52:
825:. That night the British lost their element of surprise when some Indians lit fires on Sugar Loaf, alerting the Americans to their presence there. On the morning of 5 July, St. Clair held a war council in which the decision was made to retreat. Since their position was completely exposed, they delayed departure until nightfall, when their movements would be concealed. In a conversation with one of his quartermasters, St. Clair observed that he could "save his character and lose the army" by holding the fort, or "save the army and lose his character" if he retreated, giving a clear indication of the political reaction he was expecting to his decision.
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836:. Owing to a shortage of boats, four invalids were left behind, as were the very largest cannons and a variety of supplies—everything from tents to cattle. The rest of the army crossed to Mount Independence and headed down the Hubbardton road, which Riedesel's forces had not yet reached. A handful of men were left at the pontoon bridge with loaded cannons to fire on British attempts to cross it, but they were drunk when the British arrived the next morning.
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639:, was heavily fortified. To the north of old Fort Ticonderoga, the Americans built numerous redoubts, a large fort at the site earlier French fortifications, and a fort on Mount Hope. A quarter-mile long floating bridge was constructed across the lake to facilitate communication between Ticonderoga and Mount Independence.
596:, who acted primarily as scouts and screening reconnaissance. The army was also accompanied by more than 1,000 civilians, including a pregnant woman, and Baroness Riedesel with her three small children. Including these non-military personnel, the total number of people in Burgoyne's army was more than 10,000.
791:
On the morning of 2 July, St. Clair decided to withdraw the men occupying the defence post at Mount Hope, which was exposed and subject to capture. The detachment there set fire to the works and retreated to the old French lines (so-called because they were the site of the French defence in the 1758
917:
Schuyler was eventually removed as commander of the
Northern Department, replaced by General Gates; the fall of Ticonderoga was among the reasons cited. St. Clair was removed from his command and sent to headquarters for an inquiry. He maintained that his conduct had been honorable, and demanded a
787:
On 1 July, General St. Clair was still unaware of the full strength of
Burgoyne's army, which lay just 4 miles (6.4 km) away. Burgoyne had deployed Fraser's advance force and right column on the west side of the lake, hoping to cut off the defenses at Mount Hope. Riedesel and the German column
607:
by 30 June. The
Indians and other elements of the advance force laid down such an effective screen that the American defenders at Ticonderoga were unaware of either the exact location or strength of the force moving along the lake. While en route, Burgoyne authored a proclamation to the Americans,
812:
British engineers discovered the strategic position of Sugar Loaf, and realized that the
American withdrawal from Mount Hope gave them access to it. Starting on 2 July, they began clearing and building gun emplacements on top of that height, working carefully to avoid notice by the Americans. They
678:
units from New York and nearby states. A war council held by
Generals St. Clair and Schuyler on 20 June concluded that "the number of troops now at this post, which are under 2,500 effectives, rank and file, are greatly inadequate to the defense", and that "it is prudent to provide for a retreat".
800:
fired at a
British soldier, spurring the untrained defenders to follow suit. The soldier Wilkinson fired at fell, and the British troops fled. When the man was captured, it turned out he was uninjured, and that he had fallen down because he was drunk. Through the deception of placing him with a
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courts were less happy with the news, as they had been supporting the
Americans, allowing them to use their ports, and engaging in trade with them. The action emboldened the British to demand that Spain and France close their ports to the Americans; this demand was rejected, heightening tensions
796:), getting away not long before the arrival of Burgoyne's advance guard. That afternoon, a company of British soldiers and Indians came toward those lines, but not near enough to do significant damage, and opened fire. St. Clair ordered his men to hold their fire until the enemy was closer, but
878:
The confrontation at
Ticonderoga did not substantially slow Burgoyne's advance, but he was forced to leave a garrison of more than 900 men in the Ticonderoga area, and wait until 11 July for the dispersed elements of his army to regroup at Skenesboro. He then encountered delays in traveling the
808:
Fraser's advance forces occupied Mount Hope on 3 July. Burgoyne ordered some of the scouts and
Indians over to the east side of the lake for reconnaissance ahead of the German column, and brought some of the Germans over to the west side. Some of the British camp was placed close enough to the
913:
wrote, "I think we shall never be able to defend a post until we shoot a general", and George
Washington said it was "an event of chagrin and surprise, not apprehended nor within the compass of my reasoning". Rumors circulated that St. Clair and Schuyler were traitors who had taken bribes in
496:
to hold off on attempting an assault on Ticonderoga in 1776. Although his advance forces came within three miles of Ticonderoga, the lateness of the season and the difficulty of maintaining supply lines along the lake in winter caused him to withdraw his forces back into Quebec.
