888:
assembled his army in a similar manner, with his professionally-trained heavy infantry of crossbowmen and spearmen in the front and in the second line respectively, and the lighter columns of
Ferghana mercenaries behind, with the Karluk Turks on the extreme far right and left flanks.The sequence of the first three days of the battle were similar to each other, with the Chinese attacking first from the front, with their archers and crossbowmen dealing substantial damage to the Arab archers with greater accuracy and ranged superiority in crossbows. The Arab archers had to retreat behind their spearmen and the Arab spearmen charged ahead, with the infantry lines colliding between the Tang and Abbasid spearmen. However, the Tang professional heavy infantry were better armoured and could sustain more injuries than their Arab counterparts, and managed to push the Arab infantry backwards despite being outnumbered. The Muslim general attempted to alleviate the pressure on his infantry by sending his heavy cavalry to attack the lighter column cavalry on the Chinese flanks. However, this attack failed to outflank Gao's units, but the Chinese general had to move his reserves into a fray. A similar sequence of events happened on the second and third days, but on the fourth day, the Karluk mercenaries betrayed the Chinese and attacked their flanks from the left and right while the Arab infantry made a frontal assault.
1012:
740:
913:
4631:
1447:, which participated in the battle earlier, in fact joined among the central Asian auxiliaries with the Chinese army under a summons and entered Gansu during the An Lushan Rebellion in 756. Bai also noted that neither did the relations between the Chinese and Arabs worsen, as the Abbasids continued to send embassies to China after the battle without interruption. Such visits had overall resulted in 13 diplomatic gifts between 752 and 798.
643:
585:
6614:
1115:
66:
6624:
854:
1259:
865:
The numeric quantities of the combatants involved in the battle of Talas are not known with certainty. The
Abbasid army consisted of 200,000 soldiers according to Chinese estimates, which included contingents from their Tibetan ally. On the opposite side, Arab records put the combined Chinese forces
887:
In July 751, the Muslim forces, including the Karluk mercenaries faced with the Tang forces on the banks of the Talas River. The Muslim
General had assembled his troops in a standard formation, with his archers in the front, the spearmen behind them and heavy cavalry with his guard. Gao Xianzhi had
1249:
during the 12th century. The Kara-Khitans also reintroduced the
Chinese system of Imperial government, since China was still held in respect and esteem in the region among even the Muslim population, and the Kara-Khitans used Chinese as an official language. The Kara-Khitan rulers were called "the
999:
gave the Arabs the opportunity to further expand into central Asia as
Tibetans took over the region between the Arabs and China and Tang influence in the region retreated. The An Lushan rebellion broke out in 755 and lasted until 763, forcing the Tang army to retreat from the northwestern frontier
891:
The Tang army was subjected to a devastating defeat, owing to the defection of the Karluk mercenaries and the retreat of
Ferghana allies who originally supported the Chinese. The Karluk mercenaries, two-thirds of the Tang army, defected to the Abbasids during the battle; Karluk troops attacked the
1454:
came to the conclusion that other than the transfer of paper, there is no evidence to support a geopolitical or demographic change resulting from this battle. In fact, it seems that Tang influence over central Asia even strengthened after 751 and that by 755, Tang power in central Asia was at its
1332:
were practiced by
Chinese prisoners of war while living on territory controlled by the Abbasids. It may have been a convention to reference Chinese craftsmen, who had long been esteemed in Islamic lands, and Chinese paper remained a prized product for centuries. According to Al-Nadim, a writer in
967:
ended the Tang presence in central Asia and forced them to withdraw from the northwestern frontier; because the Arabs did not advance any further after the battle, Talas was of no strategic importance. After the battle, a small number of
Karluks converted to Islam. However, the majority would not
1050:
who had defected to the Tang court turned the Tang emperors into his puppets and completed the destruction of Chang'an by dismantling Chang'an and transporting the materials east to
Luoyang when he forced the court to move the capital. Zhu Wen deposed the last Tang Emperor in 907 and founded
1011:
753:
In 715, the Tang emperor declined the demand of the Türgesh tribe leader Suluk to be recognized as Khagan, instead offering him the rank of duke within the Tang military. In response, Suluk invaded the Tarim Basin along with the
Tibetans, but they were driven out by the cavalry of
758:. Suluk and his soldiers regularly challenged Umayyad–Tang control of the oasis towns. Before Suluk's death, his soldiers were defeated by the Tang in 736 and by the Caliphate in 737. At the same time, Türgesh tribes established metal industries in Tang-controlled
947:
took 5,000 Chinese prisoners and confiscated possessions from the Tang military camp. According to Al-Maqdisi, Abu Muslim prepared his forces and equipment to invade more Tang controlled territory. However, he was first presented with a letter from the caliph
884:(1231) suggests 50,000 deaths and 20,000 prisoners. Gao Xianzhi's official position was that of the Anxi Jiedu envoy, The total number of Tang troops in the jurisdiction was 24,000 and was stationed in the four countries of Qiuzi, Yanqi, Khotan, and Shule.
1033:
rebellion (874–884) that permanently destroyed the power of the Tang dynasty since Huang not only devastated the north but marched into southern China which An Lushan failed to do due to the Battle of Suiyang. Huang's army in southern China committed the
513:. According to Chinese sources, it was initially marked by several days of military stalemate before the balance of power was decisively tipped in the Abbasids' favour due to the defection of a Tang-allied mercenary column, consisting of some 20,000
817:. Abu Muslim had raised an army that included Muslims and non-Muslims, which he dispatched westwards to take control over Umayyad territory. The Tang general and the Abbasid general would eventually meet in 750 when the kings of the Silk Road towns
1212:
Following the An Lushan rebellion, the diplomatic exchange between Buddhist Indian kingdoms and the Tang dynasty all but ceased. Prior to the An Lushan rebellion, between 640 and 750 diplomatic envoys from Indian kingdoms, often accompanied by
1042:, and captured both Tang dynasty capitals, Luoyang and Chang'an. A medieval Chinese source claimed that Huang Chao killed 8 million people. Even though Huang Chao was eventually defeated, the Tang Emperors lost all their power to regional
1320:
while Islamic papers were mostly made of rag fibers. Bloom suggests that papermakers were already active in Central Asia for quite some time and had learned to use rag fibers rather than bast fibers as their primary papermaking material.
1308:. One such letter was a communication with Samarkand. According to Jonathan Bloom, paper was used in Samarkand, and probably produced there, several decades before the battle. Several paper documents have also been discovered near
900:. Out of an estimated 10,000 Tang troops, only 2,000 managed to return from Talas to their territory in central Asia. Despite losing the battle, Li did inflict heavy losses on the pursuing Arab army after being reproached by
1365:, according to whom: "The earlier Arab historians, occupied with the narrative of events then taking place in western Asia, do not mention this battle; but it is undoubtedly of great importance in the history of Western
836:
escaped from Tashkent to Samarkand, where he gathered troops and marched eastwards to confront the Tang army. In Fergana, the Tang general Gao Xianzhi raised an army by recruiting Karluk Turks. During the reign of
307:
1395:
which ended Chinese supremacy in central Asia, since the destruction of the Western Khaganate rid the Muslims of their greatest opponent, and it was not the Battle of Talas which ended the Chinese presence.
1086:
and the Abbasid engaged the Tibetan army on the western Tibetan frontier with the Arabs. At the same time, the Uighurs fought the Tibetans along the Silk Road. The Karluks expanded their settlements around
739:
2733:
1372:
The Tang loss of 8,000 troops can be compared to a total strength of more than 500,000 on the eve of the An Lushan rebellion. According to Bartold, during the first three centuries of Islam,
1284:. They engaged in the craft of papermaking while living on land occupied by the Abbasids following Talas. However, this account is unlikely to be factual. Paper was already in use throughout
1455:
zenith. Several of the factors after the battle had been taken note of prior to 751. Firstly, the Karluks never in any sense remained opposed to the Chinese after the battle. In 753, the
1205:. Muslim influence along these central Asian trade routes had started in the 8th century, one key event being the battle of Talas. Prior to Talas, Buddhists controlled much of the roads.
