German Peasants' War

3789:, on 2 June, peasant commanders Wendel Hipfler and Georg Metzler had set camp outside of town. Upon identifying two squadrons of League and Alliance horse approaching on each flank, now recognized as a dangerous Truchsess strategy, they redeployed the wagon-fort and guns to the hill above the town. Having learned how to protect themselves from a mounted assault, peasants assembled in four massed ranks behind their cannon, but in front of their wagon-fort, intended to protect them from a rear attack. The peasant gunnery fired a salvo at the League advanced horse, which attacked them on the left. The Truchsess' infantry made a frontal assault, but without waiting for his foot soldiers to engage, he also ordered an attack on the peasants from the rear. As the knights hit the rear ranks, panic erupted among the peasants. Hipler and Metzler fled with the master gunners. Two thousand reached the nearby woods, where they re-assembled and mounted some resistance. In the chaos that followed, the peasants and the mounted knights and infantry conducted a pitched battle. By nightfall only 600 peasants remained. The Truchsess ordered his army to search the battlefield, and the soldiers discovered approximately 500 peasants who had feigned death. The battle is also called the Battle of the Turmberg, for a watch-tower on the field. 2912:, and command was exercised through a war council which decided the troop contingents to be levied from each member. Depending on their capability, members contributed a specific number of mounted knights and foot soldiers, called a contingent, to the league's army. The Bishop of Augsburg, for example, had to contribute 10 horse (mounted) and 62 foot soldiers, which would be the equivalent of a half-company. At the beginning of the revolt the league members had trouble recruiting soldiers from among their own populations (particularly among peasant class) due to fear of them joining the rebels. As the rebellion expanded many nobles had trouble sending troops to the league armies because they had to combat rebel groups in their own lands. Another common problem regarding raising armies was that while nobles were obligated to provide troops to a member of the league, they also had other obligations to other lords. These conditions created problems and confusion for the nobles as they tried to gather together forces large enough to put down the revolts. 3857:. The main causes of the failure of the rebellion was the lack of communication between the peasant bands because of territorial divisions, and because of their military inferiority. While Landsknechts, professional soldiers, and knights, joined the peasants in their efforts (albeit in fewer numbers), the Swabian League had a better grasp of military technology, strategy, and experience. The aftermath of the German Peasants' War led to a reduction of rights and freedoms of the peasant class, pushing them out of political life. Certain territories in upper Swabia such as Kempton, Weissenau and Tyrol saw peasants create territorial assemblies (Landschaft), sit on territorial committees as well as other bodies which dealt with issues that directly affected the peasants like taxation. The goals of change for these peasants, particularly looking through the lens of the Twelve Articles, had failed to come to pass and would remain stagnant, real change coming centuries later. 3593:. The detached troops encountered a separate group of 1,200 peasants engaged in local requisitions, and entered into combat, dispersing them and taking 250 prisoners. At the same time, the Truchsess broke off his negotiations, and received a volley of fire from the main group of peasants. He dispatched a guard of light horse and a small group of foot soldiers against the fortified peasant position. This was followed by his main force; when the peasants saw the size of his main force—his entire force was 1,500 horse, 7,000-foot, and 18 field guns—they began an orderly retreat. Of the 4,000 or so peasants who had manned the fortified position, 2,000 were able to reach the town of Leipheim itself, taking their wounded with them in carts. Others sought to escape across the Danube, and 400 drowned there. The Truchsess' horse units cut down an additional 500. This was the first important battle of the war. 3931:'s work on the peasant war dominated interpretations of the uprising. Franz understood the Peasants' War as a political struggle in which social and economic aspects played a minor role. Key to Franz's interpretation is the understanding that peasants had benefited from the economic recovery of the early 16th century and that their grievances, as expressed in such documents as the Twelve Articles, had little or no economic basis. He interpreted the uprising's causes as essentially political, and secondarily economic: the assertions by princely landlords of control over the peasantry through new taxes and the modification of old ones, and the creation of servitude backed up by princely law. For Franz, the defeat thrust the peasants from view for centuries. 1975: 3777:) of Waldburg had pitched camp at Rottenburg, they marched towards him and took the city of Herrenberg on 10 May. Avoiding the advances of the Swabian League to retake Herrenberg, the Württemberg band set up three camps between Böblingen and Sindelfingen. There they formed four units, standing upon the slopes between the cities. Their 18 artillery pieces stood on a hill called Galgenberg, facing the hostile armies. The peasants were overtaken by the League's horse, which encircled and pursued them for kilometres. While the Württemberg band lost approximately 3,000 peasants (estimates range from 2,000 to 9,000), the League lost no more than 40 soldiers. 3030: 3512:

peasant's vine crops. The great tithe often amounted to more than 10% of the peasant's income.) The Twelve Articles also demanded the abolition of the "small tithe" which was assessed against the peasant's other crops. Other demands of the Twelve Articles included the abolition of serfdom, death tolls, and the exclusion from fishing and hunting rights; restoration of the forests, pastures, and privileges withdrawn from the community and individual peasants by the nobility; and a restriction on excessive statute labor, taxes and rents. Finally, the Twelve Articles demanded an end to arbitrary justice and administration.

3302: 3895:. He wrote, "Three centuries have passed and many a thing has changed; still the Peasant War is not so impossibly far removed from our present struggle, and the opponents who have to be fought are essentially the same. We shall see the classes and fractions of classes which everywhere betrayed 1848 and 1849 in the role of traitors, though on a lower level of development, already in 1525." Engels ascribed the failure of the revolt to its fundamental conservatism. This led both Marx and Engels to conclude that the communist revolution, when it occurred, would be led not by a peasant army but by an urban 2879:

wished; the peasant could do nothing but watch as his crops were destroyed by wild game and by nobles galloping across his fields in the course of chivalric hunts. When a peasant wished to marry, he not only needed the lord's permission but had to pay a tax. When the peasant died, the lord was entitled to his best cattle, his best garments and his best tools. The justice system, operated by the clergy or wealthy burgher and patrician jurists, gave the peasant no redress. Generations of traditional servitude and the autonomous nature of the provinces limited peasant insurrections to local areas.

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Ages in southern Germany, he highlighted political, social and economic features that originated in efforts by peasants and their landlords to cope with long term climate, technological, labor and crop changes, particularly the extended agrarian crisis and its drawn-out recovery. For Blickle, the rebellion required a parliamentary tradition in southwestern Germany and the coincidence of a group with significant political, social and economic interest in agricultural production and distribution. These individuals had a great deal to lose.

6452: 145: 3800:, which was a Habsburg territory, had considerable trouble raising enough conscripts to fight the peasants, and when the city did manage to put a column together and march out to meet them, the peasants simply melted into the forest. After the refusal by the Duke of Baden, Margrave Ernst, to accept the 12 Articles, peasants attacked abbeys in the Black Forest. The Knights Hospitallers at Heitersheim fell to them on 2 May; Haufen to the north also sacked abbeys at Tennenbach and Ettenheimmünster. In early May, 315: 178: 3751:. As such they were experienced, well-equipped, well-trained and of good morale. The peasants, on the other hand, had poor, if any, equipment, and many had neither experience nor training. Many of the peasants disagreed over whether to fight or negotiate. On 14 May, they warded off smaller feints of the Hesse and Brunswick troops, but failed to reap the benefits from their success. Instead the insurgents arranged a ceasefire and withdrew into a wagon fort. 2598:. Luther argued that work was the chief duty on earth; the duty of the peasants was farm labor and the duty of the ruling classes was upholding the peace. He could not support the Peasant War because it broke the peace, an evil he thought greater than the evils the peasants were rebelling against. At the peak of the insurrection in 1525, his position shifted completely to support of the rulers of the secular principalities and their Roman Catholic allies. 189: 3696: 498: 285: 234: 218: 4005: 305: 3526: 2655: 2584: 6651: 2856:

and the allocation of council seats to burghers. The burghers also opposed the clergy, whom they felt had overstepped and failed to uphold their principles. They demanded an end to the clergy's special privileges such as their exemption from taxation, as well as a reduction in their numbers. The burgher-master (guild master, or artisan) now owned both his workshop and its tools, which he allowed his

269: 62: 5600: 167: 6100: 2367: 2546:. The princes of these dynasties were taxed by the Roman Catholic church. The princes stood to gain economically if they broke away from the Roman church and established a German church under their own control, which would then not be able to tax them as the Roman church did. Most German princes broke with Rome using the nationalistic slogan of "German money for a German church". 3814:

Lichten Haufen. Despite this union, the strength of their force was relatively small. At Waldburg-Zeil near Würzburg they met the army of Götz von Berlichingen ("Götz of the Iron Hand"). An imperial knight and experienced soldier, although he had a relatively small force himself, he easily defeated the peasants. In approximately two hours, more than 8,000 peasants were killed.

3602: 2594:, the dominant leader of the Reformation in Germany, initially took a middle course in the Peasants' War, by criticizing both the injustices imposed on the peasants, and the rashness of the peasants in fighting back. He also tended to support the centralization and urbanization of the economy. This position alienated the lesser nobles, but shored up his position with the 4019: 3198: 6661: 5588: 3455: 3229:

usually placed in the center on raised mounds of earth that allowed them to fire over the wagons. Wagon forts could be erected and dismantled quickly. They were quite mobile, but they also had drawbacks: they required a fairly large area of flat terrain and they were not ideal for offense. Since their earlier use, artillery had increased in range and power.

2893: 3558:. In 1525 the last property rights of the abbots in the Imperial City were sold in the so-called "Great Purchase", marking the start of the co-existence of two independent cities bearing the same name next to each other. In this multi-layered authority, during the Peasants' War, the abbey-peasants revolted, plundering the abbey and moving on the town. 3651:, then the Austrian Governor of Württemberg, was present. The peasants were able to achieve a major victory by assaulting and capturing the castle of Weinsberg due to most of the garrison being away on duty in Italy. After taking the count as their prisoner, the peasants forced him, and approximately 70 other nobles who had taken refuge with him, to 2637:

the road of social revolution. However, it was precisely on this same theological foundation that Müntzer's ideas briefly coincided with the aspirations of the peasants and plebeians of 1525: viewing the uprising as an apocalyptic act of God, he stepped up as 'God's Servant against the Godless' and took his position as leader of the rebels.

