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main assumptions as to why many fewer of Grant's men were killed than Semple's is because the latter mistakenly thought they had won. After the first round of fire, the Métis threw themselves on their backs to reload their firearms, but the colonists perceived them to be on the ground because they were killed, and began celebrating. Semple’s men were then taken by surprise when the Métis, having reloaded, rose up and resumed firing.
1520:
50:
657:, in 1818. All trials ended in acquittals, and the remaining charges were dropped. Members of the North West Company counter-sued Selkirk, whose health and influence subsequently declined. Selkirk died in 1820, and the two companies merged in 1821. The Hudson's Bay Company gave Cuthbert Grant an annual salary in 1828 and the position of "warden of the plains of Red River."
502:
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1293:—— 1994. "Historical Writing on Seven Oaks; the Assertion of Anglo-Canadian Cultural Dominance in the West." pp. 65–70 in The Forks and the Battle of Seven Oaks in Manitoba History, Part II: Reflections on the Battle of Seven Oaks," edited by R. Coutts and R. Stuart. Winnipeg: Manitoba Historical Society.
442:
While
Macdonell claimed that the proclamation was meant to guarantee adequate supplies for the Hudson's Bay Colony, the North West Company and the Métis—who who supplied the NWC with pemmican—viewed it as a ploy by Selkirk to monopolize the commodity, which was important to the NWC. The Métis did not
469:
At this time, Cuthbert gained more men as many of
Selkirk’s people went over to the Métis side, as well as the Irish who were initially hired to prepare the way for the settlement, as their contracts expired on June 1. The Métis thereafter increased their demands that the settlers leave the Forks,
465:
established a MĂ©tis camp La
Grenouillère (Frog Plain), 6.4 kilometres (4 mi) down the Red River from the HBC’s headquarters at Point Douglas. On June 10, during a shootout between Métis and remaining settlers at HBC’s Fort Douglas, one of Macdonell’s men was killed when a cannon exploded, and
633:
Coltman also concluded that, before the battle, neither side intended to engage in a fight. He also argued that
Selkirk and Semple should have known that their enforcement of the Pemmican Proclamation showed "a blameable carelessness as to the consequence, on a subject likely to endanger both the
566:
The MĂ©tis were skilled sharpshooters and outnumbered Semple's forces by nearly 3 to 1. The Metis killed 21 men, including
Governor Semple, while suffering only one fatality. On the MĂ©tis side, 16-year-old Joseph Letendre dit Batoche died, and Joseph Trottier was wounded. One of the
558:
The North West
Company sent François-Firmin Boucher to speak to Semple's men. He and Semple argued, and a gunfight ensued when the settlers tried to arrest Boucher and seize his horse. Early reports said that the Métis fired the first shot and began the fray, but an ensuing investigation by Royal
481:
negotiated with the MĂ©tis chiefs at their camp at Frog Plain. On 20 June 1815, Pangman instructed Fidler that no colonists were to remain, but that a limited number of HBC servants might stay, as it was to the advantage of the MĂ©tis to have competing trading companies in the area.
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installed new interpretive signs as part of their reconciliation with the MĂ©tis, and the Seven Oaks Park was re-landscaped. The site was officially reopened on 19 June 2016 to mark the 200th anniversary of the battle.
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443:
acknowledge the authority of the Red River
Settlement, and the Pemmican Proclamation was a blow to both the MĂ©tis and North West Company. The NWC accused the HBC of unfairly monopolizing the fur trade.
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1413:
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Narratives of John
Pritchard, Pierre Chrysologue Pambrun, and Frederick Damien Heurter, respecting the aggressions of the North West Company, against the Earl of Selkirk's settlement upon Red River
1423:
1393:
1462:
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on 24 June 1819, Coltman's report exonerated the Métis, concluding that the first shot was fired at François
Boucher from Semple’s side. The fighting did not last longer than 15 minutes.