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when they caught up with the rear guard on the morning of 7 July, but this enabled the main American body to escape, eventually joining forces with Schuyler at Fort Edward. The smaller American force that had fled by boat to Skenesboro fought off Burgoyne's advance force in the
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heavily wooded road between Skenesboro and Fort Edward, which General Schuyler's forces had effectively ruined by felling trees across it and destroying all its bridges in the swampy terrain. Burgoyne's campaign ultimately failed and he was forced to surrender after the
839:
The British occupied the forts without firing a single shot, and detachments from Fraser's and Riedesel's troops set out in pursuit of the retreating Americans on the Hubbardton road, while Burgoyne hurried some of his troops up the lake toward Skenesboro.
433:
The uncontested surrender of Ticonderoga caused an uproar in the American public and in its military circles, as Ticonderoga was widely believed to be virtually impregnable, and a vital point of defense. General St. Clair and his superior, General
293:
662:
gave command of the whole department to Gates. Schuyler protested this action, which Congress reversed in May, at which point Gates, no longer willing to serve under Schuyler, left for Philadelphia. Command of the fort was then given to General
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but not to an attack in strength) was viewed as a politically viable option. Defending the fort and the associated outer works would require all the troops currently there, leaving none to defend Sugar Loaf. Furthermore,
286:
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The American force only consisted of two regiments, three composite units, and other undermanned corps; Francis' and Marshall's Massachusetts Regiments, and Hale's, Cilley's and Scammell's New Hampshire Continentals.
1777:
1042:
Sources generally do not tally casualties for this action. As in most actions, combatants were killed or wounded in minor skirmishes, and deserters and captives taken. The numbers given here are necessarily
279:
2959:
750:
Following the war council of 20 June, Schuyler ordered St. Clair to hold out as long as he could, and to avoid having his avenues of retreat cut off. Schuyler took command of a reserve force of 700 at
828:
All possible armaments, as well as invalids, camp followers, and supplies were loaded onto a fleet of more than 200 boats that began to move up the lake toward Skenesboro, accompanied by Colonel
813:
spent several days drawing some of their larger guns up the slope. Burgoyne's objective was to spring the trap only when Riedesel's Germans were in position to cut off the American retreat.
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570:. The British force also consisted of a sizable Hessian force consisting of Prinz Ludwig's Dragoons and Specht's, Von Rhetz's, Von Riedesel's, Prinz Frederich's, Erbprinz's and Breyman's
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859:
At least seven Americans were killed and 11 wounded in skirmishing prior to the American retreat. British casualties were not tallied, but at least five were killed in skirmishes.
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American lines that they were harassed by gunfire. This did not prevent the British from making repairs to the bridges on the portage road between Ticonderoga and Lake George.
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from a small garrison. In 1776 and 1777, they undertook significant efforts to improve the defenses surrounding Ticonderoga. A peninsula on the east side of the lake, renamed
1763:
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Fort Ticonderoga in 1777, the siege and the aftermath, including the ordeal of escaping civilians and escaping--and pursuing--troops provide the setting for key portions of
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711:) overlooked both Ticonderoga and Independence, and large cannons on that height would make the fort impossible to defend. This tactical problem had been pointed out by
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were deployed on the east side of the lake, where their objective was Mount Independence and the road to Hubbardton. Burgoyne gave the order to advance on 2 July.
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The defence, or lack thereof, of Sugar Loaf was complicated by the widespread perception that Fort Ticonderoga, with a reputation as the "Gibraltar of the North",
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926:; St. Clair was completely exonerated, although he was never given another field command. Schuyler was also cleared of any wrongdoing by a court martial.
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The political and public outcry after the withdrawal was significant. The Congress was appalled, and criticized both Schuyler and St. Clair for the loss.
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and the Congress were of the opinion that Burgoyne, who was known to be in Quebec, was more likely to strike from the south, moving his troops by sea to
603:, near the northern end of Lake Champlain, on 14 June. By 21 June, the armada carrying the army was on the lake, and they had arrived at the unoccupied
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arrived in Quebec in May 1777 and prepared to lead the British forces assembled there south with the aim of gaining control of Ticonderoga and the
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418:, to withdraw from Ticonderoga and the surrounding defenses. Some gunfire was exchanged, and there were some casualties, but there was no formal
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430:, the extensive fortifications on the Vermont side of the lake, without opposition on 6 July. Advance units pursued the retreating Americans.
