158:
182:
743:
43:
167:
669:
682:
laid siege to Wenden. The
Russian army under Ivan IV appeared before Wenden's walls in late August. Ivan had Magnus arrested, sacked the town, and laid siege to the castle. The last 300 defenders, men, women, and children retreated to the castle's main tower and either died in an accidental explosion
822:
Upon their arrival at Wenden, the
Russian army laid siege to the town. Soon the Russian artillery breached the wall, but then an allied relief force consisting of 5,500 to 6,000 German, Lithuanian, Polish, Transylvanian, Bohemian, Romanian, and Swedish soldiers confronted the Russians on 21 October.
687:
stored in the tower or committed collective suicide by blowing themselves up with 4 pounds (1.8 kg) of gunpowder, probably because the garrison had been "promised a terrible fate" by the tsar in response to them having fired at him with cannons. Thus, Wenden fell to Ivan in
September, and was
863:
The allied victory marked the turning point of the
Livonian War Ivan IV was for the first time seriously defeated in Livonia. A series of further Russian defeats followed and paved the way for the Swedish storming of Narva in September 1581, which resulted in a massacre of 6,000 of its citizens,
830:
First, the
Russian cavalry was defeated and driven off in open field, with the Tatar cavalrymen being the first to retreat, then the Russian infantry, still entrenched for the siege, was defeated or taken prisoner. Russian casualties were substantial, and among the captives, there were several
859:
The battle was unusual insofar as only a few battles of the
Livonian War were fought in the open field; usually, one of the parties took a defensive position in a fortress, while the opposing party laid siege. Furthermore, Wenden was to remain the only occasion of a Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian
855:
and large numbers of horses were captured, enabling the whole
Swedish infantry to ride back to Reval. The captured cannons were taken by the Lithuanians and paraded through Vilnius, contrary to the Swedish wishes and the agreements between the allies prior to the battle.
643:
The year 1576 marked the height of Ivan's campaign, and another 30,000 Russian forces crossed into
Livonia in 1577. Magnus had fallen into disgrace when he defected from Ivan IV during the same year, and started to subordinate castles without consulting the tsar. When
809:
1489:
1732:
847:
claiming that the
Russians lost 6,000 men. Reinhold Heidenstein, a Polish diplomat, described their casualties as severe, without specifying the number of losses. A 17th-century Russian
1482:
1475:
284:
601:, and tartars to achieve superiority over his adversaries. Unlike the latter, he used a large number of native troops instead of a few thousand professional mercenaries.
1742:
851:, that is, a book of the deceased to be prayed for, mentions the names of 162 men killed in the battle, but the list doesn't include a large part of the army. Some 30
1752:
541:
to the town, but was destroyed by a smaller
Swedish–German–Polish relief force. This marked the turning point in the Livonian War, shifting the initiative from the
1383:
107:
1589:
468:
648:(Koknese) submitted to Magnus in the hope of avoiding Ivan IV's army, the tsar sacked it and executed its German commanders. The campaign then focussed on
534:
in what became a symbolic victory. Polish forces, however, re-captured the stronghold in November and beat back a Russian counter-attack in February 1578.
1161:
Nolan C. J. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2006. p. 640
765:(Daugavpils). A Polish–Swedish force took the town and castle of Wenden in early 1578. Russian forces tried to re-take the town in February, but failed.
1594:
423:
277:
1438:
1400:
1727:
1747:
816:
712:
625:
550:
161:
157:
546:
1737:
1457:
1419:
1367:
1348:
270:
17:
1579:
388:
1682:
812:
708:
773:
1650:
1315:
Derry T. K. History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland. U of Minnesota Press. 2000. p. 101
1707:
1702:
1261:
Heidenstein R. Reinoldi Heidenstenii Secr: Regii, De Bello Moscovitico commentariorum lib. sex. Krakow. 1584. p. 36
757:
John III and Stephen Báthory formed an alliance against Ivan IV in December 1577, after Báthory had concluded the
413:
1625:
1569:
594:
448:
398:
383:
1655:
1630:
1620:
629:
622:
558:
523:
1574:
1564:
739:. Ivan's control of nearly all of Livonia and Estonia was secured by garrisons numbering 22,000 men in total.
