1196:) were able to capture the west bank first, after which our main army crossed over to the north bank. The rebels were unable to fight for control of the west bank with us because our two generals had already occupied the area. When I gave orders for our carts to be linked together, wooden fences to be erected as defensive structures, and for our army to head south along the riverbank, I knew that we couldn't win then so I decided to display our weakness to the enemy. When we crossed the river back to the south bank and built solid walls, I didn't allow our men to engage the enemy because I wanted the enemy to become overconfident. As such, the rebels didn't attack our walls and instead requested to cede territories in exchange for peace. I pretended to agree so that they would be at ease and would not be on guard while our troops prepared for battle. When we attacked, it was indeed a case of 'a sudden crash of thunder leaves no time for one to cover his ears'. There are more than one way to how the situation on a battlefield can change."
1036:
to Han Sui and his allies from behind the barriers. The coalition members greeted Cao Cao when they met him while their soldiers pushed their way forward to get a closer look at him. Cao Cao laughed and said: "You wish to see how I look like? I am also an ordinary person. I don't have four eyes or two mouths, but I am more intelligent." Cao Cao had brought along 5,000 armoured horsemen and instructed them to arrange themselves in an impressive formation. The rebel forces were shocked when they saw this display of military might by Cao Cao.
1188:(馮翊) from the east bank, and instead choose to defend Tong Pass and cross the river later?" Cao Cao replied, "The rebels were at Tong Pass. If I went to the east bank, they would definitely increase their defences at the fords and we wouldn't be able to cross over to the west. Hence, I chose to deploy our forces at Tong Pass so that the rebels would concentrate their defences on the south bank and lower their guard in the west. This was why our two generals (
960:), a colonel under Cao Cao, had released the cattle and horses to distract the enemy, so the Guanxi soldiers immediately gave up on attacking and started to seize whatever livestock they could lay their hands on. Cao Cao's officers were worried and panicky when they lost sight of their lord during the chaos, and they shed tears of joy when they reunited with him later. Cao Cao laughed and remarked: "I was almost trapped by that little scoundrel today!"
37:
1032:. When they met at close quarters (they were on horseback and their steeds were side by side but facing opposite directions), they spoke nothing about military affairs and had a mere lighthearted conversation about old times. When Han Sui returned to his camp later, Ma Chao asked him: "What did Cao Cao say?" Han Sui replied: "Nothing." Ma Chao and the others became suspicious of Han Sui.
973:. His forces crossed the river that night and built camps on the south bank. On the same night, the coalition attacked but were driven back by ambush forces deployed earlier by Cao Cao. Ma Chao and his allies also garrisoned at the south bank and they sent a messenger to meet Cao Cao, requesting to give up the territories west of the river in exchange for peace, but Cao Cao refused.
1313:. Ma Chao had confidence in himself and secretly harboured the intention of charging forward and capturing Cao Cao when they met. However, he had heard of Xu Chu before and suspected that the man with Cao Cao was Xu Chu. He then asked Cao Cao: "Where is your Tiger Marquis?" Cao Cao pointed at Xu Chu, and Xu glared at Ma Chao. Ma Chao was afraid and did not dare to make his move.
923:). Some of his subordinates advised him: "The Guanxi soldiers are warlike and they specialise in using long spears. Only an elite vanguard force can stop them." Cao Cao replied: "I am in charge of the war, not the rebels. They may be skilled in using long spears, but I will make them unable to use their spears. Gentlemen, just watch."
1252:
against each other. Ma Chao fell for the ruse and believed that Han Sui was planning to betray him so he barged into Han Sui's tent and attacked him. Han Sui lost his left arm during the fight and narrowly escaped under the protection of his subordinates. Cao Cao then took advantage of their internal
1035:
When Cao Cao was going to meet Han Sui again later (the other coalition members were with Han this time), his subordinates cautioned him: "My lord, when you meet the rebels, you may not be able to leave easily. How about using wooden horses as barriers?" Cao Cao agreed to their suggestion and spoke
988:
suggested to Cao Cao: "The weather is cold. We can mix sand with water and use the mixture to construct walls. They will be ready after one night." Cao Cao heeded Lou Gui's suggestion and ordered his troops to work through the night to build the walls, which were ready by the following day. Cao Cao
1203:
is a very vast area. If the rebels garrisoned at the various strategic locations and we attack (all those places one by one), it would take a year or two to defeat all of them. However, they gathered (at Tong Pass) instead. They may have had superiority in numbers, but they were very disunited and
1229:
Cao Cao was defeated by Ma Chao in the first skirmish of the battle. In the midst of the chaos, Cao Cao fled and was pursued by Ma Chao. Ma Chao shouted that the man dressed in the red robe was Cao Cao, so Cao took off his robe and discarded it to avoid being recognised. When Ma Chao saw that he
1039:
Some days later, Cao Cao wrote a letter to Han Sui which contained several "amendments", making it seem as though the recipient had deliberately edited the letter's contents to cover up something. Ma Chao and the others became even more suspicious of Han Sui after they saw the letter. In the
992:
However, there have been suspicions that the building of the sand walls did not actually occur, because the incident took place in late autumn or early winter (late
October to November) and the weather was probably not cold enough to cause water to freeze. The fifth-century historian
811:
The various warlords in the
Guanzhong region feared that Cao Cao would to attack them because Zhong Yao's army would pass by the Guanzhong region on the way to Hanzhong Commandery. As soon as Zhong Yao's army entered Guanzhong, the warlords, under the leadership of Ma Chao and
1040:
meantime, Cao Cao was preparing for war with the coalition. He sent lightly armed troops to attack first, and then dispatched his elite cavalry to launch a pincer attack. Cao Cao scored a major victory over the coalition: Cheng Yi, Li Kan, and others were killed in action;
1141:) and forced Wei Kang's subordinates to submit to him. He took control of Liang Province. Wei Kang's former subordinates were unhappy with Ma Chao so they plotted to get rid of him. Later that year, they rebelled against him and succeeded in driving him out of Guanzhong.
