Sicilian Expedition - Knowledge (XXG)

1114:, was meant to blockade Syracuse from the rest of the island, while the Syracusans built a number of counter-walls from the city to their various forts. A force of 300 Athenians destroyed part of the first counter-wall, but the Syracusans began to build another one, this time with a ditch, blocking the Athenians from extending their wall to the sea. Another 300 Athenians attacked this wall and captured it, but were driven off by a Syracusan counter-attack in which Lamachus was killed, leaving only Nicias from the three original commanders. The Syracusans destroyed 300 m (1,000 feet) of the Athenian wall, but could not destroy the Circle, which was defended by Nicias. After Nicias defeated the attack, the Athenians finally extended their wall to the sea, completely blockading Syracuse by land, and their fleet entered the harbour to blockade them from sea. The Syracusans responded by removing Hermocrates and Sicanus as generals and replacing them with Heraclides, Eucles, and 1245:

the right wing was defeated and largely destroyed; Euthydemus was killed as he tried to escape on the nearby shore. The destruction of Euthydemus' contingent shattered what remained of the Athenian fleet's order. The Athenian ships were subsequently pushed toward the coast; most Athenian crews abandoned their trapped vessels and fled to the camp behind their wall. Seeing the vulnerable Athenians running from their beached vessels, Gylippus ordered a furious but disorganized attack on land to catch his enemies before they could reach their base. However, the Spartan-led force was confronted by the small unit of Etruscans who had been sent to aid Athens; these warriors managed to stop Gylippus's assault. Using this respite, the Athenians rallied and returned to fight alongside the Etruscans, securing several of their ships on the beach and preventing a complete catastrophe. Historian

1028:

the Argives and Mantineans on the right, the rest of the allies on the left, and the Athenians themselves in the centre. The Syracusans were deployed sixteen men deep, in order to offset the advantage of the Athenians in experience. They also had 1,200 cavalry, vastly outnumbering the Athenian cavalry, although the total numbers of men were about the same. The Athenians attacked first, believing themselves to be the stronger and more experienced army, and after some unexpectedly strong resistance, the Argives pushed back the Syracusan left wing, causing the rest to flee. The Syracusan cavalry prevented the Athenians from chasing them, thereby averting a catastrophe for the Syracusans, who lost about 260 men, and the Athenians about 50. The Athenians then sailed back to Catania for the winter.

1364:. The defeat caused a great shift in policy for many other states, as well. States which had until now been neutral joined with Sparta, assuming that Athens's defeat was imminent. Many of Athens' allies in the Delian League also revolted, and although the city immediately began to rebuild its fleet, there was little they could do about the revolts for the time being. The expedition and consequent disaster left Athens reeling. Some 10,000 hoplites had perished and, though this was a blow, the real concern was the loss of the huge fleet dispatched to Sicily. Triremes could be replaced, but the 30,000 experienced oarsmen lost in Sicily were irreplaceable and Athens had to rely on ill-trained slaves to form the backbone of her new fleet. 652:, who galvanized its inhabitants into action. From that point forward, however, as the Athenians ceded the initiative to their newly energized opponents, the tide of the conflict shifted. A massive reinforcing armada from Athens briefly gave the Athenians the upper hand once more, but a disastrous failed assault on a strategic high point and several crippling naval defeats damaged the Athenian soldiers' ability to continue fighting and maintain morale. The Athenians attempted a last-ditch evacuation from Syracuse. The evacuation failed, and nearly the entire expedition was captured or was destroyed in Sicily. 1198: 831:

than previously approved would be required, expecting that the prospect of approving such a massive expenditure would prove unappealing to the citizenry. Contrary to Nicias's plan, the assembly enthusiastically embraced his proposal, and passed a motion allowing the generals to arrange for a force of over 100 ships and 5,000 hoplites. Nicias's ploy had failed badly. His misreading of the assembly had altered the strategic situation; whereas the loss of 60 ships would have been painful but bearable, the loss of the larger force would be catastrophic. "Without Nicias's intervention," wrote

857:, placed around the city for good luck. This event was taken very seriously by the Athenian people as it was considered a bad omen for the expedition, as well as evidence of a revolutionary conspiracy to overthrow the government. According to Plutarch, Androcles, a political enemy of Alcibiades, used false witness to claim that Alcibiades and his friends were responsible. Alcibiades volunteered to be put on trial under penalty of death in order to prove his innocence (wanting to avoid his enemies charging him, in his absence, with more false information), but this request was denied. 1352:, and presently spread it about in the marketplace. On which, there being everywhere, as may be imagined, terror and consternation, the Archons summoned a general assembly, and there brought in the man and questioned him how he came to know. And he, giving no satisfactory account, was taken for a spreader of false intelligence and a disturber of the city, and was, therefore, fastened to the wheel and racked a long time, till other messengers arrived that related the whole disaster particularly. So hardly was Nicias believed to have suffered the calamity which he had often predicted. 64: 1330: 1291:. The remaining Athenians were left to die slowly of disease and starvation in the quarry. In the end some of the very last survivors managed to escape and eventually trickled to Athens, bringing first-hand news of the disaster. The specific fate of Nicias and Demosthenes is not clearly recorded, but according to Thucydides' account, both were executed after their surrender, Demosthenes due to his earlier role in the war at Pylos, Nicias due to worries of a possibility of escape through bribery and possibility of causing later harm. 5156: 5022: 4181: 4114: 3983: 3366: 2968: 1099: 1262: 941: 823:

different arguments against the expedition. He reminded the Athenians that they would be leaving powerful enemies behind them if they sent a force to Sicily, and warned that they would be opening hostilities with enemies too difficult and numerous to conquer and rule. Nicias also attacked Alcibiades's credibility, claiming that he and his allies were inexperienced and self-aggrandizing young men eager to lead Athens into war for their own ends.

1019:, and returned to Catania. There they wintered and made preparations for their upcoming siege of Syracuse. When the campaigning season started, the Syracusans moved against the Athenians while they were still encamped at Catania. While the Syracusans were marching to Catania, they learned the Athenians had boarded their ships and sailed into the Great Harbour at Syracuse. The Syracusans quickly hurried back and prepared for battle. 214: 184: 781:, supporting the oligarchs. Before too long, the prospect of foreign domination had united the Leontinians, and the two parties united in war against Syracuse. Athens had sent an emissary to Sicily in 422 to sound out the possibility of renewing the war against Syracuse, but achieved nothing. In 416, however, a second Sicilian conflict provided the invitation Athens had sought in 422. The city of 1189:

than by those of his countrymen. He hoped the Syracusans would soon run out of money, and he had also been informed that there were pro-Athenian factions in Syracuse who were ready to turn the city over to him. Demosthenes and Eurymedon reluctantly agreed that Nicias might be right, but when reinforcements from the Peloponnese arrived, Nicias agreed that they should leave.

670: 1253:

supposed informers to the Athenians to falsely report that there were spies and roadblocks further inland, so the Athenians would be safer if they did not march away. Gylippus used this delay to build the roadblocks that did not yet exist, and the Syracusans burned or towed away the Athenian ships on the beach, so that they had no way off the island.

1142:. They built another counter-wall on the Epipolae, but were driven back by the Athenians; in a second battle, however, Gylippus defeated the Athenians by making better use of his cavalry and javelin-throwers. The Syracusans completed their counter-wall, making the Athenian wall useless. The Corinthian fleet also arrived, under the command of 710:, remained in the area for several years, fighting alongside Athens's local allies against the Syracusans and their allies, without achieving any dramatic successes. In 425, the Athenians planned to reinforce their contingent with an additional forty triremes, but that fleet never reached Sicily, as it became caught up in the pivotal 1162:

while the Syracusans lost eleven. However, Gylippus defeated the Athenians on land and captured two Athenian forts. Afterwards, Gylippus succeeded in convincing all the neutral cities on Sicily to join him, but the allies of Athens killed 800 Corinthians, including all but one of the Corinthian ambassadors.

695:. Another source of conflict was the close relationship of Syracuse and other Dorian cities of the west to Athens's great commercial rival, Corinth. To the Athenians, Sicily was a threat—an unencumbered Syracuse might send grain or other aid to the Peloponnesians—as well as a venue for possible conquests. 927:

the element of surprise by sailing directly to Syracuse and giving battle outside the city. Such a sudden attack, he felt, would catch the Syracusans off guard and possibly induce their quick surrender. Eventually, however, Lamachus settled the three-way division of opinion by endorsing Alcibiades's plan.

