1237:
1005:, it can be more than 2 m (6.6 ft). During this period, the temperature slowly increases with depth in the lake, being coldest near the ice-covered surface at around freezing, and reaching about 3.5–3.8 °C (38.3–38.8 °F) at a depth of 200–250 m (660–820 ft). After the surface ice breaks up, the surface water is slowly warmed up by the sun, and in May–June, the upper 300 m (980 ft) or so becomes homothermic (same temperature throughout) at around 4 °C (39 °F) because of water mixing. The sun continues to heat up the surface layer, and at the peak in August can reach up to about 16 °C (61 °F) in the main sections and 20–24 °C (68–75 °F) in shallow bays in the southern half of the lake. During this time, the pattern is inverted compared to the winter and spring, as the water temperature falls with increasing depth. As the autumn begins, the surface temperature falls again and a second homothermic period at around 4 °C (39 °F) of the upper circa 300 m (980 ft) occurs in October–November. In the deepest parts of the lake, from about 300 m (980 ft), the temperature is stable at 3.1–3.4 °C (37.6–38.1 °F) with only minor annual variations.
923:
1455:
1039:
2551:
possibility of an accidental oil spill that might cause significant damage to the environment. According to the
Transneft's president, numerous meetings with citizens near the lake were held in towns along the route, especially in Irkutsk. Transneft agreed to alter its plans when Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered the company to consider an alternative route 40 kilometers (25 mi) to the north to avoid such ecological risks. Transneft has since decided to move the pipeline away from Lake Baikal, so that it will not pass through any federal or republic natural reserves. Work began on the pipeline two days after President Putin agreed to changing the route away from Lake Baikal.
1051:
2402:
2627:
2796:
2516:
instance, the production of high-quality viscose for the aeronautics and space industries). The Soviet scientists felt that it was irrational to change Lake Baikal's water quality by beginning paper production on the shore. It was their position that it was also necessary to preserve endemic species of local biota, and to maintain the area around Lake Baikal as a recreation zone. However, the objections of the Soviet scientists faced opposition from the industrial lobby and only after decades of protest, the plant was closed in
November 2008 due to unprofitability.
784:, where the Earth's crust is slowly pulling apart. At 636 km (395 mi) long and 79 km (49 mi) wide, Lake Baikal has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in Asia, at 31,722 km (12,248 sq mi), and is the deepest lake in the world at 1,642 metres (5,387 feet; 898 fathoms). The surface of the lake is 455.5 m (1,494 ft) above sea level, while the bottom of the lake is 1,186.5 m (3,893 ft; 648.8 fathoms) below sea level, and below this lies some 7 km (4.3 mi) of
957:
2533:
2225:
134:
911:
104:
2333:
1023:
87:
164:
1424:
896:
2271:
2520:
Prime
Minister Putin made through a visual verification of Lake Baikal's condition from a miniature submarine, where he said: "I could see with my own eyes – and scientists can confirm – Baikal is in good condition and there is practically no pollution". Despite this, in September 2013, the mill underwent a final bankruptcy, with the last 800 workers slated to lose their jobs by 28 December 2013. The mill has since shut down, though its reservoirs of
938:
2869:"A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal. Morphometric Data. INTAS Project 99-1669. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Consolidated Research Group on Marine Geosciences (CRG-MG), University of Barcelona, Spain; Limnological Institute of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation; State Science Research Navigation-Hydrographic Institute of the Ministry of Defense, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation"
2240:
1066:
1860:
2209:
1236:
1086:
2468:
2810:
2188:
2500:
1504:). These long-finned, translucent fish typically live in open water at depths of 100–500 m (330–1,640 ft), but occur both shallower and much deeper. Together with certain abyssocottid sculpins, they are the deepest living freshwater fish in the world, occurring near the bottom of Lake Baikal. The golomyankas are the primary prey of the Baikal seal and represent the largest fish
1634:
769:
757:
195:
977:
171:
141:
111:
2061:. In 1629, Yakov Khripunov set off from Tomsk to find a rumored silver mine. His men soon began plundering both Russians and natives. They were joined by another band of rioters from Krasnoyarsk, but left the Buryat country when they ran short of food. This made it difficult for other Russians to enter the area. In 1631, Maksim Perfilyev built an
1512:
2297:, to descend 1,592 m (5,223 ft) to the bottom of Lake Baikal to conduct geological and biological tests on its unique ecosystem. Although originally reported as being successful, they did not set a world record for the deepest freshwater dive, reaching a depth of only 1,580 m (5,180 ft). That record is currently held by
1852:(Plathelminthes) species are in Lake Baikal, where they occur on a wide range of bottom types. Most of the flatworms are predatory, and some are relatively brightly marked. They are often abundant in shallow waters, where they are typically less than 2 cm (1 in) long, but in deeper parts of the lake, the largest,
2519:
On 4 January 2010, production was resumed. On 13 January 2010, Russian Prime
Minister Vladimir Putin introduced changes in legislation legalising the operation of the plant; this action brought about a wave of protests from ecologists and local residents. These changes were based on the determination
2490:
Environmentalists have previously acknowledged pollution at Lake Baikal. It faces a series of detrimental phenomena including the disappearance of the omul fish, the rapid growth of putrid algae and the death of endemic species of sponges across its area. Environmental advocacy for the lake began in
2437:
The ice season ends in mid-April. Owing to increasing temperatures ice starts to melt and becomes shallow and fragile, especially in places with strong under-ice flows. A range of factors contribute to an increased risk of falling through the ice towards the end of the season, resulting in multiple
1000:
In Lake Baikal, the water temperature varies significantly depending on location, depth, and time of the year. During the winter and spring, the surface freezes for about 4–5 months; from early
January to early May–June (latest in the north), the lake surface is covered in ice. On average, the ice
799:
happen every few years. The lake is divided into three basins: North, Central, and South, with depths about 900 m (3,000 ft), 1,600 m (5,200 ft), and 1,400 m (4,600 ft), respectively. Fault-controlled accommodation zones rising to depths about 300 m (980 ft)
2710:
The people have a tradition in connection with this region which they implicitly believe. They say "that Christ visited this part of Asia and ascended this summit, whence he looked down on all the region around. After blessing the country to the northward, he turned towards the south, and looking
2589:. The goal was to export 190 million liters of water to China even though the lake had been experiencing historically low water levels. This spurred protests by the local population that the lake would be drained of its water, at which point the local government halted the plans pending analysis.
2409:
Baikal has a number of different tourist activities, depending on the season. Generally, Baikal has two top tourist seasons. The first season is ice season, which starts usually in mid-January and lasts till mid-April. During this season ice depth increases up to 140 centimeters, that allows safe
984:
Baikal is one of the clearest lakes in the world. During the winter, the water transparency in open sections can be as much as 30–40 m (100–130 ft), but during the summer it is typically 5–8 m (15–25 ft). Baikal is rich in oxygen, even in deep sections, which separates it from
2550:
was planning to build a trunk pipeline that would have come within 800 m (2,600 ft) of the lake shore in a zone of substantial seismic activity. Environmental activists in Russia, Greenpeace, Baikal pipeline opposition and local citizens were strongly opposed to these plans, due to the
2383:
Lake Baikal is a popular destination among tourists from all over the world. According to the
Russian Federal State Statistics Service, in 2013, 79,179 foreign tourists visited Irkutsk and Lake Baikal; in 2014, 146,937 visitors. The most popular places to stay by the lake are Listvyanka village,
3386:
Kravchinsky, V.A., M.A. Krainov, M.E. Evans, J.A. Peck, J.W. King, M.I. Kuzmin, H. Sakai, T. Kawai, and D. Williams. Magnetic record of Lake Baikal sediments: chronological and paleoclimatic implication for the last 6.7 Myr. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 195, 281–298, 2003.
2515:
and discharged waste directly into Lake Baikal. The decision to construct the plant on Lake Baikal resulted in strong protests from Soviet scientists; according to them, the ultra-pure water of the lake was a significant resource and should have been used for innovative chemical production (for
2392:
The ice road to Olkhon Island is the only legal ice road on Lake Baikal. The route is prepared by specialists every year and it opens when the ice conditions allow it. In 2015, the ice road to Olkhon was open from 17 February to 23 March. The thickness of the ice on the road is about 60 cm
827:
history. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, as its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. Russian, U.S., and
Japanese cooperative studies of deep-drilling core sediments in the 1990s provide a detailed record of climatic variation over the past
4618:
de Voogd, N.J.; Alvarez, B.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Carballo, J.L.; Cárdenas, P.; Díaz, M.-C.; Dohrmann, M.; Downey, R.; Hajdu, E.; Hooper, J.N.A.; Kelly, M.; Klautau, M.; Manconi, R.; Morrow, C.C. Pisera, A.B.; Ríos, P.; Rützler, K.; Schönberg, C.; Vacelet, J.; van Soest, R.W.M. (2021).
2393:(24 in), maximum capacity allowed – 10 t (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons); it is open to the public from 9 am to 6 pm. The road through the lake is 12 km (7.5 mi) long and it goes from the village Kurkut on the mainland to Irkutskaya Guba on Olkhon Island.
922:
4673:
Belikov; Kaluzhnaya; Schröder; Müller; and Müller (2007). Lake Baikal endemic sponge
Lubomirskia baikalensis: structure and organization of the gene family of silicatein and its role in morphogenesis. Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability, pp.
1780:. All endemics have been recorded between 20 and 30 m (66 and 98 ft), but the majority mainly live at shallower depths. About 30 freshwater snail species can be seen deeper than 100 m (330 ft), which represents the approximate limit of the
1038:
5361:
2388:
and Turka village. The popularity of Lake Baikal is growing from year to year, but there is no developed infrastructure in the area. For the quality of service and comfort from the visitor's point of view, Lake Baikal still has a long way to go.
1722:, and the two species Mesoasellus dybowskii and Limnoasellus poberezhnii. These six endemic species are found on rocky substrata in depths varying from 3–10 meters (Baicalasellus angarensis) to more than hundred meters (Mesoasellus dybowskii).
1050:
1012:
with water that is about 50 °C (122 °F) have been found. These are mostly in deep water but locally have also been found in relatively shallow water. They have little effect on the lake's temperature because of its huge volume.
732:, and horses on the eastern side of the lake, where the mean temperature varies from a winter minimum of −19 °C (−2 °F) to a summer maximum of 14 °C (57 °F). The region to the east of Lake Baikal is referred to as
2110:
on the
Barguzin River which became a center for eastward expansion. In 1652, Vasily Kolesnikov reported from Barguzin that one could reach the Amur country by following the Selenga, Uda, and Khilok Rivers to the future sites of
2067:
at Bratsk. The pacification was moderately successful, but in 1634, Bratsk was destroyed and its garrison killed. In 1635, Bratsk was restored by a punitive expedition under
Radukovskii. In 1638, it was besieged unsuccessfully.
3181:
Ecosystems and Natural Resources of Mountain Regions. Proceedings of the first international symposium on Lake Baikal: The current state of the surface and underground hydrosphere in mountainous areas. "Nauka", Novosibirsk,
2425:
The ice itself has a transparency of one meter depth. That is why this season is popular for hiking, ice-walking, ice-skating, and bicycle riding. An ice route around Olkhon is around 200 km. Some tourists may spot a
1691:). The "gigantism" of some Baikal amphipods, which has been compared to that seen in Antarctic amphipods, has been linked to the high level of dissolved oxygen in the lake. Among the "giants" are several species of spiny
2617:
thrive in the lake from hundreds of tons of liquid waste, including fuel and excrement, regularly disposed into the lake by tourist sites, and up to 25,000 tons of liquid waste are disposed of every year by local ships.
6007:
3403:
Kravchinsky, V.A., M.E. Evans, J.A. Peck, H. Sakai, M.A. Krainov, J.W. King, M.I. Kuzmin. A 640kyr geomagnetic and paleoclimatic record from Lake Baikal sediments. Geophysical Journal International, 170 (1), 101–116,
1101:. It hosts more than 1,000 species of plants and 2,500 species of animals based on current knowledge, but the actual figures for both groups are believed to be significantly higher. More than 80% of the animals are
6444:
5150:
Sharma, Sapna; Blagrave, Kevin; Watson, Simon R.; O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Batt, Ryan; Magnuson, John J.; Clemens, Tessa; Denfeld, Blaize A.; Flaim, Giovanna; Grinberga, Laura; Hori, Yukari (18 November 2020).