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Report of the proceedings connected with the disputes between the Earl of
Selkirk and the North West Company: at the assizes, held at York, in Upper Canada, October 1818
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653:. Selkirk attempted to prosecute several members of the NWC for murder and kept Boucher in prison for nearly two years without specific charges. The NWC men were tried at
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and seized their shipment of stolen pemmican destined for the Red River Colony. Grant’s men escorted their boats of supplies back up the Assiniboine River and seized
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In March 1816, the HBC seized and then destroyed Fort Gibraltar to prevent the NWC from trans-shipping pemmican from the Forks to their brigades coming in from
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MacDonnell resigned as governor of the Red River Colony in 1815, after several conflicts and suffering from "severe emotional instability." He was replaced by
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led two groups of North West Company employees, a party of about 60 mounted MĂ©tis and First Nations freighters, towards Seven Oaks (known to the MĂ©tis as
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and 26-28 men (a group of HBC men and settlers) went out on foot to confront them. Catching up with Grant's men at Seven Oaks, Semple challenged them.
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In 1815 through 1816, environmental conditions left pemmican in short supply, and the arrival of the Selkirk settlers only made the shortage worse.
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According to oral tradition, the MĂ©tis gathered that night in their Frog Plain camp to celebrate their victory. There, MĂ©tis poet and balladeer
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Because the project was so poorly planned, the settlers went hungry in 1812 and 1813. They would move south for winter at the junction of the
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615:('the New Nation') with rights to trade as they wished and travel freely on their own land. It was also one of the first times that the
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trading post. The horsemen continued towards Lake Winnipeg divided in two groups, one on each side of the Assiniboine River.
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under order from the four chiefs of the MĂ©tis: Grant, William Shaw, Robert Bonhomme Montour, and Peter Bostonais Pangman.
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1131:"MMF commemorates the 208th anniversary of the Victory at Frog Plain: Declaration of la Nouvelle Nation/the New Nation"
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The Forks and the Battle of Seven Oaks in Manitoba History, Part II : Reflections on the Battle of Seven Oaks
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Demoralized from the losses, the settlers gathered their belongings the day after the battle and sailed north for
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led a band of North West Company employees to seize a stolen supply of pemmican from the Hudson's Bay Company
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and Red rivers, relying on the meat provided by the MĂ©tis and the NWC, as well as corn purchased from the
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The British government called for a special inquiry into the incident, and appointed Lieutenant Colonel
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at the Forks, which would be built in 1810 by John Wills, Cuthbert Grant’s brother-in-law.
17:
856:
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1307:. News Letter Excerpts. Metis Culture & Heritage Resource Centre, Inc. Archived from
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as Royal Commissioner, who set his investigation in motion in May 1817. Delivered to the
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On 12 August 1816, Selkirk and a force of 90 soldiers who had been discharged from the
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determined with "next to certainty" that it was one of Semple's men who fired first.
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The Seven Oaks Incident and the Construction of a Historical Tradition, 1816 to 1970
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erected an obelisk monument in 1891 commemorating the battle at the intersection of
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684:
595:
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591:, Grant’s brother-in-law, wrote “La Chanson de la Grenouillère” about the battle.
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406:(also known as the Red River Settlement). In 1812, Selkirk’s men began building
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292:
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598:, leaving the MĂ©tis in command of the settlement, having seized Fort Douglas.
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on the west side of the Red River, downstream from the NWC’s Fort Gibraltar.
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to supply NWC canoe brigades from Montreal which had to pass by en route to
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1119:(Student ed.). Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. p. 80.
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458:, an American businessman with no previous experience in the fur trade.
677:, the approximate centre of the battle site. The site was designated a
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An obelisk monument to commemorate the battle was erected in 1891 at
361:
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Resulting in a decisive victory for the NWC over their rivals in the
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and captured the North West Company headquarters and supply base at
574:
500:
291:, the confrontation was the climax in a long series of dispute in
1022:"The Battle of Seven Oaks | Société historique de Saint-Boniface"
365:
1336:
1115:
Friesen, Gerald (1987). "Maintaining the Old Order 1805–1844".
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The MĂ©tis saw the Settlement as a threat to their way of life.
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HBC employees spotted Grant's second group, and HBC Governor
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Cuthbert Grant of Grantown Warden of the Plains of Red River
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398:, sought to settle the Red River region, planning to bring
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established a small depot across the river, at what is now
344:
rivers—whose access had previously been controlled by the
601:
The battle marked one of the first documented times the
1092:
The Metis: Memorable Events and Memorable Personalities
857:"Battle of Seven Oaks National Historic Site of Canada"
673:
and Rupertsland Boulevard in the Winnipeg district of
1225:
Battle of Seven Oaks National Historic Site of Canada
1005:. Montreal, Quebec: James Lane and Nahum Mower. 1819.