1001:
stated that Cao Cao's army reached Tong Pass in late August or
September 211, and crossed the Wei River to the north bank in late September or October. The weather could not possibly be that cold in late autumn (late September to October) to cause water to freeze.
968:
After crossing the river, Cao Cao and his forces then headed south along the riverbank. The coalition retreated and made camp along the Wei River. Cao Cao set up many decoys to confuse the enemy while secretly sending troops to sail across the river and construct
1308:
and is likely to be fictional. Ma Chao, Cao Cao, and Xu Chu's biographies gave an account of a meeting between Cao Cao, Ma Chao, and Han Sui during the battle. Cao Cao rode forth on horseback to speak with Ma Chao and Han Sui. Cao Cao was accompanied only by
1230:
shouted again that the man with a long beard was Cao Cao, so Cao drew his sword and quickly trimmed his beard until it was very short. Ma Chao then shouted that the man with a short beard was Cao Cao, and Cao responded by wrapping a flag around his jaw.
1320:'s biographies all mentioned Cao Cao heeding Jia Xu's suggestion to sow discord between Ma Chao and Han Sui and turn them against each other. Cao Cao's biography gave a detailed account of this incident, which is mainly similar to the description in
1324:, except that there is no mention about Ma Chao cutting off Han Sui's arm in a fight. Besides, the generals Cheng Yi, Li Kan, Yang Qiu, and others were not subordinates of Han Sui, but rather, independent members who joined Ma Chao's alliance.
1010:
Ma Chao and the coalition repeatedly challenged Cao Cao to come out and engage them in battle but Cao ignored them. The rebels then offered to cede territories and send a hostage to Cao Cao's side in exchange for peace. As suggested by
1792:(諸將或問公曰：「初，賊守潼關，渭北道缺，不從河東擊馮翊而反守潼關，引日而後北渡，何也？」公曰：「賊守潼關，若吾入河東，賊必引守諸津，則西河未可渡，吾故盛兵向潼關；賊悉衆南守，西河之備虛，故二將得擅取西河；然後引軍北渡，賊不能與吾爭西河者，以有二將之軍也。連車樹柵，為甬道而南，旣為不可勝，且以示弱。渡渭為堅壘，虜至不出，所以驕之也；故賊不為營壘而求割地。吾順言許之，所以從其意，使自安而不為備，因畜士卒之力，一旦擊之，所謂疾雷不及掩耳，兵之變化，固非一道也。」)
944:) at night and set up a camp on the west bank. While Cao Cao and his men were preparing to cross the Wei River to the north bank, they suddenly came under attack by Ma Chao's forces, but Cao remained seated and refused to move.
501:
1913:(超等數挑戰，又不許；固請割地，求送任子，公用賈詡計，偽許之。韓遂請與公相見，公與遂父同歲孝廉，又與遂同時儕輩，於是交馬語移時，不及軍事，但說京都舊故，拊手歡笑。既罷，超等問遂：「公何言？」遂曰：「無所言也。」超等疑之。他日，公又與遂書，多所點竄，如遂改定者；超等愈疑遂。公乃與克日會戰，先以輕兵挑之，戰良久，乃縱虎騎夾擊，大破之，斬成宜、李堪等。遂、超等走涼州，楊秋奔安定，關中平。)
722:
of China. The battle was initiated by Cao Cao's western expansion, which triggered uprisings in Guanxi. Cao Cao scored a decisive victory over the Guanxi coalition and established a hold of the
494:
948:
and the other officers saw that the situation was very critical, so they led Cao Cao on board a ferry. As the river current was very strong, Cao Cao's vessels quickly sailed four or five
1199:
Earlier on, during the battle, whenever Cao Cao received news of the arrival of enemy forces, he would express joy. After the battle, his officers asked him why, to which he replied: "
989:
and his forces were hence able to cross the Wei River while the enemy was kept at bay by the walls. Ma Chao led his men to attack the walls but were repelled by Cao Cao's ambushes.