300:
544:
was able to spread without opposition from Tang China, which redeployed all available military forces back into China's interior in order to suppress the rebellion. By 821 though the
831:
221:
2669:
532:, who arrived on 7 December 752 to ask for the restoration of diplomatic relations. In response, the Tang emperor forgave the Abbasids' provocation, but continued to expand into
892:
Tang army from close quarters while the main Abbasid forces attacked from the front. The Tang troops were unable to hold their positions, and the commander of the Tang forces,
293:
1380:—which was brought down to 915. Neither Tabari nor the early historical works of the Arabs make any mention of this; however, Athir's statement is confirmed by the Chinese
4367:
3200:
2134:
845:
of Kashmir that acknowledged the Tang as suzerain or their vassal lord, supported the Chinese against the Tibetans. Kashmir participated in the battle to aid the Tang.
6663:
5005:
4232:
4516:
4362:
825:
sought the support of their imperial overlords in a battle of dominance. Gao Xianzhi conquered the Abbasid-controlled Tashkent after a siege. The Abbasid general
696:
started to lead the Umayyad army on campaigns to conquer towns across along the Silk Road, exploiting Türgesh infighting. The caliphate conquered the oasis towns
1328:, who was captured by the Abbasid army at the battle of Talas and upon his return to China published his travel writings, documented that Chinese crafts such as
6668:
4473:
4414:
4242:
6524:
4672:
1324:
No historic Chinese source records this transfer of technology through prisoners of war and no contemporary Arabic accounts of the transfer of paper exist.
1000:
after enjoying around a century of sovereignty. This effectively ended the Tang presence in central Asia. In 756 Al-Mansur sent 3,000 mercenaries to assist
6658:
4930:
4161:
5648:
4583:
4237:
1431:
re-established its vassal status in 753, when the Tang bestowed a title to its ruler. Bai also maintains that the Chinese influence to the west of the
5026:
4419:
1513:
1133:'s existence. Maritime and overland trade routes were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".
857:
Modern view of Talas River, which starts in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan and winds down into Kazakhstan. On the right side of the river is the city of
3088:
5735:
4854:
4849:
4660:
4541:
1004:
in the An Lushan rebellion. A massacre of foreign Arab and Persian Muslim merchants by Tian Shengong happened during the An Lushan rebellion in the
1025:
The Tang dynasty recovered its power decades after the An Lushan rebellion and was still able to launch offensive conquests and campaigns like its
6683:
6673:
4859:
4832:
4511:
4275:
3783:
3679:
4950:
4546:
3193:
1056:
3137:
3102:
3078:
3060:
3042:
2996:
2700:
2663:
2626:
2601:
2492:
2455:
2407:
2357:
2169:
2144:
2117:
1994:
1882:
1857:
1830:
1802:
1777:
1749:
1724:
1699:
1674:
1612:
4806:
4791:
4778:
4743:
4706:
4650:
4630:
3371:
1233:
and spreading on to Japan and Korea. The Battle of Talas did not mark the end of Buddhism or Chinese influence in the region. The Buddhist
2643:
1982:
1217:, had regularly visited the Tang court. Chinese Buddhism developed into an independent religion with distinct spiritual elements, such as
2363:
2413:
2324:
2290:
2271:
1038:
against foreign Arab and Persian Muslim, Zoroastrian, Jewish and Christian merchants in 878–879 at the seaport and trading entrepôt of
4811:
4424:
3393:
2237:
2220:
2203:
1118:
3497:
728:; 10,000 Tang soldiers reinstated Ikhshid as Fergana's king. In 717, Arab Umayyad soldiers, assisted by the Tibetan Empire, besieged
6509:
6504:
4466:
3186:
3022:
2978:
2944:
2804:
1919:
1649:
3333:
6519:
6514:
4801:
1316:. They were either local or came from Buddhist monks active in the region. By the 8th century, Chinese paper was mostly made of
5823:
4608:
4556:
4551:
3589:
1488:
1443:
again sent petitions to the Tang to attack the Arabs and the Tang continued to turn down such requests as it did for decades.
4716:
4667:
2519:
2318:
1313:
557:
468:
355:
317:
57:
2757:
1369:
as it determined the question which of the two civilizations, the Chinese or the Muslim, should predominate in the land ."
6648:
6438:
5629:
4869:
4566:
4404:
4039:
1493:
5308:
4955:
4492:
4459:
3318:
1373:
1052:
4588:
3149:
6089:
5617:
4751:
4561:
4501:
4409:
3323:
1415:. According to Bai, Chinese expansion in central Asia did not halt after the battle of Talas. The Chinese commander
708:
began uniting the infighting Türgesh tribes. The Muslim, Tibetan and Tang armies would have two encounters. In 715,
6385:
6306:
5188:
4827:
4731:
4726:
4180:
3599:
1508:
802:
689:
517:, who originally made of two-thirds of the Tang army, and subsequently played a vital role in routing the Chinese.
866:
at 100,000. But Chinese sources record a combined army of 10,000 Tang infantry and 20,000 Karluk mercenaries. The
564:
conquered the region. The Abbasids placed great value on controlling this area as it was a strategic point on the
4937:
3594:
1066:
The Tibetan Empire began attacking China, during a period where the Tibetan army also conquered territory in the
705:
337:
4536:
2051:
Tor, D. G. (2009). "The Islamization of Central Asia in the Sāmānid Era and the Reshaping of the Muslim World".
5987:
5917:
5696:
5369:
5096:
4909:
3965:
3961:
3839:
1392:
1001:
969:
725:
387:
912:
6653:
6499:
6433:
6390:
5339:
5158:
4767:
1459:
submitted under the column of Cheng Qianli and captured A-Busi, a Chinese mercenary who had defected to the
1005:
896:, recognized that defeat was imminent and managed to escape with some of his Tang regulars with the help of
6413:
5775:
4837:
4701:
4687:
3918:
3614:
3092:
1498:
1230:
1206:
5345:
4521:
2107:
6332:
6057:
5942:
5319:
5083:
4982:
4977:
4786:
3923:
3913:
3328:
1435:
certainly did not cease as the result of the battle. Central Asian states under Muslim control, such as
1288:
by the 8th century; paper fragments dating to the 4th and 5th centuries have been found in the areas of
880:
838:
417:
341:
3584:
1277:
6201:
4844:
4696:
4620:
4506:
2575:
1361:
Among the earliest historians who proclaimed the importance of this battle was the Russian historian
983:, sent his diplomatic delegations regularly to China. Al-Mansur's delegations were known in China as
826:
743:
733:
436:
411:
374:
216:
4526:
2511:
Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts
878:(945) counted 20,000 deaths in this battle. The earliest Arabic account for the battle, itself from
6536:
5816:
5634:
5592:
4972:
4944:
4578:
3604:
1478:
1403:
wrote that, at the same time that Talas took place, the Tang also sent an army from Shibao city in
1246:
1234:
1226:
992:
973:
964:
537:
423:
345:
4531:
6196:
6052:
6042:
5754:
5062:
4967:
4598:
4434:
3730:
3465:
3289:
2076:
2033:
1503:
1349:
in 794–795 that paper was manufactured throughout the Islamic world and paper started to replace
1218:
1035:
798:
693:
368:
6564:
3695:
3132:, Qiraat, vol. 8, Riyadh: King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies, p. 11,
2937:
Anxi and Beiting Protectorates: A Research on Frontier Policy in Tang Dynasty's Western Boundary
1912:
Anxi and Beiting Protectorates: A Research on Frontier Policy in Tang Dynasty's Western Boundary
872:(801), the earliest narrative for battle itself by either side, suggests 30,000 deaths, and the
6627:
6109:
6094:
5952:
5843:
5548:
5525:
5513:
5387:
5047:
4864:
4796:
4613:
3745:
3705:
3672:
3246:
3209:
3133:
3098:
3074:
3056:
3038:
3018:
2992:
2974:
2940:
2800:
2772:
2696:
2659:
2622:
2597:
2515:
2509:
2488:
2451:
2403:
2384:
2353:
2347:
2314:
2165:
2140:
2113:
2068:
2025:
1990:
1915:
1878:
1853:
1826:
1798:
1773:
1745:
1720:
1695:
1670:
1645:
1608:
1440:
1338:
1122:
1111:. Arab sources record that in the 10th century Aksu and Fergana had markets for arms traders.
814:
810:
601:
494:
399:
167:
139:
2783:
2655:
2514:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. V:4. Cambridge University Press. p. 416.