3171:
Jung, J.; Hojnowski, C.; Jenkins, H.; Ortiz, A.; Brinkley, C.; Cadish, L.; Evans, A.; Kissinger, P.; Ordal, L.; Osipova, S.; Smith, A.; Vredeveld, B.; Hodge, T.; Kohler, S.; Rodenhouse, N.; Moore, M. (2004).
1748:(about 50 described species), but genetic studies indicate that the true diversity in at least the latter family has been heavily underestimated. The morphology of the Baikal ostracods is highly diverse.
5559:
2324:(BDUNT). The Baikal Neutrino Telescope NT-200 is being deployed in Lake Baikal, 3.6 km (2.2 mi) from shore at a depth of 1.1 km (0.68 mi). It consists of 192 optical modules.
858:, is 72 km (45 mi) long and is the third-largest lake-bound island in the world. The lake is fed by as many as 330 inflowing rivers. The main ones draining directly into Baikal are the
2098:
In 1644, Ivan Pokhabov went up the Angara to Baikal, becoming perhaps the first Russian to use this route, which is difficult because of the rapids. He crossed the lake and explored the lower
3782:
Rivarola-Duartea; Otto; Jühling; Schreiber; Bedulina; Jakob; Gurkov; Axenov-Gribanov; Sahyoun; Lucassen; Hackermüller; Hoffmann; Sartoris; Pörtner; Timofeyev; Luckenbach; and Stadler (2014).
795:
In geological terms, the rift is young and active – it widens about 4 mm (0.16 in) per year. The fault zone is also seismically active; hot springs occur in the area and notable
6265:
2567:
some 95 km (59 mi) downstream from the lake's shores. Critics and environmentalists argued it would be a disaster for the region and are urging the government to reconsider.
2410:
vehicle driving on the ice cover (except heavy vehicles, such as tourist buses, that do not take this risk). This allows access to the figures of ice that are formed at rocky banks of
1008:
The average surface temperature has risen by almost 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) in the last 50 years, resulting in a shorter period where the lake is covered by ice. At some locations,
2464:), and fishing. Water in the lake stays extremely cold in most places (does not exceed 10 C most of the year), but in a few gulfs like Chivirkuy, it can be comfortable for swimming.
2024:(founded 1619) and later by moving south from the Lena River. Russians first heard of the Buryats in 1609 at Tomsk. According to folktales related a century after the fact, in 1623,
4080:
Kontula, Tytti; Kirilchik, Sergei V.; Väinölä, Risto (2003). "Endemic diversification of the monophyletic cottoid fish species flock in Lake Baikal explored with mtDNA sequencing".
2482:
is an ecotourist destination. Baikal has always been popular in Russia and CIS-countries, but for the last few years Baikal has seen an influx of visitors from China and Europe.
1740:
200 endemic species. This makes it the second-most diverse group of crustacean in the lake, after the amphipods. The vast majority of the Baikal ostracods belong to the families
4122:
Hunt, D. M., et al. (1997). Molecular evolution of the cottoid fish endemic to Lake Baikal deduced from nuclear DNA evidence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8(3): 415–22.
4961:
5362:"'The great lake is in great peril': Siberia's sacred sea, bigger than Belgium and older than any other lake, Baikal is threatened by pollution from industry and agriculture"
2570:
After enrichment, only 10% of the uranium-derived radioactive material would be exported to international customers, leaving 90% near the Lake Baikal region for storage.
1454:
5914:
4649:
2170:
crossed frozen Lake Baikal. The wind on the exposed lake was so cold, many people died, freezing in place until spring thaw. Beginning in 1956, the impounding of the
1986:. The Kurykans, a Siberian tribe who inhabited the area in the sixth century, gave it a name that translates to "much water". Later on, it was called "natural lake" (
2239:
6434:
2344:
The lake, nicknamed "the Pearl of Siberia", drew investors from the tourist industry as energy revenues sparked an economic boom. Viktor Grigorov's Grand Baikal in
3435:
M. Vanneste; M. De Batist; A. Golmshtok; A. Kremlev; W. Versteeg (2001). "Multi-frequency seismic study of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in Lake Baikal, Siberia".
2541:
2449:
The second tourist season is summer, which lets tourists dive deeper into virgin Baikal nature. Hiking trails become open, many of them cross two mountain ranges:
6664:
2278:
Several organizations are carrying out natural research projects on Lake Baikal. Most of them are governmental or associated with governmental organizations. The
2353:
956:
6550:
6439:
6258:
2586:
1912:
are unusually large for freshwater sponges and can reach 1 m (3.3 ft) or more. These three are also the most common sponges in the lake. While the
831:
Longer and deeper sediment cores are expected in the near future. Lake Baikal is the only confined freshwater lake in which direct and indirect evidence of
6424:
6209:
3896:(pdf). the European Bison Conservation Newsletter Vol 2 (2009). pp.148–159. the Institute of Problems Ecology and Evolution RAS. Retrieved on 31 March 2017
1920:
often has branching structures and in areas where common may form underwater "forests". Most sponges in the lake are typically green when alive because of
2251:
6619:
3173:
5806:
5556:
220:
2559:
In 2006, the Russian government announced plans to build the world's first international uranium enrichment center at an existing nuclear facility in
2321:
2224:
1943:, has a long history of human habitation. Near the village of Mal'ta, some 160 km northwest of the lake, remains of a young human male known as
937:
6659:
5945:
6669:
6251:
2083:
into the area east of Lake Baikal (1640) where he heard reports of the Amur country. In 1641, Verkholensk was founded on the upper Lena. In 1643,
3802:
1602:. It is estimated that they filter as much as a thousand cubic kilometers of water a year, or the lake's entire volume every twenty-three years.
5334:
133:
6320:
6274:
2574:
contain radioactive and toxic materials, which if improperly stored, are potentially dangerous to humans and can contaminate rivers and lakes.
1022:
3513:
103:
6604:
6044:
5431:
4793:
4768:
4743:
4721:
4693:
4381:
Phylogenetic position and age of Lake Baikal candonids (Crustacea, Ostracoda) inferred from multigene sequence analyses and molecular dating.
3840:
3623:
3556:
3064:
3039:
3014:
2356:
is home to the seven-story Hotel Mayak. At the northern part of the lake, Baikalplan (a German NGO) built together with Russians in 2009 the
2302:
2743:
fugitive. The lyrics as documented and edited in the 19th century by Dmitriy P. Davydov (1811–1888). See "Barguzin River" for sample lyrics.
2723:
Lake Baikal has been celebrated in Russian folk songs. Two of these songs are known in Russia and its neighboring countries, such as Japan.
2585:
Chinese-owned AquaSib had been purchasing land alongside the lake and in 2019 started building a bottling plant and pipeline in the town of
2348:
is one of the investors, who planned to build three hotels, creating 570 jobs. In 2007, the Russian government declared the Baikal region a
4310:
2401:
1065:
1016:
Stormy weather on the lake is common, especially during the summer and autumn, and can result in waves as high as 4.5 m (15 ft).
5389:
3294:"Aridization of the Transbaikalia in the context of global events during the Pleistocene and its effect on the evolution of small mammals"
1974:
pursued and defeated the Xiongnu forces from the second century BC to the first century AD. They recorded that the lake was a "huge sea" (
5863:
6649:
6644:
4288:
2626:
2208:
6161:
6143:
6126:
2357:
4151:
4040:
4009:
804:, while the area around the Selenga Delta and the Buguldeika Saddle separates the Central and South basins. The lake drains into the
6609:
6175:
4539:
3940:
1784:, but only 10 are truly deepwater species. In general, Baikal snails are thin-shelled and small. Two of the most common species are
895:
575:
2868:
2706:
According to 19th-century traveler T. W. Atkinson, locals in the Lake Baikal Region had the tradition that Christ visited the area:
5577:
4608:
International Symposium – Speciation in Ancient Lakes, SIAL III – Irkutsk 2002. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen 4: 151–157.
6629:
6378:
4628:
2957:
163:
3596:
1948:
910:
5235:
3087:
944:
4939:
2043:
on the upper Yenisei was founded in 1627. A number of ill-documented expeditions explored eastward from Krasnoyarsk. In 1628,
6614:
6535:
5966:
5320:
4593:
Dynamics of skeleton formation in the Lake Baikal sponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. Part I. Biological and biochemical studies.
2028:, who may have been the first Russian to reach the Lena, crossed from the upper Lena to the Angara and arrived at Yeniseysk.
1044:
Spring ice melt underway on Lake Baikal, on 4 May: Notice the ice-covered north, while much of the south is already ice-free.
4322:
Cladocera species (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) in the littoral zone of Lake Baikal: some representatives of Daphniidae families
2895:
5654:
3300:. Quaternary interconnections in Eurasia: focus on Eastern Europe SEQS Conference, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 21–26 June 2010.
1994:) by the Yakuts. Little was known to Europeans about the lake until Russia expanded into the area in the 1600s. The first
1703:) found at both shallow and deep depths. These conspicuous and common amphipods are essentially carnivores (will also take
6639:
6401:
2439:
5628:
5603:
3907:"Животный мир Байкала. Озеро Байкал: экология. Озеро Байкал. Природа. Пресноводные водоемы, растительность, животный мир"
6335:
6315:
5732:
3472:
P. Van Rensbergen; M. De Batist; J. Klerkx; R. Hus; J. Poort; M. Vanneste; N. Granin; O. Khlystov; P. Krinitsky (2002).
3083:
2508:
1817:
with a single nonendemic species). The endemic bivalves are mainly found in shallows, with few species from deep water.
1756:
As of 2006, almost 150 freshwater snails are known from Lake Baikal, including 117 endemic species from the subfamilies
1736:, Baikal is a center for ostracod diversity. About 90% of the Lake Baikal ostracods are endemic, meaning that there are
5461:
4864:
6278:
6229:
2747:
2728:
2282:
is an independent research organization carrying out environmental, educational and research projects at Lake Baikal.
2017:
5032:
5706:
5254:
5092:
1825:
With almost 200 described species, including more than 160 endemics, the center of diversity for aquatic freshwater
6624:
6189:
5510:
2925:
642:
4176:
3539:
Touchart, Laurent (2012), "Baikal, Lake", in Bengtsson, Lars; Herschy, Reginald W.; Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (eds.),
1128:
are mostly absent, except in some shallow bays along the shores of Lake Baikal. More than 85 species of submerged
6509:
6484:
6476:
3425:(1998). First find of gas hydrates in sediments of Lake Baikal. Doklady Adademii Nauk, 362: 541–543 (in Russian).
2279:
2178:
1793:
1476:
Fewer than 65 native fish species occur in the lake basin, but more than half of these are endemic. The families
1165:
was introduced to the lake in the 1950s. Instead of vascular plants, aquatic flora is often dominated by several
948:
5680:
5280:
3499:
3259:
6634:
6466:
6286:
5985:
View of the Russian empire during the reign of Catharine the Second, and to the close of the eighteenth century
3437:
2187:
2163:
498:
3185:
5810:
4977:
4892:
3362:
1653:
More than 350 species and subspecies of amphipods are endemic to the lake. They are exceptionally diverse in
694:
lake by volume, containing 23,615.39 km (5,670 cu mi) of water or 22–23% of the world's fresh
2833:
2479:
2415:
2112:
1896:
1865:
773:
688:
597:
377:
31:
5928:
4341:
Morphological and molecular diversity of Lake Baikal candonid ostracods, with a description of a new genus.
6674:
6599:
6527:
6363:
4246:
Patterns of Evolutionary Change in Baikalian Gammarids Inferred from DNA Sequences (Crustacea, Amphipoda).