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is reported to have burst into the chambers of the scantily clad Queen, exclaiming, "I have beat them! I have beat all the Americans!" The
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410:'s 8,000-man army occupied high ground above the fort, and nearly surrounded the defenses. These movements precipitated the occupying
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when Gates was in command. It was believed to be impossible for the British to place cannons on the heights, even though Trumbull,
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Most of these forces had arrived in 1776, and many participated in the campaign that drove the American army out of Quebec.
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683:, the southernmost navigable point on the lake. The second was overland by a rough road leading east toward
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to be held. Neither abandoning the fort nor garrisoning it with a small force (sufficient to respond to a
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on 20 November that Ticonderoga and Independence had been abandoned and burned by the retreating British.
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written in the turgid, pompous style for which he was well-known, and frequently criticized and parodied.
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by the time of the court martial, and St. Clair held no more field commands for the remainder of the war.
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On 4 July, the Americans held a quiet celebration with some toasts to commemorate the previous year's
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866:—a march of 30 miles (50 km)—on the evening of 6 July. The British pursuit resulted in the
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875:, but was forced to abandon equipment and many sick and wounded in skirmishing at Skenesboro.
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Command at Ticonderoga went through a variety of changes early in 1777. Until 1777, General
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492:. The delay required by the British to build their fleet on Lake Champlain caused General
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Consequently, plans were made for retreat along two routes. The first was by water to
485:
442:, but their careers were adversely affected. Schuyler had already lost his command to
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981:. Places 'Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)' in overall sequence and strategic context.
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American forces had occupied the forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point since they
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The Americans made good time on the Hubbardton road. Most of the force reached
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472:. The invasion ended in disaster in July 1776, with the army chased back to
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Detail of a 1780 map showing the Ticonderoga area, with battle sites marked
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The entire complex was manned by several under-strength regiments of the
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1690:
The St. Clair Papers: The Life and Public Services of Arthur St. Clair
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was about 7,000. In addition to the regulars, there were about 800
1749:
754:, and Washington ordered four regiments to be held in readiness at
938:
894:
778:
770:
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615:
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438:, were vilified by Congress. Both were eventually exonerated in
414:, an under-strength force of 3,000 under the command of General
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275:
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Battles of the American Revolutionary War in New York (state)
922:. The court martial was not held until September 1778 due to
979:
American Revolutionary War § British northern strategy fails
848:
For battles that occurred during the American retreat, see
2644:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
805:, St. Clair learned the nature of the opposing forces.
667:, who arrived only three weeks before Burgoyne's army.
1608:
Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War
1664:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
599:
Burgoyne and General Carlton re-sited the troops at
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2003:
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426:. Burgoyne's army occupied Fort Ticonderoga and
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36:
4092:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
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1314:
658:in charge of Ticonderoga. In March 1777 the
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8:
1038:
1036:
1011:
1009:
56:Fort Ticonderoga as seen from Mount Defiance
3205:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
394:occurred between 2 July and 6 July 1777 at
4082:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
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3996:
3921:
3849:
3581:
3438:
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3420:
3295:
2793:
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2336:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
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2213:
1778:
1764:
1756:
1559:
1557:
974:List of American Revolutionary War battles
294:
280:
272:
33:
2145:Washington calls off invasion of New York
964:" series of historical fantasy novels.
707:A height called Sugar Loaf (now known as
4275:Sieges of the American Revolutionary War
783:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga, 2–6 July 1777
476:by a large British army that arrived in
1985:Battle of Freeman's Farm (1st Saratoga)
1370:
1368:
990:
4087:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War
1995:Battle of Bemis Heights (2nd Saratoga)
1990:Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery
1066:
1064:
1051:
1049:
996:
994:
924:political intrigues against Washington
883:. General Gates reported to Governor
27:Part of the American Revolutionary War
2593:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
2202:Washington's Farewell to His Officers
2171:Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh
7:
4202:Daughters of the American Revolution
2552:Declaration of Rights and Grievances
1105:
1103:
929:The news made headlines in Europe.