521:, or Frog Plain) to escort a shipment of pemmican to
280:(NWC) which occurred on 19 June 1816 near modern-day
238:
Battle of Seven Oaks National Historic Site of Canada
634:
peace of the country and the lives of individuals."
1497:
1471:
1371:
987:(online ed.). Historica Canada. Archived from
962:(online ed.). Historica Canada. Archived from
806:(online ed.). Historica Canada. Archived from
242:
234:
225:
1296:MacLeod, Margaret Arnett, and W.L. Morton. 1963.
1185:. Vol. VIII (1851–1860) (online ed.).
1266:Coutts, Robert, and Richard Stuart, eds. 1994.
431:, governor of the Red River Colony, issued the
34:
1280:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
1348:
1250:The Battle of Seven Oaks: a MĂ©tis perspective
914:. University of Manitoba Press. p. 236.
375:In the first decade of the 19th century, the
8:
1252:. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Louis Riel Institute.
610:
315:
461:On 7 June 1815, MĂ©tis leader and NWC clerk
1634:Battles involving the Hudson's Bay Company
1355:
1341:
1333:
1229:Directory of Federal Heritage Designations
1159:Directory of Federal Heritage Designations
31:
1074:François-Firmin Boucher to his Countrymen
1070:François-Firmin Boucher à ses Concitoyens
943:. University of Toronto/Université Laval.
360:, Manitoba). The Forks were also home to
1270:. Winnipeg: Manitoba Historical Society.
1155:Grant, Cuthbert National Historic Person
696:
1047:. London, England: John Murray. 1819.
532:In retaliation for the destruction of
1016:
1014:
1012:
241:
233:
224:
7:
1212:Canadian Register of Historic Places
1068:Boucher, François-Firmin (c. 1819).
851:
849:
847:
821:
819:
817:
268:—was a violent confrontation of the
1555:
777:Barkwell, Lawrence (18 July 2018).
439:from the colony for the next year.
396:Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk
27:1816 engagement of the Pemmican War
1300:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
954:Bumsted, J.M. (17 November 2014).
402:to the Forks and to establish the
348:—had been a meeting place for the
25:
1364:National Historic Sites of Canada
1179:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
54:An illustration of the battle by
1554:
1542:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1321:
1182:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
941:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
881:Foster, John E. (24 July 2015).
679:National Historic Site of Canada
298:The battle is also known as the
228:National Historic Site of Canada
177:
165:
146:
131:
119:
48:
1117:The Canadian Prairies a History
713:Hargrave, Joseph James (1871).
320:('the New Nation') and fly the
1669:Indigenous conflicts in Canada
1248:Barkwell, Lawrence J. (2010).
977:Rea, J.E. (17 November 2014).
783:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
540:of HBC canoes coming down the
308:la Victoire de la Grenouillère
1:
1235:. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
1165:. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
435:, which prohibited export of
1679:Military history of Manitoba
785:. The Canadian Encyclopedia.
719:. author-published. p.
1639:Battles involving the MĂ©tis
1187:University of Toronto Press
667:Manitoba Historical Society
466:three others were wounded.
18:Battle of Seven Oaks (1816)
1705:
796:Rea, J.E. (4 March 2015).
609:, asserting themselves as
101:North West Company victory
1513:
1399:Newfoundland and Labrador
1175:Woodcock, George (1985).
1135:Manitoba MĂ©tis Federation
984:The Canadian Encyclopedia
960:The Canadian Encyclopedia
888:The Canadian Encyclopedia
831:Manitoba MĂ©tis Federation
803:The Canadian Encyclopedia
300:Victory of the Frog Plain
250:
210:
197:
158:
109:
61:
47:
39:
1629:19th century in Manitoba
1215:. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
1090:; Goulet, Terry (2006).
1076:]. author-published.
628:British House of Commons
624:William Bachelor Coltman
617:flag of the MĂ©tis Nation
561:William Bachelor Coltman
322:flag of the MĂ©tis Nation
289:North American fur trade
56:Charles William Jefferys
883:"Pemmican Proclamation"
827:"Victory at Frog Plain"
645:regiments arrived from
581:West Kildonan, Winnipeg
71:; 208 years ago
1305:"Battle of Seven Oaks"
935:Mays, Herbert (1987).
