1403:
regarded 254 as the date, while Mallan and
Davenport in 2015 suggested 262. Goltz and Hartmann estimated 254 as the date. David Potter in 2016 rejected Mallan and Davenport's estimate and dated it to either 253 or 259. The Goths attempted to storm
1416:. The Thessalonians mobilized to defend their city and beat off the attacks. The Goths abandoned the siege and moved off to invade Greece south of Thermopylae, seeking to loot the gold and silver wealth of
186:
1464:, discovered in Vienna in 2010, provides detail on the weapons, leadership, and geography of the engagement. The fragment cuts off before the battle's outcome. Dexippus was used as a source by the
1444:, and assorted weapons. They set to work fortifying the pass. Marianus gave a pre-battle speech to them, emphasizing the defense of the pass by previous generations of Greeks and Romans.
179:
1728:
172:
1803:
1793:
862:
1813:
20:
1633:
1798:
1788:
1452:
The Graeco-Roman forces successfully blocked the Goths' way at
Thermopylae and the Goths returned home, albeit with considerable loot.
1711:
1685:
759:
1818:
1744:
1808:
889:
1012:
871:
531:
1432:
Dexippus mobilized a militia to block the pass of
Thermopylae. The militia were armed with bronze or iron-tipped wooden
549:
1062:
706:
688:
196:
35:
1396:
1215:
634:
1139:
912:
472:
1626:
Die Zeit der
Soldatenkaiser. Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235–284)
1428:
The Greeks learned of the Goths' approach and the Roman proconsul
Marianus, the Athenian Philostratus, and the
777:
291:
266:
1676:
Potter, David (2016). "War as
Theater, from Tacitus to Dexippus". In Riess, Werner; Fagan, Garrett G. (eds.).
1783:
1372:
962:
522:
71:
1026:
1003:
768:
661:
616:
468:
229:
1644:
1729:"'Dexippus Vindobonensis' (?) Ein neues Handschriftenfragment zum sog. Herulereinfall der Jahre 267/268"
1409:
1157:
625:
396:
323:
1417:
1343:
1166:
853:
724:
558:
458:
405:
39:
607:
1736:
1664:
1413:
1334:
808:
673:
587:
575:
504:
1707:
1681:
1629:
1287:
1274:
1227:
1193:
1092:
1017:
983:
567:
495:
373:
364:
346:
300:
220:
1624:
Goltz, Andreas; Hartmann, Udo (2008). "Valerian und
Gallienus". In Johne, Klaus-Peter (ed.).
1656:
1469:
1465:
1248:
1044:
736:
242:
1311:
1184:
1175:
786:
540:
385:
210:
1695:
1400:
1148:
1053:
1777:
1668:
1433:
799:
355:
44:
1405:
1130:
109:
75:
1737:"The Vienna Dexippus (?) (second revised version)", uploaded by Jones, Christopher
1472:, who mentioned the blocking of the pass and the Goths' return home with plunder.
1364:
1121:
1108:
441:
335:
79:
67:
1660:
1117:
928:
826:
650:
432:
423:
414:
282:
164:
1759:
1746:
1368:
1202:
994:
748:
677:
598:
278:
255:
1645:"Dexippus and the Gothic Invasions: Interpreting the New Vienna Fragment"
1461:
1278:
1081:
1035:
971:
937:
817:
314:
310:
1706:]. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press.
1429:
1392:
1376:
1323:
953:
844:
835:
571:
484:
83:
1506:
1504:
1437:
1380:
1299:
513:
114:
1591:
1589:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
168:
1441:
1700:
Geschichte der Goten. Entwurf einer historischen
Ethnographie
1460:
A fragment of text attributed to the contemporary historian
1643:
Mallan, Christopher; Davenport, Caillan (November 2015).