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and social demands of the peasantry. In the final weeks of 1524 and the beginning of 1525, Müntzer travelled into southwest Germany, where the peasant armies were gathering. Here he would have had contact with some of their leaders, and it is argued that he also influenced the formulation of their demands. He spent several weeks in the

3720:. In the following days, a larger number of insurgents gathered in the fields around the town. When Müntzer arrived with 300 fighters from Mühlhausen on 11 May, several thousand more peasants of the surrounding estates camped on the fields and pastures: the final strength of the peasant and town force was estimated at 6,000. The 1974: 3985:, and that the peasant economic recovery was significantly limited, both regionally and in its depth, allowing only a few peasants to participate. Blickle and his students later modified their ideas about peasant wealth. A variety of local studies showed that participation was not as broad based as formerly thought. 3972:

This view held that peasant resistance took two forms. The first, spontaneous (or popular) and localized revolt drew on traditional liberties and old law for its legitimacy. In this way, it could be explained as a conservative and traditional effort to recover lost ground. The second was an organized

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A new economic interpretation arose in the 1950s and 1960s. This interpretation was informed by economic data on harvests, wages and general financial conditions. It suggested that in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, peasants saw newly achieved economic advantages slipping away, to the benefit

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Historians disagree on the nature of the revolt and its causes, whether it grew out of the emerging religious controversy centered on Martin Luther; whether a wealthy tier of peasants saw their wealth and rights slipping away, and sought to re-inscribe them in the fabric of society; or whether it was

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After the peasants took control of Freiburg in Breisgau, Hans Müller took some of the group to assist in the siege at Radolfzell. The rest of the peasants returned to their farms. On 4 June, near Würzburg, Müller and his small group of peasant-soldiers joined with the Franconian farmers of the Hellen

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The Twelve Articles demanded the right for communities to elect and depose clergymen and demanded the utilization of the "great tithe" for public purposes after subtraction of a reasonable pastor's salary. (The "great tithe" was assessed by the Catholic Church against the peasant's wheat crop and the

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The town patricians were increasingly criticized by the growing burgher class, which consisted of well-to-do middle-class citizens who held administrative guild positions or worked as merchants. They demanded town assemblies made up of both patricians and burghers, or at least a restriction on simony

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was the most prominent radical reforming preacher who supported the demands of the peasantry, including political and legal rights. Müntzer's theology had been developed against a background of social upheaval and widespread religious doubt, and his call for a new world order fused with the political

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Later historians refuted both Franz's view of the origins of the war, and the Marxist view of the course of the war, and both views on the outcome and consequences. One of the most important was Peter Blickle's emphasis on communalism. Although Blickle sees a crisis of feudalism in the latter Middle

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Starting in the 1970s, research benefited from the interest of social and cultural historians. Using sources such as letters, journals, religious tracts, city and town records, demographic information, family and kinship developments, historians challenged long-held assumptions about German peasants

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arrived with over 8,000 men at Kirzenach, near Freiburg. Several other bands arrived, bringing the total to 18,000, and within a matter of days, the city was encircled and the peasants made plans to lay a siege. On 23 May, the city fathers capitulated and entered into the so-called "Christian Union"

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The next day Philip's troops united with the Saxon army of Duke George and immediately broke the truce, starting a heavy combined infantry, cavalry and artillery attack. The peasants were caught off-guard and fled in panic to the town, followed and continuously attacked by the public forces. Most of

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In the north of Germany many of the lesser nobles had already been subordinated to secular and ecclesiastical lords. Thus, their dominance over serfs was more restricted. However, in the south of Germany their powers were more intact. Accordingly, the harshness of the lesser nobles' treatment of the

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rulers who recognized no other authority within their territories. Princes had the right to levy taxes and borrow money as they saw fit. The growing costs of administration and military upkeep impelled them to keep raising demands on their subjects. The princes also worked to centralize power in the

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on 15 May 1525. Müntzer's role in the Peasants' War has been the subject of considerable controversy, some arguing that he had no influence at all, others that he was the sole inspirer of the uprising. To judge from his writings of 1523 and 1524, it was by no means inevitable that Müntzer would take

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the "knights", the lesser landholders of the Rhineland in western Germany, rose up in rebellion in 1522–1523. Their rhetoric was religious, and several leaders expressed Luther's ideas on the split with Rome and the new German church. However, the Knights' War was not fundamentally religious. It was

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concept of the land as a trust between lord and peasant that conferred rights as well as obligations on the latter. By maintaining the remnants of the ancient law which legitimized their own rule, they not only elevated their wealth and position in the empire through the confiscation of all property

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One view is that the origins of the German Peasants' War lay partly in the unusual power dynamic caused by the agricultural and economic dynamism of the previous decades. Labor shortages in the last half of the 15th century had allowed peasants to sell their labor for a higher price; food and goods

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The plebeians comprised the new class of urban workers, journeymen, and peddlers. Ruined burghers also joined their ranks. Although technically potential burghers, most journeymen were barred from higher positions by the wealthy families who ran the guilds. Thus their "temporary" position devoid of

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to use, and provided the materials that his workers needed. F. Engels cites: "To the call of Luther of rebellion against the Church, two political uprisings responded, first, the one of lower nobility, headed by Franz von Sickingen in 1523, and then, the great peasant's war, in 1525; both were

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faced increasing opposition. The patricians consisted of wealthy families who sat alone in the town councils and held all the administrative offices. Like the princes, they sought to secure revenues from their peasants by any possible means. Arbitrary road, bridge, and gate tolls were instituted at

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The knights became embittered as their status and income fell and they came increasingly under the jurisdiction of the princes, putting the two groups in constant conflict. The knights also regarded the clergy as arrogant and superfluous, while envying their privileges and wealth. In addition, the

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he encouraged the nobility to swiftly and violently eliminate the rebelling peasants, stating," must be sliced, choked, stabbed, secretly and publicly, by those who can, like one must kill a rabid dog." After the conclusion of the Peasants' War, he was criticized for his writings in support of the

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uprising ten years earlier, and these peasants sought vengeance. In the course of their march, they burned down the Wildenburg castle, a contravention of the Articles of War to which the band had agreed. The massacre at Weinsberg was also too much for Luther; this is the deed that drew his ire in

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The course of the war also demonstrated the importance of a congruence of events: the new liberation ideology, the appearance within peasant ranks of charismatic and military-trained men like Müntzer and Gaismair, a set of grievances with specific economic and social origins, a challenged set of

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were the second and third sons of poor knights, the lower and sometimes impoverished nobility with small land-holdings, or, in the case of second and third sons, no inheritance or social role. These men could often be found roaming the countryside looking for work or engaging in highway robbery.

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The heavily taxed peasantry continued to occupy the lowest stratum of society. In the early 16th century, no peasant could hunt, fish, or chop wood freely, as they previously had, because the lords had recently taken control of common lands. The lord had the right to use his peasants' land as he

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The city set up a committee of villagers to discuss their issues, expecting to see a checklist of specific and trivial demands. Unexpectedly, the peasants delivered a uniform declaration that struck at the pillars of the peasant-magisterial relationship. Twelve articles clearly and consistently

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Historians disagree on the nature of the revolt and its causes, whether it grew out of the emerging religious controversy centered on Luther; whether a wealthy tier of peasants saw their own wealth and rights slipping away, and sought to weave them into the legal, social and religious fabric of

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of the previous century. Wagons were chained together in a suitable defensive location, with cavalry and draft animals placed in the center. Peasants dug ditches around the outer edge of the fort and used timber to close gaps between and underneath the wagons. In the Hussite Wars, artillery was

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officer who policed the ranks and maintained order. The use of the landsknechte in the German Peasants' War reflects a period of change between traditional noble roles or responsibilities towards warfare and practice of buying mercenary armies, which became the norm throughout the 16th century.

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In mounting their insurrection, peasants faced insurmountable obstacles. The democratic nature of their movement left them without a command structure and they lacked artillery and cavalry. Most of them had little, if any, military experience. Their opposition had experienced military leaders,

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to rise against the city of Ulm. A band of five companies, plus approximately 25 citizens of Leipheim, assumed positions west of the town. League reconnaissance reported to Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg that the peasants were well-armed. They had cannons with powder and shot and they numbered

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The clergy in 1525 were the intellectuals of their time. Not only were they literate, but in the Middle Ages they had produced most books. Some clergy were supported by the nobility and the rich, while others appealed to the masses. However, the clergy was beginning to lose its overwhelming

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The new studies of localities and social relationships through the lens of gender and class showed that peasants were able to recover, or even in some cases expand, many of their rights and traditional liberties, to negotiate these in writing, and force their lords to guarantee them.

3177:, in which peasants gathered in a circle to debate tactics, troop movements, alliances, and the distribution of spoils. The ring was the decision-making body. In addition to this democratic construct, each band had a hierarchy of leaders including a supreme commander and a marshal ( 3852:

The peasant movement failed, with cities and nobles making a separate peace with the princely armies that restored the old order in a frequently harsher form, under the nominal control of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, represented in German affairs by his younger brother

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As he had done in earlier encounters with the peasants, the Truchsess negotiated while he continued to move his troops into advantageous positions. Keeping the bulk of his army facing Leipheim, he dispatched detachments of horse from Hesse and Ulm across the Danube to

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saw the revolt as a struggle that began as an upheaval immersed in the rhetoric of Luther's Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church but which really was impelled far beyond the narrow religious confines by the underlying economic tensions of the time.

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This view, which asserted that the uprising grew out of the participation of agricultural groups in the economic recovery, was in turn challenged by Scribner, Stalmetz and Bernecke. They claimed that Blickle's analysis was based on a dubious form of the

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peasant resistance to the emergence of a modernizing, centralizing political state. Historians have tended to categorize it either as an expression of economic problems, or as a theological/political statement against the constraints of feudal society.

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However, the peasants lacked the Swabian League's cavalry, having few horses and little armour. They seem to have used their mounted men for reconnaissance. The lack of cavalry with which to protect their flanks, and with which to penetrate massed

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of 1789. The revolt failed because of intense opposition from the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers. The survivors were fined and achieved few, if any, of their goals. Like the preceding

3332:, in which he remarks "Let everyone who can, smite, slay, and stab, secretly or openly ... nothing can be more poisonous, hurtful, or devilish than a rebel. It is just as one must kill a mad dog; if you do not strike him he will strike you." 2610:, defending his position. However, he also stated that the nobles were too severe in suppression of the insurrection, despite having called for severe violence in his previous work. Luther has often been sharply criticized for his position. 3367:, the Countess of Lupfen ordered serfs to collect snail shells for use as thread spools after a series of difficult harvests. Within days, 1,200 peasants had gathered, created a list of grievances, elected officers, and raised a banner. 3232:

Peasants served in rotation, sometimes for one week in four, and returned to their villages after service. While the men served, others absorbed their workload. This sometimes meant producing supplies for their opponents, such as in the

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was accordingly reduced. However, despite the secular nature of nineteenth century humanism, three centuries earlier Renaissance humanism had still been strongly connected with the Church: its proponents had attended Church schools.

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The poorer clergy, rural and urban itinerant preachers who were not well positioned in the church, were more likely to join the Reformation. Some of the poorer clergy sought to extend Luther's equalizing ideas to society at large.

6135: 3183:), who maintained law and order. Other roles included lieutenants, captains, standard-bearers, master gunner, wagon-fort master, train master, four watch-masters, four sergeant-majors to arrange the order of battle, a 3879:(1850), which opened up the issue of the early stages of German capitalism on later bourgeois "civil society" at the level of peasant economies. Engels' analysis was picked up in the middle 20th century by the French 2675:

towns and estates. Accordingly, princes tended to gain economically from the ruination of the lesser nobility, by acquiring their estates. This ignited the Knights' War that occurred from 1522 through 1523 in the

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requirements, were able to accrue significant economic, social, and legal advantages. Peasants were more concerned to protect the social, economic and legal gains they had made than about seeking further gains.

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crushed, because, mainly, of the indecisiveness of the party having most interest in the fight, the urban bourgeoisie". (Foreword to the English edition of: 'From Utopy Socialism to Scientific Socialism', 1892)

3488:—met in Memmingen to agree to a common cause against the Swabian League. One day later, after difficult negotiations, they proclaimed the establishment of the Christian Association, an Upper Swabian Peasants' 3292:

refused to collect snail shells around which their lady could wind her thread. The renewal of the signeurial system had weakened in the previous half century, and peasants were unwilling to see it restored.

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knights' relationships with the patricians in the towns was strained by the debts owed by the knights. At odds with other classes in Germany, the lesser nobility was the least disposed to the changes.