1269:

On September 13, the Athenians left camp leaving their wounded behind and their dead unburied. The survivors, including all the non-combatants, numbered 40,000, and some of the wounded crawled after them as far as they could go. As they marched they defeated a small Syracusan force guarding the river

1161:

While Eurymedon was sailing, Gylippus's 80 Syracusan ships, including 35 triremes, attacked 60 of the Athenian ships (25 of which were triremes) in the harbour. Gylippus commanded a simultaneous attack on the Athenian land forces. In the harbour, the Athenians were successful, losing only three ships

1071:

banded together and organized a small force to aid Athens. Though the Etruscan force only included three large warships and a number of warriors, it provided crucial support to the Athenians. Athens and Syracuse also tried to gain assistance from the Greek cities in Italy. In Corinth, representatives

1059:

in an attempt to form an alliance with that city. Hermocrates wanted Camarina and the other cities to unite with Syracuse against Athens, but Euphemus, the representative for the Athenians, said Syracuse only wanted to rule Camarina, and they should join with Athens if they wanted to remain free. The

660:

observed that contemporary Greeks were shocked not that Athens eventually fell after the defeat, but rather that it fought on for as long as it did, so devastating were the losses suffered. Athens managed to recover remarkably well from the expedition materially, the principal issue being the loss of

655:

The effects of the defeat were immense. Two hundred ships and thousands of soldiers, an appreciable portion of Athens' total manpower, were lost in a single stroke. The city's enemies on the mainland and in Persia were encouraged to take action, and rebellions broke out in the Aegean. Some historians

1282:

river, where Nicias's troops became disorganized in the rush to find drinking water. Many Athenians were trampled to death and others were killed while fighting with fellow Athenians. On the other side of the river a Syracusan force was waiting, and the Athenians were almost completely massacred, by

1244:

The battle went on for some time with no clear victor, but the Athenian center under Menander eventually broke and was routed. Instead of pursuing their fleeing opponents, Pythen turned his Corinthian ships to attack the now-vulnerable Athenian right wing under Euthydemus. Beset from multiple sides,

1188:

against the Spartan invasion that had taken Decelea. Nicias, who had opposed the expedition at first, now did not want to show any weakness either to the Syracusans and Spartans, or to the Athenians at home who he thought would have him executed, stating he would rather die by the hands of the enemy

1027:

The Athenian army landed to the south of Syracuse and fortified their position. When the Syracusan army finally arrived both sides waited for the other to make the first move. Eventually the Syracusans withdrew and made camp for the night. The next morning the Athenians lined up eight men deep, with

906:

At the first assembly that authorized the expedition, the Athenians named Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus as its commanders; that decision remained unchanged at the second assembly. Alcibiades was the expedition's leading proponent, and the leader of the war party, Nicias its leading critic and the

1212:

The Athenians were now in a desperate situation. On September 3, the Syracusans began to completely blockade the entrance to the port, trapping the Athenians inside. Outside Syracuse, the Athenians built a smaller walled enclosure for their sick and injured, and put everyone else (including many of

1149:

Nicias, exhausted and suffering from illness, now believed it would be impossible to capture Syracuse. He wrote a letter to Athens, not trusting messengers to give an accurate report, and suggested that they either recall the expedition or send out massive reinforcements. He hoped they would choose

926:

around Sicily and then return home, unless the Segestans were willing to pay for the full cost of the expanded expedition. Alcibiades proposed to first attempt to win over allies on the island through diplomacy, and then attack Selinus and Syracuse. Lamachus, meanwhile, proposed taking advantage of

868:

during the preparations. He was not charged, and the fleet sailed the next day. His opponents, however, waited for Alcibiades to set sail before they leveled the charges against him. This was because the army, his main source of support, would be absent, and his supporters would be outnumbered when

830:

The assembly was clearly leaning towards Alcibiades's side, so Nicias, judging them unlikely to cancel the expedition if he argued against it directly, chose a different tactic. He described the wealth and power of the Sicilian cities Athens would be challenging, and stated that a larger expedition

822:

Five days after that first debate, a second assembly was held to arrange the logistics of the expedition. There, Nicias attempted to persuade the assembly to overturn its previous decision regarding whether to send an expedition at all. Over the course of several speeches, Nicias raised a series of

1347:

It is said that the Athenians would not believe their loss, in a great degree because of the person who first brought them news of it. For a certain stranger, it seems, coming to Piraeus, and there sitting in a barber's shop, began to talk of what had happened, as if the Athenians already knew all

1299:

Some historians have said that the Sicilian expedition was fatally flawed from the outset, that the Athenian attempt to conquer Sicily was an example of mad arrogance. Others however argue that there was nothing inherently wrong with the plan strategically, and that it would have succeeded if the

1312:

For Athens, the expedition was a "human disaster as painful as the plague political disaster" which severely harmed the city's war efforts and hegemony over its allies. Sparta exploited this weakness to greatly increase the pressure on its rival over the next years, though it could not achieve a

1286:

The prisoners, now numbering only 7,000, were held in the stone quarries near Syracuse which were considered the safest prison for such a number of men. Demosthenes and Nicias were executed, against the orders of Gylippus. The rest spent ten weeks in horrible conditions in their makeshift prison,

1170:

Demosthenes and Eurymedon then arrived with 73 ships and 5,000 hoplites. On their arrival, 80 Syracusan ships attacked 75 of the Athenian ships in their harbour. This battle went on for two days with no result, until the Syracusans pretended to back away and attacked the Athenians while they were

980:

and, when the three other ships returned, they learned that Segesta did not have the money they promised. Nicias had expected this, but the other commanders were dismayed. Nicias suggested they make a show of force and then return home, while Alcibiades said they should encourage revolts against

826:

In response, Alcibiades dismissed the attack on himself by pointing to the good he had done for Athens as a private citizen and public leader. He rebutted Nicias's warnings about the plan for the expedition by reminding the Athenians of their obligation to their Sicilian allies, appealing to the

682:

Although Athens had never involved itself deeply in Sicilian affairs, it had ties there before the onset of the Peloponnesian War, dating back to at least the mid-5th century BC. To small Sicilian cities, Athens was a potential counter to the powerful city of Syracuse, which was strong enough to

1252:

Demosthenes suggested that they man the ships again and attempt to force their way out, as now both fleets had lost about half their ships and Nicias agreed. The men themselves did not want to board the ship because they were afraid. They then decided to retreat by land. Hermocrates sent some

1391:

John Fletcher's 90 minute radio play "The Sicilian Expedition – Ancient Athenian War Drama with Iraq War", which was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 in December 2005, is based on real events from the Peloponnesian War, particularly the Sicilian Expedition. Fletcher implies a parallel between U.S.

917:

that satirize him as a braggadocious, perpetually impoverished warrior. The reasons for the Athenians' choice are not recorded, but the assembly may have been seeking to balance the aggressive young leader with a more conservative older figure, with Lamachus added for his military expertise.

794:

of uncoined silver up front, and tricking Athenian ambassadors into believing that the city was more prosperous than it actually was, by making sure that the ambassadors saw all their golden and other valuable objects in a way as if these were just part of what they had.

644:, was recalled from command to stand trial before the fleet even reached Sicily. Still, the Athenians achieved early successes. Syracuse, the most powerful state in Sicily, responded exceptionally slowly to the Athenian threat and, as a result, was almost completely 1174:

Demosthenes landed his forces and attacked the Syracusan counter-wall on Epipolae in a risky night engagement (against the advice of Nicias). He succeeded in breaching the wall, routing or killing some of the first Syracusan defenders but was defeated by a force of

921:

In practice, each of the three generals proposed a different strategy. Nicias proposed a narrowly circumscribed expedition; he felt that the fleet should sail to Selinus and force a settlement between Selinus and Segesta. After that, he proposed to briefly

1578:

Scholars dispute the dating of a treaty with Segesta; 458/457 BC, 434/433 BC and 418/417 BC are among the suggested dates. A treaty with Leontini was renewed in 433/432 BC, and thus originated some time previously, probably between 460 and 439. Kagan,

1158:. Eurymedon left immediately with ten ships, and Demosthenes left sometime later with a much larger force. Meanwhile, in early 413 BC Sparta acted on Alcibiades's advice to fortify Decelea, and the Athenian force sent to relieve it was destroyed. 1232:

The Athenian ships were extremely cramped and had no room to manoeuvre. Collisions were frequent, and the Syracusans could easily ram the Athenian ships head-on, without the Athenians being able to move to ram them broadside, as they preferred.