487:
1342:. If the player is on Cao Cao's side and follows the order of events in both history and the novel by making Han Sui defect, it is an easy victory. In the original releases of
2044:
235:
1241:
in a duel. Xu Chu removed his upper garments, fighting topless against Ma Chao both on horseback and on foot. Neither of them managed to overcome his opponent.
1997:
1293:
issued an imperial decree to Cao Cao, ordering him to have Ma Chao's entire family executed. This proves that the order of events had been reversed in
460:
808:
cautioned Cao Cao against such a move, saying that sending troops west could draw suspicion from the warlords in the area and cause them to revolt.
1204:
they lacked a suitable leader, so they could be defeated in one strike. I was happy because it turned out to be much easier (than I expected)."
770:). Ma Teng and some of his family members were effectively held hostage to prevent Ma Teng's son, Ma Chao, from invading Cao Cao's territory.
1967:
980:
again, but came under attack by Ma Chao and his cavalry each time they tried to cross. Their camps were not stable and they could not build
2049:
228:
420:
312:
1387:
recorded that the Battle of Tong Pass took place between the third and ninth months of the 16th year of the Jian'an era of the reign of
466:
322:
1028:(civil service candidates) in the same year, while Cao and Han were also former colleagues when they were working in the old capital
327:
1650:(魏書曰：公後日復與遂等會語，諸將曰：「公與虜交語，不宜輕脫，可為木行馬以為防遏。」公然之。賊將見公，悉於馬上拜，秦、胡觀者，前後重沓，公笑謂賊曰：「爾欲觀曹公邪？亦猶人也，非有四目兩口，但多智耳！」胡前後大觀。又列鐵騎五千為十重陣，精光耀日，賊益震懼。)
435:
221:
1762:(超奔漢中，還圍祁山。叙等急求救，諸將議者欲須太祖節度。淵曰：「公在鄴，反覆四千里，比報，叙等必敗，非救急也。」遂行，使張郃督步騎五千在前，從陳倉狹道入，淵自督糧在後。郃至渭水上，超將氐羌數千逆郃。未戰，超走，郃進軍收超軍器械。淵到，諸縣皆已降。)
635:
568:
1297:, because Ma Chao started a rebellion in the first place, and then his clan was exterminated by Cao Cao about a year later.
1981:
1943:
649:
582:
377:
1094:). Yang Qiu surrendered and was allowed to retain his former titles and remain in his domain to pacify the people there.
1131:
and counties in
Guanzhong, while the people responded to his call and joined him in the revolt. In 213, Ma Chao killed
1157:
275:
1193:
931:
871:
524:
397:
342:
297:
150:
1535:(曹瞞傳曰：公將過河，前隊適渡，超等奄至，公猶坐胡牀不起。張郃等見事急，共引公入船。河水急，北渡，流四五里，超等騎追射之，矢下如雨。諸將見軍敗，不知公所在，皆惶懼，至見，乃悲喜，或流涕。公大笑曰：「今日幾為小賊所困乎！」)
773:
Cao Cao's southern expedition failed and he was defeated by the combined forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei at the
280:
265:
878:
soldiers. Many counties in the area joined the uprising. Some civilians escaped to
Hanzhong via Ziwu Valley (
2034:
981:
270:
260:
1254:
1149:
1101:. Cao Cao pursued him to Anding Commandery but gave up on the pursuit after two months and headed back to
789:
747:
735:
539:
430:
409:
317:
246:
28:
758:. To avoid a potential attack from behind, Cao Cao appointed Ma Teng as an official and summoned him to
302:
1565:(曹瞞傳曰：時公軍每渡渭，輒為超騎所衝突，營不得立，地又多沙，不可築壘。婁子伯說公曰：「今天寒，可起沙為城，以水灌之，可一夜而成。」公從之，乃多作縑囊以運水，夜渡兵作城，比明，城立，由是公軍盡得渡渭。)
907:
In late July or August 211, Cao Cao personally led an army against the rebels, leaving behind his son
1357:
774:
445:
425:
389:
954:
away from the south bank. Ma Chao ordered his troops to rain arrows upon the enemy boats. Ding Fei (
1392:
1388:
1290:
1121:
719:
287:
1344:
1278:
1128:
1102:
1083:
1041:
912:
833:
759:
544:
455:
413:
384:
167:
1963:
1955:
1361:
1073:
1045:
801:
743:
534:
450:
405:
307:
292:
1805:(始，賊每一部到，公輒有喜色。賊破之後，諸將問其故。公荅曰：「關中長遠，若賊各依險阻，征之，不一二年不可定也。今皆來集，其衆雖多，莫相歸服，軍無適主，一舉可滅，為功差易，吾是以喜。」)
2054:
1338:
1285:
and they formed a coalition army to attack Cao Cao, leading to the Battle of Tong Pass. The
1176:
After the battle, Cao Cao's officers asked their lord: "Earlier on, when the rebels were at
1161:
1069:
672:
605:
529:
401:
365:
357:
352:
347:
337:
185:
172:
1185:
892:
875:
373:
332:
213:
77:
479:
1887:(其後太祖與遂、超等單馬會語，左右皆不得從，唯將褚。超負其力，陰欲前突太祖，素聞褚勇，疑從騎是褚。乃問太祖曰：「公有虎侯者安在？」太祖顧指褚，褚瞋目盼之。超不敢動，乃各罷。)
2014:
1408:". Much of the fighting in the battle took place at the southern bank of the Wei River.