4285:Battles involving the United States
4197:Children of the American Revolution
4077:Timeline of the American Revolution
1879:Submarine attack in New York Harbor
1787:New York in the American Revolution
1639:The Turning Point of the Revolution
588:, and a relatively small number of
2858:European allies of King George III
2714:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
2649:Committee of Secret Correspondence
2311:No taxation without representation
723:climbed to the top and noted that
25:
4224:Museum of the American Revolution
1643:. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat.
1111:"Battle of Fort Ticonderoga 1777"
758:, further down the Hudson River.
534:. The British Infantry included;
488:was defeated in the October 1776
4290:Battles of the Saratoga campaign
4112:Continental Currency dollar coin
4097:Women in the American Revolution
1864:New York and New Jersey campaign
460:In September 1775, early in the
232:
221:
209:
198:
177:
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150:
138:
50:
37:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)
4207:Sons of the American Revolution
4280:Sieges involving Great Britain
4107:Continental currency banknotes
3195:Staten Island Peace Conference
1884:Staten Island Peace Conference
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727:could probably be dragged up.
1:
2901:German supporters of Congress
2599:Massachusetts Circular Letter
2031:Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga
1687:Smith, William Henry (1882).
1660:1777: The Year of the Hangman
580:The total size of Burgoyne's
2582:Committees of correspondence
1693:. Cincinnati: Robert Clark.
1635:Nickerson, Hoffman (1967) .
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372:Forts Clinton and Montgomery
18:Battle of Ticonderoga (1777)
4219:Charters of Freedom Rotunda
3250:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
3235:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781
3009:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
2664:Declaration of Independence
2629:Second Continental Congress
1874:New York Prison Ships begin
1843:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
1806:First Liberty poles erected
1719:. New York: Stein and Day.
1604:Ketchum, Richard M (1997).
960:, the seventh book in her "
942:among the European powers.
891:Political and public outcry
823:Declaration of Independence
398:, near the southern end of
4306:
4102:Financial costs of the war
2609:First Continental Congress
2460:Royal Proclamation of 1763
2405:Second Rockingham ministry
2244:American Revolutionary War
2011:Setauket Spy Ring launched
1563:
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914:exchange for the retreat.
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462:American Revolutionary War
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44:American Revolutionary War
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3995:
3956:Constitutional Convention
3936:Society of the Cincinnati
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3225:Carlisle Peace Commission
3059:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
2785:
2755:
2724:Hutchinson letters affair
2674:Articles of Confederation
2521:Proclamation of Rebellion
2385:First Rockingham ministry
2329:All men are created equal
2264:
2250:
2197:British evacuate New York
2120:Battle of Fort St. George
1950:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
1924:Battle of Fort Washington
1715:Furneaux, Rupert (1971).
801:man posing as a captured
633:captured them in May 1775
511:Portrait of John Burgoyne
392:siege of Fort Ticonderoga
315:
257:
244:
191:
130:
60:
49:
41:
4260:1777 in New York (state)
3220:Entry of France into war
2835:Kingdom of Great Britain
1909:Battle of Valcour Island
1904:Execution of Nathan Hale
1894:Battle of Harlem Heights
1656:Pancake, John S (1977).
1612:. New York: Henry Holt.
