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large-scale violence against each other in episodes of ethno-religion-based infighting. The recent battles created more than 750,000 new refugees from around the areas of Mazar, the Herat front and Kabul, while foreign powers increased material support for their proxies inside
Afghanistan. The United Nations were unsuccessful in trying to mediate peace negotiations. Humanitarian aid organisations were increasingly forced to abandon Afghanistan as warring parties attacked them for no reason, or in the case of the Taliban because the aid workers applied or demanded equal treatment and care for women. The Taliban saw gender equality as un-Islamic, and responded with rising hostility to aid agencies. This had the effect of significantly reducing Western financial aid for humanitarian relief.
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attempts to mediate between Dostum and the
Hazaras as well as between the various Hazara factions. In February 1998, heavy fighting between Hazaras and Uzbeks erupted in Mazar, and Massoud visited Tehran in a desperate call for help in saving the anti-Taliban alliance. Meanwhile, the Taliban were preparing a new offensive and massacred 600 Uzbek villagers in Faryab Province in January. They imposed an even stricter interpretation of Islamic law, leading to regular amputations, lashings and stonings, especially against women, and the shutdown of the last remaining girls schools. Although international outcry mounted, no action was taken and on 24 February 1998 all UN staff pulled out of Kandahar, the Taliban capital.
896:, drove women off the streets, and, most significantly, try and disarm the local Hazara and Uzbek population by the end of May, contrary to the agreement Malik had made with them. In the Hazara sections of the city, particularly in the north-east and east areas around Syedabad, local Wahdat commanders and armed "civilians" began to enlist themselves in resistance. The alliance between Malik and the Taliban disintegrated and the Hazaras turned on the Taliban. Although Pakistani diplomats flew into the city in an attempt to renegotiate the terms of the agreement, it was already too late to save it. The fact that
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1048:, the capital city of the Jowzjan Province to the west. In order to discredit Malik and win back his supporters, Dostum exposed the atrocities Malik had committed against the Taliban prisoners of war by unearthing 20 mass graves in the Dash-te-Laili desert near Sheberghan. (Note that Dostum's forces themselves are accused of having committed a similar massacre against Taliban POWs three years later in December 2001 in the same area, see
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1052:). Dostum offered the Taliban help to retrieve the bodies, called for a UN investigation (which soon began) and released about 200 Taliban prisoners as a gesture of goodwill. Dostum gradually reasserted his leadership over Junbish and regained control of the northern provinces outside the city of Mazar-i-Sharif, and eventually defeated Malik and forced him to escape to
36:
1121:, while in control of Mazar. In the following days, Taliban forces began to detain male members of ethnic Hazara, Tajik, and Uzbek. Hundreds were summarily executed while thousands of prisoners were transported in container trucks to Shiberghan and other cities, and in some instances, prisoners had asphyxiated inside the closed metal containers.
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prisoner. Within 15 hours of fierce combat, around 600 Taliban were killed in Mazar's streets, and more than 1,000 were captured when trying to flee the airport. Malik's troops proceeded to loot the city including offices of UN agencies (whose aid workers were forced to flee), while dozens of
Taliban of Pakistani origin were killed.
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were driven back to Kunduz, but along the way, they raided several villages and killed at least 86 civilians. At least 70 Shia
Hazaras were massacred by the Taliban in the village of Qazil Abad south of Mazar, perhaps hundreds more. A survivor recounted that "some had their throats slit, while others were skinned alive."
972:) summarily executed thousands of Taliban members. "He is widely believed to have been responsible for the massacre of up to 3,000 Taliban prisoners after inviting them into Mazar-i-Sharif." Thousands of Taliban troops and hundreds of Taliban of Pakistani origin were shot dead and buried in mass graves.
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Mazar to be demoralised, and accept bribes. Only a Hazara army of 1,500 troops just outside Mazar was still guarding the city. They were caught by a surprise attack in the early morning of 8 August, and fought until they were out of ammunition, and except for about 100, all were killed by the
Taliban.