1057:
970:
193:
816:, formed a coalition (known as the "Guanxi Coalition", or "coalition from the west of
2028:
1976:
1667:(他日，公又與遂書，多所點竄，如遂改定者；超等愈疑遂。公乃與克日會戰，先以輕兵挑之，戰良乆，乃縱虎騎夾擊，大破之，斬成宜、李堪等。遂、超等走涼州，楊秋奔安定，關中平。)
1349:
1152:, and returned to attack those who drove him out of Guanzhong. He besieged Jiang Xu,
46:
42:
1926:(太祖後與韓遂、馬超戰於渭南，超等索割地以和，並求任子。詡以為可偽許之。又問詡計策，詡曰：「離之而已。」太祖曰：「解。」一承用詡謀。語在武紀。卒破遂、超，詡本謀也。)
742:
commanded a sizable army in the northwestern frontiers of China that threatened the
2039:
1222:
Ma Chao rallied an army to attack Cao Cao in revenge after Cao murdered his father
1164:) for about 30 days until reinforcements led by Cao Cao's generals Xiahou Yuan and
679:
612:
440:
369:
1637:(韓遂請與公相見，公與遂父同歲孝廉，又與遂同時儕輩，於是交馬語移時，不及軍事，但說京都舊故，拊手歡笑。旣罷，超等問遂：「公何言？」遂曰：「無所言也。」超等疑之。)
1552:(... 循河為甬道而南。賊退，拒渭口，公乃多設疑兵，潛以舟載兵入渭，為浮橋，夜，分兵結營於渭南。賊夜攻營，伏兵擊破之。超等屯渭南，遣信求割河以西請和，公不許。)
1395:. This period corresponds to 1 April to 22 November 211 in the Gregorian calendar.
36:
1992:
1114:
1079:
994:
867:
820:") and rebelled against the Han imperial court. The warlords included Hou Xuan (
797:
1253:
conflict to attack them and defeated Ma Chao. Ma Chao fled to join the warlord
1127:
After Cao Cao left, Ma Chao led the various tribes in the region to attack the
2009:
1453:(太祖欲遣鍾繇等討張魯，柔諫，以為今猥遣大兵，西有韓遂、馬超，謂為己舉，將相扇動作逆，宜先招集三輔，三輔苟平，漢中可傳檄而定也。繇入關，遂、超等果反。)
1160:, and their allies at Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous areas around present-day
899:) and gave strict orders to his generals to refrain from engaging the enemy.
1938:
1405:
1282:
1200:
1181:
1177:
1098:
1087:
1049:
977:
950:
935:
817:
785:
778:
723:
715:
73:
1775:(遂共閉門逐超，超奔漢中，從張魯得兵還。異復與昂保祁山，為超所圍，三十日救兵到，乃解。超卒殺異子月。凡自兾城之難，至于祁山，昂出九奇，異輒參焉。)
1124:
issued a decree ordering the execution of Ma Chao's family members in Ye.
1353:
1258:
1231:
1189:
1165:
1153:
1145:
1132:
1024:
976:
In late
October or November 211, Cao Cao's forces attempted to cross the
945:
927:
793:
755:
138:
134:
1492:(魏書曰：議者多言「關西兵彊，習長矛，非精選前鋒，則不可以當也」。公謂諸將曰：「戰在我，非在賊也。賊雖習長矛，將使不得以刺，諸君但觀之耳。」)
1356:, the stage was removed, but the stage was brought back, along with the
777:
in 208. He turned his attention west instead and prepared to invade the
1274:
1249:
1223:
1029:
1019:
985:
896:
888:
813:
805:
751:
739:
711:
511:
159:
155:
130:
126:
111:
81:
1317:
1310:
1301:
1245:
1238:
1106:
1012:
916:
908:
763:
146:
142:
1611:(臣松之案魏書：公軍八月至潼關，閏月北渡河，則其年閏八月也，至此容可大寒邪！) Pei Songzhi's annotation in
1120:
About a year after Ma Chao rebelled against the Han imperial court,
1086:
and his forces besieged Anding
Commandery (安定郡; around present-day
1135:, the Inspector of Liang Province, and seized control of Jicheng (
1110:
1091:
1053:
920:
767:
85:
1234:
appeared and held off Ma Chao long enough for Cao Cao to escape.