639:

The expedition was hampered from the outset by uncertainty in its purpose and command structure—political maneuvering in Athens swelled a lightweight force of twenty ships into a massive armada, and the expedition's primary proponent,

1183:

Demosthenes' arrival provided little relief to the other Athenians. Their camp was located near a marsh and many of them had fallen ill, including Nicias. Seeing this, Demosthenes thought they should all return to Athens to defend

893:

before they arrived. Others argued that Athens was no threat to Syracuse, and some people did not believe there was a fleet at all, because Athens would not be so foolish as to attack them while they were still at war with Sparta.

754:, and other Peloponnesian cities in an attempt to establish a stable anti-Spartan alliance in the Peloponnese. That attempt, largely orchestrated by the Athenian nobleman Alcibiades, would have destroyed Sparta's control over the 1283:

far the worst defeat of the entire expedition in terms of lives lost. Nicias personally surrendered to Gylippus, hoping the Spartan would remember his role in the peace treaty of 421. The few who escaped found refuge in Catana.

1072:

from Syracuse met with Alcibiades, who was working with Sparta. Alcibiades informed Sparta that there would be an invasion of the Peloponnese if Sicily was conquered, and that they should send help to Syracuse and also fortify

1015:. The second contingent, under Lamachus, sailed to and stormed Hyccara, a small city allied to Selinus, and enslaved its populace. The Athenian army then marched through the Sicilian interior, to impress and negotiate with the 758:

had it succeeded. Alcibiades rebounded politically from this defeat, and was elected as a general in the spring of 417. Control of Athens' foreign policy remained divided between a "peace party" (or pro-Spartan party) led by

789:

and, after losing an initial battle, sent to Athens for help. In order to win the Athenians' support, the Segestaeans claimed that they were capable of funding much of the cost of sending a fleet, offering 60

952:

to meet up with their allies, and the ships were divided into three sections, one for each commander. Three of the ships were sent ahead to look for allies in Sicily. The fleet at this point consisted of 134

1179:

in the Spartan contingent. Many Athenians fell off the cliff to their deaths, and some of the rest were killed as they fled down the slope. Plutarch claims the casualties from this action numbered 2,000.

776:

The peace established in Sicily at the Congress of Gela did not last long. Shortly after the Congress, Syracuse intervened in an episode of civil strife between the democratic and oligarchic parties in

714:

on the way there. By the time that fleet reached Sicily in late summer, Athens's Sicilian allies had grown weary of stalemated warfare, and agreed to negotiate with Syracuse and its allies. At the

1771: 1278:

river, Demosthenes and Nicias became separated, and Demosthenes was attacked by the Syracusans and forced to surrender his 6,000 troops. The rest of the Syracusans followed Nicias to the

1209:, and Nicias, described by Thucydides as a particularly superstitious man, asked the priests what he should do. They suggested the Athenians wait for another 27 days, and Nicias agreed. 1060:

Camarinans decided not to join either side, although they quietly sent aid to the Syracusans, whose greater proximity and potential victory they feared more than that of the Athenians.

417: 881:, the richest and most powerful city of Sicily, felt that the Athenians were in fact coming to attack them under the pretense of aiding Segesta in a minor war. The Syracusan general 5256: 4371: 1379:

joined the war on the Spartan side. Although things looked grim for Athens, they were able to recover for a few years. The oligarchy was soon overthrown, and Athens won the

5231: 4376: 3689: 3637: 988:, where an Athenian ship arrived to inform Alcibiades that he was under arrest, not only for the destruction of the hermai, but also for supposedly profaning the 2338: 1304:

judged that by far the biggest single reason for the expedition's catastrophic failure was the incompetence of Nicias, aggravated by the recall of Alcibiades.

1052:. During the winter the Athenians also sent for more money and cavalry, while the Syracusans built some forts, and a wall extending the territory of the city. 5261: 4381: 2442: 1383:; however, the defeat of the Sicilian expedition was essentially the beginning of the end for Athens. In 404 BC they were defeated and occupied by Sparta. 410: 4924: 4904: 1076:

near Athens. The Athenians, he said, feared nothing more than the occupation of Decelea. The Spartans took this advice into consideration, and appointed

1768: 5246: 5236: 4992: 1313:

strategic breakthrough. In contrast, the Etruscans who had fought alongside the Athenians were proud of their role in the conflict. For instance, the

981:

Syracuse, and then attack Syracuse and Selinus. Lamachus said they should attack Syracuse right away, as it was the predominant city-state in Sicily.

807:, where debate over the proposal quickly divided along traditional factional lines. The assembly eventually approved an expedition composed of sixty 4170: 1396:

by Mary Renault, the father of the main character returns from being held prisoner in the quarries of Syracuse after the failure of the expedition.

907:

leader of the peace party. Lamachus, meanwhile, was a fifty-year-old career soldier, of whom the longest extant portrayal is a series of scenes in

4580: 4074: 1348:

that had passed; which the barber hearing, before he acquainted anybody else, ran as fast as he could up into the city, addressed himself to the

1392:

involvement in the Iraq war and the Athenian aggression against Sicily, which in his view were both disastrous abroad and at home. In the novel

1036:

Hermocrates suggested that the Syracusans reorganize their army. He wanted to reduce the number of generals from fifteen to three; Hermocrates,

4914: 4165: 4037: 403: 1213:

the soldiers remaining on land) on their ships for one last battle, on September 9. The fleet was now commanded by Demosthenes, Menander, and

1004:, his guilt seemingly proven. In Sparta, Alcibiades gave the members of the Peloponnesian League critical information on the Athenian Empire. 827:

enterprising spirit that had won Athens her empire, and pointing out that many states on Sicily would support Athens in her operations there.

4441: 2353: 2280: 2078: 2061: 2044: 2027: 2011: 1995: 1950: 1934: 1918: 1902: 1841: 1698: 1654: 1637: 4862: 1857: 1825: 1806: 1791: 1761: 1683: 5172: 5251: 4909: 4052: 1495: 31: 5241: 4919: 4309: 2375: 2316: 2298: 390:

began the conflict as one of the Athenian commanders, but was recalled to Athens to face trial and subsequently defected to Sparta

4944: 4851: 3811: 2330: 4022: 819:. Thucydides reports that Nicias had been appointed against his preference, but offers no further detail regarding that debate. 4671: 2789: 2435: 5266: 4661: 4068: 3667: 1011:

and forced the Segestans to pay the thirty talents they had promised the Athenians for their assistance against their rival

849:

After lengthy preparations, the fleet was ready to sail. The night before they were to leave, someone destroyed many of the

5005: 4987: 4635: 898:

accused Hermocrates and others of attempting to instill fear among the population and trying to overthrow the government.

1408:) centers around an alternate history scenario where Alcibiades stays with the expeditionary force thanks to advice from 4929: 4526: 4145: 1197: 3961: 4982: 4813: 4359: 4262: 3801: 3560: 2840: 743: 580: 525: 1743:

was held at Athens, but the Alcibiades and Nicias combined their forces to ensure the exile of the minor politician

1087:

of silver, which was used to pay for 400 more cavalry from their Sicilian allies. In the summer, they landed on the

1083:

In the spring of 414 BC, reinforcements arrived from Athens, consisting of 250 cavalry, 30 mounted archers, and 300

656:

consider the defeat to have been the turning point in the war, though Athens continued to fight for another decade.

63: 5226: 4838: 4101: 3944: 3816: 3706: 3662: 2464: 2428: 718:, the Sicilian cities made peace on the basis of "Sicily for the Sicilians", and the Athenian fleet left for home. 480: 1329: 835:, "there would have been an Athenian expedition against Sicily in 415, but there could not have been a disaster." 5071: 5000: 4575: 4431: 4364: 4084: 3590: 3533: 2408: 1404: 804: 530: 38: 5112: 4324: 3851: 3846: 3652: 3383: 2933: 2586: 2451: 1884: 636:

on the other. The expedition ended in a devastating defeat for the Athenian forces, severely impacting Athens.