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outlined their grievances. The council rejected many of the demands. Historians have generally concluded that the articles of Memmingen became the basis for the Twelve Articles agreed on by the Upper

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Luther and Müntzer took every opportunity to attack each other's ideas and actions. Luther himself declared against the moderate demands of the peasantry embodied in the Twelve Articles. His article

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interpreted the war as a case in which an emerging proletariat (the urban class) failed to assert a sense of its own autonomy in the face of princely power and left the rural classes to their fate.

6852: 6128: 2686:, might gain from the centralization of the economy and the elimination of the lesser nobles' territorial controls on manufacture and trade, the princes might unite with the burghers on the issue. 376: 3860:

Another outcome of the war was that, because thousands of peasants lost their lives, the economies of the regions involved were devastated for a generation or two after due to a lack of labor.

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A single Swabian contingent, close to 200 horse and 1,000-foot soldiers, however, could not deal with the size of the disturbance. By 1525, the uprisings in the Black Forest, the Breisgau,

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revolts of the first 20 years of the century offered another avenue for the expression of anti-authoritarian ideas, and for the spread of these ideas from one geographic region to another.

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A finely detailed drawing of an old city, with church towers, thick defensive walls, moats, and many houses. The Iller river divided the Free Imperial City of Kempten and Kempten Abbey.

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dynasties ruled hundreds of largely independent territories (both secular and ecclesiastical) within the framework of the empire, and several dozen others operated as semi-independent

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People in all layers of the social hierarchy—serfs or city dwellers, guildsmen or farmers, knights and aristocrats—started to question the established hierarchy. The so-called

3313:, for example, written between 1501 and 1513, promoted religious and economic freedom, attacking the governing establishment and displaying pride in the virtuous peasant. The 2722:

peasantry provided the immediate cause of the uprising. The fact that this treatment was worse in the south than in the north was the reason that the war began in the south.

5616: 2718:. Their luxurious lifestyle drained what little income they had as prices kept rising. They exercised their ancient rights in order to wring income from their territories. 2642: 2502: 369: 6972: 4115:

In 1994, a mass grave was discovered near Leipheim; linked by coins to the time period, archaeologists discovered that most of the occupants had died of head wounds (

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Returning to Saxony and Thuringia in early 1525, he assisted in the organisation of the various rebel groups there and ultimately led the rebel army in the ill-fated

3504:, or a laced boot, served as the emblem of their agreement. The Twelve Articles were printed over 25,000 times in the next two months, and quickly spread throughout 6804: 949: 3716:

culminated in open revolt. Large sections of the town populations joined the uprising. Together they marched around the countryside and stormed the castle of the

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Illustration of the castle at Weinsberg, surrounded by vineyards. At Weinsberg, the peasants overwhelmed the castle, and slaughtered the aristocratic landlords.

2908:, later known as "Bauernjörg" for his role in the suppression of the revolt. He was also known as the "Scourge of the Peasants". The league headquarters was in 2810:

and organization. The clergy who did not follow Luther tended to be the aristocratic clergy, who opposed all change, including any break with the Roman Church.

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conservative in nature and sought to preserve the feudal order. The knights revolted against the new money order, which was squeezing them out of existence.

362: 5611: 2506:, Luther condemned the violence as the devil's work and called for the aristocrats to put down the rebels like mad dogs. The movement was also supported by 6692: 3681:

in which he castigated peasants for unspeakable crimes, not only for the murder of the nobles at Weinsberg, but also for the impertinence of their revolt.

3540:, a region in what became Bavaria, near the borders with Württemberg and Austria. In the early eighth century, Celtic monks established a monastery there, 1422: 5606: 2562:. Roman civil law advantaged princes who sought to consolidate their power because it brought all land into their personal ownership and eliminated the 3413:

rebelled, demanding of the magistrates (city council) improvements in their economic condition and the general political situation. They complained of

181: 6403: 3492:. The peasants met again on 15 and 20 March in Memmingen and after some additional deliberation, adopted the Twelve Articles and the Federal Order ( 2534:

himself had little authority outside of his own dynastic lands, which covered only a small fraction of the whole. At the time of the Peasants' War,

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or little flag) of 120–300 men, which distinguished it from others. Each company, in turn, was composed of smaller units of 10 to 12 men, known as

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the insurgents were slain in what turned out to be a massacre. Casualty figures are unreliable but estimates range from 3,000 to 10,000 while the

2454:, the war consisted of a series of both economic and religious revolts involving peasants and farmers, sometimes supported by radical clergy like 6175: 3581:. On the left stood a wood, and on their right, a stream and marshland; behind them, they had erected a wagon fortress, and they were armed with 4846: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6685: 6225: 4042: 3664:

This was too much for many of the peasant leaders of other bands; they repudiated Rohrbach's actions. He was deposed and replaced by a knight,

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More conflict arose after the Imperial City converted to Protestantism in direct opposition to the Catholic monastery (and Free City) in 1527.

3328:" could be interpreted as proposing greater social equality than Luther intended. Luther vehemently opposed the revolts, writing the pamphlet 3271:

shortages had allowed them to sell their products for a higher price as well. Consequently, some peasants, particularly those who had limited

5650: 5540: 5492: 5443: 4629: 3943: 3672:, joined on the way by some radical Odenwald peasants out for Berlichingen's blood. Berlichingen had been involved in the suppression of the 3001:

The league relied on the armored cavalry of the nobility for the bulk of its strength; the league had both heavy cavalry and light cavalry, (

1941: 934: 6215: 4057: 6451: 6305: 3029: 2514:

movement, James Stayer notes that "no large number of known Anabaptists can be identified by name as participants in the 1525 upheaveal".

3189:(sergeant) for each company, two quartermasters, farriers, quartermasters for the horses, a communications officer and a pillage master. 2510:, but the condemnation by Luther contributed to its defeat. While around 20 veterans of the war went on to become leading figures in the 6731: 1848: 1810: 1089: 5592: 6962: 3958:

of the landed nobility and military groups. The war was thus an effort to wrest these social, economic and political advantages back.

939: 895: 5473: 5298: 4353: 4266: 3761:

casualties were as few as six (two of whom were only wounded). Müntzer was captured, tortured and executed at Mühlhausen on 27 May.

3324:

and the German Peasants' War, were separate, sharing the same years but occurring independently. However, Luther's doctrine of the "

2388: 1905: 1321: 6315: 6917: 3301: 6942: 6776: 4129: 1527: 1165: 1084: 5880: 2662:

In this era of rapid change, modernizing princes tended to align with clergy burghers against the lesser nobility and peasants.

4010: 3854: 1751: 1625: 481: 6967: 6250: 5946: 4883:

Hannes Obermair, "Logiche sociali della rivolta tradizionalista. Bolzano e l’impatto della "Guerra dei contadini" del 1515,"

2679:. The revolt was "suppressed by both Catholic and Lutheran princes who were satisfied to cooperate against a common danger". 2081: 1733: 1574: 6664: 6310: 6275: 6180: 3381:

Within a few weeks most of southwestern Germany was in open revolt. The uprising stretched from the Black Forest, along the

6756: 6546: 5863: 3801: 3609:

An element of the conflict drew on resentment toward some of the nobility. The peasants of Odenwald had already taken the

3371: 2905: 2535: 2343: 2129: 1900: 1518: 1431: 1160: 1066: 288: 228: 6285: 5623: 6576: 6396: 6345: 6210: 5921: 4037: 3721: 3107:

were formed from companies, typically 500 men per company, subdivided into platoons of 10 to 15 peasants each. Like the

2621:

area, and there is some evidence to suggest that he helped the peasants to formulate their grievances. While the famous

2381: 1071: 875: 740: 298: 5941: 3973:

inter-regional revolt that claimed its legitimacy from divine law and found its ideological basis in the Reformation.

3325: 2076: 1467: 1061: 6086: 3907: 3773:(12 May 1525) perhaps resulted in the greatest casualties of the war. When the peasants learned that the Truchsess ( 6957: 6952: 6947: 6844: 6824: 5926: 5820: 5331: 3875: 3320:

Luther's revolution may have added intensity to these movements, but did not create them; the two events, Luther's

2839:

were exacted. No revenues collected were subject to formal administration, and civic accounts were neglected. Thus

2822:

Many towns had privileges that exempted them from taxes, so that the bulk of taxation fell on the peasants. As the

2265: 2240: 2056: 1485: 1454: 1201: 1146: 924: 900: 294: 3087:

drew men from a variety of territories. Some bands could number about 4,000; others, such as the peasant force at

6616: 6365: 6330: 6320: 6270: 6230: 5808: 5643: 3833: 3234: 2275: 2245: 1934: 1330: 1179: 735: 48: 5551: 3284:

Their attempt to break new ground was primarily seeking to increase their liberty by changing their status from

2959:, bakers, washerwomen, prostitutes and sundry individuals with occupations needed to sustain the force. Trains ( 2625:

of the Swabian peasants were certainly not composed by Müntzer, at least one important supporting document, the

6486: 5803: 5708: 4024: 2870:

civic rights tended to become permanent. The plebeians did not have property like ruined burghers or peasants.

1569: 600: 6814: 6636: 6220: 3665: 1758: 908: 272: 4086: 2786:

and priors were as ruthless in exploiting their subjects as the regional princes. In addition to the sale of

6791: 6654: 6501: 6389: 6370: 6350: 6235: 6144: 5749: 5321: 4032: 3690: 2694:

The innovations in military technology of the Late Medieval period began to render the lesser nobility (the

2633: 2255: 1699: 1191: 1132: 745: 650: 440: 262: 156: 31: 1993:

saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near

6551: 6491: 6325: 6265: 5896: 5858: 5673: 5434:

The age of reform 1250–1550: an intellectual and religious history of late medieval and reformation Europe

3888: 3823: 3735: 3668:, who was subsequently elected as supreme commander of the band. At the end of April, the band marched to 3458:

The title page of the 12 Articles. On browned paper, an illustration shows men seated in a circle talking.

3321: 3220:

The peasants possessed an important resource, the skills to build and maintain field works. They used the

2474: 2124: 1449: 1311: 993: 308: 6596: 6531: 6335: 6165: 5988: 5815: 5571: 5365: 5341: 4089:, he married Appolonia von Waldburg-Sonnenberg in 1509; and, secondly, Maria von Oettingen (1498–1555). 3739: 3717: 2770:

Over time, some Catholic institutions had slipped into corruption. Clerical ignorance and the abuses of

2497: 2280: 2250: 2086: 1769: 1715: 1555: 1036: 1011: 988: 959: 954: 815: 171: 5978: 4208:, 55 vols. (St. Louis and Philadelphia: Concordia Pub. House and Fortress Press, 1955–1986), 46: 50–51. 2046: 6113: 6476: 5846: 5793: 5788: 5688: 5636: 3982: 3797: 3786: 3652: 3648: 3533: 3205: 3075:. The bands varied in size, depending on the number of insurgents available in the locality. Peasant 2967:) were sometimes larger than the fighting force, but they required organization and discipline. Each 2795: 2755: 2469:, and spread in subsequent insurrections to the central and eastern areas of Germany and present-day 2318: 2300: 1927: 1821: 1785: 1653: 1440: 1417: 1398: 1196: 1186: 983: 929: 919: 758: 688: 683: 571: 194: 3630: 3262:

society; or whether peasants objected to the emergence of a modernizing, centralizing nation state.