1333:
1273:
confirmed that Ma Chao started a rebellion in 211 together with
483:
217:
41:
The fictional duel between Xu Chu and Ma Chao, portrait at the
1113:) upon receiving news about unrest in northern China. He left
16:
Battle between warlord Cao Cao and coalition from Guanxi (211)
1078:
In late
November or December 211, Cao Cao led an army from
1736:(超果率諸戎以擊隴上郡縣，隴上郡縣皆應之，殺涼州刺史韋康，據兾城，有其衆。超自稱征西將軍，領并州牧，督涼州軍事。)
1332:
The Battle of Tong Pass is one of the playable stages in
746:
under the dominion of Cao Cao. When Cao Cao finished his
750:
in 207, he wished to turn south to attack the warlords
1749:(康故吏民楊阜、姜叙、梁寬、趙衢等合謀擊超。阜、叙起於鹵城，超出攻之，不能下；寬、衢閉兾城門，超不得入。)
1237:
The following day, Ma Chao engaged Cao Cao's general
684:
617:
1015:, Cao Cao pretended to agree to accept their offer.
1006:
Cao Cao sowing discord between the coalition members
1960:
Imperial warlord: a biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD
1219:, Chapters 58 and 59 are dedicated to this battle.
1097:Ma Chao retreated further west after his defeat at
891:against the coalition at Tong Pass (in present-day
678:
671:
666:
648:
634:
629:
611:
604:
599:
581:
567:
558:
1289:stated that around a year after Ma Chao rebelled,
714:and a coalition of forces from Guanxi (west of
21:
1874:(曹公與遂、超單馬會語，超負其多力，陰欲突前捉曹公，曹公左右將許褚瞋目盻之，超乃不敢動。)
1861:(曹公與遂、超單馬會語，超負其多力，陰欲突前捉曹公，曹公左右將許褚瞋目盻之，超乃不敢動。)
1624:(九月，進軍渡渭。 ... 超等數挑戰，又不許；固請割地，求送任子，公用賈詡計，偽許之。)
1522:(公自潼關北渡，未濟，超赴船急戰。校尉丁斐因放牛馬以餌賊，賊亂取牛馬，公乃得渡， ...)
1269:Both Ma Chao and Cao Cao's biographies in the
1509:(秋七月，公西征，與超等夾關而軍。公急持之，而潛遣徐晃、朱靈等夜渡蒲阪津，據河西為營。)
1379:
1377:
1136:
955:
939:
879:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
827:
821:
718:) between April and November 211 in the late
654:
640:
587:
573:
495:
229:
8:
1998:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms
1582:
1148:, where he borrowed troops from the warlord
1018:Han Sui had a meeting with Cao Cao later.
663:
596:
502:
488:
480:
236:
222:
214:
18:
2045:Battles during the end of the Han dynasty
1248:'s strategy to turn Ma Chao and his ally
1056:); Ma Chao and Han Sui retreated back to
926:Upon reaching Tong Pass, Cao Cao ordered
1226:and younger brothers Ma Xiu and Ma Tie.
1022:'s father and Cao Cao were nominated as
866:). The coalition comprised a mixture of
1421:
1373:
1184:was not guarded. Why didn't you attack
1171:
555:
1215:In the 14th century historical novel
1060:. The Guanzhong region was pacified.
7:
1428:
1364:, in the later release for the PS2.
788:to lead an army against the warlord
1680:(冬十月，軍自長安北征楊秋，圍安定。秋降，復其爵位，使留撫其民人。)
984:because the terrain was too sandy.
1818:(超既統眾，遂與韓遂合從，及楊秋、李堪、成宜等相結，進軍至潼關。)
1479:(遣曹仁討之。超等屯潼關，公勑諸將：「關西兵精悍，堅壁勿與戰。」)
800:at the head of another force from
784:Around April 211, Cao Cao ordered
14:
1831:(是時關中諸將疑繇欲自襲，馬超遂與韓遂、楊秋、李堪、成宜等叛。)
1466:(是時關中諸將疑繇欲自襲，馬超遂與韓遂、楊秋、李堪、成宜等叛。)
710:, was fought between the warlord
1172:Cao Cao's analysis of the battle
1168:showed up and lifted the siege.