4617: 860:

He was otherwise extremely popular and had the support of the entire army; he had also gained the support of

5061: 4934: 4590: 4538: 4241: 4032: 3939: 3826: 3461: 2812: 1222: 1214: 1067:, as both were long-standing opponents of Syracuse. Carthage opted to stay out of the conflict, but several 895: 844: 5099: 4967: 4612: 4421: 4416: 4236: 4079: 3951: 3684: 3114: 3065: 3008: 2953: 2807: 2885: 5090: 4972: 4646: 4622: 4477: 3956: 3914: 3841: 3739: 3724: 3714: 3306: 3185: 3139: 3070: 3035: 1155: 1151: 1064: 1007:

In Sicily, the fleet was redivided into two parts. The first contingent, commanded by Nicias, sailed to

645: 590: 219: 202: 4287: 3466: 5066: 4939: 4879: 4732: 4666: 4509: 4497: 4341: 4150: 3909: 3904: 3806: 3766: 3647: 3570: 3456: 3449: 3003: 1393: 1037: 989: 791: 755: 734:

to a close. The terms of that peace, however, had never been fulfilled; Sparta had never surrendered

520: 505: 147: 5128: 5056: 4884: 4874: 4845: 4713: 4546: 4487: 4057: 3966: 3866: 3856: 3796: 3791: 3776: 3771: 3756: 3751: 3528: 3406: 3351: 3276: 2700: 2664: 2238: 1380: 585: 560: 465: 455: 4514: 1261: 1098: 4825: 4482: 4282: 4267: 4062: 4017: 4012: 3861: 3023: 1878: 1368: 1150:

to recall him, if not the whole expedition, but instead they chose to send reinforcements, under

448: 973:, as well as 130 other supply ships and all the crews of the triremes and other non-combatants. 4745: 4406: 4354: 4336: 4277: 3899: 3836: 3831: 3761: 3657: 3617: 3612: 3595: 3565: 3401: 3231: 3175: 3169: 3018: 2995: 2817: 2705: 2371: 2349: 2312: 2294: 2276: 2178: 1376: 1092: 1088: 977: 617: 570: 555: 495: 485: 475: 427: 55: 4738: 1218: 1115: 1041: 5051: 4607: 4502: 4246: 4155: 4047: 3876: 3871: 3622: 3605: 3575: 3506: 3281: 3060: 2938: 2865: 2685: 2561: 1399: 1275: 1226: 940: 715: 699: 629: 621: 609: 575: 565: 535: 515: 510: 470: 441: 223: 193: 160: 133: 2339:

The risk of open voting, Army, assembly and fake news at the end of the Sicilian Expedition

17: 5221: 5216: 5211: 4467: 3821: 3781: 3719: 2822: 2757: 2611: 1775: 1107: 1084: 1068: 1045: 878: 731: 727: 711: 500: 490: 460: 206: 176: 156: 142: 2413: 1321:

possibly continued to honor their involvement in the Sicilian Expedition for centuries.

4977: 4773: 4719: 4707: 4492: 4462: 4221: 4160: 4096: 4089: 3894: 3889: 3600: 3553: 3471: 3416: 3144: 3050: 3013: 2860: 2722: 2556: 2266: 1339: 1314: 1246: 1238: 1185: 966: 913: 550: 540: 213: 183: 2403: 992:. Alcibiades agreed to return in his ship, but when they stopped in southern Italy at 923: 5205: 5121: 4962: 4832: 4806: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4411: 4346: 4226: 3548: 3543: 3516: 3444: 3341: 2875: 2797: 2710: 2546: 2526: 2489: 1234: 1206: 1134:. He marched towards Syracuse with 700 armed sailors, 1,000 hoplites from Himera and 861: 747: 129: 4867: 4557: 4551: 4457: 4452: 4391: 4272: 3627: 3501: 3476: 3428: 3421: 3346: 3261: 2897: 2832: 2690: 2628: 2551: 2509: 2304: 1274:, but other Syracusan cavalry and light troops continually harassed them. Near the 908: 832: 4792: 2270: 803:

At Athens, the Segestan ambassadors presented their case for intervention to the

27:

Athenian military expedition to Sicily during the Peloponnesian War (415–413 BCE)

5144: 5106: 4689: 4628: 4447: 4401: 4386: 4314: 4042: 3521: 3326: 3221: 3028: 2764: 2695: 2601: 2519: 2504: 2398: 2368:

Sparta's Sicilian proxy war: the grand strategy of classical Sparta, 418-413 B.C

1337:

In Athens, the citizens did not, at first, believe the defeat. Plutarch, in his

997: 882: 237: 4641: 4472: 4331: 4319: 4231: 3729: 3481: 3149: 3124: 3103: 3045: 2907: 2880: 2596: 2476: 2325: 1744: 1356:

When the magnitude of the disaster became evident, there was a general panic.

1301: 1143: 890: 735: 657: 641: 387: 5187: 5174: 1205:

Just as the Athenians were preparing to sail home, on August 28, there was a

4651: 4564: 3580: 3538: 3511: 3321: 3266: 3250: 3108: 2948: 2902: 2827: 2802: 2779: 2769: 2623: 2566: 2541: 1740: 1372: 1318: 1095:

and 600 Syracusans. In the attack, Diomilus and 300 of his men were killed.

738:

to Athens, as required by the treaty, and in return the Athenians had held

669: 4799: 4786: 4519: 3672: 3301: 3296: 3246: 3164: 3119: 3040: 2928: 2923: 2892: 2649: 2606: 2571: 2536: 2484: 1409: 1300:

Athenian leadership had not made a succession of bad tactical decisions.

1229:

from Corinth in the centre. Each side had about 100 ships participating.

1127: 1077: 1056: 886: 865: 816: 778: 751: 726:

In 415, Athens and Sparta had been formally at peace since 421, when the

703: 649: 276: 257: 232: 189: 5084: 4531: 4027: 3919: 3679: 3411: 3316: 3286: 3271: 3241: 3226: 3211: 3206: 3159: 3129: 2852: 2659: 2654: 2591: 2531: 2494: 1361: 1288: 1279: 1237:

and archers shot from each ship, but the Syracusans deflected Athenian

1176: 1135: 1073: 1012: 1008: 985: 970: 962: 958: 954: 949: 812: 808: 786: 782: 707: 692: 688: 633: 138: 885:

suggested that they ask for help from other Sicilian cities, and from

5135: 4780: 4601: 4396: 4140: 3585: 3491: 3336: 3291: 3236: 3201: 3196: 3180: 3154: 3098: 2943: 2870: 2774: 2747: 2742: 2732: 2680: 2581: 2514: 1357: 1349: 1139: 1131: 1049: 1016: 993: 854: 760: 684: 625: 613: 172: 151: 89: 2420: 1412:, resulting in the Athenians capturing Syracuse and raiding Sparta. 1249:

concluded that the Etruscans had "saved the day" for the Athenians.

395: 1000:, where he sought refuge in Sparta. Athens passed a death sentence 4001: 3496: 3486: 3331: 3311: 3256: 3216: 3190: 3134: 2633: 1328: 1287:

until all but the Athenians, Italians, and Sicilians were sold as

1271: 1260: 1196: 850: 739: 668: 93: 37:"Sicilian Campaign" redirects here. For World War II action, see 3093: 3082: 2752: 2737: 2717: 2618: 2499: 1360:

seemed free for the taking, as the Spartans were so close by in

976:

They had little luck finding allies along the coast of southern

379:

Entire expeditionary force killed, captured or sold into slavery

5037: 4196: 4129: 3998: 3381: 2983: 2462: 2424: 1106:

Both sides then began building a series of walls. The Athenian

742:. More recently, Athenian and Spartan troops had fought at the 399: 2727: 698:

In 427 BC, Athens had sent twenty ships, under the command of

68:

Destruction of the Athenian army at Syracuse, as drawn in 1900

1428: 1426: 1424: 648:

before the arrival of back-up in the form of Spartan general

2239:"The Iraq Expedition: Greek Drama About an American Tragedy" 1063:

Athens then sent for help from the Carthaginians and the

2392: 1747:, since neither of them could be sure exiling the other. 2127:

Philip Matyszak, Expedition to Disaster, p. 67; Kagan,

1617:

A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great

691:

city, while most of Athens's allies on the island were

1445: 1443: 1441: 1171:

eating. However, only seven Athenian ships were sunk.