2231:
2123:
986:
676:
2246:
1056:
Circle of thin ice, diameter of 4.4 km (2.7 mi) at the lake's southern tip, probably caused by
4321:
2349:
2143:
2127:
1590:
1549:
1464:
788:, placing the rift floor some 8–11 km (5.0–6.8 mi) below the surface, the deepest continental
664:
425:
351:
290:
5006:
4277:
Phylogeography and systematics of Acanthogammarus s. str., giant amphipod crustaceans from Lake Baikal.
3639:
1890:), which colonized the lake about 3.4 million years ago. The lake's sponges makes up around 44% of the
1547:, and then sold widely in markets around the lake. Also, a second endemic whitefish inhabits the lake,
4662:
3980:
3796:
3293:
2684:(Glorious sea, sacred Bajkal). To this day, the strait between the western shore of the Lake and the
2532:
1171:
6594:
6414:
6353:
6343:
6243:
5164:
4620:
4552:
New Records of Lake Baikal Leech Fauna: Species Diversity and Spatial Distribution in Chivyrkuy Gulf.
4089:
3487:
3474:"Sublacustrine mud volcanoes and methane seeps caused by dissociation of gas hydrates in Lake Baikal"
3446:
3305:
1577:) are other important species with commercial value. They are also endemic to the Lake Baikal basin.
653:
1967:
1665:
6654:
6461:
6429:
6310:
4761:
The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 B.C.-A.D. 8
4713:
3517:
2680:. It is also attested in the famous song, now passed into the tradition, that opens with the words
2491:
the late 1950s. Since 2010, more than 15,000 metric tons of toxic waste have flowed into the lake.
2361:
2147:
1765:
1659:
1492:
and are typically less than 20 cm (8 in) long. Of particular note are the two species of
1443:
963:
871:
745:
736:
or as the Transbaikal, and the loosely defined region around the lake itself is sometimes known as
474:
466:
387:
6064:
5989:
5535:
3211:
2700:
2511:
was constructed in 1966, directly on the shoreline of Lake Baikal. The plant bleached paper using
2332:
1189:
86:
6456:
5867:
5424:
Saving the Sacred Sea: The Power of Civil Society in an Age of Authoritarianism and Globalization
4591:
Kaluzhnaya; Belikov; Schröder; Rothenberger; Zapf; Kaandorp; Borejko; Müller; and Müller (2005).
4495:
4442:
4205:
4067:
3142:
2471:
2298:
2006:
1757:
1348:
1220:
268:
6183:
5448:
Some aspects of nature protection in the scientific heritage of academician Innokentiy Gerasimov
1802:
1677:
1671:
1508:
in the lake. Beyond members of Cottoidea, there are few endemic fish species in the lake basin.
1423:
5604:"This Siberian town lost everything when the mill closed. It's now struggling to find a future"
4401:
Cryptic diversity and speciation in endemic Cytherissa (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from Lake Baikal.
2460:
Small tourist vessels operate in the area, availing bird-watching, animal-watching (especially
2270:
2162:
from the cold wind moving unobstructed across flat expanses of ice. In the winter of 1920, the
6171:
6157:
6139:
6122:
6040:
5962:
5427:
5397:
5240:
5200:
5182:
4955:
4789:
4764:
4739:
4717:
4689:
4643:
4535:
4105:
3936:
3836:
3786:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 322(3): 177–189.
3619:
3552:
3478:
3321:
3060:
3035:
3010:
2920:
2898:. Limnological Institute, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from
2774:
2571:
2443:
2306:
2154:
in 1918. At times during winter freezes, the lake could be crossed on foot, though at risk of
2063:
1995:
1842:
1700:
1642:
1599:
1485:
1404:
1372:
1340:
1161:
1009:
929:
801:
649:
519:
5295:
4663:
Symbiosis, Selection, and Novelty: Freshwater Adaptation in the Unique Sponges of Lake Baikal
4606:
The Distribution of Chemical Elements in Sponges of the Family Lubomirskiidae in Lake Baikal.
4230:
4191:
1219:, are found in the lake, and about half of these are endemic to Baikal; however, significant
6517:
6494:
5949:
5733:"Тема: (ENWL) Власти Иркутской обл. выступили против прокладки нефтепровода к Тихому океану"
5190:
5172:
4555:
4487:
4434:
4404:
4384:
4364:
4344:
4097:
3975:
3758:
3544:
3495:
3454:
3405:
3388:
3313:
2828:
2823:
2693:
2610:
2599:
2450:
2032:
1614:
1157:
863:
839:
781:
608:
588:
534:
279:
58:
3893:
3292:
Erbajeva, Margarita A.; Khenzykhenova, Fedora I.; Alexeeva, Nadezhda V. (23 January 2013).
3059:. preface by Koichiro Mastsuura (2009 ed.). London: Cassell Illustrated. p. 620.
2364:
as an example for sustainable development of the region. Baikal was also declared a UNESCO
6449:
6198:
5563:
4896:
3861:. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic ed. C. Michael Hogan, Ed. in chief C. NCSE, Washington D.C.
3806:
3600:
3543:, Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 83–91,
3236:
2761:
2605:
2376:
plant and to invest $ 2.5 billion in the region and create 2,000 jobs in the city of
1733:
1570:
990:
847:
613:
73:
5110:
3174:"Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in Lake Baikal and its relationship to body size"
1001:
reaches a thickness of 0.5 to 1.4 m (1.6–4.6 ft), but in some places with
6058:
5983:
5168:
5124:
4133:
4093:
3957:
3871:
3491:
3450:
3309:
2872:
1859:
6499:
6368:
6149:
5195:
5152:
4940:"Russian submersible dives in Lake Baikal do not establish new freshwater depth record"
4464:
4259:
2815:
2677:
2536:
The lake in the winter. The ice is thick enough to support pedestrians and snowmobiles.
2454:
2385:
2365:
2310:
2167:
2102:. About 1647, he repeated the trip, obtained guides, and visited a 'Tsetsen Khan' near
2016:
Russian expansion into the Buryat area around Lake Baikal in 1628–1658 was part of the
1952:
1908:
1902:
1883:
1801:
diversity is lower with more than 30 species; about half of these, all in the families
1769:
1544:
1488:(Baikal sculpins) are entirely restricted to the lake basin. All these are part of the
1477:
1427:
1408:
1300:
1259:
A wide range of land mammals can be found in the habitats around the lake, such as the
1125:
843:
646:
442:
314:
304:
6203:
6002:"On the Baikal Sea I was in a shipwreck again" (На Байкалове море паки тонул), in the
4101:
3458:
3392:
2961:
2756:) is about a convict who had escaped from jail and was attempting to return home from
2446:, reportedly died after his car fell through the ice while driving on Baikal in 2015.
1829:
is Lake Baikal. A smaller number of other freshwater annelids is known: 30 species of
6588:
6545:
6409:
6131:
5979:
5915:"Siberian Authorities Halt Construction of Lake Baikal Bottling Plant After Backlash"
4574:
4147:
4036:
4005:
3966:
3720:
3664:
3593:
3409:
2643:
2411:
2200:
2099:
2088:
2084:
2044:
1999:
1781:
1745:
1719:
1396:
1268:
1134:
1114:
1072:
902:
875:
733:
699:
695:
431:
4710:
Biosilica in Evolution, Morphogenesis, and Nanobiotechnology: Case Study Lake Baikal
4499:
4446:
3831:
Mackay, A.; R. Flower; L. Granina (2002). "Lake Baikal". In Shahgedanova, M. (ed.).
1085:
6419:
6358:
6294:
5961:
Raymond H. Fisher, The Voyage of Semon Dezhnev, The Haklyut Society, 1981, p. 246,
5784:
5736:
4206:"Зоопланктон в экосистеме озера Байкал / О Байкале.ру – Байкал. Научно и популярно"
3784:
A First Glimpse at the Genome of the Baikalian Amphipod Eulimnogammarus verrucosus.
2801:
2564:
2092:
2025:
2010:
1928:
1887:
1826:
1683:
1481:
1415:) were found near the lake; this represented the easternmost range of the species.
1364:
1308:
1140:
1098:
867:
820:
706:
454:
283:
257:
5832:
3686:
2467:
1207:, there are endemic Baikal species in all these green algae genera. More than 400
6021:
5218:
5177:
3548:
3317:
2899:
2309:, the leader of the mission, took part in the Mir dives as did Russian president
5758:
5710:
5658:
5066:
4912:
2983:
2757:
2499:
2461:
2427:
2419:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2171:
2159:
2135:
2131:
2080:
2040:
1971:
1924:
1834:
1810:
1773:
1761:
1726:
1646:
1622:
1595:
1439:
1245:
1166:
1146:
1129:
1090:
832:
702:
680:
672:
6193:. Vol. III (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 241.
3906:
3473:
2711:
across the Baikal, he waved his hand, exclaiming 'Beyond this there is nothing.
2095:
at its northern tip, and wintered on the Barguzin River on the northeast side.
1633:
6391:
6305:
6020:
L. Bagrov (1964). International Society for the History of Cartography (ed.).
5632:
4491:
4438:
4408:
4368:
4348:
3763:
3746:
3091:
2791:
2769:
2649:
In the past, the Baikal was referred to by many Russians as the "Baikal Sea" (
2372:
plans to build a laboratory near Baikal, in conjunction with an international
2258:
2174:
on the Angara River raised the level of the lake by 1.4 m (4.6 ft).
2103:
2076:
2072:
1806:
1786:
1777:
1741:
1493:
1260:
1216:
1195:
1177:
1152:
1057:
796:
768:
756:
691:
446:
5401:
5186:
4809:
3325:
3213:
The Other Side of Russia: A Slice of Life in Siberia and the Russian Far East
2087:
went further up the Lena and became the first Russian to see Lake Baikal and
235:
222:
6570:
6325:
5557:
Tide of discontent sweeps through Russia's struggling 'rust belt' – NBC News
4868:
4300:
A new obligate groundwater species of Asellus (Isopoda, Asellidae) from Iran
4299:
2547:
2155:
2116:
2021:
1983:
1921:
1814:
1715:
1688:
1562:
1554:
1540:
1489:
1459:
1435:
1356:
1029:
994:
879:
813:
630:
261:
5204:
4840:
4109:
2414:, including Cape Hoboy, the Three Brothers rock, and caves to the north of
194:
6119:
Kayak Adventure in Siberia: The first solo circumnavigation of Lake Baikal
5040:
4559:
1113:
The watershed of Lake Baikal has numerous floral species represented. The
819:
Baikal's age is estimated at 25–30 million years, making it the most
6564:
5258:
4160:
4049:
4018:
3747:"Structure of epiphyton communities on Lake Baikal submerged macrophytes"
2512:
2317:
2177:
As the railway was built, a large hydrogeographical expedition headed by
2151:
2139:
1956:
1940:
1849:
1838:
1704:
1610:
1606:
1524:
1434:
There are 236 species of birds that inhabit Lake Baikal, 29 of which are
1332:
1183:
1102:
785:
737:
450:
320:
3616:
Physics of Lakes: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background
2438:
deaths in Russia each year, although exact data for Baikal are unknown.
2071:
In 1638, Perfilyev crossed from the Angara over the Ilim portage to the
976:
6540:
6386:
6299:
6182:
5390:"World's deepest lake crippled by putrid algae, poaching and pollution"
5153:"Increased winter drownings in ice-covered regions with warmer winters"
2739:
2716:
2672:
2560:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2345:
2193:
2054:
1963:
1891:
1798:
1711:
1654:
1618:
1586:
1505:
1388:
1276:
1212:
1002:
859:
854:
are protected as a national park. It contains 27 islands; the largest,
824:
809:
761:
721:
717:
668:
660:
634:
275:
269:
205:
6078:
4388:
3005:
Schwarzenbach, Rene P.; Philip M. Gschwend; Dieter M. Imboden (2003).
1882:
occur in the lake, including about 15 species from the endemic family
1511:
291:
17:
6099:
5864:"Saving the Sacred Sea: Russian nuclear plant threatens ancient lake"
5684:
5566:. Worldnews.nbcnews.com (30 November 2013). Retrieved on 15 May 2014.