490:
453:
368:
358:
1717:
1712:
1584:
1306:
Kirby D. G. Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period: The Baltic World, 1492–1772. Routledge. 2013. p. 119
1074:
720:
438:
428:
403:
1645:
1539:
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1514:
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331:
321:
1467:
458:
1665:
1529:
1524:
865:
485:
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408:
316:
311:
306:
890:
1544:
1534:
336:
326:
1549:
433:
341:
1660:
1061:
Russow B. Chronica. Der Provintz Lyfflandt, darinnne vermeldet werdt. Andreas Seitner. 1584. p. 116
217:
610:
1635:
1377:
840:
793:
746:
700:
637:
633:
554:
212:
1722:
1453:
1434:
1415:
1396:
1363:
1344:
761:. Already in November, Lithuanian forces had started an offensive from the south and captured
728:
679:
672:
574:
542:
527:
191:
186:
827:, while the left flank consisted of Swedish forces (2,000 infantry) commanded by Göran Boye.
1670:
1640:
1615:
1554:
1243:
Antanaitis, Kastytis (2005). "Lietuvos Kariuomenė Livonijos Karo Kampanijose 1578–1581 m.".
869:
844:
835:. Livonian reports of the Russian casualties were inflated, with the official proclamation "
526:
besieged the town in August 1577, but was deposed and replaced by Russian forces under Tsar
353:
346:
824:
586:
363:
207:
1431:
Warrior kings of Sweden. The rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
531:
1598:
657:
473:
393:
887:
Allegedly responsible for the blast was the Livonian noble Hinrik (Heinrich) Boismann.
1696:
1559:
597:. Ivan IV had introduced a new strategy, relying on tens of thousands of his troops,
373:
695:
The sack of Wenden was a huge symbolic victory for Ivan. Among his opponents in the
1499:
852:
696:
590:
519:
294:
34:
797:
742:
937:
1040:
Filjushkin A. Ivan the Terrible: A Military History. Pen and Sword. 2008. p. 204
16:
This article is about a series of battles in 1577 and 1578. For other uses, see
181:
42:
762:
618:
507:
122:
109:
860:
collaboration in battle, as the alliance fell apart in the following years.
808:
684:
166:
660:
was not only of strategic importance but also a symbol for Livonia itself.
1393:
The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721
789:
781:
777:
736:
724:
649:
598:
578:
562:
511:
97:
732:
704:
689:
645:
628:
suzerainty. The conquered territories submitted to Ivan or his vassal,
614:
606:
668:
1049:
Moscouische Niderlag, und Belegerung der Statt Wenden. Nürnberg. 1579
769:
602:
582:
515:
170:
101:
905:"A thousand" according to Frost, "thousands" according to Peterson.
832:
807:
785:
667:
538:
864:
forcing Ivan to accept an unfavourable outcome of the war in the
954:
Robert Payne, Nikita Romanoff. Ivan the Terrible (1975). p. 368.
792:. In September, Ivan responded by sending in an army, which the
716:
1471:
1362:. Marburger Ostforschungen (in German). Vol. 32. Hamburg.
266:
262:
1414:. War in Context. Abingdon - New York: Routledge. p. 37.
589:. Yet, he was able to recover and resume his campaigns in the
731:, though released by Ivan, abdicated in 1578 and withdrew to
60:
577:
faced internal disputes, culminating in the slaughter of
823:
The right flank (around 2,000 cavalry) was commanded by
932:
930:
928:
926:
837:
Moscouische Niderlag, und Belegerung der Statt Wenden
1733:
Battles involving the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
800:(Põltsamaa) from Sweden and then marched on Wenden.
1608:
1507:
892:Das Bruderbuch der Revaler Tafelgilde (1364–1549)
254:At least 162 mentioned in a 17th-century Russian
692:who were to administer the province for Russia.
