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China produced about 81,000 tons of rare-earth metals in 2001; the number jumped to about 120,000 by 2006. According to the
Chinese Society of Rare Earths, 9,600 to 12,000 cubic metres (340,000 to 420,000 cubic feet) of waste gas—containing dust concentrate, hydrofluoric acid, sulfur dioxide, and
81:
515:
In the satellite image at right, vegetation appears red, grassland is light brown, rocks are black, and water surfaces are green. Two circular open-pit mines are visible, as well as a number of tailings ponds and tailings piles.
1276:. Host strata are quartzite, slate, limestone, and dolomite. Dolomite is the main host rock. The orebodies are stratiform and lenticular, with masses, bands, layers, veins, and disseminations. Besides clear features of
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sulfuric acid—are released with every ton of rare metals that are mined. Approximately 75 m (2,600 cu ft) of acidic wastewater, plus about a ton of radioactive waste residue are also produced.
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The
Sedimentary Carbonate-Hosted Giant Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb Ore Deposit of Inner Mongolia, China: A Cornerstone Example for Giant Polymetallic Ore Deposits of Hydrothermal Origin, by E.C.T. Chao
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1250:-bearing ores in the late 1950s. Reserves are estimated at more than 40 million tons of REE minerals grading at 3–5.4% REE (70% of world's known REE reserves), 1 million tons of Nb
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Xue-Ming Yang, Michael J. Le Bas (2004). "Chemical compositions of carbonate minerals from Bayan Obo, Inner
Mongolia, China: implications for petrogenesis".
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Very large rare-earth elements (REE) Fe-Nb deposit (Bayan-Obo type), discovered as an iron deposit in 1927. REE minerals were discovered in 1936, and
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1532:"Bayan Obo (Bayun-Obo; Baiyunebo) deposit, Bayan Obo, Darhan Muminggan United Banner, Baotou League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China"
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Bayan'obo is the world's largest known REE deposit. The fluorite content of the ores also makes it the world's largest fluorite deposit.
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Lawrence J. Drewa, Meng
Qingrunb and Sun Weijun (1990). "The Bayan Obo iron-rare-earth-niobium deposits, Inner Mongolia, China".
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2014:
1506:"Rare Earths: The Hidden Cost to Their Magic" (Part 2), Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 242"
2019:
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and 470 million tons of iron. The deposit also contains an estimated 130 million tons of
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Climate data for Bayan Obo, elevation 1,612 m (5,289 ft), (1991–2020 normals)
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yet found and, as of 2005, responsible for 45% of global rare-earth element production.
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City, the downtown of which is more than 120 kilometres (75 mi) to the south.
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is 1200 to 1300 Ma, whereas Th-Pb and Sm-Nd age of Ba-REE-F carbonates and
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1402:"Bayan Obo Controversy: Carbonatites versus Iron Oxide-Cu-Au-(REE-U)"
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Inner
Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
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mineralization, the deposit also exhibits Mg, Fe, Na and F
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The mines north of the town are the largest deposits of
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1268:The deposit occurs in an east–west trending
1272:rift zone along the northern margin of the
501:, China. It is under the administration of
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524:Bayan Obo Mining District is made up of 2
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2363:County-level divisions of Inner Mongolia
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244:247.89 km (95.71 sq mi)
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1485:China Meteorological Administration
1458:China Meteorological Administration
1224:China Meteorological Administration
14:
475:ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠣᠪᠣᠭ᠋ᠠ ᠠᠭᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
425:ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠣᠪᠣᠭ᠋ᠠ ᠠᠭᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
42:ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠣᠪᠣᠭ᠋ᠠ ᠠᠭᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
23:District in Inner Mongolia, China
1440:NASA Bayan Obo image and writeup
1419:10.1111/j.1751-3928.2008.00069.x
450:Bayan Oboɣ-a Aɣurqai-yin toɣoriɣ
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2285:Plain and Bordered White Banner
1739:Darhan'muminggan United Banner
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630:ᠲᠦᠩ ᠶᠠᠩ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ
594:ᠠᠭᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ
134:
104:
1555:. 1997, USGS Bulletin 2143.