2434:
2397:
2308:
2287:
2268:
1280:, Chinese prisoners captured at the Battle of Talas in 751 introduced paper manufacturing to
6589:
6448:
6286:
6064:
5857:
5581:
5483:
5409:
5013:
4923:
4893:
4645:
4593:
4339:
4049:
3935:
3854:
3803:
3507:
2651:
2448:
The New Silk Road leads through the Arab Peninsula: Mastering Global Business and Innovation
2060:
1439:, continued to request aid from the Tang against the Arabs and in 754, all nine kingdoms of
1297:
1242:
1026:
979:
Caliph Al-Saffah died in 754. Chinese sources record that his successor, the Abbasid caliph
932:
874:
794:
405:
770:, were producers and exporters of iron weapons to the Tibetan Empire and the Tang dynasty.
642:
6599:
6483:
6468:
6423:
6342:
6296:
6266:
6206:
6191:
6032:
5972:
5922:
5870:
5785:
5780:
4429:
3725:
3715:
3710:
3502:
3448:
3435:
3361:
3108:
2761:
2294:
2275:
1432:
1182:
1079:
1071:
842:
778:
541:
481:
442:
188:
3930:
3097:, Washington, D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institute, pp. 221–227,
1849:
Wisdom Embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist Sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
584:
6617:
6574:
6261:
6226:
6074:
6002:
5977:
5912:
5809:
5728:
5622:
5556:
5495:
5152:
5122:
5116:
4756:
4319:
4283:
4166:
4089:
4069:
4002:
3735:
3619:
3538:
3528:
3492:
3475:
3443:
3398:
3032:
1717:
Sui–Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800
1692:
Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800
1483:
1416:
1362:
759:
704:, expanding the border of their empire eastwards. At the same time, the Türgesh khagan
685:
673:
549:
498:
349:
172:
110:
90:
80:
3178:
6642:
6463:
6453:
6370:
6256:
6246:
6216:
6181:
6144:
6079:
6047:
6012:
5708:
5677:
5663:
5656:
5562:
5531:
5489:
5447:
5176:
5134:
4329:
4314:
4222:
4151:
4136:
4079:
4059:
4027:
3849:
3798:
3761:
3720:
3480:
3460:
1456:
1451:
1264:
1238:
1130:
1099:. Iron weapons continued to be exported to Tibet and China on the Silk Roads between
654:
521:
393:
6678:
6579:
6478:
6395:
6352:
6251:
6161:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6069:
6037:
6017:
5992:
5573:
5260:
5248:
5236:
5146:
5076:
5070:
5040:
4917:
4761:
4482:
4324:
4074:
3898:
3859:
3834:
3793:
3700:
3383:
2815:
Quraishi, Silim "A survey of the development of papermaking in Islamic Countries",
2016:
Donvito, Filippo (2015). "Treacherous auxiliaries: The Battle of the River Talas".
1377:
1329:
1285:
1083:
928:
658:
596:
The exact location of the battle has not been confirmed but is believed to be near
545:
533:
502:
183:
71:
3388:
3053:
Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia
2594:
Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400
1823:
Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400
1114:
1078:
in the latter half of the 8th century. It was only under the fifth Abbasid caliph
2754:
2253:
2186:
1847:
1262:
The oldest printed book in the world to be reliably dated, a Chinese copy of the
943:, one of the few Arabic sources on the battle that has survived, Abbasid general
6594:
6559:
6554:
6473:
6443:
6236:
6221:
6166:
6156:
6139:
6119:
6104:
6084:
5997:
5947:
5847:
5790:
5689:
5671:
5600:
5471:
5453:
5302:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5140:
5128:
5104:
4903:
4721:
4677:
4655:
4372:
3740:
3579:
3559:
3533:
3470:
3251:
2258:. Directorate of Libraries, Research, Museums and Archaeology. 1976. p. 46.
1420:
1388:
1178:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1126:
1108:
1096:
1075:
956:. After the Battle of Talas, the Arabs coerced the Chinese army to evacuate the
901:
893:
774:
755:
681:
589:
569:
561:
529:
506:
285:
244:
234:
2162:
Islamic Cultures, Islamic Contexts: Essays in Honor of Professor Patricia Crone
2160:
Ahmed, Asad Q.; Sadeghi, Behnam; Hoyland, Robert G.; Silverstein, Adam (2014).
1423:
through Wang Zhengjian, virtually swept across the Kashmir region and captured
676:
tribal confederation plunged into chaos in the latter half of the 7th century.
6531:
6458:
6380:
6337:
6311:
6301:
6231:
6211:
6186:
6151:
6114:
6027:
6007:
5749:
5716:
5477:
5459:
5357:
5206:
5110:
4960:
4334:
4307:
4096:
3903:
3893:
3829:
3808:
3788:
3662:
3574:
3543:
3485:
3294:
3258:
2064:
1400:
1342:
1317:
1202:
1138:
1067:
1030:
996:
944:
940:
917:
786:
677:
669:
631:
609:
605:
553:
211:
65:
3164:
3151:
2072:
2029:
6569:
6327:
6291:
6271:
6241:
6176:
6171:
6022:
5363:
5327:
5296:
5242:
4302:
4084:
4064:
4054:
4007:
3844:
3455:
3366:
3313:
3301:
2053:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1604:
1436:
1366:
1309:
1281:
1166:
1104:
1088:
1039:
980:
949:
767:
747:
729:
701:
665:
573:
565:
510:
505:
in 751 AD. In July of that year, the Tang and Abbasid armies clashed at the
206:
1376:
was the chief source—which has survived to the present in a compilation by
540:
took place in 755 within China, and Arab influence and control west of the
3127:
1601:
The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State
1074:
from Indian kingdoms and assisted the establishment of the eastern Indian
762:, an area that was also home to important centres of iron production. The
692:
and the oasis towns became a major source of income for the Tang. In 705,
6584:
6428:
6418:
6375:
6099:
5519:
5465:
5435:
5381:
5333:
5266:
5230:
5224:
5194:
4711:
4297:
4201:
4022:
3997:
3908:
3667:
3564:
3512:
3351:
1444:
1428:
1301:
1293:
1269:
1170:
1162:
1142:
953:
868:
822:
818:
623:
568:; Chinese prisoners captured at Talas in 751 are said to have introduced
3015:
Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World
2446:
Visvizi, Anna; Lytras, Miltiadis D.; Alhalabi, Wadee; Zhang, Xi (2019).
2080:
2037:
1258:
1197:
region. From there present day India could be reached on a road through
952:, in which he was informed that his services were needed as governor of
853:
6347:
5892:
5886:
5770:
5743:
5722:
5537:
5429:
5423:
5375:
5351:
5170:
5034:
4998:
4682:
4603:
4227:
4156:
3824:
3657:
3569:
3378:
3356:
1875:
In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire
1534:
1460:
1412:
1404:
1350:
1346:
1334:
1325:
1214:
1194:
1092:
1047:
897:
763:
717:
713:
697:
627:
514:
239:
4451:
3091:, in Krahl, Regina; Guy, John; Wilson, J. Keith; Raby, Julian (eds.),
1082:
that a formal military alliance was established between the Tang, the
548:
had lost direct control over their Central Asian territories, and the
5586:
5501:
5417:
5218:
5212:
5164:
5019:
4898:
4357:
4206:
4175:
3609:
1473:
1424:
1305:
1289:
1198:
1174:
957:
782:
709:
525:
1770:
Warriors of the Himalayas: Rediscovering the Arms and Armor of Tibet
976:. This occurred well after Tang dynasty was gone from central Asia.
2729:
2508:
Needham, Joseph; Ho, Ping-Yu; Lu, Gwei-Djen; Sivin, Nathan (1980).
556:
rose to power in the region in 977. The gains brought about by the
6362:
6281:
6276:
5982:
5832:
5507:
5441:
5272:
5254:
5200:
5182:
5055:
4287:
4196:
4170:
4146:
4141:
4101:
4044:
4032:
4017:
4012:
3635:
3402:
2136:
Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets: the headgear in Iranian history
1463:
chief earlier in 743, receiving his title in court on 22 October.