910:Bumsted, J.M. (2008).
779:"Battle of Seven Oaks"
611:
584:
536:, the group stopped a
510:
316:
307:
159:Commanders and leaders
1590:49.93194°N 97.12111°W
1479:Northwest Territories
1330:at Wikimedia Commons
991:on 20 September 2012.
966:on 20 September 2012.
798:"Seven Oaks Incident"
578:
504:
433:Pemmican Proclamation
387:arrived to establish
370:MĂ©tis buffalo hunters
354:British North America
211:Casualties and losses
1689:Seven Oaks, Winnipeg
1664:Hudson's Bay Company
1441:Prince Edward Island
1328:Battle of Seven Oaks
1207:Battle of Seven Oaks
912:Lord Selkirk: a life
377:Hudson’s Bay Company
274:Hudson's Bay Company
258:Battle of Seven Oaks
153:Hudson's Bay Company
35:Battle of Seven Oaks
1654:Conflicts in Canada
1595:49.93194; -97.12111
1586: /
1273:Dick, Lyle. 1991. "
891:(online ed.).
427:On 8 January 1814,
266:Seven Oaks Incident
262:Seven Oaks Massacre
260:—also known as the
1684:North West Company
1537:History portal
956:"Miles MacDonnell"
937:"MacDonell, Miles"
655:York, Upper Canada
612:la Nouvelle Nation
585:
511:
394:During this time,
385:North West Company
346:Assiniboine people
317:la Nouvelle Nation
278:North West Company
126:North West Company
1649:MĂ©tis in Manitoba
1569:
1568:
1549:Canada portal
1326:Media related to
1259:978-0-9809912-9-1
1177:"Grant, Cuthbert"
1101:978-1-894638-98-2
899:on 30 April 2012.
513:On 19 June 1816,
477:district manager
400:Scottish settlers
254:
253:
105:
104:
69:19 June 1816
16:(Redirected from
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1674:June 1816 events
1659:Economic warfare
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1311:on 11 June 2008.
1289:10.7202/031029ar
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404:Red River Colony
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1309:the original
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1233:Parks Canada
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864:. Retrieved
861:Parks Canada
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381:St. Boniface
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312:MĂ©tis People
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286:
284:, Manitoba.
272:between the
270:Pemmican War
265:
261:
257:
255:
219:
189:
110:Belligerents
42:Pemmican War
40:Part of the
29:
1593: /
1560:WikiProject
1472:Territories
1456:Quebec City
1404:Nova Scotia
1366:by location
671:Main Street
619:was flown.
422:Peguis Band
364:newcomers,
342:Assiniboine
293:the Canadas
1608:Categories
1581:97°07′16″W
1578:49°55′55″N
1192:12 January
1094:. FabJob.
692:References
607:nationhood
328:Background
243:Designated
220:21 killed
92:, Manitoba
76:1816-06-19
1372:Provinces
716:Red River
681:in 1920.
639:De Meuron
571:Aftermath
527:Athabasca
505:In 1816,
350:fur trade
1524:Category
1451:Montreal
1419:Kingston
1414:Hamilton
1389:Manitoba
538:flotilla
437:pemmican
358:Winnipeg
310:) among
282:Winnipeg
264:and the
216:1 killed
198:Strength
90:Winnipeg
84:Location
1484:Nunavut
1434:Toronto
1424:Niagara
1409:Ontario
1379:Alberta
1140:29 June
1027:29 June
866:29 June
836:29 June
418:Pembina
336:of the
190:†
74: (
1505:France
1446:Quebec
1429:Ottawa
1256:
1098:
1051:
918:
497:Battle
362:Ojibwe
304:French
186:
98:Result
1489:Yukon
1072:[
138:MĂ©tis
1254:ISBN
1194:2014
1142:2024
1096:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1029:2024
916:ISBN
868:2024
838:2024
665:The
641:and
366:Cree
340:and
256:The
246:1920
66:Date
1285:doi
1277:."
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721:487
489:on
352:in
338:Red
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302:(
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