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The
Hazaras in Mazar-i-Sharif, officially all unified under the flag of Hezbe Wahdat, were divided into several factions that occasionally clashed with each other and Uzbek groups after repulsing the Taliban. The city turned into a warzone, while Iranian and Russian intelligence officials made futile
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for nine months. In ten weeks of fighting between May and July, the
Taliban suffered over 3,000 killed or wounded, and some 3,600 became POWs, while 250 Pakistanis had been killed and 550 captured. The Taliban's morale had plummeted and they were desperately looking to replenish their losses with new
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It was this capture of Mazar-i-Sharif, the last major city in
Afghanistan to fall to the Taliban, that prompted Pakistan's recognition of the Taliban regime. Soon afterward, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia extended official recognition to the regime, while Turkmenistan resumed relations –
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on 7 September, panic broke out in Mazar. At that point, Dostum returned from exile in Turkey, rallied the Uzbek troops loyal to him, and started attacking Malik's forces. The
Taliban laid siege to Mazar for 23 days. Looting and killings by both Malik's and Dostum's forces was reported. The Taliban
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and take control of the city of Mazar-i-Sharif. According to some sources the deal was a three-point proposal in which it was agreed that the
Taliban would not disarm northern troops, northern parties would have complete control over Northern Afghanistan and Malik would co-ordinate with the Taliban
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By the end of 1997, all factions in the Afghan Civil War had engaged in ethnic and religious cleansing and massacres against each other. Although the main ethnic divide was between Pashtuns (led by the Taliban) and non-Pashtuns (formally united in the Northern Alliance), the latter also engaged in
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into the Mazar city's administration. On 13 June 1997, the formation of the Northern Alliance was formalised and Mazar was declared as its capital city. Rabbani was reappointed president and Massoud was appointed as Defence Minister. The coalition sought national reconciliation between the various
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On 1 August 1998, the Taliban captured the headquarters of warlord Dostum's Junbish forces at Sheberghan. This happened after several of his commanders accepted bribes by the Taliban, and defected. Dostum again fled to Turkey via Uzbekistan. This caused other Uzbek commanders guarding the road to
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When a group of Hazaras resisted being disarmed on the afternoon of 28 May 1997, this led to a revolt amongst Mazar's Hazaras and soon to a general popular uprising against the Taliban. As the latter found themselves on unfamiliar terrain, they were quickly ambushed, defeated and killed or taken
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At 10 am on 8 August 1998, the Taliban entered Mazar and for the next two days drove their pickup trucks "up and down the narrow streets of Mazar-i-Sharif shooting to the left and right and killing everything that moved — shop owners, cart pullers, women and children shoppers and even goats and
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Although the exact details of the agreement were not clear, it appears as if the Taliban had failed to take their part. Abdul Razaq (or Razzak) was appointed as the head of the Military in the north, rather than Malik, and Malik in compensation was given the insulting position of Deputy Foreign
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The revolt against the Taliban takeover had been incredibly successful. It both inspired Massoud's forces to gain ground north of Kabul and resulted in the Hazaras in central Afghanistan managing to drive off the Taliban that had been besieging the
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sent reinforcements, but did not prevail. Dostum retreated to Mazar-i-Sharif and on 24 May,, he fled to Turkey from Uzbekistan together with 135 officers and men, with his family going one day before. Crossing the Uzbek–Afghan border at
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ethnic and religious groups and across party lines, but this proved to be extremely difficult. Many in the Alliance did not trust Malik, who had committed treachery twice in May, first against Junbish and then against the Taliban.
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In Qalai-Zaini-Takhta Pul about 1,500–3,000 Wahdat fighters were trapped. Many were executed on the spot, while approximately 700 attempted to flee in pickup trucks, many being killed on the way. Commanders of Wahdat such as
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The slaughter has been credited to a number of factors—ethnic difference, suspicion of Hazara loyalty to Shia Iran, anger at the loss of life suffered in an earlier unsuccessful Taliban takeover of Mazarwas—including
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and Mazar-i-Sharif after their escape routes had been cut off. In the next few days, the Taliban were driven from the city, and commanders loyal to Malik regained control of the provinces of
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880:, Dostum had to bribe his own soldiers with US to let his convoy pass. On 25 May, Abdul Majid Rouzi arrested Ismail Khan in Baghdis and handed him over to Abdul Razzaq, the governor of
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on 12 July. They defeated Junbish, and captured 100 tanks and vehicles as well as some 800 Uzbek soldiers, most of whom were slaughtered. This cut off one of the main supply lines.
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and the UAE to follow suit, further aggravated the situation. The Uzbeks increasingly realised the agreement did not represent a power share, but was in fact a Taliban takeover.