35:
934:to lead their units across the
862:
844:
736:end of the Eastern Han dynasty
685:
655:
641:
618:
588:
574:
1:
1982:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
1944:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1440:(張魯據漢中，三月，遣鍾繇討之。公使淵等出河東與繇會。)
1404:"Weinan" means "south of the
1300:The duel between Ma Chao and
1217:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
1210:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
748:unification of northern China
61:
1244:Cao Cao eventually followed
2050:Military history of Shaanxi
1719:(超至安定，遂奔涼州。詔收滅超家屬。超復敗於隴上。)
1706:(超走保諸戎，曹公追至安定，會北方有事，引軍東還。)
1117:behind to defend Chang'an.
2071:
1900:(曹公用賈詡謀，離間超、遂，更相猜疑，軍以大敗。)
1281:, Li Kan, and Cheng Yi in
1067:
964:Construction of sand walls
887:In response, Cao Cao sent
276:Campaign against Dong Zhuo
116:Coalition of Guanxi forces
64:April – November 211
1304:is not documented in the
1137:
1048:(安定郡; around present-day
956:
940:
903:Crossing of the Wei River
880:
856:
850:
838:
828:
822:
696:
662:
595:
563:
520:
256:
199:
120:
105:
53:
34:
26:
636:Traditional Chinese
569:Traditional Chinese
27:Part of the wars at the
650:Simplified Chinese
583:Simplified Chinese
1316:Ma Chao, Cao Cao, and
804:to support Zhong Yao.
514:'s northwest campaigns
248:end of the Han dynasty
121:Commanders and leaders
29:end of the Han dynasty
1336:'s video game series
1068:Further information:
911:to guard his base in
328:Cao Cao vs. Zhang Xiu
1693:(十二月，自安定還，留夏侯淵屯長安。)
884:) to avoid the war.
775:Battle of Red Cliffs
706:, also known as the
1583:de Crespigny (2010)
1393:Eastern Han dynasty
1180:, the north of the
997:commented that the
794:Hanzhong Commandery
720:Eastern Han dynasty
704:Battle of Tong Pass
559:Battle of Tong Pass
461:Jing Province (219)
436:Jing Province (215)
22:Battle of Tong Pass
1956:de Crespigny, Rafe
1345:Dynasty Warriors 6
1328:In popular culture
1261:after his defeat.
1969:978-90-04-18522-7
1962:. Leiden: Brill.
1362:Battle of Jieting
1358:Battle of Ruxukou
1074:Battle of Lucheng
1046:Anding Commandery
802:Hedong Commandery
744:North China Plain
700:
699:
692:
691:
673:Standard Mandarin
625:
624:
619:Tóngguān zhī zhàn
606:Standard Mandarin
553:
552:
477:
476:
417:
381:
284:
245:Conflicts at the
212:
211:
101:
100:
2062:
2019:
1979:(14th century).
1973:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1381:
1339:Dynasty Warriors
1162:Li County, Gansu
1144:Ma Chao fled to
1140:
1139:
1105:(in present-day
1070:Siege of Jicheng
959:
958:
943:
942:
938:via Puban Ford (
915:(in present-day
883:
882:
865:
864:
859:
858:
853:
852:
847:
846:
841:
840:
831:
830:
825:
824:
762:(in present-day
708:Battle of Weinan
688:
687:
664:
658:
657:
644:
643:
630:Battle of Weinan
621:
620:
597:
591:
590:
577:
576:
556:
515:
504:
497:
490:
481:
395:
394:Northwest China
363:
278:
251:
249:
238:
231:
224:
215:
190:
177:
76:(in present-day
63:
55:
54:
39:
19:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2025:
2024:
2008:
1995:(5th century).
1970:
1954:
1941:(3rd century).
1935:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1594:(或疑于時九月，水未應凍。)
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1330:
1267:
1213:
1174:
1076:
1066:
1008:
971:pontoon bridges
966:
905:
893:Tongguan County
860:), and Ma Wan (
848:), Liang Xing (
842:), Zhang Heng (
732:
686:Wèinán zhī zhàn
554:
549:
516:
510:
508:
478:
473:
378:White Wolf Mtn.
362:Northern China
271:Eunuch massacre
252:
247:
244:
242:
192:
186:
183:
181:
179:
173:
170:
166:
164:
162:
158:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
97:Cao Cao victory
89:
78:Tongguan County
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:210s conflicts
2027:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2015:Zizhi Tongjian
2006:
1990:
1977:Luo, Guanzhong
1974:
1968:
1952:
1933:
1932:
1919:
1906:
1893:
1880:
1867:
1854:
1848:annotation in
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1779:annotation in
1768:
1755:
1742:
1729:
1723:annotation in
1712:
1699:
1686:
1673:
1660:
1654:annotation in
1643:
1630:
1617:
1604:
1598:annotation in
1587:
1585:, p. 298.