239: 6834: 6621: 6606: 6561: 6516: 6295: 6195: 6104: 5911: 5906: 5744: 5678: 5286: 3892: 2607: 2371: 2285: 2071: 2041: 2023: 2018: 1958: 1853: 1685: 1648: 1384: 1374: 1335: 1298: 1123: 944: 914: 655: 553: 519: 5398: 2847:

became common, and the patrician class, bound by family ties, became wealthier and more powerful.

2791: 314: 177: 6883: 6809: 6738: 6727: 6255: 6170: 6056: 5875: 5040: 4602: 4594: 4309: 3841: 3731: 3555: 3551: 2531: 2447: 2177: 1721: 1560: 1408: 1403: 1393: 1369: 1316: 1252: 1238: 1141: 1041: 1031: 973: 964: 845: 810: 770: 703: 693: 635: 503: 6889: 6771: 6601: 6245: 5532: 5312:. Translated by Brady, Thomas A. Jr; Midelfort, H. C. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3836:

were decisively defeated. By September 1525 all fighting and punitive action had ended. Emperor

3618: 1046: 825: 2836: 6761: 6536: 6340: 6061: 5901: 5754: 5536: 5488: 5469: 5439: 5294: 4625: 4577:

Sea, Thomas F. (2007). "The German Princes' Response to the German Peasants' Revolt of 1525".

4349: 4343: 4262: 3912: 3471: 3088: 2613: 2527: 2489: 2455: 2442: 2295: 1379: 1364: 1345: 968: 904: 840: 795: 605: 586: 581: 562: 410: 212: 5465:

Freiburg and the Breisgau: Town-Country Relations in the Age of Reformation and Peasants' War

3421:

on the woods and the commons, as well as ecclesiastical requirements of service and payment.

2461:

The war began with separate insurrections, beginning in the southwestern part of what is now

118:

Suppression of revolt and execution of its participants, as well as a major influence on the

6829: 6781: 6717: 6481: 6205: 5983: 5703: 5698: 5327: 4586: 4128:

The count, despised by his subjects, was the son-in-law of the previous Holy Roman Emperor,

3928: 3348: 2763: 2699: 2507: 2172: 1876: 1775: 1620: 1541: 1359: 1354: 1340: 1271: 1216: 1114: 865: 775: 698: 253: 223: 5291:

Revolt and revolution in early modern Europe: an essay on the history of political violence

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from 1524 to 1525. It was Europe's largest and most widespread popular uprising before the

497: 6722: 6041: 6036: 5776: 5766: 5693: 5383: 5244:

Govind P. Sreenivasan, "The social origins of the Peasants' War of 1525 in Upper Swabia."

4314:

Anne Roerkohl dokumentARfilm GmbH – Filme für Schule, Unterricht, Museen und Ausstellungen

3837: 3449: 3398: 3378:

and formed the "Evangelical Brotherhood", pledging to emancipate peasants across Germany.

2622: 2426: 2338: 2333: 2212: 2202: 2157: 1895: 1881: 1803: 1792: 1676: 1109: 1056: 1051: 1021: 805: 790: 717: 595: 88: 6857: 6431: 4244:"Book Review:The German Peasants' War and Anabaptist Community of Goods. James M. Stayer" 2571: 5412: 5408: 5392: 3142:, who carried the company's standard (its ensign). The companies also had a sergeant or 3017:

To be effective the cavalry needed to be mobile, and to avoid hostile forces armed with

284: 6766: 6626: 6506: 6436: 6412: 6081: 5956: 5916: 5852: 5825: 5798: 5724: 5525: 5432: 3880: 3578: 3440:, and Alsace alone required a substantial muster of 3,000-foot and 300 horse soldiers. 3386: 3336: 2901: 2438: 2434: 2353: 2290: 2192: 2139: 1985: 1639: 1634: 1583: 1211: 1026: 870: 860: 855: 835: 707: 678: 673: 610: 304: 233: 217: 149: 91: 5338:. Vol. 10. New York: International Publishers. pp. 59–62, 402–405, 451, 691. 5293:. Translated by Bergin, Joseph. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 154. 4168: 3525: 2806:, Germany, in 1517, as well as impelling other reformers to radically re-think church 2654: 2583: 6911: 6867: 6611: 6571: 6511: 6190: 6031: 6008: 5931: 5520: 5427: 4606: 4243: 4047: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3822:

Several smaller uprisings were also put down. For example, on 23/24 June 1525 in the

3706: 3541: 3489: 3375: 3360: 3289: 3139: 3117: 3018: 2827: 2646:

appeared in May 1525 just as the rebels were being defeated on the fields of battle.

2606:

violent actions taken by the ruling class. He responded by writing an open letter to

2595: 2591: 2493: 2207: 2167: 2106: 2091: 2061: 1917: 1546: 1480: 820: 800: 765: 640: 628: 535: 508: 249: 244: 4092: 3993:

political relationships and a communal tradition of political and social discourse.

3554:

granted special privileges to the urban settlement in the river valley, making it a

6862: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6051: 5771: 5734: 5565: 3962: 3364: 3225: 3201: 2918: 2840: 2539: 2451: 2217: 2187: 2013: 1990: 1689: 1662: 1606: 1601: 1495: 1285: 1243: 850: 785: 645: 590: 268: 5404: 5359: 5151:

Eric R. Wolf, "The Peasant War in Germany: Friedrich Engels as Social Historian,"

3770: 3237:, where men worked to extract silver, which was used to hire fresh contingents of 2492:, most famously Thomas Müntzer, instigated and supported the revolt. In contrast, 61: 5463: 5376: 2538:, King of Spain, held the position of Holy Roman Emperor (elected in June 1519). 6631: 6581: 6426: 6240: 5998: 5973: 5950: 5783: 5683: 4218: 4082: 4061: 3896: 3673: 3661:. Rohrbach ordered the band's piper to play during the running of the gauntlet. 3614: 3454: 3046: 2938: 2683: 2485: 2473:. After the uprising in Germany was suppressed, it flared up briefly in several 2096: 2051: 1998: 1863: 1672: 1266: 1257: 1016: 780: 530: 526: 489: 354: 103: 53: 6819: 6591: 6586: 6541: 6360: 6300: 6046: 6026: 5739: 5729: 5659: 5599: 4590: 4000: 3634: 3610: 3544:. In 1213, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II declared the abbots members of the 3221: 2955:

clothed, armed and fed themselves, and were accompanied by a sizable train of

2927:, usually paid a monthly wage of four guilders, and organized into regiments ( 2857: 2803: 2787: 2779: 2671: 2543: 2511: 2270: 2260: 2197: 2162: 1980: 1966: 566: 119: 6677: 3550:, or imperial estate, and granted the abbot the title of duke. In 1289, King 6566: 6526: 6496: 6290: 6185: 6160: 6099: 4051: 3884: 3774: 3713: 3644: 3622: 3601: 3590: 3410: 3314: 3162:. Officers were usually elected, particularly the supreme commander and the 3145: 2924: 2799: 2703: 2676: 2563: 2559: 2366: 2066: 1592: 1588: 1532: 978: 830: 576: 3537: 17: 5587: 3197: 2835:

and made it illegal for peasants to fish or to log wood from these lands.

6471: 6280: 6155: 6003: 5936: 3669: 3582: 3573: 3418: 3272: 3091:, could gather 8,000. The Alsatian peasants who took to the field at the 2807: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2707: 2618: 2323: 2182: 2101: 1472: 557: 548: 539: 5422:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 4, 6–8, 10, 11, 13, 20, 21, 33–35. 5044: 5028: 4598: 3577:

3,000–4,000. They took an advantageous position on the east bank of the

2956: 2892: 6521: 6200: 5993: 5869: 5249: 5220: 4085:(1488–1531), the son of Johann II von Waldburg-Wolfegg († 1511) and of 3505: 3462:

On 6 March 1525, some 50 representatives of the Upper Swabian Peasants

3437: 3414: 3394: 3123: 3096: 2832: 2711: 2555: 2484:

The revolt incorporated some principles and rhetoric from the emerging

2470: 2462: 2348: 2328: 2134: 1994: 1859: 1740: 1490: 712: 615: 544: 107: 95: 5310:

The Revolution of 1525: The German Peasants War from a New Perspective

2896:

Bauernjörg, Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg, the Scourge of the Peasants

2762:

rates, according to Engels. Engels held that the Catholic monopoly on

6556: 5555: 5504:

Manifestations of Discontent in Germany on the Eve of the Reformation

3965:

engaged in major research projects to support the Marxist viewpoint.

3934:

The national aspect of the Peasants' Revolt was also utilised by the

3724:

and Duke George of Saxony were on Müntzer's trail and directed their

3626: 3426: 3390: 2930: 2775: 2771: 2730: 2715: 2695: 2567:

and revenues, but increased their power over their peasant subjects.

2523: 2466: 99: 5394:

The History of Germany, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time

4169:"Thomas Muntzer | Biography, Theology, Writings, Death, & Facts" 66:

Map showing the locations of the peasant uprisings and major battles

5397:. Translated by Horrocks, Mrs. George. London: H. G. Bohn. p. 5281:. Nashville: Pierce & Smith Company. pp. 76, 202, 214–221. 2774:

and pluralism (holding several offices at once) were rampant. Some

6466: 5761: 4847:"" Reformation And Reforming Never Stops " By Rev. Peter E. Bauer" 3935: 3906: 3694: 3600: 3524: 3453: 3433: 3382: 3300: 3285: 3253:

squares, proved to be a long-term tactical and strategic problem.

3209: 3196: 3028: 2962: 2891: 2844: 2823: 2783: 2747: 2653: 2582: 2235: 1844: 6381: 5485:

Thomas Müntzer: Theology and Revolution in the German Reformation

5262:

Peasants, Warriors, and Wives: Popular Imagery in the Reformation

3508:, an example of how modernization came to the aid of the rebels. 2794:

and directly taxed the people. Increased indignation over church

3730:

troops toward Frankenhausen. On 15 May joint troops of Landgraf

2488:, through which the peasants sought influence and freedom. Some 6681: 6385: 6117: 5632: 5564: 5531:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5029:"Lucifer and his angels: A Look at the German Peasants' Revolt" 358: 5624:

Case-study 3: The Peasant Reformation in Germany: Bibliography

5358: 3916: 3891:, Engels portrayed the events of 1524–1525 as prefiguring the 3738:

defeated the peasants under Müntzer near Frankenhausen in the

2909: 2670:

Many rulers of Germany's various principalities functioned as

5628: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 3745:

The Princes' troops included close to 6,000 mercenaries, the

3033:

Wandering bands of insurgents during the German Peasants' War

2979:, or community assembly, which was symbolized by a ring. The 5215:

Tom Scott, "The Peasants' War: A Historiographical Review,"

3883:, and Marxist historians in East Germany and Britain. Using 5352:. Englewood, Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. p. 57. 3637:. This expanded band, called the "Bright Band" (in German, 2554:

Princes often attempted to force their freer peasants into

4259:

The German Peasants' War and Anabaptist Community of Goods

3409:

On 16 February 1525, 25 villages belonging to the city of

3132:. Each company was commanded by a captain and had its own 4261:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 61. 2481:

well-equipped and disciplined armies, and ample funding.