4289:
Evolution and Phylogeny of Pancrustacea: A Story of Scientific Method
3856:
3339:
3116:
2685:
2521:
2503:
Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill in 2008, 5 years before its 2013 closure
2196:
2091:. Half his party under Skorokhodov remained on the lake, reached the
2058:
2036:
1879:
1380:
1208:
883:
855:
805:
741:
684:
638:
487:
324:
297:
5447:
5296:"Ecotourism in Siberia: Development and Challenges on Olkhon Island"
4425:
Sitnikova, T.Y. (2006). "Endemic gastropod distribution in Baikal".
4830:
George V. Lantzeff and Richard A. Price, 'Eastward to Empire', 1973
4361:
Global diversity of ostracods (Ostracoda, Crustacea) in freshwater.
2474:
goes from Listvyanka to Bolshoe Goloustnoye along Lake Baikal coast
800:
separate the basins. The North and Central basins are separated by
6238:
4889:
2625:
2614:
2531:
2498:
2466:
2400:
2331:
2269:
2049:
1858:
1830:
1632:
1510:
1453:
1422:
1316:
1292:
1284:
1235:
1084:
975:
851:
767:
755:
729:
725:
713:
5988:. Printed by A. Strahan, for T. N. Longman and O. Rees. p.
2431:
2337:
2301:, at 1,637 m (5,371 ft) (also in Lake Baikal aboard a
2020:. It was done first by following the Angara River upstream from
1532:
1516:
789:
659:
At 31,722 km (12,248 sq mi)—slightly larger than
252:
6247:
5335:"Russian Scientists Ring the Alarm on Lake Baikal's Pollutants"
5111:"Lake Baikal Travel Guide – Top Ten Attractions on Lake Baikal"
4534:
pp. 43–44. Developments in Hydrobiology. Aquatic Biodiversity.
3084:"Lake Baikal – A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies"
2305:
submersible in 1990). Russian scientist and federal politician
1472:) are found only in Baikal and rivers that drain into the lake.
6234:
5946:
Russia's Baikal, Biggest Lake in the World, 'Becoming a Swamp'
5785:"Transneft charged with Siberia-Pacific pipeline construction"
3931:
Flint, V.E.; R.L. Boehme; Y.V. Kostin; A.A. Kuznetsov (1984).
2896:"On the present state of the ecological system of lake Baikal"
2760:. The lyrics were collected and edited in the 20th century by
1707:), and can reach a body length up to 7 cm (2.8 in).
1324:
1121:) is found here at the eastern limit of its geographic range.
6224:
6202:
5450:// Acta Geographica Silesiana. 2018. Vol. 29, # 1. pp. 55–60.
4991:
Barry, Ellen (23 May 2011). "A Rugged Guys' heart to heart".
4899:(Baikal Research Centre; in Russian). www.baikal-research.org
2142:
for a number of years. The lake became the site of the minor
2130:
required 200 bridges and 33 tunnels. Until its completion, a
1916:
species typically have encrusting or carpet-like structures,
1841:
are known from the lake, but a large percentage of these are
549:
5487:
5010:
2336:
Baikal fishermen fish for 15 commercially used species. The
2126:
was built between 1896 and 1902. Construction of the scenic
1856:, can reach up to 30 cm (1 ft) when outstretched.
5281:"Самый теплый залив на Байкале – Чивыркуйский залив !"
4478:
Slugina, Z.V. (2006). "Endemic Bivalvia in ancient lakes".
3500:
10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0631:SMVAMS>2.0.CO;2
3260:"Waders of the Selenga delta, Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia"
1947:
or "Mal'ta Boy" are indications of local habitation by the
540:
5707:"The Right to Know: Irkutsk Citizens Want to be Consulted"
4275:
Daneliya, M.E.; Kamaltynov, R.M.; and Väinölä, R. (2011).
2642:
The first European to reach the lake is said to have been
1585:
The lake hosts a rich endemic fauna of invertebrates. The
1203:
may occur deeper than 30 m (100 ft). Except for
850:
stretching along the western shore. The mountains and the
4688:. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 11. pp. 63–67.
2181:
produced the first detailed contour map of the lake bed.
1649:
in the lake. Red-orange is its natural, living coloration
1187:
in water shallower than 20 m (65 ft); although
564:
5890:"The International Uranium Enrichment Center | JSC IUEC"
5219:"Ukraine ex-President Yanukovych's son 'drowns in lake'"
2699:
Lake Baikal is nicknamed "Older sister of Sister Lakes (
2430:
along the route. Local entrepreneurs offer overnight in
2257:
was launched in 1900 and is one of the oldest surviving
1813:, are endemic (the only other family in the lake is the
6387:
Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent
4031:
4029:
4000:
3998:
2634:(Baikal Sea) designation, rather than the conventional
2340:, found only in Baikal, accounts for most of the catch.
667:
by surface area, as well as the second largest lake in
5889:
4209:
2384:
Olkhon Island, Kotelnikovsky cape, Baykalskiy Priboi,
1531:
The most important local species for fisheries is the
4786:
The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians
4736:
The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians
4604:
Paradina; Kulikova; Suturin; and Saibatalova (2003).
4244:
Sherbakov; Kamaltynov; Ogarkov; and Verheyen (1998).
3745:
Pomazkina, G.; L. Kravtsova; E. Sorokovikova (2012).
1629:
Amphipod, isopod, cladoceran and ostracod crustaceans
709:
at 25–30 million years, and among the clearest.
602:
576:
561:
546:
6445:
Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings
5536:"Russians Debate Fate of Lake: Jobs Or Environment?"
4248:
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 10(2): 160–167
1527:
to Lake Baikal, and is a source of income to locals.
624:
567:
552:
537:
6526:
6508:
6475:
6400:
6377:
6334:
6285:
6060:
Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower Amoor
4458:
4456:
3894:
European bison in Russia – past, present and future
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3137:
3135:
3133:
2577:An enrichment center was constructed in the 2010s.
2047:first encountered a group of Buryats and collected
1605:Among the most diverse invertebrate groups are the
558:
543:
505:
493:
483:
473:
464:
460:
438:
424:
416:
412:
404:
396:
386:
376:
368:
360:
350:
342:
334:
330:
313:
303:
289:
267:
251:
212:
201:
41:
4271:
4269:
3778:
3776:
3774:
2871:. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Archived from
2676:(1621–1682), and on the late-17th-century maps by
2128:railway around the southwestern end of Lake Baikal
5125:"A Winter Bikepacking Journey Across Lake Baikal"
4942:. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008
4587:
4585:
4583:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
3981:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22732200A95043817.en
3057:1001 natural wonders: you must see before you die
2528:Cancelled East Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline
6213:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 215–216.
5578:"Polluting Baikal Paper Mill Finally Shuts Down"
4960:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4526:
4524:
4522:
3740:
3738:
3009:(2 ed.). Wiley Interscience. p. 1052.
2418:. It also provides access to small islands like
1962:Located in the former northern territory of the
1598:species there, making up 80 to 90% of the total
780:Lake Baikal is in a rift valley, created by the
213:
6536:Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of Sviyazhsk
6435:Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings
4062:
4060:
3143:"Lake Baikal: Protection of a unique ecosystem"
712:Lake Baikal is home to thousands of species of
4512:Slugina; Starobogatov; and Korniushin (1994).
1966:confederation, Lake Baikal is one site of the
1886:(the remaining are from the nonendemic family
679:, with a maximum depth of 1,642 metres (5,387
6440:Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture
6259:
6100:«По диким степям Забайкалья», Русланова Лидия
6008:Житие протопопа Аввакума, им самим написанное
6004:Life of Protopope Avvakum, Written by Himself
5093:"Driving on frozen Lake Baikal in the winter"
4865:"Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station History"
4763:. University of Michigan Press. p. 264.
4399:Schön; Pieri; Sherbakov; and Martens (2017).
3835:. Oxford University Press. pp. 403–421.
3179:. In Smirnov, A.I.; Izmest'eva, L.R. (eds.).
3078:
3076:
2940:Silverland: A Winter Journey Beyond the Urals
2779:
2751:
2732:
2660:
2650:
1594:is endemic to Lake Baikal and the dominating
1132:have been recorded, including genera such as
889:Regular winds exist in Baikal's rift valley.
882:. It is drained through a single outlet, the
50:
30:"Baykal" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
6551:Astronomical Observatory of Kazan University
5060:
5058:
4842:Открытие Русскими Средней И Восточной Сибири
4648:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4554:ScientificWorldJournal. 2013(2013): 206590.
4530:Segers, H.; and Martens, K; editors (2005).
4420:
4418:
4416:
4240:
4238:
3659:
3657:
3514:"Lake Baikal: the great blue eye of Siberia"
3117:"Lake Baikal – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
65:
6425:Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea
5511:"Russia Uses Microsoft to Suppress Dissent"
5009:. Baikalweb. 6 January 2005. Archived from
4569:
4567:
4550:Kaygorodova, I.A.; and N.M. Pronin (2013).
3591:Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008).
3166:
3164:
1955:. An early known tribe in the area was the
364:744.4 m (2,442 ft; 407.0 fathoms)
6266:
6252:
6244:
6026:. Vol. 1. Brill Archive. p. 115.
5858:
5856:
5854:
5460:Tom Parfitt in Moscow (12 November 2008).
4379:Karanovic, I.; and T.Y. Sitnikova (2017).
4359:Martens; Schön; Meisch; and Horne (2008).
4339:Karanovic, I.; and T.Y. Sitnikova (2017).
3935:. Princeton University Press. p. 38.
3833:The Physical Geography of Northern Eurasia
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2772:for the Soviet Union's second color film,
2542:Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline
2134:transported railcars across the lake from
2039:country on the lower Angara. To the west,
1931:), but can also be brownish or yellowish.
1438:. Although named after the lake, both the
38:
5396:. Agence France-Presse. 19 October 2017.
5194:
5176:
4788:. Cornell University Press. p. 246.
4738:. Cornell University Press. p. 246.
3979:
3762:
3258:Fefelov, I.; Tupitsyn, I. (August 2004).
3111:
3109:
2715:" Thus they account for the sterility of
2669:). This usage is attested already in the
2322:Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope
1657:and appearance, ranging from the pelagic
838:The lake is surrounded by mountains; the
633:in the world. It is situated in southern
372:1,642 m (5,387 ft; 898 fathoms)
309:560,000 km (216,000 sq mi)
5866:. Newint.org. 2 May 2008. Archived from
5809:. Transneft Press Center. Archived from
5321:"Chinese tourists eager to visit Baikal"
5255:"Trails - Great Baikal Trail | GBT"
3587:
2719:, where it is said "no corn will grow."
1863:Museum specimen of the branching sponge
1729:(water fleas), several of them endemic.
966:at its mouth before joining Lake Baikal
6295:Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
5488:"Sacred Land Film Project, Lake Baikal"
4907:
4905:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3361:HUBBARD AND BRADLEY (16 January 2024).
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2524:sludge remain an environmental hazard.
2183:
1018:
980:Lake Baikal's water is especially clear
891:
356:31,722 km (12,248 sq mi)
6321:White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal
5509:Clifford J. Levy (11 September 2010).
5384:
5382:
4953:
4641:
3800:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg
2960:. Alaska Science Forum. Archived from
1744:(more than 100 described species) and
1718:. There are four species of the genus
382:23,610 km (5,660 cu mi)
6665:Tourist attractions in Irkutsk Oblast
5602:Khurshudyan, Isabelle (13 May 2021).
4082:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3618:. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 11.
2659:), rather than merely "Lake Baikal" (
2218:1700, Baikal (not to scale) is at top
1484:(golomyankas or Baikal oilfish), and
1223:uncertainties remain for this group.
607:
504:
492:
482:
472:
463:
7:
6230:Lake Baikal Ice Formations in Photos
5576:Panin, Alexander (13 October 2013).
5067:""Pearl of Siberia" draws investors"
4532:The Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystems.