1408:
1257:
1190:
1186:
1150:
1113:
1010:
911:
858:
852:
738:
732:
in the Tarim Basin, but were defeated by the Tang military in the
641:
597:
583:
524:
as the end of the Tang dynasty's westward expansion. However, the
135:
100:
2973:] (in Chinese), vol. 2, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company,
2205:
The Wonderful Miracles of Sufi Saints of Kashmir: Majmmoa Masmooa
1245:
in 1141, conquering a large part of central Asia from the Karluk
4292:
1100:
806:
790:
721:
5805:
4455:
4393:
4263:
4118:
3986:
3224:
3182:
2693:
Religions of the Silk Road: Premodern Patterns of Globalization
805:
was proclaimed the first Abbasid caliph in the great mosque of
766:, a federation of three Türgesh tribes with settlements around
289:
1312:
at Mount Mugh, a mountain stronghold, that likely predate the
1222:
1391:
said that it was interference in the internal affairs of the
3007:
The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors
716:
with the help of Umayyad and Tibetan soldiers. The deposed
1337:
during the 10th century, Chinese craftsmen made paper in
5801:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
777:, who had successfully fought the Tibetan empire in the
5683:
The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities
3037:(2nd ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press,
1300:
between the 4th and 6th centuries have been found in
475:
1964:
1962:
1063:
warlords declared their own dynasties and kingdoms.
488:
6547:
6492:
6404:
6361:
6320:
5965:
5935:
5905:
5879:
5856:
5763:
5647:
5610:
5572:
5547:
5408:
5401:
5318:
5095:
4991:
4886:
4820:
4777:
4742:
4638:
4490:
4350:
4274:
4215:
4189:
4129:
3950:
3886:
3872:
3817:
3776:
3758:
3688:
3650:
3632:
3552:
3521:
3434:
3417:
3344:
3282:
3267:
3235:
2133:Karamian, Gholamreza; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna (2017).
1091:, and also settled westwards in Abbasid-controlled
991:). Shortly after the battle of Talas, the domestic
797:, and went on to lead what has become known as the
2939:. Heilongjiang Education Press. pp. 260–281.
1914:. Heilongjiang Education Press. pp. 256–257.
916:Two armoured horsemen from the Karluk dominion of
785:region. In early 748, the Persian Abbasid general
3089:"Gold and Silver Wares on the Belitung Shipwreck"
2109:Peerless images: Persian painting and its sources
1938:(in Literary Chinese). 1060. pp. volume70.
1642:From Red Cliffs to Chosin: the Chinese Way Of War
5006:Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction
1276:According to the 11th-century Persian historian
668:in central Asia had once been controlled by the
560:were entirely lost in 1124, when the non-Muslim
2989:(Western) Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
2773:Pozzi & Janhunen & Weiers 2006, p. 114.
1846:Leidy, Denise Patry; Strahan, Donna K. (2010).
1825:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 30–34.
630:located the city near the western drain of the
25:
1588:, London: Oxford University Press, p. 196
5817:
4467:
3194:
3094:Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds
3071:China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty
1694:. Oxford University Press. pp. 181–182.
1209:went into decline after the battle of Talas.
301:
33:
8:
1149:desert, passing through oasis towns such as
1015:Tang dynasty officer of the Guard of Honour
657:connecting its expanded western frontier to
509:over control of the regions surrounding the
41:
4931:Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy
2596:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 34.
2112:. Yale University Press. pp. 293–294.
1153:, roads went through a region Arabs called
646:The territorial extent of the Tang dynasty
5932:
5902:
5876:
5824:
5810:
5802:
5405:
4988:
4739:
4474:
4460:
4452:
4390:
4271:
4260:
4126:
4115:
3983:
3883:
3773:
3647:
3431:
3279:
3232:
3221:
3201:
3187:
3179:
2799:John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 58)
1955:(in Literary Chinese). 945. pp. ch18.
1852:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 96.
1772:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 22.
1411:and consolidated Chinese control over the
308:
294:
286:
22:
16:Part of the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
5027:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
2621:. Yale University Press. pp. 29–30.
2188:Ancient Kashmir: A Historical Perspective
1514:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
1141:and had been part of the Silk Road. From
968:convert until the mid-10th century, when
592:, with the Talas River in the upper right
493:) was an armed confrontation between the
5736:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
4855:Protectorate General to Pacify the South
4850:Protectorate General to Pacify the North
3129:The Earliest Muslim Communities in China
2648:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
1877:. Oxford University Press. p. 186.
1719:. Oxford University Press. p. 182.
1185:could be crossed on roads going through
6664:Battles involving the Abbasid Caliphate
4860:Protectorate General to Pacify the East
4833:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
2892:
2868:
2139:. Tehran Azad University. p. 251.
1987:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1981:Clarke, Nicola Clarke (22 March 2018),
1744:. Oxford University Press. p. 60.
1669:. Oxford University Press. p. 59.
1555:
1526:
1029:in Mongolia during 840–847. It was the
2656:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638
2562:
2550:
2202:Shaiva, Pirzada Ghulam Rasool (2021).
1763:
1761:
1644:. Hauraki Publishing. pp. 80–81.
1057:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
2856:
2840:
2715:
2672:from the original on 19 February 2019
2470:
2416:from the original on 30 November 2022
2366:from the original on 30 November 2022
2327:from the original on 30 November 2022
1968:
1816:
1814:
1797:. Yale University Press. p. 22.
1586:Turkestan down to the Mongol invasion
7:
6669:Battles involving the Tibetan Empire
6623:
2852:
2828:
1537:, later defected to the Abbasid army
1173:. Turning south, roads went through
604:, on the border between present-day
2922:
2910:
2880:
2534:
2485:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland
2093:
1897:
1627:
1571:
1046:and Huang Chao's former lieutenant
1027:destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate
485:
42:
6659:Battles involving the Tang dynasty
4425:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
3394:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
2538:
2402:. University of California Press.
1640:Major James G. Pangelinan (2015).
1419:, who took over the position from
126:May – September 751
14:
3034:A History of Chinese Civilization
2736:from the original on 31 July 2021
1129:through the Silk Road during the
622:was first seen in the account of
6622:
6613:
6612:
4629:
3324:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
1145:in China, along the edge of the
64:
2399:Lifchez & Algar 1992, p. 28
1489:History of Arabs in Afghanistan
1125:first entered China during the
781:, established control over the
528:quickly dispatched an envoy to
93:(Tang army, later Abbasid army)
6684:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
6674:Military history of Kyrgyzstan
3055:, Cambridge University Press,
2352:. Cambridge University Press.
1795:Islamic Imperialism: A History
1715:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012).
1690:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012).
1427:shortly two years later. Even
1341:. It was only after the first
1314:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
653:, showing the long and narrow
618:
558:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
472:
58:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
1:
6439:Environmental impact of paper
5630:Islam during the Tang dynasty
4870:Gyerim Territory Area Command
4130:Palace and central government
1742:Central Asia in World History
1667:Central Asia in World History
1494:Islam during the Tang dynasty
1296:, and letters written in the
1241:and Kara-Khanid Turks at the
1225:. China became the center of
1016:
921:
647:
443:Reconquests of Nasr b. Sayyar
437:Revolt of al-Harith b. Surayj
4956:Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum
3590:Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat
3334:Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
3073:, Harvard University Press,
2971:A History of Chinese Muslims
2797:A History of Graphic Design.
2487:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 39.
2483:Starr, S. Frederick (2004).
2242:. Ashraf Fazili. p. 70.
2239:Flower Garden: Posh-i-Chaman
2225:. Ashraf Fazili. p. 91.
2208:. Ashraf Fazili. p. 22.
1053:Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
720:fled to the Tang controlled
690:Tang expansion in Inner Asia
520:This defeat was seen by the
4752:Department of State Affairs
4502:Transition from Sui to Tang
3069:Lewis, Mark Edward (2009),
2650:. Oxford University Press.
2255:J & K Research Biannual
2236:Shah, Sayid Ashraf (2021).
2219:Shah, Sayid Ashraf (2021).
1989:, Oxford University Press,
1873:Hoyland, Robert G. (2015).
1768:LaRocca, Donald J. (2006).
1382:History of the Tang Dynasty
712:was established as king of
680:had retaken control of the
489:
476:
6700:
6386:Surface chemistry of paper
5889:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)
4828:Tang dynasty in Inner Asia
3005:Baumer, Christoph (2012),
1584:Barthold, William (2003),
1509:War of the Heavenly Horses
1119:Buddhist expansion in Asia
1055:, plunging China into the
6608:
5839:
4627:
4400:
4389:
4270:
4259:
4125:
4114:
3993:
3982:
3595:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah
3231:
3220:
3017:, Yale University Press,
2580:僖宗以貌取人，失之巢賊，致令殺人八百萬，血流三千里
2396:Algar, Ayla Esen (1992).