1341:Kungl. Artilleriet – Medeltid och äldre vasatid
78:21 Oct 1578: Polish–Swedish battlefield victory
27:
1450:The early Vasas. A history of Sweden 1523-1611
1210:
1208:
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1204:
1202:
1200:
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1126:
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1120:
1118:
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796:claimed to be 18,000 strong, who re-captured
537:In October 1578, the Russian army again laid
278:
8:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
506:were a series of battles for control of the
1148:
1146:
1685:which contain agreements regarding Livonia
1490:
1476:
1468:
1382:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1008:
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595:A Swedish counter-offensive in 1574 failed
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41:
24:
1343:. Stockholm: Militärhistoriska förlaget.
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895:(in German). Marburg: Tectum. p. 56.
768:A subsequent Swedish offensive, targeted
1360:Studien zur Livlandpolitik Ivan Groznyjs
741:
1743:Battles involving the Tsardom of Russia
1057:
1055:
922:
880:
613:Estonia was raided, and so was central
514:(Cēsis, Kiesia, Võnnu), in present-day
66:Aug–Sept 1577: successful Russian siege
1412:War and peace in the Baltic, 1560-1790
1375:
1069:
1067:
656:", which as the former capital of the
246:6,280 killed (inflated Livonian claim)
1238:
1236:
530:, who eventually sacked the town and
7:
1753:Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory
688:made a seat of four newly appointed
75:Sept–Oct 1578: failed Russian siege
1681:Treaties primarily concerning the
581:'s inhabitants and the burning of
72:Feb 1578: failed Russian recapture
14:
575:Ivan IV "the Terrible" of Russia
553:. It also marked the end of the
180:
165:
156:
69:Jan 1578: Polish–Swedish capture
938:"Kwartalnik Sarmacki 1(3)/2013"
1595:Báthory's campaign (1577–1582)
1498:Campaigns and treaties of the
1075:"Синодик по убиенных во брани"
551:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
232:18,000–22,000 (Livonian claim)
1:
1433:. McFarland. pp. 94–95.
868:with Stephen Bathory and the
723:was limited to the island of
1429:Peterson, Gary Dean (2007).
28:Battle of Wenden (1577–1578)
1728:Battles of the Livonian War
1395:. Longman. pp. 27–28.
1358:Angermann, Norbert (1972).
839:" (Nürnberg, 1579) and the
47:Cēsis (Wenden) Castle today
1769:
1748:Military history of Latvia
15:
1683:Northern Seven Years' War
1679:
1448:Roberts, Michael (1986).
623:since 1561 formally under
302:
236:
223:
201:
150:
51:
40:
32:
1738:Battles involving Sweden
1410:Oakley, Steward (1992).
1391:Frost, Robert I (2000).
889:Derrik, Torsten (2000).
605:forces were besieged in
1590:Radziwiłł's raid (1581)
1339:Hedberg, Jonas (1975).
1170:Angermann (1972), p. 29
721:Frederick II of Denmark
678:In the summer of 1577,
557:, which collapsed when
252:20–30 artillery pieces
1324:Roberts (1986), p. 265
1297:Roberts (1986), p. 264
1285:Peterson (2007), p. 95
1230:Roberts (1986), p. 263
1214:Peterson (2007), p. 94
1140:Peterson (2007), p. 93
1112:Peterson (2007), p. 91
819:
749:
675:
636:, who was declared as
202:Commanders and leaders
142:Swedish–Polish victory
866:Truce of Jam Zapolski
811:
745:
671:
237:Casualties and losses
123:57.31389°N 25.26889°E
1152:Oakley (1992), p. 37
654:the heart of Livonia
518:, fought during the
1100:Frost (2000), p. 27
1012:Frost (2000), p. 28
119: /
841:Livonian Chronicle
820:
794:Livonian Chronicle
750:
747:John III of Sweden
727:(Ösel, Saaremaa),
701:John III of Sweden
676:
634:House of Oldenburg
573:In 1570 and 1571,
555:Kingdom of Livonia
522:in 1577 and 1578.
424:Báthory's campaign
128:57.31389; 25.26889
1708:Conflicts in 1578
1703:Conflicts in 1577
1690:
1689:
1440:978-0-7864-2873-1
1402:978-0-582-06429-4
1275:. pp. 43–44.