4311:Evolution and Biogeography: Volume 8
4231:Sacred Sea: A Journey to Lake Baikal
3541:Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs
2546:Russian oil pipelines state company
2442:, son of former Ukrainian President
2285:In July 2008, Russia sent two small
1939:The Baikal area, sometimes known as
1725:There are about 60 known species of
5759:"Putin orders oil pipeline shifted"
4890:Байкальский исследовательский центр
4514:Bivalves (Bivalvia) of Lake Baikal.
3967:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3614:Hutter; Yongqi; Chubarenko (2011).
3363:"M5.4 earthquake below Lake Baikal"
3340:"Lake Baikal – World Heritage Site"
3237:"DNA & the peopling of Siberia"
2320:research has been conducted at the
1978:) and designated it the North Sea (
1663:to the relatively large deep-water
170:
140:
110:
5065:Tom Esslemont (7 September 2007).
4978:"Submarines to plumb deepest lake"
4913:"Russians in landmark Baikal dive"
4708:Müller; and Grachev, eds. (2009).
3721:"Temperature of Lake Baikal Water"
3184:. pp. 131–140. Archived from
3032:Ecology and Conservation of Fishes
2555:Proposed uranium enrichment center
2360:, a 100 km (62 mi)-long
2358:Frolikha Adventure Coastline Track
2057:) from them at the future site of
1990:) by the Buryats and "rich lake" (
1714:is low; they belong to the family
846:on the northeastern shore and the
720:to the region. It is also home to
675:. However, because it is also the
25:
6620:Geography of the Russian Far East
6079:"The Glorious Sea, Sacred Baikal"
6037:Lake Baikal: Siberia's Great Lake
5833:"Work starts on Russian pipeline"
4279:Zoologica Scripta 40(6): 623–637.
2581:Chinese-owned bottled water plant
1732:Similar to another ancient lake,
764:basin, which includes Lake Baikal
705:combined. It is also the world's
6575:Shared with nine other countries
5007:"Baikal Lake Neutrino Telescope"
4937:Gallant, Jeffrey (29 July 2008)
4629:World Register of Marine Species
4595:Naturwissenschaften 92: 128–133.
3410:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03411.x
3216:. Texas A&M University Press
2808:
2794:
2768:The latter song was a secondary
2478:Olkhon's most-populated village
2238:
2223:
2207:
2186:
2106:. In 1648, Ivan Galkin built an
1446:are widespread in eastern Asia.
1064:
1049:
1037:
1021:
955:
936:
921:
909:
894:
533:
193:
169:
162:
139:
132:
123:Show map of Republic of Buryatia
109:
102:
85:
6660:Tourist attractions in Buryatia
5446:Sobisevich A. V., Snytko V. A.
4867:. Irkutskenergo. Archived from
3956:BirdLife International (2016).
3798:Marsh Thistle: Cirsium palustre
3088:United States Geological Survey
3007:Environmental Organic Chemistry
2457:on the eastern side of Baikal.
403:
395:
385:
375:
367:
359:
349:
341:
333:
91:Satellite photo of Baikal, 2001
6670:World Heritage Sites in Russia
6275:World Heritage Sites in Russia
6201:; Bealby, John Thomas (1911).
6063:. Hurst and Blackett. p.
5294:McGee, Rylin (17 April 2018).
4812:. Irkutsk.org. 18 January 2006
4621:"Lubomirskiidae Weltner, 1895"
4150:; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014).
4039:; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014).
4008:; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014).
3235:M. Hammer; T. Karafet (1995).
2734:Славное мope, священный Байкал
2682:Славное море, священный Байкал
2630:An 1883 British map using the
2166:occurred, when the retreating
2079:. Returning, he sailed up the
2075:and went downstream as far as
687:), Lake Baikal is the world's
27:Freshwater rift lake in Russia
1:
4403:Hydrobiologia 800(1): 61–79.
4383:Ecol Evol. 7(17): 7091–7103.
4208:. Baikal.mobi. Archived from
4102:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00376-7
3459:10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00117-1
3393:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00362-6
3055:Bright, Michael, ed. (2010).
2958:"The Oddities of Lake Baikal"
2942:, London, John Murray, p. 173
2609:, an increasing number of an
2440:Viktor Viktorovych Yanukovych
1837:. Several hundred species of
1737:
1256:) is endemic to Lake Baikal.
1028:Lake Baikal as seen from the
816:on Baikal's northwest coast.
400:2,100 km (1,300 mi)
200:
6605:Biosphere reserves of Russia
6326:Historic Centre of Yaroslavl
6199:Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch
5515:International Herald Tribune
5178:10.1371/journal.pone.0241222
4993:International Herald Tribune
4363:Hydrobiologia 595: 185–193.
3549:10.1007/978-1-4020-4410-6_50
3318:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.12.024
2509:Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill
2495:Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill
2274:Ice cover survey on the lake
2035:(1626 and 1627–28) explored
1575:Acipenser baerii baicalensis
663:—Lake Baikal is the world's
625:
408:455.5 m (1,494 ft)
6181:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878).
5655:"Baikal Environmental Wave"
5631:. Transneft. Archived from
5426:. Oxford University Press.
4575:Flatworms (Plathelminthes).
4343:Zookeys. 2017(684): 19–56.
4260:Oxygen boosts polar giants.
2984:"Deepest Lake in the World"
2729:Glorious Sea, Sacred Baikal
2018:Russian conquest of Siberia
1869:(living are brighter green)
603:
6691:
6650:Protected areas of Siberia
6645:Natural history of Siberia
6166:Martin Cruz Smith (2019),
5948:. 8 September 2014 19:35.
5422:Brown, Kate Pride (2018).
5236:Yanukovych junior perished
4784:Lincoln, W. Bruce (2007).
4134:Lake Baikal Seals – NERPA.
3267:Wader Study Group Bulletin
3034:. CRC Press. p. 116.
2926:Collins English Dictionary
2781:Сказание о земле Сибирской
2539:
2005:Lake Baikal was under the
1970:, where the armies of the
1903:Baikalospongia bacillifera
1093:is endemic to Lake Baikal.
1075:, Baikal's main tributary
716:and animals, many of them
617:
520:not a well-defined measure
467:UNESCO World Heritage Site
153:Show map of Irkutsk Oblast
66:
29:
6559:
6485:Golden Mountains of Altai
6154:Year of Miracle And Grief
4492:10.1007/s10750-006-0312-z
4439:10.1007/s10750-006-0313-y
4409:10.1007/s10750-017-3259-3
4369:10.1007/s10750-007-9245-4
4349:10.3897/zookeys.684.13249
3872:"Wildlife of Lake Baikal"
3764:10.2478/v10194-011-0041-1
3239:. Smithsonian Institution
2780:
2752:
2733:
2661:
2651:
2280:Baikalian Research Centre
1998:to reach Lake Baikal was
1794:Megalovalvata baicalensis
1645:) amphipod caught during
949:Zabaykalsky National Park
752:Geography and hydrography
724:tribes, who raise goats,
652:to the northwest and the
592:
517:
513:
479:Natural: vii, viii, ix, x
338:636 km (395 mi)
192:
96:
84:
51:
46:
6610:Extreme points of Russia
5562:15 December 2013 at the
5462:"Russia Water Pollution"
4976:PA News (19 July 2008).
4895:18 February 2020 at the
4845:(in Russian). Randewy.ru
4841:
4810:"Research of the Baikal"
4759:Chang, Chun-shu (2007).
4686:Lake Baikal and Its Life
4516:Ruthenica 4(2): 111–146.
4257:BBC News (13 May 1999).
3974:: e.T22732200A95043817.
3805:13 December 2012 at the
3795:C. Michael Hogan. 2009.
3298:Quaternary International
3030:Tyus, Harold M. (2012).
2692:(Малое море), i.e. "the
2453:on the western side and
2230:Steam locomotive on the
2164:Great Siberian Ice March
2031:Vikhor Savin (1624) and
989:bodies of water such as
901:Frozen lake Baikal near
842:on the north shore, the
828:6.7 million years.
609:[ˈozʲɪrəbɐjˈkaɫ]
6630:Lakes of Irkutsk Oblast
6225:Lake Baikal Information
6210:Encyclopædia Britannica
6190:Encyclopædia Britannica
6170:, Simon & Schuster
6057:T. W. Atkinson (1861).
4468:Retrieved 17 July 2014.
4263:Retrieved 17 July 2014.
4195:Retrieved 19 July 2014.
4180:Retrieved 19 July 2014.
4137:Retrieved 19 July 2014.
4070:Retrieved 6 April 2017.
4068:Species in Lake Baikal.
3604:Retrieved 16 July 2014.
2834:Seven Wonders of Russia
2593:Other pollution sources
2013:from 647 CE to 682 CE.
1897:Lubomirskia baicalensis
1878:At least 18 species of
1866:Lubomirskia baicalensis
1675:, the tiny herbivorous
1480:(deep-water sculpins),
1097:Lake Baikal is rich in
916:Cliffs on Olkhon Island
774:digital elevation model
698:, more than all of the
346:79 km (49 mi)
32:Baykal (disambiguation)
6364:Volcanoes of Kamchatka
5538:. Npr.org. 10 May 2010
5360:Stewart, John Massey.
4734:Lincoln, W.B. (2007).
4577:Retrieved 7 June 2017.
3640:"Unique body of water"
2721:
2639:
2537:
2504:
2486:Environmental concerns
2475:
2406:
2352:. A popular resort in
2341:
2275:
2232:Circum-Baikal Railroad
2124:Trans-Siberian Railway
1982:) of the semimythical
1870:
1848:More than 140 endemic
1650:
1639:Brachyuropus reicherti
1528:
1498:Comephorus baicalensis
1473:
1431:
1241:
1124:Submerged macrophytic
1094:
981:
777:
765:
6615:Freshwater ecoregions
6316:Trinity Sergius Lavra
4154:Coregonus baicalensis
4043:Thymallus brevipinnis
4012:Thymallus baikalensis
3855:Peter Saundry. 2010.
3516:. CNN. Archived from
2938:Dervla Murphy (2007)
2708:
2629:
2622:Historical traditions
2535:
2502:
2470:
2404:
2350:special economic zone
2335:
2273:
1949:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
1862:
1636:
1591:Epischura baikalensis
1563:Baikal white grayling
1559:Thymallus baicalensis
1555:Baikal black grayling
1537:Coregonus migratorius
1521:Coregonus migratorius
1514:
1465:Thymallus baikalensis
1457:
1426:
1407:, populations of the
1239:
1088:
979:
972:Water characteristics
945:Svyatoy Nos Peninsula
928:A sandy beach in the
808:, a tributary of the
776:of Lake Baikal region
771:
759:
262:Continental rift lake
6640:Landforms of Siberia
6415:Ferapontov Monastery
6354:Landscapes of Dauria
6344:Central Sikhote-Alin
5739:on 28 September 2007
4212:on 30 September 2011
3599:3 March 2016 at the
2405:Cracks in Baikal ice
1772:), and the families
1687:(parasitic on other
1681:, and the parasitic
1353:(Moschus moschiferus
812:. Landforms include
665:seventh-largest lake
654:Republic of Buryatia
6462:Struve Geodetic Arc
6430:Virgin Komi Forests
6311:Novodevichy Convent
6146:, Harper Perennial.
5870:on 24 February 2021
5608:The Washington Post
5283:. 17 December 2017.
5169:2020PLoSO..1541222S
5113:. 23 November 2017.
5043:on 27 February 2014
4966:. DivingAlmanac.com
4714:Springer Publishing
4684:Kozhov, M. (1963).
4560:10.1155/2013/206590
4094:2003MolPE..27..143K
3751:Limnological Review
3492:2002Geo....30..631V
3451:2001MGeol.172....1V
3367:Earthquake Insights
3310:2013QuInt.284...45E
3210:S. Hudgins (2003).
2875:on 25 December 2018
2703:and Lake Baikal)".
2362:long-distance trail
2148:Czechoslovak legion
1854:Baikaloplana valida
1833:(Hirudinea), and 4
1752:Snails and bivalves
1444:Baikal bush warbler
746:World Heritage Site
388:Residence time
232: /
6457:Solovetsky Islands
5037:Global Great Lakes
3892:Sipko P.T.. 2009.
