651:. Electronics attached to the oscilloscope provides a signal that increases in voltage over a short period of time, a few microseconds. When sent to the X input of the oscilloscope, this causes a horizontal line to be displayed on the scope. This "sweep" is triggered by a signal tapped off the broadcaster, so the sweep begins when the pulse is sent. Amplified signals from the receiver are then sent to the Y input, where any received reflection causes the beam to move upward on the display. This causes a series of "blips" to appear along the horizontal axis, indicating reflected signals. By measuring the distance from the start of the sweep to the blip, which corresponds to the time between broadcast and reception, the distance to the object can be determined.
207:
922:, this was quickly reduced further and further. By the late 1970s, LORAN-C units were the size of a stereo amplifier and were commonly found on almost all commercial ships as well as some larger aircraft. By the 1980s, this had been further reduced to the size of a conventional radio, and it became common even on pleasure boats and personal aircraft. It was the most popular navigation system in use through the 1980s and 90s, and its popularity led to many older systems being shut down, like Gee and Decca. However, like the beam systems before it, civilian use of LORAN-C was short-lived when GPS technology drove it from the market.
1194:
466:, with the navigator tuning in different stations along the direction of travel. These systems were common in the era when electronics were large and expensive, as they placed minimum requirements on the receivers – they were simply voice radio sets tuned to the selected frequencies. However, they did not provide navigation outside of the beams, and were thus less flexible in use. The rapid miniaturization of electronics during and after World War II made systems like VOR practical, and most beam systems rapidly disappeared.
915:(LF) radio spectrum from 90 to 110 kHz) that was both long-ranged (for 60 kW stations, up to 3400 miles) and accurate. To do this, LORAN-C sent a pulsed signal, but modulated the pulses with an AM signal within it. Gross positioning was determined using the same methods as Gee, locating the receiver within a wide area. Finer accuracy was then provided by measuring the phase difference of the signals, overlaying that second measure on the first. By 1962, high-power LORAN-C was in place in at least 15 countries.
198:, a small loop of metal wire that is mounted so it can be rotated around a vertical axis. At most angles the loop has a fairly flat reception pattern, but when it is aligned perpendicular to the station the signal received on one side of the loop cancels the signal in the other, producing a sharp drop in reception known as the "null". By rotating the loop and looking for the angle of the null, the relative bearing of the station can be determined. Loop antennas can be seen on most pre-1950s aircraft and ships.
959:
1574:
31:
1434:
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551:"A" quadrants and two opposed "N" quadrants around the station. The borders between these quadrants created four course legs or "beams" and if the pilot flew down these lines, the "A" and "N" signal merged into a steady "on course" tone and the pilot was "on the beam". If the pilot deviated to either side the "A" or "N" tone would become louder and the pilot knew to make a correction. The beams were typically aligned with other stations to produce a set of
1556:
447:
into a usable navigation aid is done by a navigation converter, which takes the reference signal and compares the phasing with the variable signal. The phase difference in degrees is provided to navigational displays. Station identification is by listening to the audio directly, as the 9960 Hz and 30 Hz signals are filtered out of the aircraft internal communication system, leaving only the 1020 Hz Morse-code station identification.
1450:
644:, consisted of large transmitters and separate receivers. The transmitter periodically sends out a short pulse of a powerful radio signal, which is sent into space through broadcast antennas. When the signal reflects off a target, some of that signal is reflected back in the direction of the station, where it is received. The received signal is a tiny fraction of the broadcast power, and has to be powerfully amplified in order to be used.
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was far easier to display; the system could output the phase angle to a pointer on a dial removing any need for visual interpretation. As the circuitry for driving this display was quite small, Decca systems normally used three such displays, allowing quick and accurate reading of multiple fixes. Decca found its greatest use post-war on ships, and remained in use into the 1990s.
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aircraft is pointed in the "right direction." Some aircraft will usually employ two VOR receiver systems, one in VOR-only mode to determine "right place" and another in ILS mode in conjunction with a glideslope receiver to determine "right direction." }The combination of both allows for a precision approach in foul weather.
992:
result of these advantages, satellite navigation has led to almost all previous systems falling from use. LORAN, Omega, Decca, Consol and many other systems disappeared during the 1990s and 2000s. The only other systems still in use are aviation aids, which are also being turned off for long-range navigation while new
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by the fan increases, decreasing the accuracy of location within it. In comparison, transponder-based systems measure the timing between two signals, and the accuracy of that measure is largely a function of the equipment and nothing else. This allows these systems to remain accurate over very long range.