5199: 5197: 4926: 4924: 4829: 4827: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4438: 4436: 4434: 3705:) Rohrbach, a leader of the peasants during the war, in 2458:. The fighting was at its height in the middle of 1525. 4670: 4668: 4624:. London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 71. 5506:. Bloomington, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 5123: 5121: 4655: 4653: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 3617:, and were joined by peasant bands from Limpurg (near 3081:

divided along territorial lines, whereas those of the

2733:

paid no taxes and often supported their local prince.

5320:(The Library of Peasant Studies : No. 3) (1976) 460: 3224:

effectively, a tactic that had been mastered in the

2650:

Social classes in the 16th century Holy Roman Empire

430: 6876: 6843: 6790: 6749: 6459: 6419: 6145:

Peasant revolts in medieval and early modern Europe

6017: 5966: 5889: 5834: 5717: 5666: 3288:, such as the infamous moment when the peasants of 5524: 5431: 5375: 3679:Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants 3330:Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants 2643:Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants 2503:Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants 5575:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 5554:(in German). Peasants' War museum. Archived from 5369:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3844:thanked the Swabian League for its intervention. 3212:support a red cross in a white field; the motto: 5233:The German peasants' war: a history in documents 4348:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–186. 2603:Against the Robbing Murderous Hordes of Peasants 2587:Twelve Articles of the Peasants pamphlet of 1525 2500:condemned it and sided with the aristocrats. In 5515:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 47, 147. 3950:, a knight who led a peasant unit known as the 3572:(literally: the Leipheim Bunch), gathered near 2915:Foot soldiers were drawn from the ranks of the 1702:(retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent) 41: 3389:, into the Swabian highlands, along the upper 3007:), which served as a vanguard. Typically, the 2682:To the degree that other classes, such as the 6693: 6397: 6129: 5644: 4219:"Peasants' War | German history | Britannica" 3171:The peasant army was governed by a so-called 2389: 1935: 370: 8: 5420:Armies of the German Peasants' War 1524–1526 3827: 3756: 3746: 3725: 3700: 3656: 3638: 3567: 3545: 3499: 3493: 3483: 3477: 3469: 3463: 3248: 3238: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3143: 3133: 3127: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3044: 3038: 3037:The peasant armies were organized in bands ( 3008: 3002: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2960: 2950: 2944: 2936: 2928: 2916: 420: 4966: 3216:; coloured woodcut by Hans Burgkmair, 1522. 2798:had led the monk Martin Luther to post his 2698:) militarily obsolete. The introduction of 425: 6700: 6686: 6678: 6404: 6390: 6382: 6136: 6122: 6114: 5651: 5637: 5629: 2826:grew and urban populations rose, the town 2396: 2382: 1973: 1953: 1942: 1928: 476: 455: 377: 363: 355: 38: 5453:Pollock, James K.; Thomas, Homer (1952). 4064:-era song about the German Peasants' War. 3444:Twelve Articles (statement of principles) 3113:, the peasant bands used similar titles: 2973:maintained its own structure, called the 465: 400: 5027:DeVries, Kelly (January–February 2017). 4345:The Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther 3655:, a popular form of execution among the 3305:Rebellious peasants surrounding a knight 3214:What God has joined let man not separate 2742:intellectual authority. The progress of 2658:Flyer from the time of the Peasants' War 2522:In the sixteenth century, many parts of 450: 6973:Social history of the Holy Roman Empire 5457:. London: D. Van Nostrand. p. 483. 5235:(Humanities Press International, 1991). 5231:Tom Scott and Robert W. Scribner, eds. 5139: 5127: 5112: 5002: 4915: 4896: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4686: 4442: 4304: 4302: 4281: 4204:Jaroslav J. Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald, 4192: 4155: 4148: 4074: 1965: 488: 415: 405: 6777:Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros 5513:The Emergence of European Civilization 5382:. New York: Harper & Row. p. 5203: 5188: 5176: 5164: 5088: 5064: 4990: 4978: 4954: 4942: 4930: 4871: 4833: 4818: 4806: 4710: 4698: 4674: 4659: 4644: 4564: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4425: 4133: 4116: 4043:Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe 2530:, a decentralized entity in which the 2526:had common political links within the 1133:Censorship of the Bible § 16th century 182:Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 5794:Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren 5279:Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther 5100: 5014: 4758: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4329:Open Letter on the Harsh Book. (1525) 3944:8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer 3566:On 4 April 1525, 5,000 peasants, the 3122:, or supreme commander, similar to a 3092: 2802:on the doors of the Castle Church in 2629:, may well have originated with him. 445: 7: 6978:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire 6757:King Charles I of Castile and Aragon 6660: 6216:Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions 5438:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 5076: 4499: 4413: 4310:"Martin Luther and the Peasants'War" 4293: 4058:Wir sind des Geyers schwarzer Haufen 3712:On 29 April the peasant protests in 3625:. A large band of peasants from the 2558:by increasing taxes and introducing 435: 6226:John and William Merfold's uprising 6166:Rebellions of Basil the Copper Hand 5378:The Renaissance and the Reformation 6772:William de Croÿ, sieur de Chièvres 6762:Queen Joanna of Castile and Aragon 6356:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan 6176:Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28 25: 5336:Marx & Engels Collected Works 4054:of being an instigator of the war 3969:and the authoritarian tradition. 3585:and some light artillery pieces. 2831:will. They gradually usurped the 2710:lessened the importance of heavy 2437:in some German-speaking areas in 1441:16th century Renaissance humanism 1180:Political and religious conflicts 6708:Unrest in Spain, 1517–1523 6659: 6650: 6649: 6450: 6098: 5598: 5586: 5569:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5552:"Peasants' War museum Böblingen" 5363:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 4017: 4003: 3809:Second Battle of Würzburg (1525) 3629:valley, under the leadership of 3429:Confederation of 20 March 1525. 2365: 1423:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age 1299:Influence on church architecture 496: 313: 303: 293: 283: 267: 232: 216: 187: 176: 165: 143: 60: 6306:Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt 6286:Peasants' Rebellion in Telemark 5550:Wald, Annerose (30 June 2010). 4011:Evangelical Christianity portal 319:Henry of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 30:For other peasant revolts, see 6923:1520s in the Holy Roman Empire 6316:Peasants' War in Upper Austria 6251:Slovene peasant revolt of 1515 5947:Separation of church and state 5391:Menzel, Wolfgang (1848–1849). 5318:The German Peasant War of 1525 3204:of the Swabian League, with a 3150:, and squadron leaders called 2702:and the growing importance of 2082:Separation of church and state 1124:Counter-Reformation § Politics 1: 6938:1526 in the Holy Roman Empire 6933:1525 in the Holy Roman Empire 6928:1524 in the Holy Roman Empire 5864:Dordrecht Confession of Faith 5617:War of the Peasants (1524-25) 5502:Strauss, Gerald, ed. (1971). 4809:, pp. 411–412 & 446. 4093:"Waldburg genealogical table" 3793:Siege of Freiburg im Breisgau 3536:was an important city in the 2906:Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg 2904:fielded an army commanded by 1836:Conclusion and commemorations 1519:Hymnody of continental Europe 1432:Folklore of the Low Countries 1067:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 730:Theologies of seminal figures 289:Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg 6346:Dalecarlian Rebellion (1743) 6211:Transylvanian peasant revolt 5527:Rebels and rulers, 1500–1660 5455:Germany in Power and Eclipse 4038:Workers of the world, unite! 3699:The burning of Little Jack ( 3359:During the 1524 harvest, in 3311:Book of One Hundred Chapters 741:Theology of Huldrych Zwingli 6311:Ivan Bolotnikov's Rebellion 6276:Skipper Clement's Rebellion 6196:Peasants' Revolt in England 6181:St. George's Night Uprising 5942:Priesthood of all believers 5881:Anabaptist–Jewish relations 5468:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5277:Bainton, Roland H. (1978). 5264:(U of Chicago Press, 2004). 4622:Peasants Warriors and Wives 3326:priesthood of all believers 3296: 2754:, as well as the spread of 2077:Priesthood of all believers 1468:English Renaissance theatre 950:Denmark–Norway and Holstein 27:16th century popular revolt 6994: 6845:Revolt of the Brotherhoods 6767:Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht 5927:Nonconformity to the world 5821:Apostolic Christian Church 5348:Klassen, Peter J. (1979). 5332:The Peasant War in Germany 3876:The Peasant War in Germany 3722:Landgrave, Philip of Hesse 3688: 3643:), marched to the town of 3447: 3372:Hans Müller von Bulgenbach 2888:Army of the Swabian League 2266:Mennonite World Conference 2057:Nonconformity to the world 1663:Lutheran and Anglican Mass 1528:Music of the British Isles 1455:16th century in literature 29: 6963:European wars of religion 6884:Frisian peasant rebellion 6853:List of important figures 6800:List of important figures 6713: 6645: 6448: 6331:Swiss peasant war of 1653 6321:Kostka-Napierski Uprising 6231:Carinthian Peasant Revolt 6151: 6095: 5809:Brethren in Christ Church 5342:web source (1850 edition) 5219:(1979) 22#3, pp. 693–720 4887:92#1 (2013), pp. 185–194. 4591:10.1017/S0008938907000520 3961:Meanwhile, historians in 3685:Massacre at Frankenhausen 3653:run the gauntlet of pikes 3482:, and the Lake Constance 3355:Outbreak in the southwest 3235:Archbishopric of Salzburg 1889:Calendrical commemoration 1202:War of the Three Kingdoms 736:Theology of Martin Luther 396: 340: 327: 203: 130: 94:, especially what is now 70: 59: 49:European wars of religion 46: 6087:Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich 5804:Old Order River Brethren 5563:Wilhelm, Joseph (1907). 5418:Miller, Douglas (2003). 5374:Lucas, Henry S. (1960). 4945:, p. 691, Note 331. 4579:Central European History 4490:, p. 687, Note 295. 4342:Donald K. McKim (2003). 4025:Holy Roman Empire portal 3848:Failure of the rebellion 3243:for the Swabian League. 601:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel 6943:16th-century rebellions 6825:Antonio Osorio de Acuña 6792:Revolt of the Comuneros 6236:Friulian Revolt of 1511 6105:Christianity portal 5750:Conservative Mennonites 5322:excerpt and text search 5308:Blickle, Peter (1981). 4885:Studi Trentini. Storia, 4087:Helena von Hohenzollern 4033:List of peasant revolts 3873:Friedrich Engels wrote 3691:Battle of Frankenhausen 3633:, joined them and from 2750:) and the expansion of 2634:Battle of Frankenhausen 2372:Christianity portal 2256:Conservative Mennonites 2036:Doctrines and practices 1979:A 1685 illustration by 1734:First Wittenberg hymnal 1192:French Wars of Religion 1006:Major political leaders 746:Theology of John Calvin 32:List of peasant revolts 6366:Saxon Peasants' Revolt 6326:Morning Star Rebellion 6271:Palatine Peasants' War 6266:Dalecarlian Rebellions 5897:Theology of Anabaptism 5859:Schleitheim Confession 5674:Protestant Reformation 5511:Wolf, John B. (1962). 5155:(1987) 51:1 pp. 82–92. 4257:Stayer, James (1991). 3942:cavalry division (the 3920: 3889:historical materialism 3834:Palatine Peasants' War 3828: 3824:Battle of Pfeddersheim 3757: 3747: 3736:George, Duke of Saxony 3726: 3709: 3701: 3657: 3639: 3606: 3568: 3546: 3530: 3500: 3494: 3484: 3478: 3470: 3464: 3459: 3322:Protestant Reformation 3306: 3249: 3239: 3217: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3144: 3134: 3128: 3126:, and lieutenants, or 3115: 3109: 3103: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3045: 3039: 3034: 3009: 3003: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2961: 2951: 2945: 2937: 2929: 2917: 2897: 2883:Military organizations 2659: 2588: 2486:Protestant Reformation 2430: 2418:Great Peasants' Revolt 2125:Schleitheim Confession 2042:Theology of Anabaptism 1450:16th century in poetry 1253:German Renaissance Art 1233:Painting and sculpture 263:Bonaventura Kuerschner 204:Commanders and leaders 54:Protestant Reformation 6968:Rebellions in Germany 6336:Stenka Razin Uprising 6221:Jack Cade's Rebellion 5603:Texts on Wikisource: 5572:Catholic Encyclopedia 5487:. London: Macmillan. 5366:Catholic Encyclopedia 5350:Europe in Reformation 4620:Moxey, Keith (1989). 4050:, who was accused by 3910: 3781:Battle of Königshofen 3740:County of Schwarzburg 3718:Counts of Schwarzburg 3698: 3689:Further information: 3666:Götz von Berlichingen 3604: 3528: 3498:). Their banner, the 3457: 3374:gathered peasants in 3304: 3200: 3032: 2895: 2657: 2586: 2498:Magisterial Reformers 2431:Deutscher Bauernkrieg 2281:Old Colony Mennonites 1858:Simultaneous rise of 1770:Book of Common Prayer 1570:Scottish church music 1556:Anglican church music 1037:Gaspard II de Coligny 1012:Henry VIII of England 816:Peter Martyr Vermigli 341:Casualties and losses 273:Götz von Berlichingen 172:Landgraviate of Hesse 6918:German Peasants' War 6896:German Peasants' War 6877:Contemporary revolts 6742:(annexed by Castile) 6371:Peasants' War (1798) 6351:Pugachev's Rebellion 6261:German Peasants' War 5842:German Peasants' War 5745:Old Order Mennonites 5595:at Wikimedia Commons 5593:German Peasants' War 5179:, pp. 397, 482. 3983:Malthusian principle 3903:Later historiography 3649:Count of Helfenstein 3521:Kempten Insurrection 3297:Luther's Reformation 3266:Threat to prosperity 3156:, or masters of the 2985:had its own leader ( 2756:renaissance humanism 2627:Constitutional Draft 2410:German Peasants' War 2301:Schwarzenau Brethren 2286:Old Order Mennonites 2241:Apostolic Christians 2130:Dordrecht Confession 1849:Protestant orthodoxy 1822:Whole Book of Psalms 1786:Book of Common Order 1654:Ecclesiastical Latin 1207:German Peasants' War 759:Protestant Reformers 689:Northern Renaissance 684:Bohemian Reformation 668:Contributing factors 572:Gottschalk of Orbais 388:German Peasants' War 195:Electorate of Saxony 42:German Peasants' War 6835:Francisco Maldonado 6502:Brandenburg-Ansbach 5912:Freedom of religion 5907:Christian communism 5679:Radical Reformation 5483:Scott, Tom (1989). 5462:Scott, Tom (1986). 5248:171 (2001): 30–65. 5153:Science and Society 5115:, pp. 181–182. 5103:, pp. 204–209. 4918:, pp. 211–212. 4853:. 29 September 2017 4725:, pp. 187–188. 4514:Ennen, pp. 291–313. 4478:, pp. 403–404. 3893:Revolutions of 1848 3805:with the peasants. 3765:Battle of Böblingen 3370:On 24 August 1524, 3099:) numbered 18,000. 3057:was organized into 2746:(especially of the 2433:) was a widespread 2414:Great Peasants' War 2072:Freedom of religion 2024:Sermon on the Mount 2019:Radical Reformation 1997:in the present-day 1854:Peace of Westphalia 1845:Confessionalization 1649:Liturgical Struggle 1575:Normative principle 1154:Holy Roman Emperors 1103:Counter-Reformation 554:Girolamo Savonarola 6810:Battle of Villalar 6732:partially occupied 6256:Arumer Zwarte Hoop 6171:Uprising of Ivaylo 6057:Balthasar Hubmaier 5979:Believer's baptism 5876:Old Order Movement 5755:Russian Mennonites 5246:Past & Present 5217:Historical Journal 4223:www.britannica.com 3946:) was named after 3938:. For example, an 3921: 3732:Philipp I of Hesse 3710: 3607: 3597:Weinsberg Massacre 3562:Battle of Leipheim 3556:free imperial city 3552:Rudolf of Habsburg 3531: 3485:Haufen (Seehaufen) 3460: 3405:Insurgency expands 3307: 3218: 3206:flag of St. George 3043:), similar to the 3035: 2898: 2660: 2589: 2579:Luther and Müntzer 2532:Holy Roman Emperor 2448:Bundschuh movement 2296:Russian Mennonites 2276:Mennonite Brethren 2246:Brethren in Christ 2178:Balthasar Hubmaier 2047:Believer's baptism 1759:Thomissøn's hymnal 1561:Exclusive psalmody 1317:Metaphysical poets 1239:Northern Mannerism 1229:Art and literature 1142:Anti-Protestantism 1078:Electors of Saxony 1042:Henry IV of France 1032:William the Silent 955:Sweden and Finland 846:Balthasar Hubmaier 811:Heinrich Bullinger 771:Philip Melanchthon 704:Johannes Gutenberg 694:Christian humanism 636:Ninety-five Theses 504:Ninety-five Theses 416:Weinsberg Massacre 6958:Conflicts in 1526 6953:Conflicts in 1525 6948:Conflicts in 1524 6905: 6904: 6898:(1524–1525) 6886:(1515–1523) 6675: 6674: 6379: 6378: 6341:Bulavin Rebellion 6111: 6110: 6062:Bernhard Rothmann 5902:Church discipline 5847:Münster rebellion 5709:Congregationalism 5591:Media related to 5558:on 4 August 2017. 5542:978-0-521-28711-1 5494:978-0-33346-498-4 5445:978-0-300-02760-0 5357:Lins, J. (1908). 5328:Engels, Friedrich 5287:Bercé, Yves-Marie 4957:, pp. 20–21. 4821:, pp. 59–62. 4631:978-0-226-54391-8 4383:, pp. 164ff. 4371:, pp. 132ff. 4091:Marek, Miroslav. 3927:After the 1930s, 3569:Leipheimer Haufen 3534:Kempten im Allgäu 3516:Course of the war 3472:Baltringer Haufen 3193:Peasant resources 2935:) and companies ( 2528:Holy Roman Empire 2490:Radical Reformers 2443:French Revolution 2406: 2405: 2344:Inspirationalists 2313:Related movements 1952: 1951: 1776:Metrical psalters 1197:Eighty Years' War 1187:Thirty Years' War 1072:Philip I of Hesse 796:Andreas Karlstadt 606:Johannes von Goch 587:Berengar of Tours 582:Claudius of Turin 563:Arnold of Brescia 474: 473: 353: 352: 126: 125: 16:(Redirected from 6985: 6805:Military history 6782:Germaine of Foix 6750:Royal Government 6702: 6695: 6688: 6679: 6663: 6662: 6653: 6652: 6597:Schwäbisch Gmünd 6454: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6383: 6296:Kett's Rebellion 6206:Cabochien Revolt 6138: 6131: 6124: 6115: 6103: 6102: 5984:Closed communion 5777:Amish Mennonites 5704:Zwickau prophets 5699:German mysticism 5653: 5646: 5639: 5630: 5602: 5590: 5576: 5568: 5566:"Hussites" 5559: 5546: 5530: 5516: 5507: 5498: 5479: 5458: 5449: 5437: 5423: 5402: 5387: 5381: 5370: 5362: 5353: 5339: 5313: 5304: 5282: 5265: 5258: 5252: 5242: 5236: 5229: 5223: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5033:Medieval Warfare 5024: 5018: 5017:, p. 158ff. 5012: 5006: 5005:, p. xxiii. 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4967:Menzel 1848–1849 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4919: 4913: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4663: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 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1944: 1937: 1930: 1882:Luther Monuments 1877:Reformation Wall 1847:with subsequent 1811:Scottish Psalter 1725:Lutheran hymnals 1626:Calvin's liturgy 1621:Reformed worship 1542:Lutheran chorale 1385:Bohorič alphabet 1217:Schmalkaldic War 1115:Council of Trent 1090:John Frederick I 989:Poland-Lithuania 866:Jacobus Arminius 776:Huldrych Zwingli 699:German mysticism 500: 477: 391: 389: 379: 372: 365: 356: 317: 309:George of Wettin 307: 297: 287: 271: 258: 236: 224:Michael Gaismair 220: 193: 191: 190: 180: 170: 169: 168: 148: 147: 146: 72: 71: 64: 39: 21: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6890:Knights' Revolt 6872: 6839: 6815:Juan de Padilla 6786: 6745: 6709: 6706: 6676: 6671: 6641: 6602:Schwäbisch Hall 6455: 6446: 6415: 6410: 6380: 6375: 6246:Dózsa rebellion 6147: 6142: 6112: 6107: 6097: 6091: 6042:Michael Sattler 6037:Pilgram Marpeck 6019: 6013: 5962: 5885: 5830: 5767:New Order Amish 5713: 5694:Moravian Church 5662: 5657: 5583: 5562: 5549: 5543: 5519: 5510: 5501: 5495: 5482: 5476: 5461: 5452: 5446: 5426: 5417: 5390: 5373: 5360:"Cologne" 5356: 5347: 5326: 5307: 5301: 5285: 5276: 5273: 5271:Further reading 5268: 5259: 5255: 5243: 5239: 5230: 5226: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4666: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4449: 4441: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4341: 4340: 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Genealogy.EU. 4090: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4023: 4018: 4016: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3905: 3871: 3869:Marx and Engels 3866: 3850: 3826:the rebellious 3820: 3811: 3795: 3783: 3767: 3693: 3687: 3619:Schwäbisch Hall 3599: 3564: 3523: 3518: 3479:Allgäuer Haufen 3452: 3450:Twelve Articles 3446: 3407: 3363:, south of the 3357: 3346: 3299: 3282: 3268: 3259: 3195: 3027: 2890: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2853: 2820: 2739: 2692: 2690:Lesser nobility 2668: 2652: 2623:Twelve Articles 2581: 2560:Roman civil law 2552: 2550:Roman civil law 2520: 2421: 2402: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2334:Radical Pietism 2314: 2306: 2305: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2213:Michael Sattler 2203:Pilgram Marpeck 2158:George Blaurock 2153: 2145: 2144: 2120: 2112: 2111: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2009: 2001: 1983:, published in 1948: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1896:Reformation Day 1886: 1837: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1816: 1804:Genevan Psalter 1798: 1793:Souterliedekens 1780: 1764: 1746: 1728: 1705: 1695: 1681: 1677:Paraphrase mass 1668: 1658: 1644: 1630: 1611: 1597: 1579: 1565: 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6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5957:Sola scriptura 5953: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5917:Great Apostasy 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5853:Martyrs Mirror 5849: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5826:Peace churches 5823: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5799:River Brethren 5796: 5791: 5789:Schwenkfelders 5786: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5725:Swiss Brethren 5721: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5689:Petr Chelčický 5686: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5596: 5582: 5581:External links 5579: 5578: 5577: 5560: 5547: 5541: 5521:Zagorín, Pérez 5517: 5508: 5499: 5493: 5480: 5474: 5459: 5450: 5444: 5428:Ozment, Steven 5424: 5415: 5388: 5371: 5354: 5345: 5324: 5314: 5305: 5299: 5283: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5253: 5237: 5224: 5208: 5206:, p. 250. 