3520:on 11 October 2006
2964:on 3 February 2007
2671:Life of Protopope
2640:
2538:
2505:
2476:
2472:Great Baikal Trail
2407:
2342:
2299:Anatoly Sagalevich
2276:
2168:White Russian Army
2007:Anbei Protectorate
1871:
1651:
1529:
1474:
1432:
1377:Eutamias sibiricus
1349:Siberian musk deer
1345:Capreolus pygargus
1242:
1095:
1010:hydrothermal vents
982:
778:
766:
744:declared Baikal a
656:to the southeast.
236:53.500°N 108.000°E
183:Show map of Russia
6625:Lakes of Buryatia
6582:
6581:
6117:Detlev Henschel,
6045:978-1-84162-294-1
5813:on 4 October 2006
5681:"Baikal pipeline"
5661:on 25 August 2006
5635:on 4 October 2006
5433:978-0-19-066094-9
5241:Ukrayinska Pravda
5013:on 31 August 2010
4795:978-0-8014-8922-8
4770:978-0-472-11533-4
4745:978-0-8014-8922-8
4722:978-3-540-88551-1
4695:978-94-015-7388-7
4389:10.1002/ece3.3159
3960:Locustella davidi
3933:Birds of the USSR
3842:978-0-19-823384-8
3642:. Black Sea Scene
3625:978-3-642-15178-1
3558:978-1-4020-4410-6
3066:978-1-84403-674-5
3041:978-1-4398-9759-1
3016:978-0-471-35053-8
2902:on 20 August 2011
2775:Ballad of Siberia
2688:Island is called
2444:Viktor Yanukovych
2307:Artur Chilingarov
1701:Acanthogammaridae
1643:Acanthogammaridae
1615:freshwater snails
1486:Cottocomephoridae
1405:Early Middle Ages
1373:Siberian chipmunk
1341:Siberian roe deer
1337:Rangifer tarandus
1329:Cervus canadensis
1273:Canis lupus lupus
1169:species, notably
1162:Elodea canadensis
943:Mountains on the
930:Kabansky District
802:Academician Ridge
629:) is the deepest
623:
601:
526:
525:
405:Surface elevation
16:(Redirected from
6682:
6518:Western Caucasus
6495:Putorana Plateau
6304:
6279:federal district
6268:
6261:
6254:
6245:
6214:
6206:
6194:
6186:
6168:Siberian Dilemma
6156:, Quartet Books
6106:
6105:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6054:
6048:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6017:
6011:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5976:
5970:
5959:
5953:
5950:The Moscow Times
5943:
5937:
5936:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5917:. 15 March 2019.
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5860:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5735:. Archived from
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5709:. Archived from
5703:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5683:. Archived from
5677:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5657:. Archived from
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5582:The Moscow Times
5573:
5567:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5490:. Sacredland.org
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5457:
5451:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5386:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5339:The Moscow Times
5331:
5325:
5324:
5323:. 18 March 2015.
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5261:on 27 March 2019
5257:. Archived from
5251:
5245:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5225:. 22 March 2015.
5215:
5209:
5208:
5198:
5180:
5163:(11): e0241222.
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5039:. Archived from
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4959:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4909:
4900:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4871:on 25 March 2013
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4731:
4725:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4681:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4647:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4615:
4609:
4602:
4596:
4589:
4578:
4571:
4562:
4548:
4542:
4528:
4517:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4475:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4450:
4422:
4411:
4397:
4391:
4377:
4371:
4357:
4351:
4337:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4249:
4242:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4202:
4196:
4192:Baikal sturgeon.
4187:
4181:
4177:Baikal grayling.
4172:
4166:
4165:
4144:
4138:
4131:Pastukhov, V.D:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4077:
4071:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3903:
3897:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3868:
3862:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3828:
3809:
3793:
3787:
3780:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3716:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3665:"Ice Conditions"
3661:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3611:
3605:
3589:
3562:
3561:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3432:
3426:
3419:
3413:
3401:
3395:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3342:. World Heritage
3336:
3330:
3329:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3264:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3178:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3139:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3090:. Archived from
3080:
3071:
3070:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2865:
2829:Russian Far East
2824:Cryptodepression
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2783:
2782:
2755:
2754:
2736:
2735:
2714:
2664:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2611:invasive species
2600:The Moscow Times
2572:Uranium tailings
2563:, a city on the
2255:
2242:
2227:
2211:
2190:
2033:Maksim Perfilyev
1996:Russian explorer
1894:animal biomass.
1739:
1543:. It is caught,
1369:Sciurus vulgaris
1289:Martes zibellina
1201:Draparnaldioides
1172:Draparnaldioides
1158:invasive species
1119:Cirsium palustre
1068:
1053:
1041:
1025:
959:
940:
925:
913:
898:
840:Baikal Mountains
782:Baikal Rift Zone
643:federal subjects
628:
622:romanized:
621:
619:
611:
606:
596:
594:
584:
580:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
555:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
518:Shore length is
293:
292:Primary outflows
271:
247:
246:
244:
243:
242:
237:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
215:
197:
184:
173:
172:
166:
154:
143:
142:
136:
124:
113:
112:
106:
89:
77:
69:
68:
62:
54:
53:
39:
21:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6635:Lakes of Russia
6585:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6555:
6522:
6504:
6471:
6450:Peterhof Palace
6396:
6379:North Caucasian
6373:
6330:
6302:
6281:
6272:
6221:
6197:
6180:
6114:
6112:Further reading
6109:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6084:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6035:
6031:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6001:
5997:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5960:
5956:
5944:
5940:
5929:"StephenMBland"
5927:
5926:
5922:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5862:
5861:
5852:
5842:
5840:
5839:. 28 April 2006
5831:
5830:
5826:
5816:
5814:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5766:
5765:. 26 April 2006
5757:
5756:
5752:
5742:
5740:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5716:
5714:
5713:on 11 July 2007
5705:
5704:
5700:
5690:
5688:
5687:on 23 July 2011
5679:
5678:
5674:
5664:
5662:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5636:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5612:
5610:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5586:
5584:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5564:Wayback Machine
5555:
5551:
5541:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5471:
5469:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5404:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5244:. 22 March 2015
5234:
5230:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5129:BIKEPACKING.com
5123:
5122:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5097:Russian blogger
5091:Daniil, Timin.
5090:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5073:
5064:
5063:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4952:
4945:
4943:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4903:
4897:Wayback Machine
4888:
4884:
4874:
4872:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4815:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4746:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4657:
4640:
4633:
4631:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4603:
4599:
4590:
4581:
4572:
4565:
4549:
4545:
4529:
4520:
4511:
4507:
4486:(S1): 213–217.
4477:
4476:
4472:
4461:
4454:
4433:(S1): 207–211.
4424:
4423:
4414:
4398:
4394:
4378:
4374:
4358:
4354:
4338:
4327:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4283:
4274:
4267:
4256:
4252:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4188:
4184:
4173:
4169:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4065:
4058:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3830:
3829:
3812:
3807:Wayback Machine
3794:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3601:Wayback Machine
3590:
3565:
3559:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3416:
3402:
3398:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3191:on 15 June 2011
3188:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3094:on 29 June 2012
3082:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2762:Ivan Kondratyev
2712:
2624:
2595:
2583:
2557:
2544:
2530:
2497:
2488:
2399:
2330:
2268:
2261:
2249:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2212:
2203:
2191:
1968:Han–Xiongnu War
1937:
1876:
1823:
1754:
1693:Acanthogammarus
1631:
1583:
1571:Baikal sturgeon
1458:Two species of
1452:
1428:Mongolian gulls
1421:
1297:Mustela erminea
1234:
1229:
1126:vascular plants
1111:
1083:
1081:Fauna and flora
1076:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1026:
991:Lake Tanganyika
974:
967:
960:
951:
941:
932:
926:
917:
914:
905:
899:
848:Primorsky Range
754:
582:
578:
557:
536:
532:
469:
317: countries
270:Primary inflows
241:53.500; 108.000
240:
238:
234:
231:
226:
223:
221:
219:
218:
188:
187:
186:
185:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
174:
157:
156:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
144:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
114:
92:
80:
71:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6688:
6686:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6587:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6567:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6532:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6514:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6500:Uvs Nuur Basin
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6383:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6369:Wrangel Island
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6297:
6291:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6232:
6227:
6220:
6219:External links
6217:
6216:
6215:
6204:"Baikal"
6195:
6184:"Baikal"
6178:
6164:
6162:978-0704300866
6150:Leonid Borodin
6147:
6144:978-0060953737
6129:
6127:978-3737561020
6113:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6092:
6070:
6049:
6029:
6012:
5995:
5980:Tooke, William
5971:
5954:
5938:
5920:
5906:
5881:
5850:
5824:
5798:
5776:
5750:
5724:
5698:
5672:
5646:
5620:
5594:
5568:
5549:
5527:
5501:
5479:
5452:
5439:
5432:
5414:
5378:
5352:
5341:. 1 April 2019
5326:
5312:
5286:
5272:
5246:
5228:
5210:
5142:
5116:
5102:
5083:
5054:
5024:
4998:
4983:
4968:
4930:
4919:. 29 July 2008
4901:
4882:
4856:
4832:
4823:
4801:
4794:
4776:
4769:
4751:
4744:
4726:
4712:, pp. 81–110.
4701:
4694:
4676:
4666:
4655:
4610:
4597:
4579:
4563:
4543:
4518:
4505:
4470:
4452:
4412:
4392:
4372:
4352:
4325:
4314:
4303:
4292:
4281:
4265:
4250:
4234:
4223:
4197:
4182:
4167:
4148:Froese, Rainer
4139:
4124:
4115:
4088:(1): 143–155.
4072:
4056:
4037:Froese, Rainer
4025:
4006:Froese, Rainer
3994:
3948:
3941:
3923:
3911:www.zooeco.com
3898:
3885:
3863:
3848:
3841:
3810:
3788:
3770:
3734:
3719:Gurulev, S.A.
3700:
3678:
3653:
3631:
3624:
3606:
3563:
3557:
3531:
3505:
3486:(7): 631–634.
3464:
3438:Marine Geology
3427:
3414:
3396:
3379:
3353:
3331:
3284:
3250:
3227:
3202:
3160:
3149:. 26 July 2017
3129:
3105:
3072:
3065:
3047:
3040:
3022:
3015:
2997:
2975:
2944:
2931:
2913:
2894:M.A. Grachev.
2886:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2816:Siberia portal
2805:
2789:
2786:
2766:
2765:
2744:
2678:Semyon Remezov
2638:(Lake Baikal).
2623:
2620:
2594:
2591:
2582:
2579:
2556:
2553:
2540:Main article:
2529:
2526:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2455:Barguzin Range
2398:
2395:
2386:resort Khakusy
2368:site in 1996.