902:, detail of portrait by
490:Battle of Valcour Island
3951:Ratification Day (1784)
3276:Second Anglo-Mysore War
2960:Northern after Saratoga
2940:New York and New Jersey
2614:Continental Association
2511:Conciliatory Resolution
2370:Pitt–Newcastle ministry
2343:Consent of the governed
2140:runs aground at Montauk
2115:Battle of Klock's Field
2093:Battle of Young's House
2026:Attack on German Flatts
1980:Battle of Staten Island
4265:Essex County, New York
4212:Sons of the Revolution
3941:Treaty of Paris (1783)
3271:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
3266:Cherokee–American wars
2879:Franco-American Treaty
2734:Philadelphia Tea Party
2704:Treaty of Paris (1763)
2683:Confederation Congress
2276:American Enlightenment
2077:Boyd and Parker ambush
2041:Cherry Valley massacre
2021:West Point established
1919:Battle of White Plains
1914:Battle of Pell's Point
1899:Great Fire of New York
1717:The Battle of Saratoga
1115:www.britishbattles.com
906:
784:
776:
628:
564:King's Loyal Americans
560:62nd Regiments of Foot
519:
480:in May 1776. A small
406:. Lieutenant General
335:Slaying of Jane McCrea
192:Commanders and leaders
156:Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
4157:Washington's Birthday
3962:The Federalist Papers
3946:Evacuation Day (1783)
2999:Lexington and Concord
2699:French and Indian War
2639:Olive Branch Petition
2150:Battle of Fort Slongo
2057:Battle of Stony Point
1960:Siege of Fort Stanwix
1869:Battle of Long Island
1827:Battle of Golden Hill
898:
782:
774:
626:Charles Willson Peale
619:
568:Queen's Loyal Rangers
530:valley, dividing the
508:
266:18 killed and wounded
258:Casualties and losses
103:43.84139°N 73.38806°W
4162:Jefferson's Birthday
4152:Pulaski Memorial Day
3159:Guilford Court House
2810:Continental Congress
2587:Committees of safety
2562:Daughters of Liberty
2557:Virginia Association
2306:Rights of Englishmen
2016:Battle of Cobleskill
1970:Battle of Bennington
1889:Landing at Kip's Bay
868:Battle of Hubbardton
854:Battle of Hubbardton
689:New Hampshire Grants
660:Continental Congress
532:rebellious provinces
3290:colony or location)
3245:Newburgh Conspiracy
3104:Sullivan Expedition
2624:Provincial Congress
2415:Fox–North coalition
2354:Settler colonialism
2301:Freedom of religion
2258:American Revolution
2192:Newburgh Conspiracy
2155:Battle of Johnstown
2067:Sullivan Expedition
1955:Battle of Fort Anne
957:An Echo in the Bone
881:Battles of Saratoga
873:Battle of Fort Anne
850:Battle of Fort Anne
652:Northern Department
108:43.84139; -73.38806
99: /
4192:Semiquincentennial
4117:Libertas Americana
2547:Stamp Act Congress
2437:Acts of Parliament
2410:Shelburne ministry
2380:Grenville ministry
2110:conspiracy exposed
2098:First Purple Heart
2062:Battle of Minisink
1975:Battle of Setauket
1965:Battle of Oriskany
1848:Invasion of Canada
1811:Stamp Act Congress
946:In popular culture
907:
794:Battle of Carillon
785:
777:
637:Mount Independence
629:
520:
470:invasion of Quebec
428:Mount Independence
4255:Conflicts in 1777
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
3991:
3990:
3978:Shays's Rebellion
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3841:
3840:
3808:Richard Henry Lee
3573:
3572:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3259:Related conflicts
3129:Connecticut Farms
2909:
2908:
2802:Thirteen Colonies
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2210:
2209:
2072:Battle of Newtown
1945:Saratoga campaign
1752:official web site
1726:978-0-8128-1305-0
1671:978-0-8173-5112-0
1619:978-0-8050-6123-9
741:George Washington
719:, and an injured
612:American defenses
456:Saratoga campaign
385:
384:
305:Saratoga campaign
270:
269:
126:
125:
16:(Redirected from
4297:
4182:Sesquicentennial
4142:Independence Day
4046:Founding Fathers
4012:
3997:
3922:
3850:
3582:
3439:
3432:
3421:
3296:
3291:
3119:Cape St. Vincent
2794:
2787:
2757:
2729:Boston Tea Party
2654:Halifax Resolves
2604:Suffolk Resolves
2395:Grafton ministry
2390:Chatham ministry
2286:Colonial history
2266:
2252:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2214:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1757:
1750:Fort Ticonderoga
1738:
1702:
1683:
1663:
1652:
1642:
1631:
1611:
1591:
1588:Nickerson (1967)
1585:
1579:
1576:Nickerson (1967)
