, 6089:) 6083:( 4957:) 4953:( 4889:) 4885:( 4849:) 4845:( 4787:) 4783:( 3837:e 3830:t 3823:v 3806:. 3781:. 3756:. 3736:. 3708:. 3645:. 3626:. 3604:. 3585:. 3556:. 3537:. 3516:. 3497:. 3478:. 3459:. 3428:. 3402:. 3383:. 3364:. 3310:. 3292:. 3273:. 3245:. 3222:. 3203:. 3133:. 3112:. 3099:. 3097:. 2982:. 2943:" 2308:. 2201:) 2194:) 2187:) 593:) 581:( 451:e 444:t 437:v 295:e 288:t 281:v

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