2366:World Heritage
2329:
2326:
2311:Vladimir Putin
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2192:
2185:
2179:F.K. Drizhenko
1936:
1933:
1918:L. baikalensis
1914:Baikalospongia
1884:Lubomirskiidae
1875:
1872:
1822:
1819:
1770:Lithoglyphidae
1753:
1750:
1710:The number of
1666:Abyssogammarus
1630:
1627:
1582:
1579:
1567:T. brevipinnis
1550:C. baicalensis
1539:), an endemic
1478:Abyssocottidae
1470:T. brevipinnis
1451:
1448:
1420:
1417:
1409:European bison
1313:Panthera uncia
1301:Eurasian otter
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1211:species, both
1110:
1107:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1027:
1020:
973:
970:
969:
968:
961:
954:
952:
942:
935:
933:
927:
920:
918:
915:
908:
906:
900:
893:
844:Barguzin Range
753:
750:
700:North American
524:
523:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
503:
502:
495:
491:
490:
485:
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
443:Severobaykalsk
440:
436:
435:
428:
422:
421:
418:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
402:
401:
398:
394:
393:
390:
384:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
366:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
340:
339:
336:
332:
331:
328:
327:
318:
311:
310:
307:
305:Catchment area
301:
300:
295:
287:
286:
273:
265:
264:
255:
249:
248:
216:
210:
209:
203:
199:
198:
190:
189:
176:
175:
168:
167:
161:
160:
159:
158:
146:
145:
138:
137:
131:
130:
129:
128:
116:
115:
108:
107:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
82:
81:
79:
78:
63:
47:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6687:
6676:
6675:Yenisei basin
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6600:Ancient lakes
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6574:
6572:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6546:Kazan Kremlin
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6410:Curonian Spit
6408:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6264:
6262:
6257:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6177:
6176:9781439140253
6173:
6169:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6132:Colin Thubron
6130:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6102:. karaoke.ru
6101:
6096:
6093:
6080:
6074:
6071:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6030:
6025:
6024:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5939:
5934:
5933:StephenMBland
5930:
5924:
5921:
5916:
5910:
5907:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5882:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5825:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5786:
5780:
5777:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5699:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5673:
5660:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5595:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5553:
5550:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5502:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5425:
5418:
5415:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5367:
5366:New Scientist
5363:
5356:
5353:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5287:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5206:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5146:
5143:
5131:. 18 May 2020
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5084:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5033:"Lake Baikal"
5028:
5025:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4994:
4987:
4984:
4979:
4972:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4941:
4934:
4931:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4886:
4883:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4844:
4836:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4677:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4540:1-4020-3745-7
4537:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4480:Hydrobiologia
4474:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4427:Hydrobiologia
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4171:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3942:0-691-02430-8
3938:
3934:
3927:
3924:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3722:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3688:
3687:"Baikal seal"
3682:
3679:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3532:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3238:
3231:
3228:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3203:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2986:. geology.com
2985:
2979:
2976:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2806:
2803:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2737:) is about a
2730:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Lake Khövsgöl
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2658:
2647:
2645:
2644:Kurbat Ivanov
2637:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2597:According to
2592:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2422:and Zamogoy.
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:Olkhon Island
2403:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2201:Olkhon Island
2198:
2195:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:Selenge River
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:Olkhon Island
2086:
2085:Kurbat Ivanov
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2045:Pyotr Beketov
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
2000:Kurbat Ivanov
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1909:B. intermedia
1905:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:Aquatic worms
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1782:sunlight zone
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:(part of the
1767:
1766:Benedictiinae
1763:
1760:(part of the
1759:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1746:Cytherideidae
1743:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1720:Baicalasellus
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1660:Macrohectopus
1656:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:crustaceans,
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1581:Invertebrates
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1413:Bison bonasus
1410:
1406:
1403:). Until the
1402:
1401:Lepus timidus
1398:
1397:mountain hare
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Vulpes vulpes
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Eurasian wolf
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1254:Pusa sibirica
1251:
1247:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:Ceratophyllum
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:marsh thistle
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1073:Selenga River
1071:Delta of the
1067:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
988:
978:
971:
965:
958:
953:
950:
946:
939:
934:
931:
924:
919:
912:
907:
904:
903:Olkhon Island
897:
892:
890:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
829:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
775:
770:
763:
758:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:Transbaikalia
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
701:
697:
696:surface water
693:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
615:
610:
605:
599:
590:
586:
585:
572:
530:
521:
516:
512:
508:
500:
496:
489:
486:
478:
476:
468:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
432:Olkhon Island
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
399:
391:
389:
381:
379:
371:
363:
361:Average depth
355:
353:
345:
337:
329:
326:
322:
319:
316:
312:
308:
306:
302:
299:
296:
294:
288:
285:
281:
277:
274:
272:
266:
263:
259:
256:
254:
250:
245:
217:
211:
207:
204:
196:
191:
165:
135:
105:
95:
88:
83:
75:
64:
60:
49:
48:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6569:Shared with
6563:Shared with
6489:
6420:Kizhi Pogost
6402:Northwestern
6359:Lena Pillars
6348:
6208:
6188:
6167:
6153:
6135:
6118:
6104:(in Russian)
6095:
6083:. Retrieved
6081:. Karaoke.ru
6073:
6059:
6052:
6036:
6032:
6022:
6015:
6003:
5998:
5984:
5974:
5957:
5941:
5932:
5923:
5909:
5897:. Retrieved
5893:
5884:
5872:. Retrieved
5868:the original
5841:. Retrieved
5836:
5827:
5815:. Retrieved
5811:the original
5801:
5789:. Retrieved
5787:. BizTorg.ru
5779:
5767:. Retrieved
5762:
5753:
5741:. Retrieved
5737:the original
5727:
5715:. Retrieved
5711:the original
5701:
5689:. Retrieved
5685:the original
5675:
5663:. Retrieved
5659:the original
5649:
5637:. Retrieved
5633:the original
5623:
5611:. Retrieved
5607:
5597:
5585:. Retrieved
5581:
5571:
5552:
5540:. Retrieved
5530:
5518:. Retrieved
5514:
5504:
5492:. Retrieved
5482:
5470:. Retrieved
5466:The Guardian
5465:
5455:
5442:
5423:
5417:
5405:. Retrieved
5394:The Guardian
5393:
5369:. Retrieved
5365:
5355:
5343:. Retrieved
5338:
5329:
5315:
5303:. Retrieved
5299:
5289:
5275:
5263:. Retrieved
5259:the original
5249:
5239:
5231:
5222:
5213:
5160:
5156:
5145:
5133:. Retrieved
5128:
5119:
5105:
5096:
5086:
5074:. Retrieved
5070:
5045:. Retrieved
5041:the original
5036:
5027:
5015:. Retrieved
5011:the original
5001:
4992:
4986:
4971:
4944:. Retrieved
4933:
4921:. Retrieved
4916:
4885:
4873:. Retrieved
4869:the original
4859:
4847:. Retrieved
4835:
4826:
4814:. Retrieved
4804:
4785:
4779:
4760:
4754:
4735:
4729:
4709:
4704:
4685:
4679:
4669:
4658:
4632:. Retrieved
4624:
4613:
4605:
4600:
4592:
4551:
4546:
4531:
4513:
4508:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4463:
4430:
4426:
4400:
4395:
4380:
4375:
4360:
4355:
4340:
4317:
4306:
4295:
4284:
4276:
4258:
4253:
4245:
4226:
4214:. Retrieved
4210:the original
4200:
4190:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4159:
4153:
4142:
4132:
4127:
4118:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4048:
4042:
4017:
4011:
3985:. Retrieved
3971:
3965:
3959:
3951:
3932:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3910:
3901:
3888:
3876:. Retrieved
3874:. bww.irk.ru
3866:
3857:
3851:
3832:
3797:
3791:
3783:
3757:(1): 19–27.
3754:
3750:
3725:. Retrieved
3723:. bww.irk.ru
3691:. Retrieved
3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3667:. bww.irk.ru
3644:. Retrieved
3634:
3615:
3609:
3594:Lake Baikal.
3592:
3540:
3534:
3522:. Retrieved
3518:the original
3508:
3483:
3477:
3467:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3422:
3421:M.I. Kuzmin
3417:
3399:
3382:
3370:. Retrieved
3366:
3356:
3344:. Retrieved
3334:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3270:
3266:
3253:
3241:. Retrieved
3230:
3218:. Retrieved
3212:
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3186:the original
3180:
3151:. Retrieved
3147:ScienceDaily
3146:
3120:. Retrieved
3096:. Retrieved
3092:the original
3056:
3050:
3031:
3025:
3006:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2962:the original
2939:
2934:
2924:
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2900:the original
2889:
2877:. Retrieved
2873:the original
2802:Lakes portal
2773:
2767:
2748:The Wanderer
2738:
2722:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2681:
2670:
2667:Ozero Baikal
2666:
2662:озеро Байкал
2656:
2648:
2641:
2636:Ozero Baikal
2635:
2631:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2565:river Angara
2558:
2545:
2518:
2506:
2489:
2477:
2459:
2451:Baikal Range
2448:
2436:
2424:
2408:
2391:
2382:
2343:
2316:Since 1993,
2315:
2287:submersibles
2284:
2277:
2245:
2215:
2214:Russian map
2176:
2146:between the
2121:
2107:
2097:
2093:Upper Angara
2070:
2062:
2048:
2030:
2026:Demid Pyanda
2015:
2011:Tang dynasty
2004:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1961:
1944:
1938:
1929:zoochlorella
1925:chlorophytes
1917:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1888:Spongillidae
1877:
1864:
1853:
1847:
1827:oligochaetes
1824:
1792:
1785:
1755:
1731:
1724:
1709:
1697:Brachyuropus
1696:
1692:
1684:Pachyschesis
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1638:
1623:turbellarian
1604:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1548:
1536:
1530:
1520:
1502:C. dybowskii
1501:
1497:
1482:Comephoridae
1475:
1469:
1463:
1433:
1412:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1365:red squirrel
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1309:snow leopard
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1265:Ursus arctos
1264:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1190:Aegagrophila
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1141:Myriophyllum
1139:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1099:biodiversity
1096:
1015:
1007:
999:
983:
888:
868:Upper Angara
837:
833:gas hydrates
830:
821:ancient lake
818:
794:
779:
711:
677:deepest lake
658:
641:between the
626:Baigal dalai
618:Байгал далай
604:Ozero Baykal
593:Озеро Байкал
528:
527:
509:8,800,000 ha
455:Ust-Barguzin
397:Shore length
378:Water volume
352:Surface area
284:Upper Angara
258:Ancient lake
67:Байгал далай
52:Озеро Байкал
36:
6595:Lake Baikal
6490:Lake Baikal
6349:Lake Baikal
6336:Far Eastern
6235:Lake Baikal
6023:Imago mundi
5894:eng.iuec.ru
5807:"New route"
5629:"Transneft"
5520:10 December
5407:17 December
5371:14 February
5345:14 February
5047:23 February
4875:7 September
4634:24 November
4573:Baikal.ru:
4465:Gastropoda.
4462:Baikal.ru:
4189:Baikal.ru:
4174:Baikal.ru:
3987:12 November
3858:Baikal seal
3689:. baikal.ru
3445:(1): 1–21.
2758:Transbaikal
2690:Maloye More
2657:More Baikal
2652:море Байкал
2632:More Baikal
2462:Baikal seal
2428:Baikal seal
2420:Ogoy Island
2259:icebreakers
2250: [
2172:Irkutsk Dam
2160:hypothermia
2158:and deadly
2136:Port Baikal
2132:train ferry
2081:Vitim River
2041:Krasnoyarsk
1988:Baygal nuur
1972:Han dynasty
1951:ca. 24,000
1843:undescribed
1835:polychaetes
1811:Sphaeriidae
1789:baicalensis
1774:Planorbidae
1762:Amnicolidae
1758:Baicaliinae
1727:cladocerans
1647:ice fishing
1596:zooplankton
1440:Baikal teal
1321:Alces alces
1305:Lutra lutra
1246:Baikal seal
1240:Baikal seal
1167:green algae
1147:Potamogeton
1130:macrophytes
1091:Baikal seal
985:distinctly
797:earthquakes
707:oldest lake
703:Great Lakes
673:Caspian Sea
529:Lake Baikal
497:1996 (20th
494:Inscription
439:Settlements
420:January–May
335:Max. length
239: /
214:Coordinates
177:Lake Baikal
147:Lake Baikal
117:Lake Baikal
42:Lake Baikal
6655:Rift lakes
6589:Categories
6392:Naryn-Kala
6306:Red Square
6136:In Siberia
5967:0904180123
5843:4 December
5817:21 October
5791:21 October
5769:21 October
5691:21 October
5665:21 October
5639:21 October
5305:26 October
5300:GeoHistory
5135:18 January
5076:4 December
4066:FishBase:
3524:21 October
3372:16 January
3346:13 January
3153:16 January
2845:References
2770:theme song
2694:Little Sea
2397:Ecotourism
2354:Listvyanka
2144:engagement
2104:Ulan Bator
2077:Olyokminsk
2073:Lena River
1807:Pisidiidae
1803:Euglesidae
1787:Benedictia
1778:Valvatidae
1742:Candonidae
1734:Tanganyika
1678:Micruropus
1672:Garjajewia
1637:A "giant"
1621:worms and
1494:golomyanka
1395:sp.), and
1361:Sus scrofa
1261:brown bear
1217:planktonic
1196:Cladophora
1178:Tetraspora
1153:Sparganium
1058:convection
987:stratified
962:The river
878:, and the
825:geological
792:on Earth.