849:
at the navigator's station. If the signal from two stations arrived at the same time, the aircraft must be an equal distance from both transmitters, allowing the navigator to determine a line of position on his chart of all the positions at that distance from both stations. More typically, the signal
550:
The ground stations consisted of a set of four antennas that projected two overlapping directional figure-eight signal patterns at a 90-degree angle to each other. One of these patterns was "keyed" with the Morse code signal "A", dit-dah, and the second pattern "N", dah-dit. This created two opposed
480:
In the post-World War I era, the Lorenz company of
Germany developed a means of projecting two narrow radio signals with a slight overlap in the center. By broadcasting different audio signals in the two beams, the receiver could position themselves very accurately down the centreline by listening to
214:
The main problem with RDF is that it required a special antenna on the vehicle, which may not be easy to mount on smaller vehicles or single-crew aircraft. A smaller problem is that the accuracy of the system is based to a degree on the size of the antenna, but larger antennas would likewise make the
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with the hyperbolic lines plotted on it, they generally reveal the receiver's location directly, eliminating the need for manual triangulation. As these charts were digitized, they became the first true location-indication navigational systems, outputting the location of the receiver as latitude and
786:
DME was identical to Gee-H in concept, but used new electronics to automatically measure the time delay and display it as a number, rather than having the operator time the signals manually on an oscilloscope. This led to the possibility that DME interrogation pulses from different aircraft might be
746:
system, where battery-powered "Eureka" transponders were triggered by airborne "Rebecca" radios and then displayed on ASV Mk. II radar sets. Eureka's were provided to French resistance fighters, who used them to call in supply drops with high accuracy. The US quickly adopted the system for paratroop
699:
system. This used two stations in
England that operated on different frequencies and allowed the aircraft to be triangulated in space. To ease pilot workload only one of these was used for navigation – prior to the mission a circle was drawn over the target from one of the stations, and the aircraft
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Transponder-based distance-distance navigation systems have a significant advantage in terms of positional accuracy. Any radio signal spreads out over distance, forming the fan-like beams of the Lorenz signal, for instance. As the distance between the broadcaster and receiver grows, the area covered
658:
appeared. Transponders are a combination of receiver and transmitter whose operation is automated – upon reception of a particular signal, normally a pulse on a particular frequency, the transponder sends out a pulse in response, typically delayed by some very short time. Transponders were initially
484:
Originally known as "Ultrakurzwellen-Landefunkfeuer" (LFF), or simply "Leitstrahl" (guiding beam), little money was available to develop a network of stations. The first widespread radio navigation network, using Low and Medium
Frequencies, was instead led by the US (see LFF, below). Development was
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at 1020 Hz to identify the station, the other is a continuous 9960 Hz audio modulated at 30 Hz, with the 0-degree referenced to magnetic north. This signal is rotated mechanically or electrically at 30 Hz, which appears as a 30 Hz AM signal added to the previous two signals,
738:
was designed to track down submarines and ships by displaying the signal from two antennas side by side and allowing the operator to compare their relative strength. Adding a ground-based transponder immediately turned the same display into a system able to guide the aircraft towards a transponder,
501:
In the immediate pre-World War II era the same concept was also developed as a blind-bombing system. This used very large antennas to provide the required accuracy at long distances (over
England), and very powerful transmitters. Two such beams were used, crossing over the target to triangulate it.
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Another
British system from the same era was Decca Navigator. This differed from Gee primarily in that the signals were not pulses delayed in time, but continuous signals delayed in phase. By comparing the phase of the two signals, the time difference information as Gee was returned. However, this
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in timing between the two signals would reveal them to be along a curve of possible locations. By making similar measurements with other stations, additional lines of position can be produced, leading to a fix. Gee was accurate to about 165 yards (150 m) at short ranges, and up to a mile
991:
Satellite navigation systems offer better accuracy than any land-based system, are available at almost all locations on the Earth, can be implemented (receiver-side) at modest cost and complexity, with modern electronics, and require only a few dozen satellites to provide worldwide coverage. As a
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for horizontal positioning, and a transponder for ranging. A ground-based system periodically sent out pulses which the airborne transponder returned. By measuring the total round-trip time on a radar's oscilloscope, the aircraft's range could be accurately determined even at very long ranges. An
450:
The system may be used with a compatible glideslope and marker beacon receiver, making the aircraft ILS-capable (Instrument
Landing System)}. Once the aircraft's approach is accurate (the aircraft is in the "right place"), the VOR receiver will be used on a different frequency to determine if the
446:
The VOR signal is a single RF carrier that is demodulated into a composite audio signal composed of a 9960 Hz reference signal frequency modulated at 30 Hz, a 30 Hz AM reference signal, and a 1020 Hz 'marker' signal for station identification. Conversion from this audio signal
230:
signal of the station's identification letters so the receiver could ensure they were listening to the right station. Then they waited for the signal to either peak or disappear as the antenna briefly pointed in their direction. By timing the delay between the morse signal and the peak/null, then
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that allowed the signal to be delayed in such a way to offset the drop point. These systems allowed the troops at the front line to direct the aircraft to points in front of them, directing fire on the enemy. Beacons were widely used for temporary or mobile navigation as well, as the transponder
809:
Hyperbolic navigation systems are a modified form of transponder systems which eliminate the need for an airborne transponder. The name refers to the fact that they do not produce a single distance or angle, but instead indicate a location along any number of hyperbolic lines in space. Two such
627:
in the 1930s provided a way to directly determine the distance to an object even at long distances. Navigation systems based on these concepts soon appeared, and remained in widespread use until recently. Today they are used primarily for aviation, although GPS has largely supplanted this role.