729:Magnus of Livonia
680:Magnus of Livonia
673:Ivan IV of Russia
652:(Cēsis, Võnnu), "
626:Polish-Lithuanian
543:Tsardom of Russia
524:Magnus of Livonia
504:Battles of Wenden
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870:Treaty of Plussa
845:Balthasar Russow
703:only controlled
469:Radziwiłł's raid
297:
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1565:Reval (1571–72)
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1452:. CUP Archive.
1447:
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944:. 4 March 2013.
936:
935:
924:
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909:
904:
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888:
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882:
878:
872:with John III.
825:Andrzej Sapieha
813:Stephen Báthory
806:
755:
709:Stephen Báthory
666:
638:king of Livonia
587:Crimean tartars
571:
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495:
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291:
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250:1,720 dispersed
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208:Andrzej Sapieha
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1330:
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1326:
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1308:
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1232:
1216:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1142:
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1042:
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1024:Hedberg (1975)
1014:
956:
947:
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913:
910:
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907:
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658:Livonian Order
621:(Daugavpils),
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1545:Dorpat (1559)
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1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:Dorpat (1558)
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1501:
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1671:Narva-Plussa
1666:Jam Zapolski
1585:Narva (1581)
1515:Narva (1558)
1500:Livonian War
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591:Livonian War
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414:Weissenstein
295:Livonian War
255:
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151:Belligerents
81:
35:Livonian War
33:Part of the
22:
1502:(1558–1583)
707:(Tallinn),
630:Duke Magnus
609:(Tallinn),
561:retired to
429:2nd Polotsk
369:1st Polotsk
229:4,000–6,000
213:Göran Boije
126: /
1697:Categories
1540:Zessvengen
917:References
853:siege guns
798:Oberpahlen
772:(Lihula),
759:Danzig War
715:only held
646:Kokenhusen
617:as far as
569:Background
508:stronghold
464:Nastasyino
459:Zavolochye
379:Ozerishche
332:Zessvengen
111:57°18′50″N
1661:Drohiczyn
1570:Wesenberg
1530:Neuhausen
1525:Neishloss
1508:Campaigns
1378:cite book
784:(Pärnu),
685:gunpowder
640:in 1570.
593:in 1572.
481:2nd Narva
409:2nd Reval
399:Wesenberg
389:1st Reval
384:Chashniki
317:Neuhausen
312:Neishloss
307:1st Narva
114:25°16′8″E
1651:Roskilde
1636:Mozhaysk
1626:Novgorod
1609:Treaties
1251:: 63–64.
790:Novgorod
763:Dünaburg
737:Courland
690:voivodes
619:Dünaburg
599:Cossacks
579:Novgorod
563:Courland
549:and the
486:Lyalitsy
449:Toropets
224:Strength
93:Location
1656:Stettin
912:Sources
849:sinodik
733:Piltene
632:of the
615:Livonia
603:Swedish
585:by the
528:Ivan IV
491:Oreshek
256:sinodik
1646:Grodno
1641:Dorpat
1616:Pozvol
1555:Ergeme
1535:Ringen
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1437:
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833:boyars
817:Poland
804:Battle
786:Dorpat
782:Pernau
778:Hapsal
713:Poland
650:Wenden
611:Danish
583:Moscow
559:Magnus
547:Sweden
532:castle
516:Latvia
512:Wenden
454:Shklov
419:Wenden
359:Fellin
354:Ergeme
347:Ergeme
327:Ringen
187:Russia
174:(1578)
171:Sweden
139:Result
102:Latvia
82:
1723:Cēsis
1599:Pskov
942:Issuu
876:Notes
705:Reval
607:Reval
539:siege
474:Pskov
439:Rzhev
434:Sokol
404:Pärnu
364:Nevel
98:Cēsis
1550:Erms
1454:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1384:link
1364:ISBN
1345:ISBN
774:Lode
770:Leal
753:1578
725:Øsel
717:Riga
664:1577
502:The
394:Lode
342:Erms
56:Date
1560:Ula
843:of
815:of
735:in
711:of
683:of
545:to
510:of
374:Ula
1699::
1380:}}
1376:{{
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286:e
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20:.
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