2065:10.1017/S0041977X09000524
1740:Golden, Peter B. (2011).
1665:Golden, Peter B. (2011).
1250:Chinese" by the Muslims.
773:In 747, the Tang general
724:and requested the aid of
613:
327:
271:
267:20,000 Turkic mercenaries
266:
253:
197:
158:
118:
63:
55:
43:
34:
5918:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
5697:Ten Computational Canons
4910:Three Hundred Tang Poems
4673:Administrative divisions
4190:Financial administration
3962:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo
3031:Gernet, Jacques (1996),
3013:Bloom, Jonathan (2001),
2991:, Munshiram Manoharlal,
2987:Bartold, Vasily (1928),
2966:
2695:. Springer. p. 55.
2617:van Schaik, Sam (2011).
2346:Lapidus, Ira M. (2012).
2293:30 November 2022 at the
2274:30 November 2022 at the
1952:
1940:帝乃擢仙芝鸿胪卿、假御史中丞，代灵察为四镇节度使
1939:
1935:
1393:Western Turkic Khaganate
1002:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
970:Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan
726:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
6434:Elemental chlorine free
6391:Units of paper quantity
4768:Secretariat-Chancellery
4589:Niu–Li factional strife
4120:Government and military
2935:Xue, Zongzheng (1998).
2691:Foltz, Richard (2010).
2450:. Emerald. p. 19.
2185:Rabbani, G. M. (1981).
1910:Xue, Zongzheng (1998).
1137:Talas is in modern-day
1006:Yangzhou massacre (760)
939:According to a text by
803:Abu al-'Abbas al-Saffah
746:depicting the siege of
664:The oasis towns on the
6414:Bleaching of wood pulp
5649:Science and technology
4938:Huaisu's Autobiography
4838:Four Garrisons of Anxi
4604:Tang-Nanzhao conflicts
4542:Tang–Western Turks War
4512:Tang–Eastern Turks War
3615:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
3051:Park, Hyunhee (2012),
2385:Esposito 1999, p. 351.
2191:. Gulshan. p. 15.
2164:. Brill. p. 269.
2106:Sims, Eleanor (2002).
1793:Karsh, Efraim (2007).
1599:Kennedy, Hugh (2013).
1399:The Chinese historian
1273:
1207:Central Asian Buddhism
1134:
1022:
936:
862:
750:
688:in 692 as part of the
661:
593:
536:briefly. However, the
198:Commanders and leaders
6333:Corrugated fiberboard
6090:Electrical insulation
5943:Thomas Francis Carter
5084:Green Satchel Classic
4983:Thousand-Buddha Cliff
4978:Rongxian Giant Buddha
4951:Kashyapa & Ananda
4787:Ministry of Personnel
4697:Imperial examinations
3924:Mustansiriya Madrasah
3329:Round city of Baghdad
3165:42.52500°N 72.23333°E
3087:Qi, Dongfang (2010),
2965:Bai, Shouyi (2003),
2642:Acri, Andrea (2018).
1261:
1117:
1014:
915:
881:Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh
856:
839:Lalitaditya Muktapida
742:
645:
587:
272:Casualties and losses
259:30,000 Abbasid troops
6649:8th century in China
4845:Beiting Protectorate
4621:Huang Chao Rebellion
4537:Tang–Tibet relations
4507:Xuanwu Gate Incident
4420:Science and learning
3319:Conquest of Ifriqiya
2592:Sen, Tansen (2003).
2349:Lapidus 2012, p. 230
2307:Wink, André (2002).
1821:Sen, Tansen (2003).
1272:, printed around 868
1161:went through Talas,
1157:. The Silk Roads in
382:Umayyad–Türgesh wars
342:Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad
5635:Chinese Manichaeism
4973:Leshan Giant Buddha
4945:Night-Shining White
4807:Ministry of Justice
4792:Ministry of Revenue
4579:An Lushan rebellion
4395:Culture and society
3498:Kharijite Rebellion
3161: /
2925:, pp. 239–242.
2913:, pp. 233–234.
2883:, pp. 219–223.
2871:, pp. 180–196.
2730:"Biran 2012, p. 90"
2644:"Maritime Buddhism"
2435:Soucek 2000, p. 84.
2096:, pp. 226–228.
1900:, pp. 224–226.
1630:, pp. 241–242.
1574:, pp. 224–225.
1479:Sino-Arab relations
1247:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1235:Kara-Khitan Khanate
1227:East Asian Buddhism
1201:that lead over the
993:An Lushan rebellion
974:Kara-Khanid Khanate
965:An Lushan rebellion
813:fell in 750 at the
612:. The Chinese name
538:An Lushan rebellion
490:Maʿrakat nahr Ṭalās
5755:Woodblock printing
5618:Church of the East
5063:The Classic of Tea
4968:Dazu Rock Carvings
4599:Sweet Dew incident
4517:Tang–Xueyantuo War
4435:Islamic philosophy
3731:Musharrif al-Dawla
3600:Qarmatian invasion
3585:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
3466:Anarchy at Samarra
3422:the Abbasid empire
3290:Abbasid Revolution
3170:42.52500; 72.23333
2855:, pp. 25–26;
2819:, 1989 (3): 29–36.
2760:2014-04-14 at the
2755:Biran 2012, p. 90.
2541:, p. 221-227.
1983:"Talas, Battle of"
1607:. pp. 96–99.
1504:Northern Silk Road
1274:
1219:Pure Land Buddhism
1135:
1036:Guangzhou massacre
1023:
937:
863:
799:Abbasid Revolution
751:
694:Qutayba ibn Muslim
662:
594:
572:to the peoples of
262:10,000 Tang troops
6636:
6635:
5961:
5960:
5953:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
5931:
5930:
5901:
5900:
5844:Paper engineering
5799:
5798:
5643:
5642:
5526:Dongshan Liangjie
5514:Zhaozhou Congshen
5397:
5396:
5048:The Tale of Li Wa
4882:
4881:
4865:Ungjin Commandery
4812:Ministry of Works
4797:Ministry of Rites
4744:Three Departments
4702:Official headwear
4522:Goguryeo–Tang War
4449:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4110:
4109:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3946:
3945:
3878:(1157–1258)
3868:
3867:
3768:(1055–1157)
3754:
3753:
3746:al-Malik al-Rahim
3673:Baghdad Manifesto
3628:
3627:
3413:
3412:
3247:Umayyad Caliphate
3210:Abbasid Caliphate
3139:978-6-038-20639-3
3126:Wan, Lei (2017),
3104:978-1-588-34305-5
3080:978-0-674-05419-6
3062:978-1-139-53662-2
3044:978-0-521-49781-7
2998:978-8-121-50544-4
2859:, pp. 38–45.
2843:, pp. 38–45.
2795:Meggs, Philip B.
