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378:(PSI) in 1892, had in fact been trying to calm down the situation with a pamphlet calling on the demonstrators to be "calm and patient" and arguing that the "days for street fighting are past." Even though he had been sentenced to over a decade in prison, he was freed a year later in 1899, following a wave of discontent in the country. His experiences during the riots convinced Turati that the way ahead was the parliamentary route and he thus renounced violent action.
436:, introduced a new Public Safety Bill to reform police laws, taken over by him from the Rudinì cabinet. The law made strikes by state employees illegal; gave the executive wider powers to ban public meetings and dissolve subversive organisations; revived the penalties of banishment and preventive arrest for political offences; and tightened control of the press by making authors responsible for their articles and declaring incitement to violence a crime.
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321:, Milan's central square, determined to stop the strikers and force them back to the city outskirts and regain control over the central railway station. The troops met with fierce resistance while trying to remove the barricades that had been erected, and were bombarded with stones and tiles from the rooftops. Some of the demonstrators had acquired rifles from the workshops of arms manufacturers.
329:, but instead of protestors they found a group of beggars who were there to receive alms from the friars. According to the Italian government, a total of 80 demonstrators and other civilians were killed, as well as two soldiers. While 450 persons were wounded. The opposition in Italy claimed 400 civilian deaths and more than 2,000 wounded, while
367:(Socialists) started. They were accused of seditious activity against the constitution and government of Italy, as well as for the devastation and plundering of the city of Milan during the bread riots. Despite sitting in Parliament and thus supposedly being immune from prosecution, they were all arrested during the siege and the
492:
prepared a series of 34 eyewitness paintings showing various scenes of the disturbances in the city and of the actions taken to suppress them. These generally favoured the government version of events, showing soldiers behaving with restraint under provocation and being welcomed by ordinary citizens.
484:
published no less than 20 of his pictures, although some of them appear evidently redrawn. Comerio later claimed that several pictures were seized from him and that they were also used by the police to identify participants in the riots. However, he also obtained a pass from
General Bava Beccaris.
343:
Military tribunals were set up which ended up sentencing around 1,500 citizens to serve various lengths of prison time, Bava
Beccaris personally presided over some of these tribunals. Analysts deemed the conduct of the authorities to be "a travesty of justice and a mockery of legal procedure."
447:
and
Extreme Left, succeeded in forcing General Pelloux to dissolve the Chamber in May 1900, after he had promulgated the new law by royal decree. Even members of his conservative constituency accused him of acting unconstitutionally and Pelloux had to resign office after the
313:
because railway workers had gone on strike as well. The troops were mainly conscripts from rural and alpine areas, considered to be more reliable in a time of civil unrest than those from urban districts. With reserves, Bava
Beccaris had 45,000 men at his disposal.
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The overreaction of the military led to the demise of Di Rudini and his government in May 1898 and created a constitutional crisis, strengthening the opposition. The massacre marked a height of popular discontent with government, the military and the monarchy.
205:
In 1897, the wheat harvest in Italy was substantially lower than the years before; it fell from on average 3.5 million tonnes in 1891–95 to 2.4 million tonnes that year. Moreover, the importation of
American grain was more expensive due to the
409:) a month later, "to reward the great service you rendered to our institutions and to civilization, and to attest to my affection and the gratitude of myself and the country". On 29 July 1900, the king was assassinated in
324:
General Bava
Beccaris ordered his troops to fire on demonstrators and used the artillery as well. The streets were cleared and on 9 May 1898 the troops used their artillery to breach the walls of a monastery outside
221:
a tonne to 50 lire, but this was generally considered to be too little and too late. Street demonstrations demanding "bread and work" began in the South of Italy, which had already seen widespread revolts by the
196:
and his government in July 1898 and created a constitutional crisis, strengthening the opposition. The events of May marked a height of popular discontent with government, the military and the monarchy.
217:
In an attempt to halt or slow down the steadily rising prices the government of Di Rudinì was urged to abolish the duties placed on imported wheat. In
January 1898 the tariff was lowered from 75
690:
317:
On 7 May, 60,000 people went on strike, moving from the working-class neighbourhoods in the outskirts of the city towards the city center of Milan. Bava
Beccaris deployed his forces in the
282:
factory went on strike in the morning and leaflets denouncing the events of the previous day were distributed. Riots broke out and two were shot and killed. Riots also broke out in
371:
granted authorisation to proceed with the trial. Sentencing followed on 1 August 1898 where De
Andreis and Turati were given 12 year prison sentences and Morgari was acquitted.
133:
According to the government, there were 80 killed, as well as two soldiers, and 450 wounded. The opposition claimed 400 dead and more than 2,000 injured people.
417:, who claimed he had come directly from the United States to avenge the victims of the repression, and the insult of the decoration awarded to Bava Beccaris.
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was under the control of demonstrators for a whole day. The situation escalated when demonstrators were shot by nervous policemen, and rioting increased.
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Newspapers considered to be in opposition to the government were suppressed, and several
Catholic and Socialist organisations were forcefully dissolved.
70:
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Italy Verging on Anarchy; Bread Rioters in Milan Throw Tiles from the Roofs on the Heads of the Soldiers, Who Retire; 300 Killed And 1,000 Injured
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189:(the Milan riots of 1898). At least 80 demonstrators were killed, as well as two soldiers, and 450 wounded, according to government sources.