1575:
1569:annotation in
1558:
1545:
1539:annotation in
1528:
1515:
1502:
1496:annotation in
1485:
1472:
1459:
1446:
1433:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1397:
1385:Zizhi Tongjian
1372:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1329:
1326:
1266:
1263:
1212:
1206:
1173:
1170:
1065:
1062:
1058:Liang Province
1007:
1004:
965:
962:
904:
901:
826:), Cheng Yin (
738:, the warlord
731:
728:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
682:
676:
675:
669:
668:
667:Transcriptions
660:
659:
652:
646:
645:
638:
632:
631:
627:
626:
623:
622:
615:
609:
608:
602:
601:
600:Transcriptions
593:
592:
585:
579:
578:
571:
565:
564:
561:
560:
551:
550:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
521:
518:
517:
509:
507:
506:
499:
492:
484:
475:
474:
472:
471:
467:Three Kingdoms
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
392:
387:
382:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
273:
268:
266:Liang Province
263:
261:Yellow Turbans
257:
254:
253:
243:
241:
240:
233:
226:
218:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
197:
196:
194:Chenggong Ying
184:Cheng Yi
153:
123:
122:
118:
117:
114:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
72:
70:
66:
65:
59:
51:
50:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2067:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:Sanguozhi zhu
2000:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1989:), ch. 58-59.
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:Cao Man Zhuan
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:Cao Man Zhuan
1562:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:Cao Man Zhuan
1532:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:
990:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
963:
961:
953:
952:
947:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
902:
900:
898:
894:
890:
885:
877:
873:
869:
854:), Cheng Yi (
835:
819:
815:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
695:
683:
681:
677:
674:
670:
665:
661:
653:
651:
647:
639:
637:
633:
628:
616:
614:
610:
607:
603:
598:
594:
586:
584:
580:
572:
570:
566:
562:
557:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
519:
513:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
485:
482:
469:
468:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
282:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
255:
250:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
220:
219:
216:
207:
204:
203:
198:
195:
191:
189:
178:
176:
169:
161:
157:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
124:
119:
115:
113:
110:
109:
104:
96:
93:
92:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:Summer Palace
44:
43:Long Corridor
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
2022:
2013:
2002:
1996:
1993:Pei, Songzhi
1987:Sanguo Yanyi
1986:
1980:
1959:
1948:
1942:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1780:
1777:Lie Nü Zhuan
1776:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1424:
1400:
1389:Emperor Xian
1384:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1322:Sanguo Yanyi
1321:
1315:
1305:
1299:
1295:Sanguo Yanyi
1294:
1291:Emperor Xian
1286:
1270:
1268:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1198:
1175:
1143:
1129:commanderies
1126:
1122:Emperor Xian
1119:
1096:
1077:
1038:
1034:
1023:
1017:
1009:
998:
991:
975:
967:
949:
925:
906:
886:
810:
783:
772:
734:Towards the
733:
707:
703:
701:
680:Hanyu Pinyin
613:Hanyu Pinyin
540:Qi Mountains
465:
441:Ba (215-216)
431:Xiaoyao Ford
318:Yan Province
187:
174:
171:Li Kan
106:Belligerents
2010:Sima, Guang
1429:Sima (1084)
1406:Wei (River)
1265:Historicity
1115:Xiahou Yuan
995:Pei Songzhi
868:Han Chinese
798:Xiahou Yuan
421:Yi Province
313:Xu Province
2029:Categories
1939:Chen, Shou
1844:(詔收滅超家屬。)
1431:, vol. 66.
1416:References
1082:to attack
836:, Li Kan (
730:Background
446:Ruxu (217)
426:Ruxu (213)
182:Liang Xing
180:Zhang Heng
1949:Sanguozhi
1928:Sanguozhi
1915:Sanguozhi
1902:Sanguozhi
1889:Sanguozhi
1876:Sanguozhi
1863:Sanguozhi
1850:Sanguozhi
1833:Sanguozhi
1820:Sanguozhi
1807:Sanguozhi
1794:Sanguozhi
1781:Sanguozhi
1764:Sanguozhi
1751:Sanguozhi
1738:Sanguozhi
1725:Sanguozhi
1708:Sanguozhi
1695:Sanguozhi
1682:Sanguozhi
1669:Sanguozhi
1656:Sanguozhi
1639:Sanguozhi
1626:Sanguozhi
1613:Sanguozhi
1600:Sanguozhi
1571:Sanguozhi
1554:Sanguozhi
1541:Sanguozhi
1524:Sanguozhi
1511:Sanguozhi
1498:Sanguozhi
1481:Sanguozhi
1468:Sanguozhi
1455:Sanguozhi
1442:Sanguozhi
1306:Sanguozhi
1283:Guanzhong
1271:Sanguozhi
1201:Guanzhong
1182:Wei River
1178:Tong Pass
1099:Tong Pass
1088:Pingliang
1064:Aftermath
1050:Pingliang
978:Wei River
936:Wei River
818:Tong Pass
796:and sent
786:Zhong Yao
779:Guanzhong
724:Guanzhong
716:Tong Pass
525:Tong Pass
398:Tong Pass
323:Jiangdong
298:Xiangyang
288:Yangcheng
165:Cheng Yin
74:Tong Pass
49:, Beijing
2012:(1084).