1573:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1525:Nickerson (1967)
1522:
1513:
1510:Nickerson (1967)
1507:
1501:
1498:Nickerson (1967)
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1462:Nickerson (1967)
1459:
1453:
1447:
1438:
1435:Nickerson (1967)
1432:
1426:
1423:Nickerson (1967)
1420:
1414:
1411:Nickerson (1967)
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1360:Nickerson (1967)
1357:
1348:
1345:Nickerson (1967)
1342:
1336:
1333:Nickerson (1967)
1330:
1324:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1282:Nickerson (1967)
1279:
1273:
1270:Nickerson (1967)
1267:
1261:
1258:Nickerson (1967)
1255:
1249:
1246:Nickerson (1967)
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1210:Nickerson (1967)
1207:
1198:
1195:Nickerson (1967)
1192:
1186:
1183:Nickerson (1967)
1180:
1174:
1171:Nickerson (1967)
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1107:
1098:
1097:, pp. 91–92, 102
1095:Nickerson (1967)
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1004:
998:
817:American retreat
672:Continental Army
665:Arthur St. Clair
648:Continental Army
622:Arthur St. Clair
605:Fort Crown Point
482:Continental Navy
474:Fort Ticonderoga
466:Continental Army
416:Arthur St. Clair
412:Continental Army
402:in the state of
396:Fort Ticonderoga
320:Fort Ticonderoga
310:
306:
296:
289:
282:
273:
237:
236:
235:
228:Arthur St. Clair
226:
225:
224:
216:William Phillips
214:
213:
212:
203:
202:
201:
187:
183:
181:
180:
165:
164:
163:
154:
148:
144:
142:
141:
114:
113:
111:
110:
109:
104:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
78:Fort Ticonderoga
62:
61:
54:
34:
21:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4228:
4167:Von Steuben Day
4065:
4034:
4006:
3987:
3927:
3904:
3846:Colonial allies
3837:
3736:
3569:
3530:King George III
3518:
3426:
3403:
3372:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3280:
3254:
3183:
3164:Lochry's Defeat
3049:Assunpink Creek
3039:Fort Washington
2984:
2918:
2916:
2905:
2896:Hortalez et Cie
2867:Colonial allies
2862:
2829:
2798:United Colonies
2781:
2743:
2709:Boston Massacre
2687:
2678:Perpetual Union
2634:United Colonies
2567:Sons of Liberty
2530:
2438:
2436:
2435:Related British
2429:
2358:
2260:
2256:Origins of the
2246:
2241:
2211:
2206:
2180:
2176:Newburgh letter
2159:
2124:
2081:
2045:
2036:Carleton's Raid
1999:
1928:
1852:
1831:
1815:
1801:Sons of Liberty
1789:
1784:
1746:
1741:
1727:
1714:
1710:
1708:Further reading
1705:
1686:
1672:
1655:
1634:
1620:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1047:
1043:approximations.
1041:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1007:
999:
992:
988:
970:
948:
900:King George III
893:
857:
846:
819:
798:James Wilkinson
769:
767:British advance
764:
721:Benedict Arnold
705:
654:, with General
646:had headed the
644:Philip Schuyler
614:
601:Fort Saint-Jean
516:Joshua Reynolds
503:
468:embarked on an
464:, the American
458:
452:
436:Philip Schuyler
388:
387:
386:
381:
311:
308:
304:
302:
300:
239:Philip Schuyler
233:
231:
230:
222:
220:
210:
208:
207:
199:
197:
178:
176:
175:
169:
161:
159:
158:
149:
139:
137:
136:
122:British victory
107:
105:
101:
98:
93:
90:
88:
86:
85:
84:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4303:
4301:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4247:
4246:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4172:Minor holidays
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:Related topics
4000:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3973:Bill of Rights
3970:
3965:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3377:Loyal colonies
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3363:South Carolina
3360:
3355:
3350:
3348:North Carolina
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3300:Rebel colonies
3293:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Sint Eustatius
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:"First Salute"
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:Kings Mountain
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Harlem Heights
3031:
3026:
3024:Valcour Island
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2659:Lee Resolution
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2577:Black Patriots