2702:978-0-230-10910-0
2665:978-0-199-34037-8
2628:978-0-300-15404-7
2603:978-0-824-82593-5
2494:978-0-765-63192-3
2457:978-1-787-56679-8
2409:978-0-520-07060-8
2359:978-0-521-51441-5
2171:978-9-004-28171-4
2146:978-8-362-44719-0
2119:978-0-300-09038-3
1996:978-0-198-66277-8
1884:978-0-199-91636-8
1859:978-1-588-39399-9
1832:978-0-824-82593-5
1804:978-0-300-12263-3
1779:978-1-588-39180-3
1751:978-0-199-79317-4
1726:978-0-199-73413-9
1701:978-0-199-73413-9
1676:978-0-199-79317-4
1614:978-1-134-53113-4
1441:Western Turkestan
1357:Modern evaluation
1123:Mahayana Buddhism
815:Battle of the Zab
811:Umayyad Caliphate
793:, the capital of
495:Abbasid Caliphate
458:
457:
369:Qutayba b. Muslim
284:
283:
168:Abbasid Caliphate
154:
153:
6691:
6626:
6625:
6616:
6615:
6600:Beverage cartons
6590:Watercolor paper
6449:Hollander beater
5933:
5903:
5877:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5803:
5582:Neo-Confucianism
5484:Baizhang Huaihai
5406:
5014:Empress Zhangsun
4989:
4924:A Palace Concert
4740:
4633:
4594:Changqing Treaty
4476:
4469:
4462:
4453:
4391:
4368:Jews and Judaism
4272:
4265:Religion and law
4261:
4127:
4116:
3984:
3966:Mamluk Sultanate
3884:
3879:
3774:
3769:
3648:
3643:
3642:(946–1055)
3432:
3427:
3420:Fragmentation of
3372:Sack of Heraclea
3280:
3275:
3233:
3222:
3215:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3142:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3107:, archived from
3083:
3065:
3047:
3027:
3009:
3001:
2983:
2951:
2950:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2813:
2807:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2619:Tibet: A History
2614:
2608:
2607:
2589:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2443:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2310:Wink 2002, p. 68
2304:
2298:
2285:
2279:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2222:Islam in Kashmir
2216:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2018:Medieval Warfare
2013:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1538:
1531:
1499:Muslim conquests
1298:Sogdian language
1243:Battle of Qatwan
1021:
1018:
972:established the
933:Hermitage Museum
926:
923:
875:Old Book of Tang
835:
795:Greater Khorasan
652:
649:
620:
615:
492:
487:
479:
474:
362:Initial conquest
322:
310:
303:
296:
287:
225:
120:
119:
108:
98:
88:
78:
68:
48:
47:
45:
38:
37:
36:
23:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6604:
6543:
6488:
6484:Sulfite process
6469:Paper recycling
6424:Conical refiner
6406:
6400:
6357:
6343:Paper chemicals
6316:
5957:
5927:
5923:Charles Fenerty
5897:
5875:
5871:Missal of Silos
5866:Battle of Talas
5852:
5835:
5830:
5800:
5795:
5786:Salt Commission
5781:Kaiyuan Tongbao
5759:
5639:
5606:
5568:
5543:
5393:
5314:
5309:Liêu Hữu Phương
5091:
4987:
4878:
4816:
4802:Ministry of War
4773:
4738:
4732:Turkic generals
4717:Imperial guards
4634:
4625:
4584:Qingshui Treaty
4574:Battle of Talas
4527:Baekje–Tang War
4486:
4480:
4450:
4441:
4430:House of Wisdom
4396:
4377:
4346:
4266:
4247:
4211:
4185:
4121:
4106:
3989:
3970:
3955:
3942:
3936:Sack of Baghdad
3880:
3877:
3864:
3813:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3750:
3726:Sultan al-Dawla
3716:Sharaf al-Dawla
3711:Samsam al-Dawla
3696:Mu'izz al-Dawla
3684:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3624:
3548:
3522:Abbasid revival
3517:
3449:Sack of Amorium
3428:
3426:(833–946)
3425:
3424:
3421:
3409:
3362:Harun al-Rashid
3340:
3307:Battle of Talas
3276:
3274:(750–833)
3273:
3272:
3263:
3240:
3227:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3125:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3086:
3081:
3068:
3063:
3050:
3045:
3030:
3025:
3012:
3004:
2999:
2986:
2981:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:, pp. 2–3.
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2810:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2767:
2762:Wayback Machine
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2728:Biran, Michal.
2727:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2666:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2410:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2321:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2295:Wayback Machine
2286:
2282:
2276:Wayback Machine
2267:
2263:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1469:
1433:Pamir Mountains
1359:
1256:
1183:Pamir Mountains
1177:in present-day
1080:Harun al-Rashid
1072:Pamir Mountains
1019:
995:and subsequent
924:
910:
851:
843:Karkota dynasty
829:
827:Ziyad ibn Salih
779:Pamir Mountains
744:Penjikent mural
650:
640:
582:
542:Pamir Mountains
465:Battle of Talas
461:
460:
459:
454:
445: (738–741)
439: (734–736)
371: (705–715)
346:Sa'id b. Uthman
331:Early invasions
323:
319:
318:Muslim conquest
316:
314:
249:
228:
219:
217:Ziyad ibn Salih
193:
189:Karkota dynasty
177:
150:Abbasid victory
142:
114:
106:
104:
96:
94:
86:
84:
76:
69:
51:
32:
29:Battle of Talas
17:
12:
11:
5:
6697:
6695:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6654:750s conflicts
6651:
6641:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6620:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6500:Paper industry
6496:
6494:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6444:Handmade paper
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6410:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6367:
6365:
6363:Specifications
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6202:Plastic-coated
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5913:Matthias Koops
5909:
5907:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5883:
5881:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5806:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5729:Gautama Siddha
5726:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5653:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5590:
5578:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5560:
5557:Cheng Xuanying
5553:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5496:Yaoshan Weiyan
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5433:
5427:
5421:
5414:
5412:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5324:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5153:Wang Changling
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4995:
4993:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4953:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4779:Six Ministries
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4539:
4534:
4532:Silla–Tang War
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:Robe of honour
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4090:Jund Qinnasrin
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4070:Jund al-Urdunn
4067:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3818:Seljuk sultans
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3771:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3736:Jalal al-Dawla
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:'Adud al-Dawla
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3645:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3620:Nasir al-Dawla
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Zanj Rebellion
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3440:
3438:
3436:Samarra period
3429:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3396:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3286:
3284:
3277:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3123:
3103:
3084:
3079:
3066:
3061:
3048:
3043:
3028:
3023:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2984:
2979:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2808:
2788:
2776:
2765:
2747:
2720:
2718:, p. 159.
2708:
2701:
2683:
2664:
2634:
2627:
2609:
2602:
2584:
2567:
2565:, p. 292.
2555:
2553:, p. 310.
2543:
2537:, p. 11;
2527:
2520:
2500:
2493:
2475:
2473:, p. 158.
2463:
2456:
2438:
2427:
2408:
2388:
2377:
2358:
2338:
2319:
2299:
2280:
2269:ed. Starr 2004
2261:
2245:
2228:
2211:
2194:
2177:
2170:
2152:
2145:
2125:
2118:
2098:
2086:
2059:(2): 279–299.
2043:
2008:
1995:
1973:
1958:
1944:
1927:
1920:
1902:
1890:
1883:
1865:
1858:
1838:
1831:
1810:
1803:
1785:
1778:
1757:
1750:
1732:
1725:
1707:
1700:
1682:
1675:
1657:
1650:
1632:
1620:
1613:
1591:
1576:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1484:Islam in China
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1417:Feng Changqing
1363:Vasily Bartold
1358:
1355:
1255:
1252:
1215:Buddhist monks
909:
906:
850:
847:
760:Fergana Valley
734:Battle of Aksu
686:Tibetan Empire
639:
636:
581:
578:
499:Tibetan Empire
486:معركة نهر طلاس
477:Dáluósī zhànyì
456:
455:
453:
452:
446:
440:
433:
432:
428:
427:
421:
415:
409:
403:
397:
391:
388:Qasr al-Bahili
384:
383:
379:
378:
372:
364:
363:
359:
358:
356:Musa al-Sulami
352:
333:
332:
328:
325:
324:
320:of Transoxiana
315:
313:
312:
305:
298:
290:
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:
269:
268:
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:
251:
250:
248:
247:
242:
237:
231:
229:
227:
226:
214:
209:
203:
200:
199:
195:
194:
192:
191:
186:
180:
178:
176:
175:
173:Tibetan Empire
170:
164:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
134:
132:
128:
127:
124:
116:
115:
113:(Tibetan army)
105:
103:(Abbasid army)
95:
85:
75:
70:Movement into
61:
60:
53:
52:
50:
49:
44:معركة نهر طلاس
39:
30:
26:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6696:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6629:
6621:
6619:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6526:
6525:United States
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6464:Paper machine
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6454:Kraft process
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5822:
5820:
5815:
5813:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5731:(fl 714–724)
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5709:Xinxiu bencao
5706:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5678:Liang Lingzan
5676:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5664:Jigu Suanjing
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:Wang Xiaotong
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5602:
5599:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5532:Yunmen Wenyan
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5346:Viśa Īrasangä
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5177:Liu Changqing
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5135:Zhang Jiuling
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:Protectorates
4819:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4392:
4388:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4340:Shi'a Century
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:Sunni Revival
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4258:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Abna al-dawla
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Amir al-umara
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:Jund Filastin
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3985:
3981:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3871:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:Malik-Shah II
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3799:al-Mustarshid
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Baha al-Dawla
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Sack of Mecca
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:al-Mutawakkil
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:Establishment
3281:
3278:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3114:on 4 May 2021
3110:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:0-300-08955-4
3020:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2980:7-101-02890-X
2976:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2948:
2946:7-5316-2857-0
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2831:, p. 25.