1387:10.1016/j.lithos.2003.09.002
1360:10.1016/0024-4937(90)90040-8
561:Administrative division code
2348:Mining communities in China
989:Average precipitation days
845:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
705:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
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2210:Horqin Right Middle Banner
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117:Show map of Inner Mongolia
15:
2205:Horqin Right Front Banner
2147:Qahar Right Middle Banner
1889:Horqin Left Middle Banner
1719:Bayan'obo Mining District
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1510:Science History Institute
1483:(in Simplified Chinese).
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467:Bayan'obo Mining District
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309:Bayan Obo Mining District
230:Tongyang Road Subdistrict
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2142:Qahar Right Front Banner
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1453:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data
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636:Дүн ян замын зээл гудамж
600:Уурхай замын зээл гудамж
520:Administrative divisions
409:Баян-Овоо Уурхайн дүүрэг
338:Traditional Chinese
16:Not to be confused with
2358:Carbonatite occurrences
2152:Qahar Right Rear Banner
1894:Horqin Left Rear Banner
575:Mining Road Subdistrict
324:Simplified Chinese
2280:Bordered Yellow Banner
2040:Morin'dawa Daur Banner
2015:New Barag Right Banner
1593:County-level divisions
265:91/km (240/sq mi)
176:41.78278°N 109.97361°E
2020:New Barag Left Banner
1975:Zhalainuo'er District
215:Prefecture-level city
1790:Yuanbaoshan District
262: • Density
18:Bayan-Ovoo, Ömnögovi
2270:West Ujimqin Banner
2265:East Ujimqin Banner
2088:Hanggin Rear Banner
1820:Bairin Right Banner
1400:Chengyu Wu (2007).
1036:Average snowy days
775:Daily mean °C (°F)
537:Simplified Chinese
510:rare-earth elements
386:Báiyún'èbó Kuàng Qū
181:41.78278; 109.97361
172: /
2260:Sonid Right Banner
2078:Urad Middle Banner
1917:Kangbashi District
1912:Dongsheng District
1815:Bairin Left Banner
1734:Tumed Right Banner
1315:Mountain Pass Mine
1300:is 474 to 402 Ma.
1274:Sino-Korean Craton
624:Tōngyángdào Jiēdào
588:Kuàngshānlù Jiēdào
403:Mongolian Cyrillic
254: • Total
241: • Total
85:Location in Baotou
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2313:Alxa Right Banner
2290:Plain Blue Banner
2255:Sonid Left Banner
2165:
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2137:Liangcheng County
2073:Urad Front Banner
1932:Otog Front Banner
1795:Songshan District
1785:Hongshan District
1757:Haibowan District
1709:Qingshan District
1681:Tumed Left Banner
1676:Qingshuihe County
1646:Xincheng District
1622:Prefecture-level
1600:Autonomous Region
1310:Nanling Mountains
1288:isochron age for
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1177:possible sunshine
1082:relative humidity
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373:Standard Mandarin
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203:Autonomous region
147:Show map of China
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2353:Rare earth mines
2308:Alxa Left Banner
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2083:Urad Rear Banner
2025:Old Barag Banner
1952:Ejin'horo Banner
1810:Ar'horqin Banner
1800:Ningcheng County
1724:Jiuyuan District
1714:Shiguai District
1699:Hondlon District
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1557:Full text online
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1422:. Archived from
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1406:Resource Geology
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1233:Economic geology
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66:Bayan Obo, 2006
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1956:
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1825:Hexigten Banner
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1762:Hainan District
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1704:Donghe District
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1671:Horinger County
1656:Saihan District
1651:Yuquan District
1641:Huimin District
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1546:Further reading
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1512:. June 25, 2019
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1381:(1–2): 97–116.