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2425:Black Loyalist
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:North ministry
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:External links
1742:
1740:
1739:
1725:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1684:
1670:
1653:
1632:
1618:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1553:
1541:
1537:Ketchum (1997)
1529:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1486:Pancake (1977)
1478:
1474:Pancake (1977)
1466:
1454:
1450:Pancake (1977)
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1399:Ketchum (1997)
1391:
1389:, pp. 174, 180
1387:Ketchum (1997)
1379:
1375:Ketchum (1997)
1364:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1321:Pancake (1977)
1310:
1306:Pancake (1977)
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1234:Pancake (1977)
1226:
1222:Pancake (1977)
1214:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1159:Pancake (1977)
1151:
1147:Pancake (1977)
1139:
1135:Pancake (1977)
1127:
1099:
1087:
1083:Pancake (1977)
1075:
1071:Ketchum (1997)
1060:
1056:Ketchum (1997)
1045:
1032:
1028:Ketchum (1997)
1020:
1016:Pancake (1977)
1005:
1001:Ketchum (1997)
989:
987:
984:
983:
982:
976:
969:
966:
952:Diana Gabaldon
947:
944:
892:
889:
885:George Clinton
845:
842:
818:
815:
768:
765:
763:
760:
709:Mount Defiance
704:
701:
624:, portrait by
613:
610:
502:
501:British forces
499:
486:Lake Champlain
454:Main article:
451:
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440:courts martial
424:pitched battle
400:Lake Champlain
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360:Freeman's Farm
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4147:Patriots' Day
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4122:Commemoration
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2980:Naval battles
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2323:Spirit of '76
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745:New York City
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725:gun carriages
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717:Anthony Wayne
714:
713:John Trumbull
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691:(present-day
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656:Horatio Gates
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524:John Burgoyne
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444:Horatio Gates
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408:John Burgoyne
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205:John Burgoyne
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185:United States
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146:Great Britain
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68:2–6 July 1777
67:
64:
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4242:
4187:Bicentennial
4070:Other topics
4056:Liberty Tree
4028:
3968:Constitution
3960:
3865:Beaumarchais
3753:Samuel Adams
3504:William Howe
3499:Richard Howe
3399:West Florida
3384:East Florida
3358:Rhode Island
3353:Pennsylvania
3286:Involvement
3230:Gordon Riots
3215:Valley Forge
3210:Conway Cabal
3188:Other events
3058:
2950:Philadelphia
2848:British Army
2739:Powder Alarm
2669:Model Treaty
2591:
2349:Expansionism
2317:Common Sense
2315:
2137:
1949:
1716:
1689:
1659:
1638:
1607:
1583:
1571:
1564:Smith (1882)
1549:Smith (1882)
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1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:
1090:
1078:
1023:
955:
949:
928:
916:
908:
904:Allan Ramsay
877:
861:
858:
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731:
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706:
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598:
582:regular army
579:
576:
528:Hudson River
521:
509:
494:Guy Carleton
459:
432:
391:
389:
340:Fort Stanwix
319:
131:Belligerents
42:Part of the
29:
3833:Witherspoon
3717:von Steuben
3672:Charles Lee
3389:Nova Scotia
3308:Connecticut
3179:The Saintes
3134:Springfield
3099:Stony Point
3029:Long Island
3014:Bunker Hill
2935:Nova Scotia
2526:Prohibitory
2516:Restraining
2506:Intolerable
2486:Declaratory
1120:13 February
1085:, pp. 34–37
931:King George
830:Pierse Long
574:regiments.
167:Hesse-Hanau
106: /