2830:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:0-471-29198-6
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2339:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:Millward 2007
2284:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1948:
1945:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1921:7-5316-2857-0
1917:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1651:9781782899884
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:Karluk Yabghu
1453:
1452:Xue Zongzheng
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1345:was built in
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1265:Diamond Sutra
1260:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:defeated the
1236:
1232:
1229:, creating a
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1131:Kushan Empire
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
989:Black Clothes
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
946:
942:
934:
930:
919:
914:
907:
905:
903:
899:
895:
889:
885:
883:
882:
877:
876:
871:
870:
860:
855:
848:
846:
844:
840:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
749:
745:
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
660:
656:
655:Hexi Corridor
644:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
611:
607:
603:
599:
591:
586:
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Western world
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
483:
478:
470:
466:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
434:
430:
429:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
394:Day of Thirst
392:
390: (720/1)
389:
386:
385:
381:
380:
376:
373:
370:
367:Campaigns of
366:
365:
361:
360:
357:
353:
351:
350:Salm b. Ziyad
347:
343:
339:
338:Rabi b. Ziyad
336:Campaigns of
335:
334:
330:
329:
326:
321:
311:
306:
304:
299:
297:
292:
291:
288:
279:
276:
275:
270:
265:
261:
258:
257:
252:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
230:
223:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
202:
201:
196:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
179:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
163:
162:
157:
149:
146:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
121:
117:
112:
102:
92:
82:
73:
67:
62:
59:
54:
40:
31:
28:
27:
24:
19:
6565:Papier-mâché
6560:Paper towels
6479:Soda pulping
6396:Wet strength
6197:Photographic
6070:Cotton (rag)
6043:Construction
5865:
5734:
5707:
5695:
5682:
5662:
5574:Confucianism
5559:(fl 631–655)
5438:(fl 602–664)
5261:Niu Yingzhen
5237:Liu Zongyuan
5082:
5077:Yang Yunsong
5071:Du Guangting
5061:
5046:
5041:Bai Xingjian
5025:
5004:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4918:Playing card
4908:
4573:
4547:Oasis states
4483:Tang dynasty
4405:Architecture
4363:Christianity
4325:Twelve Imams
4075:Jund Dimashq
3952:
3931:al-Musta'sim
3919:al-Mustansir
3899:al-Mustanjid
3875:Final period
3874:
3860:Ahmad Sanjar
3835:Malik-Shah I
3794:al-Mustazhir
3760:
3701:Izz al-Dawla
3634:
3419:
3384:Fourth Fitna
3306:
3270:Early period
3269:
3237:
3146:
3128:
3116:, retrieved
3109:the original
3093:
3070:
3052:
3033:
3014:
3006:
2988:
2970:
2936:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2900:
2893:Bartold 1928
2888:
2876:
2869:Bartold 1928
2864:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2796:
2791:
2779:
2768:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2723:
2711:
2692:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2647:
2637:
2618:
2612:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2574:《殘唐五代史演義傳》：“
2570:
2558:
2546:
2530:
2510:
2503:
2484:
2478:
2466:
2447:
2441:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2398:
2391:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2348:
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2309:
2302:
2283:
2264:
2254:
2248:
2238:
2231:
2221:
2214:
2204:
2197:
2187:
2180:
2161:
2155:
2135:
2128:
2108:
2101:
2089:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2024:(1): 22–27.
2021:
2017:
2011:
2000:, retrieved
1986:
1976:
1947:
1930:
1911:
1905:
1893:
1874:
1868:
1848:
1841:
1822:
1794:
1788:
1769:
1741:
1735:
1716:
1710:
1691:
1685:
1666:
1660:
1641:
1635:
1623:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1533:Tang-allied
1529:
1449:
1398:
1386:
1381:
1378:Ibn al Athir
1371:
1360:
1330:silk weaving
1323:
1286:Central Asia
1278:Al-Thaʽālibī
1275:
1263:
1211:
1136:
1084:Uighur Turks
1065:
1060:
1059:as regional
1043:
1024:
988:
984:
978:
962:
938:
929:Anikova dish
890:
886:
879:
873:
867:
864:
772:
752:
663:
659:China proper
617:
595:
546:Arab Muslims
534:Central Asia
519:
515:Karluk Turks
503:Tang dynasty
501:against the
464:
462:
448:
184:Tang dynasty
159:Belligerents
72:Central Asia
56:Part of the
18:
6595:Paper money
6555:Lined paper
6474:Papermaking
6407:and process
6405:Manufacture
6381:Paper sizes
6110:Greaseproof
6095:Genkō yōshi
5948:Dard Hunter
5880:Originators
5848:Papermaking
5791:Flying cash
5690:Li Chunfeng
5672:Xu Jingzong
5623:Xi'an Stele
5601:Kong Yingda
5472:Amoghavajra
5303:Du Qiuniang
5291:Mo Xuanqing
5285:Li Shangyin
5279:Wen Tingyun
5141:Meng Haoran
5129:He Zhizhang
5123:Chen Zi'ang
5105:Luo Binwang
4762:Chancellery
4757:Secretariat
4722:Shence Army
4678:Jimi system
4661:Family tree
4373:Khurramites
4320:Shi'a Islam
4284:Mu'tazilism
3741:Abu Kalijar
3689:Buyid emirs
3580:al-Mustakfi
3560:al-Muqtadir
3539:al-Mu'tadid
3534:al-Muwaffaq
3529:al-Mu'tamid
3476:al-Musta'in
3471:al-Muntasir
3444:al-Mu'tasim
3399:Mu'tazilism
3252:Third Fitna
3168: /
2958:Works cited
2563:Gernet 1996
2551:Baumer 2012
2420:15 November
2370:15 November
2331:15 November
1421:Gao Xianzhi
1389:Denis Sinor
1318:bast fibers
1254:Papermaking
1179:Afghanistan
1159:Transoxiana
1155:Transoxiana
1147:Takla Makan
1127:Han dynasty
1109:Tarim basin
1097:Tukharistan
1076:Pala Empire
985:Khayi Tashi
902:Duan Xiushi
894:Gao Xianzhi
830: [
775:Gao Xianzhi
756:Ashina Xian
682:Tarim Basin
590:Transoxiana
570:papermaking
562:Qara Khitai
507:Talas River
451: (751)
426: (737)
420: (737)
418:The Baggage
414: (731)
408: (729)
402: (729)
396: (724)
377: (717)
245:Duan Xiushi
235:Gao Xianzhi
220: [
83:(Tang army)
6643:Categories
6532:Paper mill
6459:Organosolv
6338:Fiber crop
6328:China clay
6287:Waterproof
6187:Paperboard
6065:Correction
6058:Carbonless
5906:Developers
5750:Toothbrush
5717:Sun Simiao
5692:(602–670)
5659:(580–640)
5563:Lü Dongbin
5478:Mazu Daoyi
5460:Vajrabodhi
5358:Zhang Xuan
5207:Wei Yingwu
5111:Du Shenyan
5058:(733–804)
5043:(776–826)
5001:(596–667)
4961:Autumn Dew
4668:Chancellor
4639:Government
4410:Literature
4335:Qarmatians
4330:Isma'ilism
4238:Commanders
4097:Tabaristan
3964:under the
3904:al-Mustadi
3894:al-Muqtafi
3855:Muhammad I
3830:Alp Arslan
3809:al-Muqtafi
3789:al-Muqtadi
3575:al-Muttaqi
3544:al-Muktafi
3486:al-Muhtadi
3481:al-Mu'tazz
3295:Abu Muslim
3259:Hashimiyya
3238:Background
3214:(750–1258)
3153:42°31′30″N
3118:9 February
2857:Bloom 2001
2841:Bloom 2001
2817:Bookbinder
2784:Biran 2005
2740:2 November
2716:Lewis 2009
2521:052108573X
2471:Lewis 2009
2320:0391041746
1969:Lewis 2009
1545:References
1450:Professor
1401:Bai Shouyi
1387:Professor
1343:paper mill
1203:Hindu Kush
1139:Kyrgyzstan
1068:Hindu Kush
1031:Huang Chao
1020: 644
997:warlordism
945:Abu Muslim
941:Al-Maqdisi
925: 800
918:Semirechye
801:. In 750,
787:Abu Muslim
678:Empress Wu
672:, but the
651: 700
638:Background
632:Chui River
610:Kyrgyzstan
606:Kazakhstan
554:Ghaznavids
412:The Defile
354:Revolt of
212:Abu Muslim
6585:Notebooks
6570:Cardboard
6353:Wood pulp
6321:Materials
6297:Wood-free
6272:Wallpaper
6267:Tree-free
6207:Red rosin
6192:Parchment
6177:Onionskin
6172:Newsprint
6033:Cartridge
6028:Cardstock
6023:Cardboard
5973:Acid-free
5746:(730–805)
5725:(683–727)
5674:(592-672)
5603:(574–648)
5595:(772–841)
5589:(768–824)
5534:(862–949)
5528:(807–869)
5516:(778–897)
5510:(770–860)
5504:(746–805)
5498:(745–827)
5492:(730–790)
5486:(720–814)
5480:(709–788)
5474:(705–774)
5468:(688–763)
5462:(671–741)
5456:(638–689)
5450:(635–713)
5444:(632–682)
5432:(613–681)
5426:(562–645)
5420:(549–623)
5384:(855–915)
5378:(832–912)
5372:(730–780)
5370:Zhou Fang
5366:(723–787)
5364:Han Huang
5360:(713–755)
5354:(706–783)
5342:(699–759)
5336:(680–760)
5330:(600–673)
5328:Yan Liben
5299:(840–868)
5297:Yu Xuanji
5287:(813–858)
5281:(812–866)
5275:(803–852)
5257:(790–817)
5245:(779–831)
5243:Yuan Zhen
5239:(773–819)
5233:(772–846)
5227:(772–842)
5221:(768–824)
5215:(739–799)
5209:(737–792)
5203:(722–789)
5197:(715–770)
5191:(712–779)
5185:(712–770)
5179:(709–785)
5173:(704–765)
5167:(701–762)
5161:(699–759)
5155:(698–756)
5149:(690–751)
5143:(689–740)
5137:(673–740)
5131:(659–744)
5125:(656–702)
5119:(650–676)
5113:(645–708)
5107:(619–684)
5079:(9th c.)