1535:
1533:
1531:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1678:
The
Topography of Violence in the Greco-Roman World
721:
Invasion of the
Alemanni (258–260 approx)
1367:by local Greek militia under Marianus, the Roman
1607:
1595:
1580:
1568:
1522:
1363:in 254 was a successful defense of the pass of
28:
1510:
180:
8:
16:Battle between Roman and Gothic forces (254)
1680:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
863:Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi
187:
173:
165:
25:
1727:Martin, Gunther; Grusková, Jana (2014)
1495:
1481:
1391:In 254 the Goths invaded and plundered
905:Postumus' Campaign against the Alamanni
1628:(in German). Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
1539:
21:Battle of Thermopylae (disambiguation)
898:Postumus' Campaign against the Franks
7:
1804:Military history of Central Greece
1794:Battles involving the Roman Empire
854:Usurpation of Valens Thessalonicus
14:
1814:Military history of Lamia (city)
1335:Usurpation of Julian of Pannonia
890:Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus
733:Scythian invasion (259–260)
1288:Usurpation of Julius Saturninus
1093:Usurpation of Victorinus Junior
1004:Reign of Marcus Aurelius Marius
972:Usurpation of Acilius Aureolus
715:Gothic invasion (256–257)
1:
872:Usurpation of Macrianus Minor
818:Roxolani Invasion of Pannonia
787:Usurpation of Macrianus Major
718:Invasion of Shapur (258)
1375:, during an invasion of the
559:Usurpation of Julius Priscus
1799:Battles involving the Goths
1789:Crisis of the Third Century
1608:Mallan & Davenport 2015
1596:Mallan & Davenport 2015
1581:Mallan & Davenport 2015
1569:Mallan & Davenport 2015
1523:Mallan & Davenport 2015
1063:Palmyrene invasion of Egypt
929:Assassination of Odaenathus
198:Crisis of the Third Century
36:Crisis of the Third Century
29:Battle of Thermopylae (254)
1835:
471:and death of Philip &
221:Death of Alexander Severus
18:
1661:10.1017/s0075435815000970
1511:Goltz & Hartmann 2008
1131:Rebellion of Felicissimus
442:Usurpation of Silbannacus
206:
150:
137:
120:
103:
50:
33:
1819:250s in the Roman Empire
1649:Journal of Roman Studies
778:Usurpation of Regalianus
514:Gothic invasion of Cniva
433:Usurpation of Jotapianus
424:Usurpation of Pacatianus
415:Usurpation of Sponsianus
267:Year of the Six Emperors
1809:Greece under Roman rule
1310:Carus' invasion of the
1203:Usurpation of Faustinus
995:Usurpation of Laelianus
827:Campaigns of Odaenathus
523:Carpi invasion of Dacia
256:Usurpation of Quartinus
1410:close order formations
1013:Augustodunum Haeduorum
938:Usurpation of Maeonius
769:Usurpation of Ingenuus
121:Commanders and leaders
1760:38.80528°N 22.56278°E
1361:Battle of Thermopylae
845:Usurpation of Balista
836:Usurpation of Quietus
397:Invasion of the Carpi
324:Invasion of the Carpi
151:Casualties and losses
1704:History of the Goths
406:Secular Games of 248
243:Usurpation of Magnus
40:Gothic War (248-253)
19:For other uses, see
1756: /
1513:, pp. 233–234.
881:Pannonian Rebellion
532:Nicopolis ad Istrum
45:Roman–Germanic Wars
1765:38.80528; 22.56278
1266:Sarmatian Invasion
1101:Junthungi Invasion
809:Death of Saloninus
599:Death of Hostilian
588:Trebonianus Gallus
505:Decian persecution
292:Battle of Carthage
1635:978-3-05-004529-0
1356:
1355:
1194:Razing of Palmyra
1036:Capture of Athens
984:Claudius Gothicus
946:Scythian Invasion
921:Scythian Invasion
496:Plague of Cyprian
459:Decius' Rebellion
347:Sabinianus Revolt
301:Siege of Aquileia
163:
162:
99:
98:
1826:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1733:
1717:
1691:
1672:
1639:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1543:
1537:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1470:George Syncellus
1348:
1339:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1283:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1241:
1232:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1113:
1104:
1097:
1086:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1045:Palmyrene Empire
1040:
1031:
1022:
1008:
999:
988:
976:
967:
958:
949:
942:
933:
924:
917:
908:
901:
894:
884:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
791:
782:
773:
764:
753:
741:
729:
711:
702:
693:
682:
666:
655:
643:
639:
635:Interamna Nahars
630:
621:
612:
608:Mariades' Revolt
603:
592:
580:
563:
554:
545:
536:
527:
518:
509:
500:
489:
477:
463:
454:
450:
446:
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428:
419:
410:
401:
390:
378:
369:
360:
351:
340:
328:
319:
305:
296:
287:
271:
260:
251:
247:
238:
234:
225:
215:
201:
199:
189:
182:
175:
166:
52:
51:
26:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1731:
1724:
1722:Further reading
1714:
1696:Wolfram, Herwig
1694:
1688:
1675:
1642:
1636:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1546:
1538:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1483:
1478:
1458:
1450:
1426:
1389:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1326:
1314:
1312:Sasanian Empire
1302:
1290:
1281:
1267:
1260:
1259:Vandal Invasion
1251:
1239:
1238:Gothic Invasion
1230:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1111:
1102:
1095:
1084:
1072:
1071:Vandal Invasion
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1006:
997:
986:
974:
965:
956:
947:
940:
931:
922:
915:
906:
899:
892:
886:
882:
878:
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
789:
780:
771:
762:
751:
739:
727:
709:
700:
691:
680:
664:
653:
641:
637:
628:
619:
610:
601:
590:
578:
561:
552:
543:
534:
525:
516:
507:
498:
487:
475:
467:
461:
452:
448:
444:
435:
426:
417:
408:
399:
388:
386:Philip the Arab
376:
367:
358:
349:
338:
326:
317:
303:
294:
285:
269:
258:
249:
245:
236:
232:
223:
213:
211:Maximinus Thrax
202:
197:
195:
193:
129:
127:
87:
42:
38:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:250s conflicts
1776:
1775:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1713:978-0520069831
1712:
1692:
1687:978-0472119820
1686:
1673:
1640:
1634:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:, p. 207.