5193: 5191:, p. 279. 5181: 5169: 5167:, p. 399. 5157: 5144: 5140:DeVries (2017) 5132: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5057: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4969:, p. 239. 4959: 4947: 4935: 4933:, p. 451. 4920: 4901: 4899:, p. 210. 4889: 4876: 4864: 4838: 4836:, p. 446. 4823: 4811: 4799: 4797:, p. 208. 4787: 4785:, p. 190. 4775: 4763: 4761:, p. 154. 4751: 4749:, p. 188. 4739: 4737:, p. 187. 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4664: 4649: 4637: 4630: 4612: 4585:(2): 219–240. 4569: 4552: 4550:, p. 407. 4540: 4538:, p. 405. 4528: 4526:, p. 404. 4516: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4466:, p. 400. 4447: 4430: 4428:, p. 402. 4418: 4416:, p. 147. 4397: 4395:, p. 183. 4385: 4373: 4361: 4354: 4334: 4319: 4298: 4286: 4274: 4267: 4249: 4235: 4210: 4206:Luther's Works 4197: 4185: 4160: 4158:, p. 165. 4147: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4121: 4119:, p. 21). 4108: 4099: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4055: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4014: 3998: 3995: 3913:Thomas Müntzer 3904: 3901: 3887:'s concept of 3881:Annales School 3870: 3867: 3865: 3864:Historiography 3862: 3849: 3846: 3819: 3818:Closing stages 3816: 3810: 3807: 3794: 3791: 3782: 3779: 3769:The Battle of 3766: 3763: 3686: 3683: 3631:Jakob Rohrbach 3598: 3595: 3563: 3560: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3448:Main article: 3445: 3442: 3406: 3403: 3387:Lake Constance 3356: 3353: 3345: 3344:Class struggle 3342: 3337:Roland Bainton 3298: 3295: 3281: 3278: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3194: 3191: 3026: 3025:Peasant armies 3023: 2902:Swabian League 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2852: 2849: 2819: 2816: 2790:, they set up 2738: 2735: 2691: 2688: 2667: 2664: 2651: 2648: 2614:Thomas Müntzer 2580: 2577: 2551: 2548: 2519: 2516: 2456:Thomas Müntzer 2439:Central Europe 2435:popular revolt 2404: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2354:Neo-Anabaptism 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2319:Schwenkfelders 2315: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2291:River Brethren 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2230:Largest groups 2229: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2193:Alexander Mack 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2140:Martyrs Mirror 2137: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1986:Martyrs Mirror 1978: 1970: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1939: 1932: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1892: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1856: 1851: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1755: 1752:Swenske songer 1747: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1711: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1682: 1680: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1640:Deutsche Messe 1637: 1635:Formula missae 1631: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1617: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1586: 1584:Anglican chant 1580: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1566: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1212:Wars of Kappel 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1157: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1027:James VI and I 1024: 1019: 1014: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 898: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 881: 880: 873: 871:Roger Williams 868: 863: 861:Richard Hooker 858: 856:Thomas Cranmer 853: 848: 843: 841:Thomas Müntzer 838: 836:Hubert Languet 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 762: 757: 756: 753: 752: 749: 748: 743: 738: 732: 729: 728: 725: 724: 721: 720: 715: 710: 708:printing press 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 679:Avignon Papacy 676: 674:Western Schism 670: 667: 666: 663: 662: 659: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 632: 627: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 613: 611:Friends of God 608: 603: 598: 593: 584: 579: 574: 569: 560: 551: 542: 533: 523: 518: 517: 514: 513: 501: 493: 492: 486: 485: 472: 471: 469: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 397: 394: 393: 384: 382: 381: 374: 367: 359: 351: 350: 347: 343: 342: 338: 337: 334: 330: 329: 325: 324: 322: 321: 311: 301: 291: 280: 278: 276: 275: 265: 260: 247: 242: 240:Jakob Rohrbach 237: 226: 221: 213:Thomas Müntzer 209: 206: 205: 201: 200: 198: 197: 184: 174: 153: 152: 150:Swabian League 139: 137: 136:Peasants' army 133: 132: 128: 127: 124: 123: 116: 112: 111: 92:Central Europe 86: 84: 80: 79: 76: 68: 67: 57: 56: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6990: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6830:María Pacheco 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6703: 6698: 6696: 6691: 6689: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6668: 6667: 6658: 6656: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6443: 6442:Peasants' War 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6402: 6400: 6395: 6393: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6191:Ciompi Revolt 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6127: 6125: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6032:Conrad Grebel 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6009:Simple living 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932:Nonresistance 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5647: 5642: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:Peasants' War 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5475:9780198219965 5471: 5467: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5436: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5300:9780719019678 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5260:Keith Moxey, 5257: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5142:, p. 14. 5141: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5094: 5091:, p. 37. 5090: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5070: 5067:, p. 33. 5066: 5061: 5058: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4996: 4993:, p. 34. 4992: 4987: 4984: 4981:, p. 35. 4980: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4865: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4716: 4713:, p. 11. 4712: 4707: 4704: 4701:, p. 13. 4700: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4680: 4677:, p. 10. 4676: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4517: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4445:, p. 57. 4444: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4355:9780521016735 4351: 4347: 4346: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4296:, p. 47. 4295: 4290: 4287: 4284:, p. 76. 4283: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4268:9780773511828 4264: 4260: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4195:, p. 59. 4194: 4189: 4186: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4136:, p. 35) 4135: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4048:Melchior Rink 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4015: 4012: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3984: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3953: 3952:Black Company 3949: 3948:Florian Geyer 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3929:Günther Franz 3925: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3817: 3815: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3707:Neckargartach 3703: 3697: 3692: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3640:Heller Haufen 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3613:Monastery at 3612: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3542:Kempten Abbey 3539: 3535: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3502: 3496: 3495:Bundesordnung 3491: 3490:Confederation 3486: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3468:(troops)—the 3466: 3456: 3451: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3265: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3118:feldhauptmann 3111: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3089:Frankenhausen 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3041: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2923:. These were 2921: 2920: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2873: 2871: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792:prayer houses 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2729:They and the 2727: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2665: 2663: 2656: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2608:Caspar Muller 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2592:Martin Luther 2585: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2494:Martin Luther 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2475:Swiss cantons 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2208:Melchior Rink 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2168:Conrad Grebel 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2107:Simple living 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2062:Nonresistance 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1918:Protestantism 1916: 1915: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1616: 1615: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547:Lutheran hymn 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1439: 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505: 499: 495: 494: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 441:Frankenhausen 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 395: 390: 380: 375: 373: 368: 366: 361: 360: 357: 348: 345: 344: 339: 335: 332: 331: 326: 320: 316: 312: 310: 306: 302: 300: 296: 292: 290: 286: 282: 281: 279: 274: 270: 266: 264: 261: 259: 257: 251: 250:Florian Geyer 248: 246: 245:Wendel Hipler 243: 241: 238: 235: 230: 227: 225: 222: 219: 214: 211: 210: 208: 207: 202: 196: 185: 183: 179: 175: 173: 163: 162: 161: 160: 158: 151: 141: 140: 138: 135: 134: 129: 121: 117: 114: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 90: 85: 82: 81: 77: 74: 73: 69: 63: 58: 55: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6895: 6863:Vicent Peris 6858:Joan Llorenç 6737: 6665: 6441: 6432:Knights' War 6260: 6077:Jakob Ammann 6072:Menno Simons 6067:Dirk Philips 6052:Jakob Hutter 5989:Foot washing 5955: 5868: 5851: 5841: 5784:Abecedarians 5772:Beachy Amish 5735:Batenburgers 5570: 5556:the original 5535:, 188, 190. 