815:

accompaniment, commanded by Nicias, Alcibiades, and

4953: 4895: 4698: 4682: 4430: 4300: 4255: 4214: 4207: 3932: 3738: 3705: 3698: 3636: 3437: 3394: 3081: 2994: 2916: 2851: 2788: 2673: 2642: 2475: 2272:

The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean

889:. He also wanted to meet the Athenian fleet in the 1091:, the cliff above Syracuse, which was defended by 785:—an Athenian ally in the 420s—went to war against 1619:(3 ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 483–85. 113:Athenian expeditionary force completely destroyed 1102:Map of the siege showing walls and counter-walls 1044:were elected and Hermocrates sent for help from 683:potentially dominate the island. Syracuse, like 2309:The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition 1979:The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition 1963:The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition 1737:The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition 1724:The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition 1711:The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition 1585:The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition 48: 2311:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 616:, which took place from 415–413 BC during the 2436: 1816: 1814: 1130:, responding to the call for help, landed at 1055:Meanwhile, diplomats from both camps went to 411: 8: 706:. That expedition, operating from a base at 5257:Wars involving city-states of Magna Graecia 1973: 1971: 1241:by covering their decks with animal hides. 944:The route the Athenian fleet took to Sicily 5034: 4978:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 4925:International Congress of Maritime Museums 4905:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 4211: 4204: 4193: 4126: 3995: 3702: 3391: 3378: 2991: 2980: 2472: 2459: 2443: 2429: 2421: 1343:, recounts how the news reached the city: 1333:Destruction of the Athenian army in Sicily 418: 404: 396: 62: 45: 4993:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 1402:'s short story "The Daimon" (featured in 702:, in response to an appeal for help from 2225: 2213: 2201: 2153: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1432: 1097: 939: 661:manpower rather than the loss of ships. 4963:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 1420: 1217:, while the Syracusan fleet was led by 957:(100 of which were from Athens), 5,100 763:, and a "war party" led by Alcibiades. 207: 177: 5232:Naval battles of the Peloponnesian War 4915:European Association of Archaeologists 2106: 2104: 1876: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1201:Retreat of the Athenians from Syracuse 4171:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 2189: 1615:Bury, J. B.; Meiggs, Russell (1956). 1610: 1608: 1606: 1581:The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War 1449: 1265:Map of Athenian retreat from Syracuse 1126:Soon after this, the Spartan general 961:(of which 2,200 were Athenians), 480 7: 1871:The History of the Peloponnesian War 687:and its Peloponnesian allies, was a 4910:Archaeological Institute of America 2275:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 948:The Athenian fleet first sailed to 5262:Battles involving ancient Syracuse 2348:. Pen & Sword Military, 2012. 1873:. pp. Book VI. Chapter XVIII. 32:Siege of Syracuse (disambiguation) 30:For other sieges of Syracuse, see 25: 4920:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 4310:Coastal defence and fortification 3685:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 2985:Navigation, and ports and harbors 969:, 120 other light troops, and 30 5247:Battles involving ancient Athens 5237:Battles of the Peloponnesian War 5154: 5020: 4945:Society for American Archaeology 4179: 4112: 3981: 3364: 2966: 2331:History of the Peloponnesian War 2179:NASA – Lunar Eclipses of History 1492:History of the Peloponnesian War 1032:Winter of 415 – spring of 414 BC 902:Three generals, three strategies 853:—the stone markers representing 673:Sicily and the Peloponnesian War 352:413 BC relief force from Greece: 212: 182: 4377:Phoenician discovery of America 1371:was overthrown in favour of an 996:, he escaped and sailed to the 746:in 418, with Athens supporting 4069:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 294:400 Sicilian mercenary cavalry 1: 4988:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 3663:Phoenician maritime expansion 2370:. New York: Encounter Books. 1764:. See also Diodorus Siculus, 362:413 BC Sicilian relief force: 4930:Nautical Archaeology Society 1633:, 476. See also Thucydides, 307:large number of light troops 4983:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 4360:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 4166:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 4023:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 2291:A History of Ancient Greece 18:Battle of Syracuse (415 BC) 5283: 5252:Military history of Sicily 4839:Phoenician Ship Expedition 3680:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 3673:Circumnavigation of Africa 1138:, 100+ cavalry, and 1,000 842: 767:Dispatch of the expedition 36: 29: 5152: 5044: 5033: 5018: 4365:Samothrace temple complex 4203: 4192: 4177: 4136: 4125: 4110: 4008: 3994: 3979: 3885: 3390: 3377: 3362: 2990: 2979: 2964: 2471: 2458: 1405:Atlantis and Other Places 1193:Second Battle of Syracuse 839:Destruction of the Hermai 437: 386: 373: 243: 166: 123: 107:Spartan/Syracusan victory 72: 61: 53: 39:Allied invasion of Sicily 5242:Battles involving Sparta 3653:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 2156:, pp. 115–116, 146. 1739:, 146–47. In 417 BC, an 1080:to command their fleet. 1023:First Battle of Syracuse 931:Course of the Expedition 333:Gylippus's relief force: 269:120 other light infantry 4935:RPM Nautical Foundation 4672:Surviving ancient ships 4591:Marsala Punic shipwreck 2142:The Sicilian Expedition 2129:The Sicilian Expedition 2116:The Sicilian Expedition 2096:The Sicilian Expedition 1257:Final Syracusan victory 1223:Agatharchus of Syracuse 984:The fleet proceeded to 845:Mutilation of the herms 612:military expedition to 4968:Giza Solar boat museum 4422:Underwater exploration 4417:Underwater archaeology 4382:Pre-Columbian theories 4237:John Sinclair Morrison 4198:Research and education 3648:Austronesian Expansion 2366:Rahe, Paul A. (2023). 2346:Expedition to Disaster 2167:Expedition to Disaster 2112:Expedition to Disaster 2092:Expedition to Disaster 1567:Expedition to Disaster 1554:Expedition to Disaster 1541:Expedition to Disaster 1521:Expedition to Disaster 1508:Expedition to Disaster 1354: 1334: 1266: 1202: 1165: 1103: 945: 674: 299:413 BC reinforcements: 283:414 BC reinforcements: 167:Commanders and leaders 5267:Amphibious operations 5039:Legend and literature 4997:Viking ship museums: 4973:Grand Egyptian Museum 4733:Austronesian replicas 4708:Heyerdahl expeditions 4618:Caligula's Giant Ship 4478:Dover Bronze Age Boat 3140:Berenice Troglodytica 2395:, by Jona Lendering: 2293:. McGraw-Hill, 1996. 