4249:Categories
4177:Centennial
4132:television
3983:Jay Treaty
3880:de Guichen
3788:Huntington
3748:John Adams
3687:Montgomery
3592:Washington
3555:Rockingham
3540:Barrington
3509:Knyphausen
3479:Cornwallis
3338:New Jersey
3169:Chesapeake
3124:Charleston
3079:Germantown
3074:Brandywine
3064:Bennington
2853:Royal Navy
2843:Parliament
2790:Combatants
2763:Combatants
2542:Loyal Nine
2475:Quartering
2445:Navigation
2291:Liberalism
2281:John Locke
2269:Philosophy
1940:Meigs Raid
1597:References
918:review by
911:John Adams
703:Sugar Loaf
685:Hubbardton
681:Skenesboro
450:Background
350:Bennington
325:Hubbardton
94:73°23′17″W
91:43°50′29″N
4051:Diplomacy
4039:Political
4022:Prisoners
3926:Aftermath
3900:Vergennes
3875:de Grasse
3870:d'Estaing
3860:Louis XVI
3798:Jefferson
3763:Dickinson
3707:St. Clair
3692:Nicholson
3667:Lafayette
3627:Duportail
3597:Alexander
3565:Shelburne
3449:Arbuthnot
3288:(by
3154:Pensacola
3114:Gibraltar
3089:St. Lucia
3054:Princeton
2766:Campaigns
2619:Minutemen
2535:Colonials
2491:Townshend
2420:Loyalists
2363:Royalists
1294:Nickerson
962:Outlander
864:Castleton
844:Aftermath
756:Peekskill
594:Loyalists
590:Canadiens
484:fleet on
330:Fort Anne
4015:Military
3768:Franklin
3741:Civilian
3722:Sullivan
3712:Schuyler
3642:Hamilton
3617:Claghorn
3585:Military
3578:Colonial
3560:Sandwich
3523:Civilian
3469:Carleton
3464:Campbell
3459:Burgoyne
3442:Military
3368:Virginia
3343:New York
3323:Maryland
3313:Delaware
3174:Yorktown
3109:Savannah
3084:Monmouth
3069:Saratoga
2975:Yorktown
2965:Southern
2955:Northern
2945:Saratoga
2917:theaters
2778:Colonies
2769:Theaters
2572:Patriots
2482:up i.p.o
2470:Currency
2455:Molasses
2138:Culloden
1628:41397623
1590:, p. 162
1578:, p. 426
1539:, p. 356
1527:, p. 161
1500:, p. 398
1476:, p. 124
1464:, p. 155
1452:, p. 125
1437:, p. 148
1425:, p. 147
1413:, p. 146
1401:, p. 177
1377:, p. 171
1362:, p. 145
1347:, p. 144
1335:, p. 143
1323:, p. 122
1284:, p. 138
1260:, p. 132
1248:, p. 131
1236:, p. 121
1212:, p. 136
1185:, p. 122
1161:, p. 119
1149:, p. 118
1073:, p. 166
1058:, p. 170
1030:, p. 172
1018:, p. 116
1003:, p. 137
968:See also
834:regiment
803:Loyalist
620:General
522:General
404:New York
377:Kingston
355:Saratoga
345:Oriskany
263:5 killed
245:Strength
171:Iroquois
82:New York
73:Location
4137:theater
3895:Suffren
3885:Luzerne
3803:Laurens
3773:Hancock
3758:Carroll
3677:Lincoln
3657:de Kalb
3647:Hopkins
3545:Germain
3535:Amherst
3474:Clinton
3435:British
3425:Leaders
3318:Georgia
3149:Cowpens
3094:Grenada
3044:Trenton
2991:battles
2970:Western
2825:Marines
2772:Battles
1680:2680804
1566:, p. 95
1551:, p. 93
1137:, p. 36
939:Spanish
693:Vermont
687:in the
676:militia
586:Indians
422:and no
4029:Turtle
3853:French
3823:Revere
3818:Morris
3813:McKean
3778:Hanson
3702:Rodney
3697:Putnam
3682:Mercer
3637:Greene
3607:Arnold
3514:Rodney
3494:Graves
3484:Fraser
3394:Quebec
3139:Camden
3019:Quebec
3004:Boston
2989:Major
2930:Quebec
2925:Boston
2874:France
2775:Events
2692:Events
2501:Quebec
2103:Arnold
1735:134959
1733:
1723:
1699:817707
1697:
1678:
1668:
1649:549809
1647:
1626:
1616:
935:French
762:Battle
752:Albany
566:, and
518:, 1766
478:Quebec
182:
143:
119:Result
3783:Henry
3732:Wayne
3652:Jones
3632:Gates
3622:Clark
3612:Barry
3602:Allen
3550:North
3454:Brant
2480:Stamp
2465:Sugar
2107:André
986:Notes
736:feint
572:Jäger
420:siege
253:3,000
250:7,800
4127:film
4027:The
3828:Rush
3727:Ward
3662:Knox
3489:Gage
2889:Navy
2884:Army
2820:Navy
2815:Army
2676:and
2450:Iron
2185:1783
2164:1782
2136:HMS
2129:1781
2086:1780
2050:1779
2004:1778
1933:1777
1857:1776
1836:1775
1820:1770
1794:1765
1731:OCLC
1721:ISBN
1695:OCLC
1676:OCLC
1666:ISBN
1645:OCLC
1624:OCLC
1614:ISBN
1122:2020
937:and
852:and
674:and
592:and
556:53rd
552:47th
548:24th
544:21st
540:20th
390:The
309:1777
65:Date
3793:Jay
2496:Tea
954:'s
832:'s
732:had
695:).
650:'s
536:9th
514:by
4251::
1729:.
1674:.
1622:.
1556:^
1517:^
1442:^
1367:^
1352:^
1313:^
1202:^
1113:.
1102:^
1063:^
1048:^
1035:^
1008:^
993:^
747:.
562:,
558:,
554:,
550:,
546:,
542:,
538:,
80:,
2800:/
2345:"
2341:"
2338:"
2334:"
2331:"
2327:"
2236:e
2229:t
2222:v
2105:–
1779:e
1772:t
1765:v
1737:.
1701:.
1682:.
1651:.
1630:.
1124:.
856:.
295:e
288:t
281:v
20:)
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