5526: 5512: 5503: 5484: 5464: 5454: 5433: 5419: 5413:Volume Three 5393: 5377: 5364: 5349: 5335: 5317: 5316:Bok, Janos. 5309: 5290: 5278: 5261: 5256: 5245: 5240: 5232: 5227: 5216: 5211: 5184: 5172: 5160: 5152: 5147: 5135: 5128:Blickle 1981 5113:Blickle 1981 5108: 5096: 5084: 5079:, Böblingen. 5072: 5060: 5048:. Retrieved 5036: 5032: 5022: 5010: 5003:Blickle 1981 4998: 4986: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4916:Bainton 1978 4897:Bainton 1978 4892: 4884: 4879: 4874:, p. 4. 4867: 4855:. Retrieved 4850: 4841: 4814: 4802: 4795:Bainton 1978 4790: 4783:Zagorín 1984 4778: 4771:Strauss 1971 4766: 4754: 4747:Zagorín 1984 4742: 4735:Zagorín 1984 4730: 4723:Zagorín 1984 4718: 4706: 4694: 4687:Wilhelm 1907 4682: 4662:, p. 8. 4647:, p. 6. 4640: 4621: 4615: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4567:, p. 7. 4543: 4531: 4519: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4471: 4443:Klassen 1979 4421: 4388: 4376: 4364: 4344: 4337: 4328: 4322: 4313: 4289: 4282:Bainton 1978 4277: 4258: 4252: 4238: 4226:. Retrieved 4222: 4213: 4205: 4200: 4193:Klassen 1979 4188: 4176:. Retrieved 4172: 4163: 4156:Blickle 1981 4151: 4124: 4111: 4102: 4077: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963:East Germany 3960: 3956: 3933: 3926: 3922: 3874: 3872: 3859: 3851: 3821: 3812: 3796: 3784: 3768: 3753: 3748:Landsknechte 3744: 3711: 3678: 3663: 3658:landsknechts 3647:, where the 3608: 3587: 3565: 3532: 3510: 3461: 3431: 3423: 3417:, land use, 3408: 3380: 3369: 3365:Black Forest 3358: 3347: 3334: 3329: 3319: 3310: 3308: 3283: 3269: 3260: 3245: 3240:landsknechts 3231: 3226:Hussite Wars 3219: 3213: 3202:Coat of arms 3170: 3110:landsknechts 3101: 3036: 3016: 3000: 2952:landsknechte 2919:landsknechte 2914: 2899: 2877: 2868: 2854: 2841:embezzlement 2833:common lands 2821: 2812: 2769: 2740: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2661: 2641: 2639: 2631: 2626: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2590: 2572:Knights' War 2569: 2553: 2540:Aristocratic 2521: 2501: 2483: 2479: 2460: 2452:Hussite Wars 2417: 2413: 2409: 2407: 2218:Menno Simons 2188:Jakob Hutter 2087:Foot washing 2014:Christianity 1991:Dirk Willems 1984: 1888: 1887: 1869: 1868: 1839: 1820: 1809: 1802: 1791: 1784: 1768: 1757: 1750: 1739: 1732: 1720: 1714: 1707: 1706: 1613: 1612: 1607:Verse anthem 1602:Falsobordone 1512: 1461: 1460: 1304: 1303: 1292: 1291: 1286:Beeldenstorm 1244:Lutheran art 1232: 1206: 1166:Ferdinand II 1153: 1152: 1077: 1076: 876: 851:Menno Simons 786:Martin Bucer 651:Magisterials 646:Luther Bible 591:Berengarians 502: 461:2nd Würzburg 431:1st Würzburg 386: 255: 155: 154: 131:Belligerents 47:Part of the 36: 6734:, disputed) 6637:Württemberg 6582:Pfullendorf 6507:Dinkelsbühl 6427:Swabian War 6241:Poor Conrad 6020:Anabaptists 5999:Plain dress 5974:Agape feast 5951:free church 5922:Memorialism 5684:Waldensians 5607:Peasant War 5204:Ozment 1980 5189:Ozment 1980 5177:Engels 1978 5165:Engels 1978 5089:Miller 2003 5065:Miller 2003 4991:Miller 2003 4955:Miller 2003 4943:Engels 1978 4931:Engels 1978 4872:Miller 2003 4834:Engels 1978 4819:Engels 1978 4807:Engels 1978 4773:, p. . 4711:Miller 2003 4699:Miller 2003 4689:, Hussites. 4675:Miller 2003 4660:Miller 2003 4645:Miller 2003 4565:Miller 2003 4548:Engels 1978 4536:Engels 1978 4524:Engels 1978 4512:(in German) 4488:Engels 1978 4476:Engels 1978 4464:Engels 1978 4426:Engels 1978 4178:11 February 4134:Miller 2003 4117:Miller 2003 4062:World War I 3897:proletariat 3842:Clement VII 3802:Hans Müller 3787:Königshofen 3758:Landsknecht 3727:Landsknecht 3674:Poor Conrad 3547:Reichsstand 3250:landsknecht 3180:schultheiss 3153:rottmeister 3084:landsknecht 3060:unterhaufen 3047:landsknecht 2988:schultheiss 2970:landsknecht 2925:mercenaries 2858:apprentices 2837:Guild taxes 2788:indulgences 2780:archbishops 2684:bourgeoisie 2570:During the 2544:city-states 2097:Plain dress 1999:Netherlands 1864:Rationalism 1673:Cyclic mass 1341:Anglo-Irish 1312:Elizabethan 1267:English art 1258:Swedish art 1017:Elizabeth I 930:Czech Lands 925:Netherlands 901:Switzerland 890:By location 877:Many others 781:John Calvin 531:Waldensians 527:Peter Waldo 490:Reformation 456:Königshofen 346:>100,000 336:6,000–8,500 229:Hans Müller 104:Switzerland 18:Bauernkrieg 6912:Categories 6868:The Hidden 6820:Juan Bravo 6612:Überlingen 6592:Reutlingen 6587:Ravensburg 6577:Palatinate 6572:Nördlingen 6542:Kaufbeuren 6512:Donauwörth 6361:Great Fear 6301:Cudgel War 6047:Hans Denck 6027:Felix Manz 5740:Mennonites 5730:Hutterites 5667:Background 5660:Anabaptism 5409:Volume Two 5405:Volume One 5330:(1978) . " 5101:Scott 1989 5015:Scott 1989 4979:Miller2003 4759:Bercé 1987 4502:, Cologne. 4393:Scott 1989 4381:Scott 1989 4369:Scott 1989 4173:Britannica 4144:References 4130:Maximilian 3635:Neckarsulm 3611:Cistercian 3583:arquebuses 3385:river, to 3376:Stühlingen 3361:Stühlingen 3335:Historian 3290:Mühlhausen 3222:wagon fort 3146:feldweibel 3010:rehnnfahne 2828:patricians 2818:Patricians 2804:Wittenberg 2796:corruption 2672:autocratic 2518:Background 2512:Anabaptist 2496:and other 2271:Mennonites 2261:Hutterites 2198:Felix Manz 2163:Hans Denck 2152:Key people 2008:Background 1981:Jan Luyken 1967:Anabaptism 1840:Conclusion 1322:Propaganda 1305:Literature 567:Arnoldists 520:Precursors 466:Schladming 120:Anabaptist 6567:Memmingen 6552:Leutkirch 6527:Heilbronn 6517:Esslingen 6497:Bopfingen 6291:Dacke War 6186:Jacquerie 6161:Stellinga 5967:Practices 5816:Bruderhof 5077:Wald 2010 5039:(6): 12. 4857:24 August 4607:144392248 4500:Lins 1908 4414:Wolf 1962 4294:Wolf 1962 4052:Lutherans 3911:Stamp of 3885:Karl Marx 3855:Ferdinand 3840:and Pope 3838:Charles V 3775:Seneschal 3771:Böblingen 3714:Thuringia 3645:Weinsberg 3623:Hohenlohe 3591:Elchingen 3501:Bundschuh 3419:easements 3411:Memmingen 3315:Bundschuh 3165:leutinger 3129:leutinger 3116:Oberster 3004:rennfahne 2991:), and a 2865:Plebeians 2800:95 Theses 2758:, raised 2704:gunpowder 2677:Rhineland 2536:Charles V 2423:‹See Tfd› 2339:Moravians 2251:Bruderhof 2119:Documents 2092:Holy kiss 2067:Free will 2052:Lovefeast 1870:Monuments 1614:Liturgies 1593:Polyphony 1589:Homophony 1533:Hymn tune 1418:Icelandic 1399:Norwegian 1161:Charles V 1147:Criticism 831:John Knox 629:Beginning 577:Ratramnus 451:Böblingen 421:Stuttgart 87:Parts of 78:1524–1525 6655:Category 6492:Biberach 6487:Bayreuth 6472:Augsburg 6281:Opryshky 6156:Bagaudae 6004:Shunning 5937:Pacifism 5890:Theology 5523:(1984). 5430:(1980). 5289:(1987). 5250:in JSTOR 5221:in JSTOR 5045:48578193 4851:HuffPost 4599:20457227 4327:Luther. 4228:31 March 4081:Born in 3997:See also 3798:Freiburg 3702:Jacklein 3670:Amorbach 3615:Schöntal 3574:Leipheim 3397:and the 3273:allodial 3135:fähnrich 3066:fähnlein 2939:fähnlein 2874:Peasants 2851:Burghers 2808:doctrine 2760:literacy 2752:commerce 2744:printing 2708:infantry 2619:Klettgau 2596:burghers 2450:and the 2324:Baptists 2183:Hans Hut 2102:Shunning 1959:a series 1957:Part of 1906:Anglican 1901:Lutheran 1700:Sequence 1665:in music 1481:Morality 1473:Pastoral 1375:Romanian 1336:Scottish 1293:Building 1272:Woodcuts 945:Slovenia 920:Scotland 706:and his 656:Radicals 558:Piagnoni 549:Hussites 540:Lollardy 482:a series 480:Part of 406:Leipheim 328:Strength 122:movement 83:Location 52:and the 6739:Granada 6728:Navarre 6718:Castile 6666:Commons 6632:Wimpfen 6547:Kempten 6522:Giengen 6482:Bavaria 6460:Members 6420:History 6201:Harelle 6018:Notable 5994:Ordnung 5870:Ausbund 5835:History 4083:Waldsee 3919:in 1989 3832:in the 3829:haufens 3506:Germany 3438:Sundgau 3415:peonage 3395:Bavaria 3280:Serfdom 3124:colonel 3097:Saverne 3051:. Each 2994:provost 2957:sutlers 2776:bishops 2716:castles 2714:and of 2712:cavalry 2696:knights 2666:Princes 2556:serfdom 2471:Austria 2463:Germany 2349:Quakers 2329:Pietism 2135:Ausbund 1995:Asperen 1860:Pietism 1741:Ausbund 1708:Hymnals 1496:Revenge 1491:Tragedy 1486:History 1462:Theater 1409:Finnish 1404:Swedish 1394:Faroese 1370:Sorbian 994:Ireland 974:Austria 965:Estonia 960:Iceland 940:Romania 935:Hungary 915:England 896:Germany 713:Erasmus 616:Pataria 545:Jan Hus 511:in 1517 411:Wurzach 401:Kempten 349:Minimal 333:300,000 256:† 108:Austria 96:Germany 6892:(1522) 6723:Aragon 6622:Wangen 6557:Lindau 5718:Groups 5539: 5491: 5472: 5442: 5297: 5050:18 May 5043: 4628: 4605: 4597: 4352: 4265: 3627:Neckar 3621:) and 3538:Allgäu 3476:, the 3465:Haufen 3391:Danube 3257:Causes 3208:. Two 3186:weibel 3140:ensign 3104:Haufen 3078:haufen 3072:rotten 3054:haufen 3040:haufen 2982:gemein 2976:gemein 2949:. The 2931:haufen 2824:guilds 2784:abbots 2772:simony 2737:Clergy 2731:clergy 2564:feudal 2524:Europe 2467:Alsace 2427:German 1722:Second 1380:Danish 1365:Slovak 1346:German 979:France 969:Latvia 909:Zürich 905:Geneva 484:on the 446:Zabern 426:Erfurt 252: 231: 215: 192: 157:partly 115:Result 106:, and 100:Alsace 6607:Trier 6562:Mainz 6532:Hesse 6477:Baden 6467:Aalen 5762:Amish 5041:JSTOR 4603:S2CID 4595:JSTOR 4069:Notes 3936:Nazis 3579:Biber 3434:Hegau 3399:Tyrol 3383:Rhine 3286:serfs 3210:putti 3159:rotte 3138:, or 3095:(now 3063:, or 3019:pikes 2963:tross 2946:rotte 2845:fraud 2748:Bible 2236:Amish 1989:, of 1716:First 1692:Rites 1690:Sarum 1686:Roman 1513:Forms 1509:Music 1360:Swiss 1355:Czech 1331:Welsh 984:Italy 436:Fulda 6627:Weil 6537:Isny 5537:ISBN 5489:ISBN 5470:ISBN 5440:ISBN 5295:ISBN 5052:2023 4859:2024 4626:ISBN 4350:ISBN 4263:ISBN 4230:2022 4180:2023 4060:, a 3734:and 3174:ring 3069:and 2900:The 2843:and 2706:and 2465:and 2408:The 1862:and 1719:and 1688:vs. 1675:vs. 1591:vs. 967:and 589:and 565:and 556:and 547:and 538:and 529:and 75:Date 6617:Ulm 5533:187 5399:239 5384:448 5334:". 4587:doi 3917:GDR 3785:At 3742:. 2910:Ulm 2601:In 2416:or 6914:: 5949:– 5411:, 5407:, 5403:, 5196:^ 5120:^ 5035:. 5031:. 4923:^ 4904:^ 4849:. 4826:^ 4667:^ 4652:^ 4601:. 4593:. 4583:40 4581:. 4555:^ 4450:^ 4433:^ 4400:^ 4312:. 4301:^ 4221:. 4171:. 4132:.( 3954:. 3940:SS 3899:. 3436:, 3401:. 3168:. 3021:. 2782:, 2778:, 2477:. 2429:: 2412:, 1961:on 102:, 98:, 6730:( 6701:e 6694:t 6687:v 6405:e 6398:t 6391:v 6137:e 6130:t 6123:v 5652:e 5645:t 5638:v 5545:. 5497:. 5478:. 5448:. 5401:. 5386:. 5344:) 5340:( 5303:. 5130:. 5054:. 5037:6 4861:. 4634:. 4609:. 4589:: 4358:. 4331:. 4316:. 4271:. 4246:. 4232:. 4182:. 4097:) 2420:( 2397:e 2390:t 2383:v 1943:e 1936:t 1929:v 911:) 907:/ 903:( 378:e 371:t 364:v 159:: 34:. 20:)

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German Peasants' War

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