1958:(2010).
1930:vol. 10.
1904:vol. 36.
1891:vol. 18.
1865:vol. 36.
1852:vol. 36.
1822:vol. 36.
1783:vol. 25.
1753:vol. 36.
1740:vol. 36.
1727:vol. 36.
1710:vol. 36.
1457:vol. 24.
1360:and the
1354:Xbox 360
1352:and the
1348:for the
1279:Yang Qiu
1259:Hanzhong
1255:Zhang Lu
1232:Cao Hong
1194:Zhu Ling
1190:Xu Huang
1166:Zhang He
1154:Zhao Ang
1150:Zhang Lu
1146:Hanzhong
1133:Wei Kang
1084:Yang Qiu
1080:Chang'an
1044:fled to
1042:Yang Qiu
1025:xiaolian
982:ramparts
946:Zhang He
932:Zhu Ling
928:Xu Huang
834:Yang Qiu
790:Zhang Lu
781:region.
756:Sun Quan
726:region.
545:Yangping
456:Fancheng
451:Hanzhong
414:Yangping
410:Qi Mtns.
385:Jiangxia
343:Yuan Shu
303:Chang'an
281:Xingyang
200:Strength
168:Yang Qiu
163:Hou Xuan
151:Zhu Ling
139:Zhang He
135:Xu Huang
69:Location
2055:Cao Cao
1917:vol. 1.
1878:vol. 1.
1846:Dianlue
1835:vol. 1.
1809:vol. 1.
1796:vol. 1.
1766:vol. 9.
1721:Dianlue
1697:vol. 1.
1684:vol. 1.
1671:vol. 1.
1658:vol. 1.
1652:Wei Shu
1641:vol. 1.
1628:vol. 1.
1615:vol. 1.
1602:vol. 1.
1573:vol. 1.
1556:vol. 1.
1543:vol. 1.
1526:vol. 1.
1513:vol. 1.
1500:vol. 1.
1494:Wei Shu
1483:vol. 1.
1470:vol. 1.
1444:vol. 1.
1391:of the
1287:Dianlue
1275:Han Sui
1250:Han Sui
1224:Ma Teng
1158:Wang Yi
1030:Luoyang
1020:Han Sui
999:Wei Shu
986:Lou Gui
897:Shaanxi
889:Cao Ren
814:Han Sui
806:Gao Rou
752:Liu Bei
740:Ma Teng
712:Cao Cao
535:Lucheng
530:Jicheng
512:Cao Cao
406:Lucheng
402:Jicheng
308:Fengqiu
293:Jieqiao
208:100,000
188:†
175:†
160:Han Sui
156:Ma Chao
131:Cao Ren
127:Cao Cao
112:Cao Cao
82:Shaanxi
45:of the
1966:
1318:Jia Xu
1311:Xu Chu
1302:Xu Chu
1246:Jia Xu
1239:Xu Chu
1186:Pingyi
1107:Handan
1013:Jia Xu
917:Handan
909:Cao Pi
874:, and
764:Handan
366:Liyang
358:Xiakou
353:Bowang
348:Guandu
338:Yijing
205:60,000
147:Jia Xu
143:Xu Chu
94:Result
1368:Notes
1111:Hebei
1092:Gansu
1054:Gansu
921:Hebei
872:Qiang
768:Hebei
390:Chibi
374:Nanpi
333:Xiapi
86:China
1964:ISBN
1383:The
1334:Koei
1192:and
1072:and
930:and
754:and
702:The
656:渭南之战
642:渭南之戰
589:潼关之战
575:潼關之戰
58:Date
2040:211
1350:PS3
1257:in
1208:In
941:蒲阪津
881:子午谷
832:),
792:in
2031::
2005:).
1951:).
1376:^
1277:,
1156:,
1138:兾城
1109:,
1103:Ye
1090:,
1052:,
957:丁斐
951:li
919:,
913:Ye
895:,
876:Hu
870:,
863:馬玩
857:成宜
851:梁興
845:張橫
839:李堪
829:程銀
823:侯選
766:,
760:Ye
412:*
408:*
404:*
400:*
376:*
372:*
370:Ye
368:*
84:,
80:,
62:c.
2018:.
2001:(
1985:(
1972:.
1947:(
503:e
496:t
489:v
470:→
416:)
396:(
380:)
364:(
283:)
279:(
237:e
230:t
223:v
88:)
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