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1270:Mesoproterozoic
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1426:on 2012-12-17.
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2275:Taibus Banner
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2245:Duolun County
2243:
2240:
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2222:
2216:
2215:Jalaid Banner
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2200:Tuquan County
2198:
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2177:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2157:Dorbod Banner
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2135:
2133:
2132:Xinghe County
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Zhuozi County
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
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2064:
2063:Wuyuan County
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Oroqin Banner
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
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1968:
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1965:
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1928:
1927:Jungar Banner
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1923:
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1915:
1913:
1910:
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1907:
1905:
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1895:
1892:
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1879:Naiman Banner
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1835:Harqin Banner
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1767:Wuda District
1765:
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1732:
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1729:Guyang County
1727:
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1661:Togtoh County
1659:
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1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
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1128:Mean monthly
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
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1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
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918:
917:precipitation
913:
907:
902:
897:
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887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
843:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
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807:
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797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
773:
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762:
757:
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747:
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712:
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659:
654:
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621:
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585:
578:
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573:
572:
569:
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540:Hanyu Pinyin
539:
536:
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395:
383:
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365:
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231:
228:
226:District seat
221:
218:
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209:
206:
204:
197:
194:
185:
157:Coordinates:
129:
99:
82:
73:image by NASA
72:
69:
63:
54:
49:
27:
19:
2122:Huade County
2035:Evenk Banner
1922:Dalad Banner
1884:Jarud Banner
1869:Kailu County
1840:Aohan Banner
1805:Linxi County
1718:
1552:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1509:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1446:
1424:the original
1409:
1405:
1395:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1328:
1282:metasomatism
1278:hydrothermal
1267:
1264:
1245:
1242:Mine deposit
1236:
919:mm (inches)
568:Subdistricts
567:
548:Hudum Script
526:subdistricts
523:
514:
507:
490:
486:
466:
465:
380:Hanyu Pinyin
318:Chinese name
2318:Ejin Banner
2250:Abag Banner
2010:Arun Banner
1947:Uxin Banner
1937:Otog Banner
1874:Hure Banner
1290:bastnaesite
553:Mongolian (
179: /
167:109°58′25″E
68:false color
2337:Categories
1538:Mindat.org
1490:10 October
1463:10 October
1321:References
1298:aeschynite
1294:riebeckite
991:(≥ 0.1 mm)
641:150206002
605:150206001
491:Baiyun'ebo
487:Baiyun-Obo
249:Population
164:41°46′58″N
1980:Manzhouli
1962:Hulunbuir
1516:28 August
544:Mongolian
471:Mongolian
271:Time zone
30:Bayan'obo
2233:Xilinhot
2225:Xilingol
2111:Fengzhen
2050:Bayannur
1986:Zalantun
1863:Holingol
1850:Tongliao
1304:See also
1286:monazite
1284:. Sm-Nd
1260:fluorite
1222:Source:
1175:Percent
1170:3,266.4
1080:Average
915:Average
555:Cyrillic
495:district
444:SASM/GNC
53:District
2239:Erenhot
2188:Ulanhot
2180:Hinggan
2171:Leagues
2098:Ulanqab
1992:Yakeshi
1777:Chifeng
1613:capital
1480:中国气象数据网
1248:niobium
984:(9.74)
979:(0.08)
974:(0.17)
969:(0.41)
964:(1.38)
959:(2.28)
954:(2.60)
949:(1.36)
944:(0.80)
939:(0.26)
934:(0.22)
929:(0.10)
924:(0.08)
910:(29.4)
900:(14.2)
895:(30.4)
890:(44.8)
885:(55.8)
880:(59.0)
875:(53.6)
870:(43.0)
865:(31.1)
860:(16.9)
850:(−2.2)
840:(39.0)
830:(22.5)
825:(39.4)
820:(54.3)
815:(65.3)
810:(69.1)
805:(64.6)
800:(54.9)
795:(42.3)
790:(26.8)
785:(13.6)
770:(50.3)
765:(19.8)
760:(33.6)
755:(51.3)
750:(65.7)
745:(75.7)
740:(79.7)
735:(75.6)
730:(66.4)
725:(54.3)
720:(38.8)
715:(25.5)
710:(17.2)
648:Climate
479:Chinese
287:Website
192:Country
2343:Baotou
1691:Baotou
1633:Hohhot
1624:cities
1609:Hohhot
1553:et al.