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Bread Riots Italy's Peril; Disturbances in Milan, Florence, and Leghorn Result in the Killing of Many Persons. Martial Law Is Proclaimed
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278:, a deputy from Milan, was killed by the police in an attempt to control the crowd. The next day, 6 May, workers of the
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468:), took numerous photographs of the events, which were reported in the main illustrated magazines of the time, such as
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Bread Rioters Shot Down; Son of Signor Mussi, Vice President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, Killed in Milan
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Bread Riots in Italy; Several Participants in a Demonstration at Rimini Killed Fighting Carabineers
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Other sources claim 118 people were killed. See: BBC History Magazine, October 2013, p. 91, and
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was ordered to Milan. Infantry, cavalry and artillery were brought into the city, as well as
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praised general Bava Beccaris and awarded him the medal of the Great Cross of the Order of
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Quinto Cenni, plates 423-491 "Esercito Italiano Dell' Ottocento", Rivista Militare 1896.
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Repression of food price demonstrations and riots after a steep increase of wheat prices
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Filippo Turati, Oddino Morgari and Luigi De Andreis during the trial in Milan in 1898
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Bread Riots at Bari; A Mob of 2,000 Attacks the Tax Office and Burns the Papers
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On 27 July 1898, the trial against the deputies Luigi De Andreis (Republican) (
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against the rise of food prices. The first blood was shed that day at
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Barricades of the rioters and intervention of the military, Milan 1898
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181:. In Italy the suppression of these demonstrations is also known as
393:, 1898. Troops deployed against demonstrators (Photoː Luca Comerio)
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Italy: A reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
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Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
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the rioting was successfully suppressed, while the town of
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The overreaction of the military led to the demise of
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The new coercive law was fiercely obstructed by the
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727:Italian Cabinet Resigns; Rudini Will Stay in Power
210:in 1898. Wheat prices in Milan increased from 225
305:, a veteran of the wars of independence that had
428:, who in May 1898 had restored public order in
407:Grande Ufficiale dell'Ordine Militare di Savoia
846:A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912
335:reported 300 people killed and 1,000 wounded.
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830:Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925
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214:a tonne to 330 lire a tonne in April 1898.
374:Turati, one of the people who founded the
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27:Repression of riots in Milan, Italy (1898)
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704:What was the Bava-Beccaris massacre?
586:, The New York Times, April 28, 1898
266:On 5 May 1898, workers organized a
165:, was the repression of widespread
833:, New York: Taylor & Francis,
827:Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967).
729:, The New York Times, May 29, 1898
693:, Corriere della Sera, May 9, 1898
293:Di Rudinì's government declared a
161:, named after the Italian General
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915:Riots and civil disorder in Italy
798:Modern Italy, 1871 to the Present
717:, The New York Times, May 9, 1898
678:, The New York Times, May 8, 1898
629:, The New York Times, May 7, 1898
456:Depictions in photography and art
817:, New York: Facts on File Inc.,
691:Continuano i disordini a Milano
460:The professional photographer,
250:General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris
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870:I moti del pane - maggio 1898
940:Massacres committed by Italy
849:, Tycehurst: Tattered Flag,
843:Stephenson, Charles (2014).
771:, La Folla (1901), pp. 26-28
769:Il fotografo delle barricate
615:The Cambridge Modern History
795:Clark, Martin (1984/2014).
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508:List of massacres in Italy
226:in 1893–94. In towns like
920:Economic history of Italy
885:Military history of Milan
187:I moti di Milano del 1898
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482:L'Illustrazione Italiana
474:L'Illustrazione popolare
470:L'Illustrazione Italiana
910:Labor disputes in Italy
801:, New York: Routledge,
424:The new Prime Minister
391:Piazza del Duomo, Milan
376:Italian Socialist Party
811:Sarti, Roland (2004).
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303:Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris
301:and the city. General
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163:Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris
159:Bava Beccaris massacre
35:Bava Beccaris massacre
18:Bava-Beccaris massacre
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478:La Tribuna illustrata
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262:(Photoː Luca Comerio)
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208:Spanish–American War
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369:Chamber of Deputies
185:(Events of May) or
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332:The New York Times
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142:Royal Italian Army
925:Protests in Italy
900:Massacres in 1898
855:978-0-9576892-2-0
807:978-1-4058-2352-4
568:"Fatti di maggio"
413:by the anarchist
258:Barricade in the
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434:martial law
119:Attack type
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64:Coordinates
895:1898 riots
879:Categories
740:pp. 534–35
546:pp. 126–28
514:References
201:Background
167:food riots
665:pp. 26–28
452:in June.
399:Umberto I
382:Aftermath
242:The riots
77:9°12′25″E
74:45°28′4″N
756:, p. 193
574:, p. 271
497:See also
339:Backlash
299:Lombardy
284:Florence
236:Florence
124:Massacre
52:Location
790:Sources
738:Sarti,
540:Clark,
288:Livorno
280:Pirelli
58:, Italy
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617:(1904)
268:strike
232:Naples
148:Motive
130:Deaths
110:Target
613:, in
411:Monza
403:Savoy
397:King
272:Pavia
175:Italy
171:Milan
56:Milan
851:ISBN
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819:ISBN
803:ISBN
476:and
445:Left
430:Bari
363:and
286:and
230:and
228:Bari
219:lire
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179:1898
157:The
102:Date
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297:in
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