728:, cattle,
692:freshwater
671:after the
581:, -
447:Slyudyanka
369:Max. depth
343:Max. width
6571:Lithuania
6121:. Amazon
6085:2 January
5874:2 January
5717:7 January
5613:13 August
5587:13 August
5542:2 January
5494:2 January
5472:2 January
5402:0261-3077
5187:1932-6203
4849:2 January
4816:2 January
4216:2 January
3326:1040-6182
3304:: 45–52.
3122:5 October
3098:3 January
2990:18 August
2968:7 January
2646:in 1643.
2548:Transneft
2156:frostbite
2117:Nerchinsk
2022:Yeniseysk
2002:in 1643.
1984:Four Seas
1922:symbiotic
1839:nematodes
1815:Unionidae
1716:Asellidae
1689:amphipods
1541:whitefish
1490:Cottoidea
1436:waterfowl
1430:on Baikal
1357:wild boar
1221:taxonomic
1032:satellite
1030:OrbView-2
995:Black Sea
880:Snezhnaya
814:Cape Ryty
748:in 1996.
631:rift lake
598:romanized
484:Reference
392:330 years
253:Lake type
6565:Mongolia
6510:Southern
6477:Siberian
6467:Kenozero
6152:(1988),
6134:(2000),
5982:(1800).
5837:BBC News
5763:BBC News
5743:3 August
5560:Archived
5468:. London
5265:10 March
5223:BBC News
5205:33206655
5157:PLOS ONE
5071:BBC News
4956:cite web
4917:BBC News
4893:Archived
4674:179–188.
4644:cite web
4500:22330810
4447:35020631
4161:FishBase
4110:12679079
4050:FishBase
4019:FishBase
3803:Archived
3597:Archived
3277:9 August
3243:9 August
3220:9 August
3195:9 August
2921:"Baikal"
2788:See also
2513:chlorine
2434:on ice.
2318:neutrino
2266:Research
2152:Red Army
2150:and the
2140:Mysovaya
1957:Kurykans
1941:Baikalia
1850:flatworm
1705:detritus
1611:ostracod
1607:amphipod
1460:grayling
1389:lemmings
1333:reindeer
1205:Ulothrix
1184:Ulothrix
1003:hummocks
993:and the
864:Barguzin
835:exists.
786:sediment
738:Baikalia
475:Criteria
451:Baykalsk
321:Mongolia
280:Barguzin
208:, Russia
202:Location
6541:Bolghar
6300:Kremlin
6287:Central
6047:, p. 4.
5899:19 June
5196:7673519
5165:Bibcode
5017:30 July
4923:4 April
4090:Bibcode
3916:30 June
3646:5 March
3488:Bibcode
3479:Geology
3447:Bibcode
3412:, 2007.
3306:Bibcode
3273:: 66–78
2778:(1947;
2753:Бродяга
2740:katorga
2717:Daouria
2673:Avvakum
2561:Angarsk
2480:Khuzhir
2416:Khuzhir
2378:Angarsk
2374:uranium
2370:Rosatom
2346:Irkutsk
2328:Economy
2108:ostrog
2055:tribute
2009:of the
1992:Bay göl
1964:Xiongnu
1935:History
1892:benthic
1880:sponges
1874:Sponges
1831:leeches
1799:Bivalve
1712:isopods
1655:ecology
1625:worms:
1619:annelid
1600:biomass
1587:copepod
1569:), and
1525:endemic
1506:biomass
1385:Marmota
1381:marmots
1277:red fox
1232:Mammals
1213:benthic
1103:endemic
860:Selenga
810:Yenisey
762:Yenisey
718:endemic
689:largest
685:fathoms
669:Eurasia
661:Belgium
647:Irkutsk
635:Siberia
600::
589:Russian
499:Session
426:Islands
276:Selenga
227:108°0′E
224:53°30′N
206:Siberia
59:Russian
6174:
6160:
6142:
6125:
6043:
5965:
5430:
5400:
5203:
5193:
5185:
4946:4 June
4792:
4767:
4742:
4720:
4692:
4538:
4498:
4445:
4108:
3939:
3878:9 June
3839:
3727:8 June
3693:9 June
3671:8 June
3622:
3555:
3423:et al.
3324:
3182:Russia
3063:
3038:
3013:
2906:9 July
2879:9 July
2686:Olkhon
2587:Kultuk
2522:lignin
2303:Pisces
2247:Angara
2197:shaman
2194:Buryat
2064:ostrog
2059:Bratsk
2037:Tungus
1980:Běihǎi
1976:hanhai
1906:, and
1809:, and
1764:) and
1553:. The
1545:smoked
1393:Lemmus
1387:sp.),
1209:diatom
1199:, and
1181:, and
1156:. The
1150:, and
884:Angara
874:, the
870:, the
866:, the
862:, the
856:Olkhon
806:Angara
742:UNESCO
726:camels
722:Buryat
714:plants
683:; 898
650:Oblast
639:Russia
614:Buryat
417:Frozen
325:Russia
298:Angara
74:Buryat
70:
55:
18:Baykal
6528:Volga
6239:Vimeo
4625:WoRMS
4496:S2CID
4443:S2CID
3263:(PDF)
3189:(PDF)
3177:(PDF)
2840:Notes
2615:algae
2295:Mir-2
2291:Mir-1
2254:]
2216:circa
2113:Chita
2050:yasak
1523:) is
1419:Birds
1317:moose
1293:stoat
1285:sable
1250:nerpa
1227:Fauna
1109:Flora
964:Turka
876:Sarma
872:Turka
852:taiga
730:sheep
315:Basin
6172:ISBN
6158:ISBN
6140:ISBN
6123:ISBN
6087:2012
6041:ISBN
5963:ISBN
5901:2018
5876:2012
5845:2007
5819:2006
5793:2006
5771:2006
5745:2007
5719:2007
5693:2006
5667:2006
5641:2006
5615:2022
5589:2022
5544:2012
5522:2011
5496:2012
5474:2012
5428:ISBN
5409:2019
5398:ISSN
5373:2021
5347:2021
5307:2019
5267:2019
5201:PMID
5183:ISSN
5137:2021
5078:2007
5049:2014
5019:2008
4962:link
4948:2009
4925:2010
4877:2010
4851:2012
4818:2012
4790:ISBN
4765:ISBN
4740:ISBN
4718:ISBN
4690:ISBN
4650:link
4636:2021
4536:ISBN
4218:2012
4106:PMID
3989:2021
3972:2016
3937:ISBN
3918:2018
3880:2017
3837:ISBN
3729:2017
3695:2017
3673:2017
3648:2018
3620:ISBN
3553:ISBN
3526:2006
3374:2024
3348:2007
3322:ISSN
3279:2009
3245:2009
3222:2009
3197:2009
3155:2018
3124:2012
3100:2016
3061:ISBN
3036:ISBN
3011:ISBN
2992:2007
2970:2007
2908:2009
2881:2009
2606:Vice
2603:and
2507:The
2432:yurt
2338:omul
2293:and
2122:The
2115:and
1945:MA-1
1791:and
1776:and
1695:and
1669:and
1609:and
1533:omul
1517:omul
1515:The
1500:and
1468:and
1450:Fish
1442:and
1244:The
1215:and
1089:The
790:rift
760:The
681:feet
579:KAHL
506:Area
430:27 (
323:and
6303:and
6277:by
6237:on
6065:385
5990:203
5191:PMC
5173:doi
4556:doi
4488:doi
4484:568
4435:doi
4431:568
4405:doi
4385:doi
4365:doi
4345:doi
4098:doi
3976:doi
3759:doi
3545:doi
3496:doi
3455:doi
3443:172
3406:doi
3389:doi
3314:doi
3302:284
3271:104
2784:).
2750:" (
2731:" (
2696:".
2613:of
2199:on
2138:to
1561:),
1379:),
1371:),
1363:),
1355:),
1347:),
1339:),
1331:),
1325:elk
1323:),
1315:),
1307:),
1299:),
1291:),
1283:),
1275:),
1267:),
1248:or
823:in
645:of
583:KAL
577:by-
488:754
6591::
6207:.
6187:.
6138:,
6039:,
5931:.
5892:.
5853:^
5835:.
5761:.
5606:.
5580:.
5513:.
5464:.
5392:.
5381:^
5364:.
5337:.
5298:.
5238:.
5221:.
5199:.
5189:.
5181:.
5171:.
5161:15
5159:.
5155:.
5127:.
5095:.
5069:.
5057:^
5035:.
4958:}}
4954:{{
4915:.
4904:^
4716:.
4646:}}
4642:{{
4627:.
4623:.
4582:^
4566:^
4521:^
4494:.
4482:.
4455:^
4441:.
4429:.
4415:^
4328:^
4268:^
4237:^
4158:.
4104:.
4096:.
4086:27
4084:.
4059:^
4047:.
4028:^
4016:.
3997:^
3970:.
3964:.
3909:.
3813:^
3773:^
3755:12
3753:.
3749:.
3737:^
3703:^
3656:^
3566:^
3551:,
3494:.
3484:30
3482:.
3476:.
3453:.
3441:.
3365:.
3320:.
3312:.
3296:.
3269:.
3265:.
3163:^
3145:.
3132:^
3108:^
3086:.
3075:^
2947:^
2923:.
2852:^
2665:,
2655:,
2380:.
2313:.
2289:,
2252:ru
2119:.
1959:.
1953:BP
1900:,
1845:.
1805:,
1797:.
1738:c.
1617:,
1193:,
1175:,
1144:,
1138:,
1105:.
997:.
947:,
886:.
772:A
740:.
637:,
620:,
616::
612:;
595:,
591::
587:;
556:,-
550:ɑː
541:aɪ
453:,
449:,
445:,
282:,
278:,
260:,
6267:e
6260:t
6253:v
6089:.
6067:.
6010:)
6006:(
5992:.
5969:.
5952:.
5935:.
5903:.
5878:.
5847:.
5821:.
5795:.
5773:.
5747:.
5721:.
5695:.
5669:.
5643:.
5617:.
5591:.
5546:.
5524:.
5498:.
5476:.
5436:.
5411:.
5375:.
5349:.
5309:.
5269:.
5207:.
5175::
5167::
5139:.
5099:.
5080:.
5051:.
5021:.
4995:.
4980:.
4964:)
4950:.
4927:.
4879:.
4853:.
4820:.
4798:.
4773:.
4748:.
4724:.
4698:.
4652:)
4638:.
4558::
4502:.
4490::
4449:.
4437::
4407::
4387::
4367::
4347::
4220:.
4164:.
4156:"
4152:"
4112:.
4100::
4092::
4053:.
4045:"
4041:"
4022:.
4014:"
4010:"
3991:.
3978::
3962:"
3958:"
3945:.
3920:.
3882:.
3845:.
3767:.
3761::
3731:.
3697:.
3675:.
3650:.
3628:.
3547::
3528:.
3502:.
3498::
3490::
3461:.
3457::
3449::
3408::
3391::
3376:.
3350:.
3328:.
3316::
3308::
3281:.
3247:.
3224:.
3199:.
3157:.
3126:.
3102:.
3069:.
3044:.
3019:.
2994:.
2972:.
2929:.
2910:.
2883:.
2764:.
2746:"
2727:"
2713:'
2053:(
1927:(
1699:(
1641:(
1573:(
1565:(
1557:(
1535:(
1519:(
1496:(
1462:(
1411:(
1399:(
1391:(
1383:(
1375:(
1367:(
1359:(
1351:(
1343:(
1335:(
1327:(
1319:(
1311:(
1303:(
1295:(
1287:(
1279:(
1271:(
1263:(
1252:(
1117:(
571:/
568:l
565:æ
562:k
559:ˈ
553:l
547:k
544:ˈ
538:b
535:/
531:(
522:.
501:)
434:)
76:)
72:(
61:)
57:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.