743:, Rasul, was gunned down along with 15 of his bodyguards. Malik accused Dostum of being behind his brother's assassination, causing a feud between them. In May 1997, angry at
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On 19 May 1997, Malik defected to the Taliban, arresting several Junbish commanders and up to 5,000 Junbish soldiers. Taliban forces quickly came to his aid from Kabul and
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If anyone is hiding Hazaras in his house he too will be taken away. What Wahdat and the Hazaras did to the Talibs, we did worse...as many as they killed, we killed more.
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When the Taliban had retreated from Mazar, the city was taken over by Hazara militias, and Dostum was unable to reclaim his capital; he therefore set up his base in
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On 30 May, heavy fighting broke out around Syedabad. At this point, Malik allied his forces with Wahdat, taking about three thousand Taliban soldiers prisoner in
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who was the acting Taliban Foreign Minister and State Bank Governor, and Maulvi Ehsanullah were taken prisoner. Furthermore, Junbish commanders such as
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defected to the Taliban. This provided them with an important strategic base of operations to once again threaten Mazar, this time from the east.
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to bring about an Islamic dispensation. What further motivated Malik's rebellion was the fact that Dostum hadn't paid his troops for five months.
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where he was sent to Kandahar prison. The same day, Pakistan recognised the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan, followed by the
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herever you go we will catch you. If you go up, we will pull you down by your feet; if you hide below, we will pull you up by your hair. (...)
689:), best known as Junbish. This rebel faction took control of five northern provinces of Afghanistan in early 1992, effectively establishing a
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Minister. On 25 May, the Taliban entered Mazar-i-Sharif with 2,500 heavily armed men. They began to impose Sharia law, shut down schools and
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If you do not show your loyalty, we will burn your houses, and we will kill you. You either accept to be Muslims or leave Afghanistan. (...)
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Hezb-e Islam reportedly switched sides and joined the Taliban, having encircled the front lines of Hezbe Wahdat at Qalai-Zaini-Takhta Pul.
732:), however, Junbish was driven to reconcile itself with Jamiat, and after the Taliban conquest of Kabul in September 1996, they formed the
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4 months after their defeat, the Taliban once again advanced towards Mazar in early September 1997. When they captured the town of
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Last year you rebelled against us and killed us. From all your homes you shot at us. Now we are here to deal with you. (...)
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Afghanistan : Crisis of Impunity: The Role of Pakistan, Russia and Iran in Fueling the Civil War. Volume 13, Number 3
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Afghanistan Justice Project. "Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, 1978–2001." 2005. Accessed at:
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was imminent, formerly communist militias dominated by ethnic Uzbeks (mostly Sunni Muslims) in northern Afghanistan
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captured the Iranian consulate and shot dead one journalist and eight intelligence and diplomatic officers
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although the Taliban were not officially recognized by Turkmenbashi as the rulers of Afghanistan.
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state with the city of Mazar-i-Sharif as its capital. Junbish maintained an uneasy alliance with
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It is reported that between May and July 1997 Abdul Malik Pahlawan (or Malik's brother General
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donkeys." More than 8,000 noncombatants were reported killed in Mazar-i-Sharif and later in
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8 August 1998: 1400 soldiers from the Hazara army, and additional 8000+ noncombatants killed
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La situation en Afghanistan et ses conséquences pour la paix et la sécurité internationales
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736:(actual name: United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan) to stop the Taliban.
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and Mullah Ghaus in Baghdis. There they agreed that Malik would betray Dostum, capture
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recruits by closing madrasas in Pakistan and Afghanistan to conscript their students.
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In July 1998 the Taliban took control of much of the area north of Herat, conquering
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had given the Taliban regime official diplomatic recognition so quickly, and urged
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and took place in 1997 and 1998 between the forces of Abdul Malik Pahlawan and his
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859:. On 22 May 1997 fighting broke out between Dostum's forces and the Taliban in
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Matinuddin, Kamal. "The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997," page 100
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faction rose to prominence in 1994 and 1995 (with significant support from
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Rebel faction control in 1992 after the fall of Najibullah. Junbish in red.
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One group, Sipah-i Sahaba, associated with Pakistan and the Taliban, also
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The Taliban also reportedly sought out and massacred members of the
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Hazara infighting and Uzbek-Hazara conflicts (January–February 1998)
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747:'s alleged involvement in this, Malik and other commanders such as
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1193:, November 1998, Vol. 10, No. 7 (C). Retrieved 18 November 2017.