790:
DME is almost always used in conjunction with VOR, and is normally co-located at a VOR station. This combination allows a single VOR/DME station to provide both angle and distance, and thereby provide a single-station fix. DME is also used as the distance-measuring basis for the military
700:
was directed to fly along this circle on instructions from the ground operator. The second station was used, as in Y-Gerät, to time the bomb drop. Unlike Y-Gerät, Oboe was deliberately built to offer very high accuracy, as good as 35 m, much better than even the best optical
976:. These are essentially hyperbolic systems whose transmitters are in orbits. That the satellites move with respect to the receiver requires that the calculation of the positions of the satellites must be taken into account, which can only be handled effectively with a computer.
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data, which is used to accurately calculate the satellite's location at any time. Space weather and other effects causes the orbit to change over time so the ephemeris has to be updated periodically. Other signals send out the time as measured by the satellite's onboard
663:
systems; aircraft with the proper transponder would appear on the display as part of the normal radar operation, but then the signal from the transponder would cause a second blip to appear a short time later. Single blips were enemies, double blips friendly.
869:
With Gee entering operation in 1942, similar US efforts were seen to be superfluous. They turned their development efforts towards a much longer-ranged system based on the same principles, using much lower frequencies that allowed coverage across the
246:
in 1929 and used until the mid-1930s. A number of improved versions followed, replacing the mechanical motion of the antennas with phasing techniques that produced the same output pattern with no moving parts. One of the longest lasting examples was
907:
Almost immediately after the introduction of LORAN, in 1952 work started on a greatly improved version. LORAN-C (the original retroactively became LORAN-A) combined the techniques of pulse timing in Gee with the phase comparison of Decca.
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display units in the aircraft (see below). Gee-H did not offer the accuracy of Oboe, but could be used by as many as 90 aircraft at once. This basic concept has formed the basis of most distance measuring navigation systems to this day.
532:
878:, for "LOng-range Aid to Navigation". The downside to the long-wavelength approach was that accuracy was greatly reduced compared to the high-frequency Gee. LORAN was widely used during convoy operations in the late war period.
489:
aid. Although there was some interest in deploying a medium-range system like the US LFF, deployment had not yet started when the beam system was combined with the
Orfordness timing concepts to produce the highly accurate
502:
Bombers would enter one of the beams and use it for guidance until they heard the second one in a second radio receiver, using that signal to time the dropping of their bombs. The system was highly accurate, and the '
555:, allowing an aircraft to travel from airport to airport by following a selected set of stations. Effective course accuracy was about three degrees, which near the station provided sufficient safety margins for
1839:
979:
Satellite navigation systems send several signals that are used to decode the satellite's position, distance between the user satellite, and the user's precise time. One signal encodes the satellite's
988:. By measuring signal times of arrival (TOAs) from at least four satellites, the user's receiver can re-build an accurate clock signal of its own and allows hyperbolic navigation to be carried out.
2028:
226:, a number of systems were introduced that placed the rotating antenna on the ground. As the antenna rotated through a fixed position, typically due north, the antenna was keyed with the
2508:
126:
These systems used some form of directional radio antenna to determine the location of a broadcast station on the ground. Conventional navigation techniques are then used to take a
308:
depending on their power. The frequency band allotted to non-directional beacons is 190–1750 kHz, but the same system can be used with any common AM-band commercial station.
855:(1.6 km) at longer ranges over Germany. Gee remained in use long after World War II, and equipped RAF aircraft as late as the 1960s (approx freq was by then 68 MHz).
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A great advance in the RDF technique was introduced in the form of phase comparisons of a signal as measured on two or more small antennas, or a single highly directional
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longitude. Hyperbolic systems were introduced during World War II and remained the main long-range advanced navigation systems until GPS replaced them in the 1990s.