1600:
1598:, p. 217.
1585:
1583:, p. 215.
1573:
1571:, p. 206.
1544:
1542:, p. 253.
1527:
1525:, p. 221.
1515:
1500:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1425:
1422:
1401:Herwig Wolfram
1388:
1385:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1319:
1318:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1273:Usurpation of
1271:
1264:
1244:
1243:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1115:
1106:
1099:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1010:
1001:
979:
978:
969:
960:
951:
944:
935:
926:
919:
910:
903:
896:
887:
879:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
797:
784:
775:
766:
744:
743:
734:
731:
722:
719:
716:
713:
704:
695:
669:
668:
646:
645:
632:
623:
614:
605:
583:
582:
565:
556:
547:
538:
529:
520:
511:
502:
480:
479:
465:
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439:
430:
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412:
403:
381:
380:
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362:
353:
331:
330:
321:
307:
298:
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263:
262:
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177:
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100:
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66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1831:
1820:
1817:
1815:
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1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1498:, p. 48.
1497:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1418:Greek temples
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1217:
1214:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
992:
991:
990:
985:
973:
970:
964:
961:
955:
952:
945:
939:
936:
930:
927:
920:
914:
911:
904:
897:
891:
888:
880:
873:
870:
864:
861:
855:
852:
846:
843:
837:
834:
828:
825:
819:
816:
810:
807:
801:
800:Gallic Empire
798:
788:
785:
779:
776:
770:
767:
761:
758:
757:
756:
755:
750:
738:
735:
732:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
708:
705:
699:
696:
690:
687:
686:
685:
684:
679:
675:
663:
660:
659:
658:
657:
652:
636:
633:
627:
624:
618:
615:
609:
606:
600:
597:
596:
595:
594:
589:
577:
573:
570:and death of
569:
566:
560:
557:
551:
550:Philippopolis
548:
542:
539:
533:
530:
524:
521:
515:
512:
506:
503:
497:
494:
493:
492:
491:
486:
474:
470:
466:
460:
457:
443:
440:
434:
431:
425:
422:
416:
413:
407:
404:
398:
395:
394:
393:
392:
387:
375:
372:
366:
363:
357:
356:Fall of Hatra
354:
348:
345:
344:
343:
342:
337:
325:
322:
316:
312:
308:
302:
299:
293:
290:
284:
280:
276:
275:
274:
273:
268:
257:
254:
244:
241:
231:
228:
222:
219:
218:
217:
212:
205:
200:
190:
185:
183:
178:
176:
171:
170:
167:
158:
155:
154:
149:
145:
142:
141:
136:
132:
125:
124:
119:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
102:
95:Roman victory
94:
91:
90:
85:
81:
78:(present-day
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
46:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
1741:
1703:
1699:
1677:
1652:
1648:
1625:
1618:Bibliography
1603:
1576:
1518:
1496:Wolfram 1990
1459:
1451:
1427:
1412:and assault
1406:Thessalonica
1390:
1360:
1358:
1321:
1320:
1297:
1296:
1246:
1245:
1225:
1224:
1079:
1078:
1032:(268 or 269)
1027:Lake Benacus
981:
980:
954:Heruli Raids
746:
745:
707:Dura-Europos
697:
689:Thessalonica
671:
670:
648:
647:
585:
584:
482:
481:
383:
382:
333:
332:
265:
264:
208:
128:Philostratus
110:Roman Empire
104:Belligerents
76:Roman Empire
34:Part of the
1763: /
1732:(in German)
1655:: 203–226.
1540:Potter 2016
1468:chronicler
1399:. In 1979,
1365:Thermopylae
1122:Tetricus II
1109:Domitian II
698:Thermopylae
626:Barbalissos
336:Gordian III
80:Thermopylae
68:Thermopylae
1778:Categories
1751:22°33′46″E
1748:38°48′19″N
1387:Background
1118:Tetricus I
725:Mediolanum
651:Aemilianus
283:Gordian II
277:Revolt of
1698:(1990) .