2075:The Peloponnesian War 2058:The Peloponnesian War 2041:The Peloponnesian War 2024:The Peloponnesian War 2008:The Peloponnesian War 1992:The Peloponnesian War 1947:The Peloponnesian War 1931:The Peloponnesian War 1915:The Peloponnesian War 1899:The Peloponnesian War 1854:The Peloponnesian War 1838:The Peloponnesian War 1822:The Peloponnesian War 1804:The Peloponnesian War 1788:The Peloponnesian War 1758:The Peloponnesian War 1696:The Peloponnesian War 1680:The Peloponnesian War 1651:The Peloponnesian War 1635:The Peloponnesian War 1474:The Peloponnesian War 1345: 1332: 1295:Causes of the failure 1264: 1200: 1101: 943: 869:the votes were cast. 672: 374:Casualties and losses 328:At least 100 triremes 4940:Sea Research Society 4342:Maritime archaeology 4151:Ameinias the Phocian 4146:Mediterranean piracy 1883:: CS1 maint: year ( 1583:, 154–54 and Kagan, 1394:The Last of the Wine 1166:Demosthenes' arrival 1122:Spartan intervention 990:Eleusinian Mysteries 873:Reaction in Syracuse 756:Peloponnesian League 344:1,000 Sicel warriors 322:5,000–6,000 hoplites 288:250 Athenian cavalry 251:Original expedition: 148:Peloponnesian League 5188:37.0833°N 15.2833°E 5184: / 4033:Maritime Jade Route 3186:Kaveri Poompattinam 2409:Sicilian expedition 2228:, pp. 146–147. 2192:, pp. 326–327. 2094:, pp 63–64; Kagan, 1869:Thucydides (n.d.). 1598:The Archidamian War 1435:, pp. 115–116. 1381:Battle of Cynossema 772:Appeal from Segesta 606:Sicilian Expedition 546:Sicilian Expedition 49:Sicilian Expedition 4581:Bajo de la Campana 4283:Peter Throckmorton 4268:Jean-Yves Empereur 4242:William L. Rodgers 4063:Maritime Silk Road 1774:2016-03-03 at the 1667:The Ancient Greeks 1631:The Ancient Greeks 1387:In popular culture 1369:Athenian democracy 1335: 1267: 1203: 1104: 946: 744:Battle of Mantinea 675: 291:30 mounted archers 5227:410s BC conflicts 5167: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5029: 5028: 5016: 5015: 4636:Madrague de Giens 4355:Temple of Isthmia 4351:Maritime temples 4337:Marine navigation 4296: 4295: 4288:Shelley Wachsmann 4278:J. Richard Steffy 4188: 4187: 4121: 4120: 3990: 3989: 3977: 3976: 3928: 3927: 3658:Ocean exploration 3373: 3372: 3360: 3359: 3019:Rutter (nautical) 2975: 2974: 2962: 2961: 2818:Mortise and tenon 2452:Ancient seafaring 2414:Siege of Syracuse 2354:978-1-84884-887-0 2344:Philip Matyszak, 2337:Marie Durnerin, " 2282:978-0-19-532334-4 2165:Philip Matyszak, 2110:Philip Matyszak, 2090:Philip Matyszak, 1565:Philip Matyszak, 1552:Philip Matyszak, 1539:Philip Matyszak, 1519:Philip Matyszak, 1506:Philip Matyszak, 1325:Athenian reaction 1225:on the wings and 678:Athens and Sicily 618:Peloponnesian War 599: 598: 429:Peloponnesian War 394: 393: 338:700 armed sailors 119: 118: 56:Peloponnesian War 16:(Redirected from 5274: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5193:37.0833; 15.2833 5189: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5158: 5157: 5052:Ark of bulrushes 5035: 5024: 5023: 4662:Oldest surviving 4372:Nusantao network 4247:Chester G. Starr 4212: 4205: 4194: 4183: 4182: 4156:Cilician pirates 4127: 4116: 4115: 4053:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 4048:Iron Age Britain 3996: 3985: 3984: 3703: 3392: 3379: 3368: 3367: 3282:Ptolemais Theron 2992: 2981: 2970: 2969: 2562:Single-outrigger 2473: 2460: 2445: 2438: 2431: 2422: 2381: 2322: 2286: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2138: 2132: 2125: 2119: 2114:, p. 64; Kagan, 2108: 2099: 2088: 2082: 2071: 2065: 2054: 2048: 2037: 2031: 2020: 2014: 2004: 1998: 1988: 1982: 1975: 1966: 1959: 1953: 1943: 1937: 1927: 1921: 1911: 1905: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1874: 1866: 1860: 1850: 1844: 1834: 1828: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1794: 1784: 1778: 1754: 1748: 1733: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1707: 1701: 1692: 1686: 1676: 1670: 1663: 1657: 1647: 1641: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1612: 1601: 1594: 1588: 1576: 1570: 1563: 1557: 1550: 1544: 1537: 1524: 1517: 1511: 1504: 1498: 1488: 1477: 1470: 1453: 1447: 1436: 1430: 1400:Harry Turtledove 1235:Javelin throwers 936:Athenian landing 730:had brought the 722:State of the War 716:Congress of Gela 624:on one side and 432: 430: 420: 413: 406: 397: 260:(heavy infantry) 228: 216: 209: 198: 186: 179: 74: 73: 66: 46: 21: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5202: 5201: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5040: 5025: 5021: 5012: 4955: 4949: 4897: 4896:Institutes and 4891: 4846:Viking replicas 4787:Balangay Voyage 4700: 4694: 4678: 4433: 4426: 4302: 4292: 4251: 4199: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4132: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4004: 3986: 3982: 3973: 3924: 3881: 3734: 3694: 3639: 3632: 3433: 3386: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3232:Mueang Phra Rot 3086: 3077: 2986: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2912: 2886:Triangular sail 2847: 2784: 2758:Sail components 2669: 2638: 2612:Tessarakonteres 2467: 2454: 2449: 2388: 2378: 2365: 2362: 2360:Further reading 2319: 2303: 2283: 2267:Abulafia, David 2265: 2262: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2173: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2139: 2135: 2126: 2122: 2109: 2102: 2089: 2085: 2072: 2068: 2055: 2051: 2038: 2034: 2021: 2017: 2005: 2001: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1969: 1960: 1956: 1944: 1940: 1928: 1924: 1912: 1908: 1896: 1892: 1875: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1851: 1847: 1835: 1831: 1819: 1812: 1801: 1797: 1785: 1781: 1776:Wayback Machine 1755: 1751: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1717: 1708: 1704: 1693: 1689: 1677: 1673: 1664: 1660: 1648: 1644: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1591: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1560: 1551: 1547: 1538: 1527: 1518: 1514: 1505: 1501: 1489: 1480: 1471: 1456: 1448: 1439: 1431: 1422: 1418: 1389: 1367:In 411 BC, the 1327: 1315:Spurinna family 1310: 1297: 1259: 1239:grappling hooks 1195: 1168: 1124: 1108:circumvallation 1069:Etruscan cities 1034: 1025: 938: 933: 904: 877:Many people in 875: 847: 841: 801: 774: 769: 732:Archidamian War 728:Peace of Nicias 724: 712:Battle of Pylos 680: 667: 602: 601: 600: 595: 433: 428: 426: 424: 236: 224: 218: 201: 194: 188: 159: 155: 141: 137: 110: 96: 67: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5280: 5278: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5204: 5203: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5088: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5054: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4829: 4821:Mediterranean 4819: 4818: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4774:Alingano Maisu 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4717: 4704: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4623:De Meern ships 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4493:Cape Gelidonya 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4438: 4436: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4317: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4256:Archaeologists 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4222:David Blackman 4218: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4161:Jewish pirates 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4005: 3999: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3847:Lake Trasimene 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3748:Mediterranean: 3744: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3051:Maritime pilot 3048: 3038: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3021: 3016: 3014:Portolan chart 3011: 3006: 3000: 2998: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2587:Oared warships 2584: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2399:Ancient Sicily 2387: 2386:External links 2384: 2383: 2382: 2376: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2342: 2335: 2323: 2317: 2301: 2289:Nancy Demand, 2287: 2281: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2255: 2230: 2218: 2216:, p. 146. 2206: 2204:, p. 115. 