5073:(850–933)
5037:(751–762)
5022:(7th c.)
5016:(601–636)
4727:Shumiyuan
4552:Karakhoja
4491:History (
4415:Musicians
4308:Shafi'ism
4303:Hanbalism
4162:Officials
4085:Jund Hims
3988:Geography
3953:Aftermath
3845:Berkyaruq
3804:al-Rashid
3508:Saffarids
3456:al-Wathiq
3389:al-Ma'mun
3367:Barmakids
3314:al-Mansur
3302:al-Saffah
3156:72°14′0″E
2853:Park 2012
2829:Park 2012
2313:. Brill.
2073:0041-977X
2030:2211-5129
1605:Routledge
1550:Citations
1437:Samarkand
1374:al-Tabari
1367:Turkestan
1310:Panjakent
1282:Samarkand
1268:found at
1167:Samarkand
1107:near the
1089:Tian Shan
1040:Guangzhou
981:Al-Mansur
950:As-Saffah
908:Aftermath
789:occupied
768:Tian Shan
748:Samarkand
730:Aksu City
702:Samarkand
684:from the
666:Silk Road
574:West Asia
566:Silk Road
511:Syr Darya
424:Kharistan
207:Al-Saffah
6618:Category
6575:Clothing
6493:Industry
6429:Deinking
6419:Calender
6376:Grammage
6262:Transfer
6227:Security
6100:Glassine
6003:Blotting
5978:Air-laid
5936:Scholars
5719:(d. 682)
5704:Su Jing
5540:(9th c.)
5522:(8th c.)
5520:Zhisheng
5466:Jianzhen
5436:Xuanzang
5410:Buddhism
5402:Religion
5390:(9th c.)
5382:Jing Hao
5348:(7th c.)
5340:Wang Wei
5334:Wu Daozi
5320:Painters
5311:(9th c.)
5305:(9th c.)
5269:(8th c.)
5267:Zhang Xu
5263:(8th c.)
5251:(d. 784)
5231:Bai Juyi
5225:Liu Yuxi
5195:Cen Shen
5189:Zhang Ji
5159:Wang Wei
4712:Jiedushi
4707:Military
4614:Songping
4567:Conquest
4557:Karasahr
4493:Timeline
4298:Hanafism
4216:Military
4050:Khurasan
4023:Ifriqiya
3998:Arminiya
3914:al-Zahir
3909:al-Nasir
3840:Mahmud I
3784:al-Qa'im
3680:al-Qa'im
3668:al-Qadir
3565:al-Qahir
3553:Collapse
3513:Tulunids
3503:Tahirids
3352:al-Mahdi
2923:Bai 2003
2911:Bai 2003
2881:Bai 2003
2786:, p. 93.
2758:Archived
2734:Archived
2670:Archived
2535:Wan 2017
2414:Archived
2364:Archived
2325:Archived
2297:, p. 36.
2291:Archived
2278:, p. 39.
2272:Archived
2094:Bai 2003
2081:40379005
2038:48578413
2002:21 March
1936:新唐书.高仙芝传
1898:Bai 2003
1628:Bai 2003
1572:Bai 2003
1467:See also
1445:Ferghana
1429:Tashkent
1339:Khorasan
1302:Dunhuang
1294:Gaochang
1270:Dunhuang
1171:Khwarazm
1163:Tashkent
1143:Dunhuang
1061:jiedushi
1044:jiedushi
960:region.
954:Khurasan
869:Tongdian
823:Ferghana
819:Tashkent
624:Xuanzang
580:Location
552:-origin
530:Chang'an
497:and the
254:Strength
131:Location
111:Tibetans
6628:Commons
6580:Tissues
6371:Density
6348:Papyrus
6307:Writing
6257:Tracing
6247:Thermal
6222:Scritta
6217:Rolling
6182:Origami
6145:Butcher
6080:Display
6048:Contact
6013:Bristol
5988:Asphalt
5893:Damjing
5887:Cai Lun
5858:History
5776:Liu Yan
5771:Diwu Qi
5764:Economy
5744:Jia Dan
5723:Yi Xing
5565:(796-?)
5430:Shandao
5424:Daochuo
5388:Sun Wei
5376:Guanxiu
5352:Han Gan
5293:(834-?)
5171:Gao Shi
5117:Wang Bo
5035:Du Huan
4999:Daoxuan
4992:Writers
4887:Culture
4683:Fanzhen
4646:Emperor
4233:Battles
4228:Ghilman
4157:Mazalim
4003:Bahrayn
3887:Caliphs
3825:Tughril
3777:Caliphs
3663:al-Ta'i
3658:al-Muti
3651:Caliphs
3570:al-Radi
3379:al-Amin
3357:al-Hadi
3226:History
3212:topics
2967:中囯回回民族史
2539:Qi 2010
1953:旧唐书.地理一
1535:Karluks
1461:Tongluo
1413:Turgesh
1405:Qinghai
1351:papyrus
1347:Baghdad
1335:Baghdad
1326:Du Huan
1195:Bactria
1193:in the
1093:Fergana
1048:Zhu Wen
898:Li Siye
764:Karluks
718:Ikhshid
714:Fergana
698:Bukhara
670:Türgesh
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619:Dáluósī
588:Map of
469:Chinese
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400:Baykand
280:Unknown
277:Unknown
240:Li Siye
81:Chinese
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6505:Canada
6252:Tissue
6162:Manila
6135:Korean
6130:Ingres
6125:Inkjet
6038:Coated
6018:Carbon
5993:Banana
5587:Han Yu
5549:Taoism
5502:Huiguo
5490:Wukong
5448:Yijing
5418:Jizang
5219:Han Yu
5213:Lu Lun
5165:Li Bai
5020:Bianji
4904:Poetry
4899:Sancai
4485:topics
4358:Dhimmi
4207:Kharaj
4181:Vizier
4176:Shurta
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4040:Jazira
3764:period
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3638:period
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6120:India
6105:Graph
6075:Crêpe
5998:Bible
5983:Amate
5966:Types
5833:Paper
5611:Other
5593:Li Ao
5508:Puhua
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5255:Li He
5249:Li Ye
5201:Li Bi
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5097:Poets
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4276:Islam
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4102:Yemen
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4008:Barqa
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3403:Mihna
3112:(PDF)
2969:[
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2034:JSTOR
1521:Notes
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6548:Uses
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