1375:Lithos
1347:Lithos
1167:220.1
1164:227.0
1161:267.7
1158:272.6
1155:298.0
1152:303.5
1149:305.4
1146:323.0
1143:298.5
1140:281.0
1137:234.2
1134:235.4
905:(1.4)
855:(4.6)
835:(9.3)
780:(6.3)
661:Month
503:Baotou
485:), or
483:白云鄂博矿区
481::
344:白雲鄂博礦區
330:白云鄂博矿区
257:22,681
220:Baotou
37:白云鄂博矿区
2194:Arxan
2004:Ergun
1998:Genhe
1904:Ordos
1749:Wuhai
1075:36.9
1031:68.2
1013:11.6
982:247.2
903:−17.0
853:−15.2
848:−19.0
833:−12.6
783:−10.2
778:−14.3
700:Year
617:通阳道街道
581:矿山路街道
534:Name
354:rich
294:.byeb
276:UTC+8
196:China
141:Bayan
111:Bayan
71:ASTER
2300:Alxa
2241:city
2235:city
2196:city
2190:city
2113:city
2006:city
2000:city
1994:city
1988:city
1982:city
1865:city
1518:2019
1492:2023
1465:2023
1292:and
1084:(%)
1072:6.7
1069:5.7
1066:2.9
1063:0.3
1051:1.1
1048:3.1
1045:5.8
1042:5.5
1039:5.8
1028:3.4
1025:3.9
1022:3.5
1019:6.9
1016:9.6
1010:9.3
1007:5.6
1004:3.1
1001:4.4
998:3.3
995:3.6
967:10.3
962:35.0
957:58.0
952:66.0
947:34.6
942:20.3
908:−1.5
898:−9.9
893:−0.9
883:13.2
878:15.0
873:12.0
863:−0.5
858:−8.4
828:−5.3
818:12.4
813:18.5
808:20.6
803:18.1
798:12.7
788:−2.9
768:10.2
763:−6.8
753:10.7
748:18.7
743:24.3
738:26.5
733:24.2
728:19.1
723:12.4
713:−3.6
708:−8.2
697:Dec
694:Nov
691:Oct
688:Sep
685:Aug
682:Jul
679:Jun
676:May
673:Apr
670:Mar
667:Feb
664:Jan
356:ovoo
296:.gov
236:Area
1595:of
1536:at
1414:doi
1383:doi
1356:doi
1217:74
1214:78
1211:78
1208:79
1205:74
1202:71
1199:67
1196:67
1193:72
1190:74
1187:75
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1123:51
1120:63
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1114:50
1111:54
1108:56
1105:53
1102:45
1099:37
1096:34
1093:42
1090:54
1087:63
977:2.0
972:4.4
937:6.5
932:5.5
927:2.6
922:2.0
888:7.1
868:6.1
838:3.9
823:4.1
793:5.7
758:0.9
718:3.8
489:or
298:.cn
292:www
2339::
1508:.
1432:^
1410:58
1408:.
1404:.
1379:72
1377:.
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1350:.
1262:.
1060:0
1057:0
1054:0
557:)
550:)
528:.
477:,
473::
40:•
1615:)
1611:(
1585:e
1578:t
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1389:.
1385::
1362:.
1358::
1256:5
1254:O
1252:2
546:(
469:(
282:)
278:(
20:.
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