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Taliban counter-attack, Dostum returns (September–December 1997)
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THE MASSACRE IN MAZAR-I SHARIF, THE FIRST DAY OF THE TAKEOVER
948:. Heavy fighting began over the three contested provinces of
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In early 1992, when the fall of the communist government of
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On 25 June 1996, the brother of Dostum's second-in-command
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in January 1994. As the Pashtun-dominated radical Islamist
1790:"Incitement of violence against Hazaras by governor Niazi"
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Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia
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of Al Qaeda was reported to have been used in the battle.
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Though initially siding with the interim-government under
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Taliban capture Mazar and massacre Shia Hazara civilians
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faction, Tajik-dominated Islamists), Junbish joined the
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Rebel Taliban leader dies of injuries days after attack
1625:(in French). Human Rights Internet. Archived from
1749:(Report) (10 ed.). Human Rights Watch. 1998
1160:Hazaras are not Muslim, they are Shia. They are
554:September to December 1997: 86 civilians killed
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999:Anti-Taliban forces regroup (June–August 1997)
964:Execution of Taliban prisoners (May–July 1997)
551:May to July 1997: about 3000 killed or wounded
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1394:The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997
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1617:UN Security Council report (17 March 1998).
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1199:"Mazar-e-Sharif 1997: Massacre in the north"
172:Extrajudicial killings of Taliban prisoners
1794:Afghanistan, the massacre in Mazar-e-Sharif
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987:were also captured and killed, along with
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166:Taliban lured in trap and many imprisoned
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1380:http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/
908:Taliban ousted (28 May – early June 1997)
839:Learn how and when to remove this message
780:Faction control after the September 1996
716:faction (Pashtun-dominated Islamists) of
697:, a faction of predominantly Shia Muslim
683:National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
580:Junbish-e Milli-yi Islami-yi Afghanistan
60:of all important aspects of the article.
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1205:. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 55–75.
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1896:20th-century prisoner of war massacres
1245:"The elite force who are ready to die"
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
1568:Afghanistan : Crisis of Impunity
1507:Afghanistan : Crisis of Impunity
1453:Afghanistan : Crisis of Impunity
1358:Afghanistan : Crisis of Impunity
1339:. Library of Congress Country Studies
1319:Afghanistan : Crisis of Impunity
1262:Afghanistan : Crisis of Impunity
789:Taliban take control (19–27 May 1997)
82:Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif (1997–1998)
7:
1095:Recapture and massacre (August 1998)
821:adding citations to reliable sources
759:met with Taliban commanders Mullah
18:Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif (1997–98)
1886:Massacres committed by the Taliban
1150:Hazaras. After the attack, Mullah
687:Junbish-i-Milli Islami Afghanistan
25:
1674:Afghanistan Justice project, 120.
1073:New Taliban offensive (July 1998)
1767:Afghanistan Justice Project, 121
1529:"Afghan powerbrokers: Who's who"
1518:Afghanistan Justice Project, 116
1187:'The Massacre in Mazar-i Sharif'
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808:needs additional citations for
323:Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
48:may be too short to adequately
27:Battles during Afghan Civil War
1747:The Massacre in Mazar-i Sharif
212:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
1856:Battles involving the Taliban
1826:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
1531:. BBC News. 19 November 2001
1337:Afghanistan: A Country Study
1331:Peter R. Blood, ed. (2001).
1101:1998 Mazar-i-Sharif massacre
622:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
336:Islamic State of Afghanistan
1779:. Daily Times. 16 May 2021.
1300:. July 2001. pp. 36–49
722:Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)
105:22 May 1997 – 8 August 1998
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1891:Massacres of Hazara people
1721:Afghanistan's Endless War,
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975:Commanders such as Mullah
1866:History of Balkh Province
1129:evacuated by helicopter.
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1881:Massacres in Afghanistan
1333:"The Struggle for Kabul"
446:Abdul-Razzaq Akhoundzada
714:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
645:Mazar-i-Sharif massacre
318:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
1197:Rashid, Ahmed (2002).