2194: 2182: 2171: 2158: 2146: 2133: 2120: 2100: 2083: 2066: 2049: 2032: 2015: 1999: 1983: 1967: 1954: 1938: 1922: 1906: 1890: 1861: 1845: 1829: 1810: 1795: 1779: 1749: 1728: 1715: 1702: 1687: 1671: 1658: 1642: 1622: 1602: 1589: 1571: 1558: 1545: 1525: 1512: 1499: 1478: 1454: 1452:, p. 249. 1437: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1388: 1385: 1340:Life of Nicias 1326: 1323: 1309: 1306: 1296: 1293: 1258: 1255: 1247:David Abulafia 1194: 1191: 1167: 1164: 1123: 1120: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1021: 937: 934: 932: 929: 914:The Acharnians 903: 900: 874: 871: 843:Main article: 840: 837: 800: 797: 773: 770: 768: 765: 723: 720: 679: 676: 666: 663: 597: 596: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 446: 438: 435: 434: 425: 423: 422: 415: 408: 400: 392: 391: 384: 383: 380: 376: 375: 371: 370: 369: 368: 367:2,300 soldiers 359: 358: 357:2,000 hoplites 349: 348: 345: 342: 341:1,000 hoplites 339: 330: 329: 326: 323: 313: 312: 311: 308: 305: 304:5,000 hoplites 296: 295: 292: 289: 280: 279: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 246: 245: 241: 240: 230: 169: 168: 164: 163: 145: 126: 125: 121: 120: 117: 116: 115: 114: 109: 108: 104: 102: 98: 97: 88: 86: 82: 81: 78: 70: 69: 59: 58: 51: 50: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5279: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5200: 5197: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5122:Metamorphoses 5119: 5117: 5115: 5114:The Histories 5111: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5092:The Histories 5089: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5036: 5032: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4894: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4807:Marumaru Atua 4804: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4767:Samudra Raksa 4764: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4753:Te Au o Tonga 4750: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4613:Blackfriars I 4611: 4609: 4608:Arles Rhône 3 4606: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4412:Thalassocracy 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4397:Shell middens 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4347:Naval warfare 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4299: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4227:Lionel Casson 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4191: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4128: 4124: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4058:Incense trade 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3962:South America 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3910:Sailing ships 3908: 3906: 3905:Oared vessels 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3827:Cape Hermaeum 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3638:Migration and 3635: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3445:Ancient Egypt 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438:Civilizations 3436: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2978: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2813:Clinker built 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2798:Boat building 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2547:Navis lusoria 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2377:9781641773379 2373: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2318:0-8014-1367-2 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305:Kagan, Donald 2302: 2300: 2299:0-07-016207-7 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2226:Abulafia 2011 2222: 2219: 2215: 2214:Abulafia 2011 2210: 2207: 2203: 2202:Abulafia 2011 2198: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2154:Abulafia 2011 2150: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1880: 1872: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433:Abulafia 2011 1429: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1331: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1207:lunar eclipse 1199: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1029: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 942: 935: 930: 928: 925: 924:show the flag 919: 916: 915: 910: 901: 899: 897: 892: 888: 884: 880: 872: 870: 867: 863: 858: 856: 852: 846: 838: 836: 834: 828: 824: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 798: 796: 793: 788: 784: 780: 771: 766: 764: 762: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 721: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 677: 671: 664: 662: 659: 653: 651: 647: 643: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 451: 447: 445: 444: 440: 439: 436: 431: 421: 416: 414: 409: 407: 402: 401: 398: 389: 385: 381: 378: 377: 372: 366: 365: 364: 363: 356: 355: 354: 353: 346: 343: 340: 337: 336: 335: 334: 327: 325:1,200 cavalry 324: 321: 320: 319: 318: 314: 309: 306: 303: 302: 301: 300: 293: 290: 287: 286: 285: 284: 278: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 255: 254: 253: 252: 248: 247: 242: 239: 234: 231: 229: 227: 221: 215: 210: 204: 199: 197: 191: 185: 180: 174: 171: 170: 165: 162: 158: 153: 149: 146: 144: 140: 135: 131: 130:Delian League 128: 127: 122: 112: 111: 106: 105: 103: 100: 99: 95: 91: 87: 84: 83: 79: 76: 75: 71: 65: 60: 57: 52: 47: 40: 33: 19: 5169: 5143: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5100:On the Ocean 5098: 5091: 5083: 5080:Literature: 4868: 4850: 4831: 4824: 4814:Aotearoa One 4812: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4699:Experimental 4667:Museum ships 4634: 4627: 4600: 4572:Phoenician: 4563: 4558:Leontophoros 4556: 4520:Butuan boats 4515:Pontian boat 4453:Dufuna canoe 4392:Shipbuilding 4303:and theories 4273:Boris Rankov 4067: 4000:Economy and 3900:Incendiaries 3786: 3747: 3534:Indus Valley 3502:Tarumanagara 3429:Ubaid period 3347:Wadi al-Jarf 3262:Ostia Antica 2866:Fore-and-aft 2833:Shipbuilding 2808:Carvel built 2790:Construction 2748:Steering oar 2629:Sailing ship 2552:Obelisk ship 2510:Dugout canoe 2367: 2345: 2329: 2308: 2290: 2271: 2247:. Retrieved 2245:. 2005-11-29 2242: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2174: 2166: 2161: 2149: 2141: 2136: 2128: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2074: 2073:Thucydides, 2069: 2057: 2056:Thucydides, 2052: 2040: 2039:Thucydides, 2035: 2023: 2022:Thucydides, 2018: 2007: 2006:Thucydides, 2002: 1991: 1990:Thucydides, 1986: 1978: 1962: 1957: 1946: 1945:Thucydides, 1941: 1930: 1929:Thucydides, 1925: 1914: 1913:Thucydides, 1909: 1898: 1897:Thucydides, 1893: 1870: 1864: 1853: 1852:Thucydides, 1848: 1837: 1836:Thucydides, 1832: 1821: 1820:Thucydides, 1803: 1802:Thucydides, 1798: 1787: 1786:Thucydides, 1782: 1765: 1757: 1756:Thucydides, 1752: 1736: 1731: 1723: 1718: 1710: 1705: 1695: 1694:Thucydides, 1690: 1679: 1678:Thucydides, 1674: 1666: 1661: 1650: 1649:Thucydides, 1645: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1616: 1597: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1566: 1561: 1553: 1548: 1540: 1520: 1515: 1507: 1502: 1491: 1473: 1472:Thucydides, 1403: 1398: 1390: 1366: 1355: 1346: 1338: 1336: 1311: 1298: 1285: 1268: 1251: 1243: 1231: 1211: 1204: 1182: 1173: 1169: 1160: 1148: 1125: 1112:"the Circle" 1111: 1105: 1082: 1062: 1054: 1035: 1026: 1006: 1001: 983: 975: 947: 920: 912: 909:Aristophanes 905: 876: 859: 848: 833:Donald Kagan 829: 825: 821: 802: 775: 725: 697: 681: 654: 638: 605: 603: 581:2nd Mytilene 545: 476:1st Mytilene 449: 442: 361: 360: 351: 350: 332: 331: 316: 315: 298: 297: 282: 281: 266:700 slingers 250: 249: 225: 195: 124:Belligerents 54:Part of the 5191: / 5107:Argonautica 5094:(Herodotus) 5057:Flood myths 4954:Museums and 4898:conferences 4863:Vital Alsar 4701:archaeology 4510:Austronesia 4503:Hjortspring 4498:Rochelongue 4448:Pesse