1669:163234044
1476:Citations
1466:Byzantine
1456:Aftermath
1397:Macedonia
1369:proconsul
1340:(284-285)
1329:(283-285)
1322:Reign of
1305:(282-283)
1298:Reign of
1263:(276-278)
1254:(276-282)
1247:Reign of
1242:(276-277)
1233:(275-276)
1226:Reign of
1140:Placentia
1127:(271–274)
1087:(270–275)
1080:Reign of
1050:(270–273)
1023:(268/269)
989:(268–270)
982:Reign of
950:(267–269)
943:(266–267)
925:(265–266)
913:Ctesiphon
895:(261–262)
832:(260–267)
805:(260–274)
754:(260–268)
749:Gallienus
747:Reign of
683:(253–260)
678:Gallienus
672:Reign of
649:Reign of
593:(251–253)
586:Reign of
519:(250–251)
510:(250–251)
501:(250–270)
490:(249–251)
483:Reign of
473:Philip II
402:(245–247)
391:(244–249)
384:Reign of
341:(238–244)
334:Reign of
329:(238–239)
309:Reign of
279:Gordian I
216:(235–238)
209:Reign of
1462:Dexippus
1436:, small
1430:Boeotian
1279:Proculus
1082:Aurelian
796:259–261)
760:Caesarea
674:Valerian
576:Etruscus
315:Balbinus
311:Pupienus
230:Harzhorn
138:Strength
130:Dexippus
126:Marianus
63:Location
1424:Prelude
1414:columns
1379:by the
1377:Balkans
1324:Carinus
1275:Bonosus
1228:Tacitus
1216:Châlons
1018:Naissus
662:Antioch
617:Nisibis
568:Abritus
374:Misiche
365:Resaena
159:Unknown
156:Unknown
146:Unknown
143:Militia
133:Unknown
1710:
1684:
1667:
1632:
1448:Battle
1438:spears
1393:Thrace
1373:Achaea
1347:
1344:Margum
1338:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1282:
1277:&
1268:
1261:
1252:
1249:Probus
1240:
1231:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1136:(270s)
1134:
1125:
1120:&
1112:
1103:
1096:
1085:
1073:
1066:
1057:
1054:Bostra
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1007:
998:
987:
975:
966:
963:Athens
957:
948:
941:
932:
923:
916:
907:
900:
893:
883:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
790:
781:
772:
763:
752:
740:
737:Edessa
728:
710:
701:
692:
681:
665:
654:
642:
638:
629:
620:
611:
602:
591:
579:
572:Decius
562:
553:
544:
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
488:
485:Decius
476:
469:Verona
462:
453:
449:
445:
436:
427:
420:(240s)
418:
409:
400:
389:
377:
368:
359:
350:
339:
327:
318:
313:&
304:
295:
286:
281:&
270:
259:
250:
246:
237:
233:
224:
214:
92:Result
84:Greece
72:Achaea
58:254 AD
1702:[
1665:S2CID
1434:pikes
1408:with
1381:Goths
1349:(285)
1317:(283)
1300:Carus
1293:(280)
1284:(280)
1270:(278)
1221:(274)
1199:(273)
1190:(272)
1185:Emesa
1181:(272)
1176:Immae
1172:(272)
1167:Tyana
1163:(271)
1158:Pavia
1154:(271)
1145:(271)
1114:(271)
1105:(271)
1098:(271)
1075:(270)
1068:(270)
1059:(270)
1041:(269)
1009:(269)
1000:(269)
977:(268)
968:(267)
959:(267)
934:(267)
918:(263)
909:(263)
902:(262)
885:(261)
877:(261)
868:(261)
859:(261)
850:(261)
841:(261)
823:(260)
814:(260)
783:(260)
774:(260)
765:(260)
742:(260)
730:(259)
712:(256)
703:(254)
694:(254)
667:(253)
656:(253)
631:(253)
622:(252)
613:(252)
604:(251)
581:(251)
564:(251)
555:(250)
546:(250)
541:Beroe
537:(250)
528:(250)
478:(249)
464:(249)
438:(249)
429:(248)
411:(248)
379:(244)
370:(243)
361:(241)
352:(240)
320:(238)
306:(238)
297:(238)
288:(238)
272:(238)
261:(235)
226:(235)
115:Goths
1708:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1442:axes
1395:and
1359:The
1212:273)
1149:Fano
676:and
644:253)
574:and
455:253)
447:(249
252:235)
239:235)
55:Date
43:and
1657:doi
1653:105
1371:of
1208:(c.
792:(c.
248:(c.
235:(c.
1780::
1663:.
1651:.
1647:.
1588:^
1547:^
1530:^
1503:^
1484:^
1440:,
1420:.
1383:.
640:(c
451:or
82:,
74:,
70:,
1716:.
1690:.
1671:.
1659::
1638:.
188:e
181:t
174:v
86:)
23:.
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