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1146:by the Taliban of the
1050:Dasht-i-Leili massacre
985:Ghulam Haidar Jawzjani
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757:Abdul Ghaffar Pahlawan
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412:Commanders and leaders
178:Taliban besiege Mazar
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1012:Malik reincorporated
970:Gul Mohammad Pahlawan
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772:Battles and massacres
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546:Casualties and losses
886:United Arab Emirates
817:improve this article
741:Abdul Malik Pahlawan
501:Abdul Malik Pahlawan
1846:1998 in Afghanistan
1841:1997 in Afghanistan
1391:Matinuddin, Kamal.
745:Abdul Rashid Dostum
718:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
706:Burhanuddin Rabbani
679:Abdul Rashid Dostum
671:Mohammad Najibullah
570:were a part of the
529:Abdul Rashid Dostum
513:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
137: /
1798:Human Rights Watch
1298:Human Rights Watch
1251:. 26 October 2001.
1191:Human Rights Watch
1056:in December 1997.
1026:province of Kunduz
873:Ahmad Shah Massoud
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517:Sayed Jafar Naderi
509:Ahmed Shah Massoud
91:(1996–2001 period)
1876:Massacres in 1998
1871:Massacres in 1997
1836:Conflicts in 1998
1831:Conflicts in 1997
1683:Rashid, p. 72–73.
1656:Rashid, p. 65–66.
1647:Rashid, p. 63–64.
1593:Rashid, p. 61–62.
1464:Rashid, p. 58–59.
1152:Abdul Manan Niazi
869:Northern Alliance
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784:. Junbish in red.
753:Abdul Majid Rouzi
734:Northern Alliance
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496:Ayman al-Zawahiri
436:Obaidullah Akhund
340:Northern Alliance
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141:36.667°N 66.983°E
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89:Afghan Civil War
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363:Supported by:
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186:(August 1998)
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1804:29 September
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1633:30 September
1631:. Retrieved
1627:the original
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1399:Google Books
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1343:29 September
1341:. Retrieved
1336:
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1318:
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1304:30 September
1302:. Retrieved
1292:
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1249:the guardian
1248:
1218:30 September
1216:. Retrieved
1202:
1189:. Report of
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902:Saudi Arabia
890:
865:Khwaja Dokoh
850:
835:
826:
815:Please help
810:verification
807:
761:Abdul Razzaq
738:
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695:Hezbe Wahdat
686:
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296:Hezbe Wahdat
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279:Saudi Arabia
250:
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198:Belligerents
180:(Sept. 1997)
160:
87:Part of the
76:
63:
47:
45:lead section
1360:, p. 14–16.
1264:, p. 23–32.
1089:055 Brigade
1038:Tashqurghan
888:on 27 May.
765:Ismail Khan
565:Battles of
533:Ismail Khan
425:Mullah Omar
357:Ismail Khan
245:055 Brigade
144: /
120:Afghanistan
118:, Northern
1851:Warlordism
1820:Categories
1382:, page 115
1228:References
1046:Sheberghan
922:Sheberghan
751:, General
657:Background
582:, and the
404:Uzbekistan
168:(May 1997)
1719:Goodson,
1006:Hazarajat
979:, Mullah
930:Sar-i Pol
898:Islamabad
829:June 2016
681:into the
635:Hazarajat
66:July 2020
50:summarize
1753:8 August
1570:, p. 38.
1509:, p. 17.
1455:, p. 16.
954:Samangan
730:Pakistan
675:mutinied
578:allies,
266:Pakistan
239:al-Qaeda
110:Location
1708:Taliban
1706:Rashid,
1535:1 April
1112:Bamiyan
1079:Maimana
1024:of the
926:Jowzjan
918:Maimana
871:leader
726:Taliban
720:in the
699:Hazaras
691:warlord
584:Taliban
535: (
348:Junbish
226:Taliban
132:66°59′E
129:36°40′N
1209:
1143:takfir
1119:Hazara
958:Kunduz
938:Faryab
934:Takhar
878:Termez
576:Hazara
401:
391:Russia
388:
375:
276:
263:
223:
157:Result
1745:"7".
1022:shura
950:Balkh
882:Herat
853:Herat
114:Near
1806:2018
1755:2021
1635:2018
1537:2011
1345:2018
1306:2018
1220:2018
1207:ISBN
1163:kofr
1148:Shia
1087:The
1054:Iran
991:and
956:and
936:and
863:and
755:and
563:The
378:Iran
102:Date
944:in
819:by
538:POW
1822::
1796:.
1792:.
1697:^
1598:^
1575:^
1493:^
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612:e
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64:(
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20:)
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