canoe 4402:Ship burial 4387:Sea Peoples 4320:Lighthouses 4315:Grave goods 4263:George Bass 4043:Spice trade 3640:exploration 3462:Philippines 3457:Austronesia 3450:Old Kingdom 3327:Trincomalee 3277:Prosphorion 3222:Myos Hormos 3066:Micronesian 3057:By region: 3029:Lighthouses 2837:By region: 2602:Quinquereme 2527:Kunlun ship 2520:Penteconter 2505:Dragon boat 2404:Hermocrates 1490:Thucydides 1152:Demosthenes 1110:, known as 1002:in absentia 998:Peloponnese 896:Athenagoras 883:Hermocrates 591:Aegospotami 347:100 cavalry 310:73 triremes 263:480 archers 238:Hermocrates 203:Demosthenes 5206:Categories 5179:15°17′00″E 5176:37°05′00″N 5116:(Polybius) 4760:Hawaiʻiloa 4642:Nemi ships 4527:Black Sea‎ 4473:Khufu ship 4434:and relics 4332:Marine art 4325:Alexandria 4232:Fik Meijer 4215:Historians 4102:Indo-Roman 3915:Greek navy 3817:Salamis II 3807:Hellespont 3767:Artemisium 3757:Nile Delta 3720:Achaemenid 3613:Achaemenid 3482:Langkasuka 3477:Micronesia 3395:Prehistory 3322:Sounagoura 3150:Chittagong 3125:Barbarikon 3104:Alexandria 3046:Pilot boat 2996:Navigation 2828:Sewn-plank 2823:Lashed-lug 2701:Figurehead 2674:Components 2643:Propulsion 2597:Quadrireme 2578:Polyremes 2557:Outriggers 2326:Thucydides 2249:2023-06-21 2190:Kagan 1981 2144:, 233-236. 2131:, 229–230. 1745:Hyperbolus 1450:Kagan 1981 1302:J. B. Bury 1215:Euthydemus 1144:Erasinides 1038:Heraclides 891:Ionian Sea 811:, without 799:The debate 736:Amphipolis 665:Background 658:Thucydides 642:Alcibiades 521:Amphipolis 506:Sphacteria 388:Alcibiades 317:Initially: 272:30 cavalry 80:415–413 BC 5129:Geography 5067:Gilgamesh 4956:memorials 4880:Viracocha 4793:Faʻafaite 4746:Sarimanok 4652:Yassi Ada 4565:Syracusia 4488:Canaanite 4463:Moor Sand 3933:By region 3895:Grappling 3867:Naulochus 3857:Myonessus 3812:Echinades 3797:Arginusae 3792:Cynossema 3777:Naupactus 3772:Eurymedon 3606:Classical 3581:Phoenicia 3576:Mycenaean 3539:Tamilakam 3522:Polynesia 3512:Srivijaya 3307:Satingpra 3267:Palembang 3251:Cattigara 3193:(Kadaram) 3176:Jambukola 3170:Guangzhou 3111:(Podouke) 3109:Arikamedu 3071:Polynesia 3004:Celestial 2917:Armaments 2903:Spritsail 2861:Crab claw 2803:Careening 2770:Sternpost 2624:Reed boat 2567:Catamaran 2542:Multihull 1981:, 170–71. 1879:cite book 1741:ostracism 1669:, 476–78. 1587:, 159–60. 1569:, p. 116. 1556:, p. 111. 1373:oligarchy 1319:Tarquinia 1308:Aftermath 1280:Assinarus 1177:Boeotians 1156:Eurymedon 1065:Etruscans 586:Arginusae 561:Cynossema 466:Naupactus 456:Spartolos 220:Eurymedon 143:Etruscans 5145:Tākitimu 5048:Legend: 5006:Roskilde 4885:Tangaroa 4826:Olympias 4800:Gaualofa 4739:Hōkūleʻa 4714:Kon-Tiki 4547:Ashkelon 4483:Uluburun 4442:Earliest 4208:Scholars 4090:shipping 3890:Boarding 3802:Mytilene 3787:Syracuse 3752:Alashiya 3715:Egyptian 3699:Military 3690:Timeline 3668:Sardinia 3591:Carthage 3507:Kalingga 3467:Sa Huỳnh 3402:Timeline 3352:Zanzibar 3302:Sarapion 3297:Rhacotis 3227:Martaban 3172:(Canton) 3165:Godavaya 3160:Giao Chỉ 3130:Barygaza 3120:Avalites 3041:Piloting 2929:Catapult 2924:Ballista 2898:Mast-aft 2711:Planking 2650:Paddling 2607:Hexareme 2572:Trimaran 2537:Longship 2485:Balangay 2341:". 2019. 2307:(1981). 2269:(2011). 2243:HuffPost 2169:, p. 98. 1772:Archived 1543:, p. 96. 1523:, p. 73. 1510:, p. 70. 1410:Socrates 1128:Gylippus 1093:Diomilus 1089:Epipolae 1078:Gylippus 1057:Camarina 967:slingers 959:hoplites 955:triremes 887:Carthage 879:Syracuse 866:Mantinea 817:Lamachus 809:triremes 805:assembly 779:Leontini 752:Mantinea 704:Leontini 650:Gylippus 646:invested 630:Syracuse 620:between 610:Athenian 526:Mantinea 450:Potidaea 277:triremes 258:hoplites 244:Strength 233:Gylippus 190:Lamachus 161:Syracuse 150:(led by 132:(led by 85:Location 5085:Odyssey 5062:Genesis 4859:Others 4658:Lists: 4647:Marausa 4597:Roman: 4587:Punic: 4552:Kyrenia 4543:Greek: 4539:Marsala 4532:Sinop D 4407:Tacking 4141:History 4028:Meluhha 4018:Fishing 4013:Whaling 3920:Ramming 3842:Aegates 3837:Drepana 3832:Ecnomus 3762:Salamis 3750: 3740:Battles 3618:Nabatea 3601:Archaic 3571:Nuragic 3561:Somalia 3412:Oceania 3407:Britain 3384:History 3317:Socotra 3287:Qandala 3272:Piraeus 3242:Muziris 3212:Madurai 3207:Manthai 3145:Canopus 3115:Arsinoe 3087:harbors 3036:History 3024:Coastal 2954:Sambuca 2939:Dolphin 2853:Rigging 2665:Poling 2655:Sailing 2592:Trireme 2532:Liburna 2495:Coracle 2465:Vessels 2260:Sources 2140:Kagan, 1977:Kagan, 1961:Kagan, 1951:6.25–26 1935:6.20–24 1919:6.16–18 1903:6.10–14 1766:Library 1735:Kagan, 1722:Kagan, 1709:Kagan, 1596:Kagan, 1362:Decelea 1350:Archons 1276:Erineus 1219:Sicanus 1136:Selinus 1116:Tellias 1085:talents 1074:Decelea 1046:Corinth 1042:Sicanus 1013:Selinus 1009:Segesta 986:Catania 971:cavalry 963:archers 950:Corcyra 813:hoplite 792:talents 787:Selinus 783:Segesta 708:Rhegium 634:Corinth 608:was an 571:Cyzicus 556:Eretria 496:Idomene 486:Aetolia 481:Tanagra 471:Plataea 382:Unknown 226:† 211:) 205: ( 196:† 181:) 175: ( 157:Corinth 139:Segesta 5222:413 BC 5217:414 BC 5212:415 BC 5136:Aeneid 4852:Viking 4833:Regina 4602:Alkedo 4458:Abydos 4432:Wrecks 4301:Topics 4131:Piracy 4085:Greece 3945:Odisha 3877:Actium 3872:Mycale 3707:Navies 3596:Greece 3586:Olmecs 3554:Pandya 3529:Minoan 3492:Champa 3472:Lapita 3417:Remote 3337:Tyndis 3292:Quilon 3237:Muscat 3202:Lothal 3197:Korkai 3181:Jeddah 3155:Essina 3099:Adulis 3009:Charts 2944:Harpax 2934:Corvus 2908:Square 2876:Settee 2871:Lateen 2780:Tiller 2775:Strake 2743:Rudder 2733:Paddle 2681:Anchor 2660:Towing 2582:Bireme 2515:Galley 2490:Bangka 2393:Livius 2374: 2352: 2315: 2297: 2279: 2118:, 226. 2098:, 226. 1965:, 191. 1726:, 143. 1713:, 133. 1665:Fine, 1629:Fine, 1496:Book 7 1476:, 6.43 1377:Persia 1375:, and 1358:Attica 1289:slaves 1272:Anapus 1227:Pythen 1186:Attica 1140:Sicels 1132:Himera 1050:Sparta 1040:, and 1017:Sicels 994:Thurii 965:, 700 855:Hermes 851:hermai 761:Nicias 700:Laches 693:Ionian 689:Dorian 685:Sparta 626:Sparta 622:Athens 614:Sicily 576:Notium 566:Abydos 536:Orneae 531:Hysiae 516:Delium 511:Megara 443:Sybota 256:5,100 222: 192: 173:Nicias 152:Sparta 134:Athens 101:Result 90:Sicily 5072:Greek 4875:Abora 4869:Ivlia 4781:Saina 4725:Ra II 4683:Sites 4468:Dokos 4080:Egypt 4002:trade 3967:Rafts 3952:Japan 3940:India 3852:Chios 3822:Mylae 3782:Olpae 3730:Roman 3725:Greek 3623:Aksum 3549:Chera 3544:Chola 3517:Sunda 3497:Kutai 3487:Kedah 3332:Tulum 3312:Sidon 3257:Opone 3247:Óc Eo 3217:Malao 3191:Kedah 3135:Basra 3083:Ports 3061:Inuit 2881:Tanja 2841:Egypt 2691:Cabin 2634:Tomol 2477:Types 2391:From 1769:12.54 1684:4.1–9 1600:, 265 1416:Notes 978:Italy 862:Argos 748:Argos 740:Pylos 541:Melos 501:Pylos 491:Olpae 461:Rhium 94:Italy 5001:Oslo 4723:and 4629:Isis 4576:Gozo 4097:Rome 4075:Maya 3957:Rome 3862:Nile 3628:Rome 3566:Maya 3422:Near 3342:Tyre 3094:Aden 2893:Junk 2765:Stem 2753:Sail 2738:Rope 2723:Mast 2718:Keel 2706:Hull 2696:Deck 2619:Raft 2500:Dhow 2372:ISBN 2350:ISBN 2313:ISBN 2295:ISBN 2277:ISBN 2079:6.74 2062:6.43 2045:6.42 2028:6.49 2012:6.48 1996:6.47 1885:link 1842:6.46 1699:4.65 1655:3.86 1638:3.86 1221:and 1154:and 1048:and 864:and 632:and 604:The 551:Syme 275:134 77:Date 4038:Tin 3085:and 2949:Ram 2728:Oar 2686:Bow 1858:6.9 1826:6.8 1807:6.6 1792:5.4 1762:5.4 1317:of 208:POW 178:POW 5208:: 4721:Ra 4690:H3 4444:: 2328:, 2241:. 2103:^ 2077:, 2060:, 2043:, 2026:, 2010:, 1994:, 1970:^ 1949:, 1933:, 1917:, 1901:, 1881:}} 1877:{{ 1856:, 1840:, 1824:, 1813:^ 1790:, 1760:, 1682:, 1653:, 1605:^ 1528:^ 1494:, 1481:^ 1457:^ 1440:^ 1423:^ 1146:. 1118:. 911:' 750:, 628:, 92:, 3253:) 3249:( 2444:e 2437:t 2430:v 2380:. 2334:. 2321:. 2285:. 2252:. 2081:. 2064:. 2047:. 2030:. 1887:) 1640:. 419:e 412:t 405:v 235:, 217:, 200:, 187:, 154:) 136:) 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index