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systems broadcast narrow signals in the sky, and navigation is accomplished by keeping the aircraft centred in the beam. A number of stations are used to create an
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in the 1930s and 1940s in the U.S. and other countries, until the advent of the VOR in the late 1940s. It was used for both en route navigation as well as
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837:. Gee used a series of transmitters sending out precisely timed signals, with the signals leaving the stations at fixed delays. An aircraft using Gee,
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deployed by the USSR. These systems determined pulse timing not by comparison of two signals, but by comparison of a single signal with a local
281:, RDF systems were so reduced in size and complexity that they once again became quite common during the 1960s, and were known by the new name,
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confused, but this was solved by having each aircraft send out a different series of pulses which the ground-based transponder repeated back.
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The low-frequency radio range (LFR, also "Four Course Radio Range" among other names) was the main navigation system used by aircraft for
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system. In all of these roles, the system was generically known simply as a "Lorenz beam". Lorenz was an early predecessor to the modern
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LORAN-C was fairly complex to use, requiring a room of equipment to pull out the different signals. However, with the introduction of
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171:, one could determine the direction to the broadcasting antenna. A second measurement using another station was then taken. Using
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operations, dropping the Eureka with pathfinder forces or partisans, and then homing in on those signals to mark the drop zones.
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and was used operationally under the name Consol until 1991. The modern VOR system is based on the same principles (see below).
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The beacon system was widely used in the post-war era for blind bombing systems. Of particular note were systems used by the
435:, or VOR, is an implementation of the reverse-RDF system, but one that is more accurate and able to be completely automated.
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system by placing the transponder on the ground and broadcaster in the aircraft. The signals were then examined on existing
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Combinations of these measurement principles also are important—e.g., many radars measure range and azimuth of a target.
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This also led to a revival in the operation of simple radio beacons for use with these RDF systems, now referred to as
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operator then relayed this information to the bomber crew over voice channels, and indicated when to drop the bombs.
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One problem with Oboe was that it allowed only one aircraft to be guided at a time. This was addressed in the later
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The same signals are also sent over local electrical wiring to the operator's station, which is equipped with an
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292:(NDB). As the LF/MF signals used by NDBs can follow the curvature of earth, NDB has a much greater range than
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273:. These receivers were smaller, more accurate, and simpler to operate. Combined with the introduction of the
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to provide vertical positioning. ILS can provide enough accuracy and redundancy to allow automated landings.
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in the radionavigation service intended to be used while in motion or during halts at unspecified points."
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dividing by the known rotational rate of the station, the bearing of the station could be calculated.
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2269:"Some historical and technical aspects of radio navigation, in Germany, over the period 1907 to 1945"
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In the post-war era, a general navigation system using transponder-based systems was deployed as the
672:
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The latest transponder systems (mode S) can also provide position information, possibly derived from
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75:
2381:"Comments on "Existence and uniqueness of GPS solutions" by J.S. Abel and J.W. Chaffee", B.T. Fang,
946:. The expensive-to-maintain Omega system was shut down in 1997 as the US military migrated to using
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stations can be used for this task due to their long range and high power, but strings of low-power
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Evaluation of VHF-FM Shore-Based
Direction Finding Triangulation System in Massachusetts Bay Area
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the phasing of which is dependent on the position of the aircraft relative to the VOR station.
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the signal in their headphones. The system was accurate to less than a degree in some forms.
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Positions can be determined with any two measures of angle or distance. The introduction of
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The key to the transponder concept is that it can be used with existing radar systems. The
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ITU Radio
Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.87, definition:
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ITU Radio
Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.88, definition:
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ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.44, definition:
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ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.46, definition:
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ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.42, definition:
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down to low minimums. At its peak deployment, there were over 400 LFR stations in the US.
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A radionavigation service intended for the benefit and for the safe operation of aircraft
27:
Use of radio-frequency electromagnetic waves to determine position on the Earth's surface
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A radionavigation service intended for the benefit and for the safe operation of ships
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systems were generally small and low-powered, able to be man portable or mounted on a
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measurements produces a fix. As these systems are almost always used with a specific
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systems are being deployed to provide the local accuracy needed for blind landings.
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restarted in Germany in the 1930s as a short-range system deployed at airports as a
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2192:
Kayton, Myron; Walter R. Fried (1997). "4 – Terrestrial Radio-Navigation Systems".
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in which it operates permanently or temporarily. This station operates in a
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in which it operates permanently or temporarily. This station operates in a
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UK Navaids Gallery with detailed Technical Descriptions of their operation
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2458:
Department of Transportation and Department of Defense (March 25, 2002).
2368:"Existence and uniqueness of GPS solutions", J.S. Abel and J.W. Chaffee,
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in the radionavigation service not intended to be used while in motion."
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107:
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attempted, and then succeeded, in rendering the system useless through
360: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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fleet until 1918. An improved version was introduced by the UK as the
188:
130:. These were introduced prior to World War I, and remain in use today.
85:
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The VOR station transmits two audio signals on a VHF carrier – one is
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2531:
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842:
2334:. Jansky & Bailey. February 1962. pp. 18–23. Archived from
238:, which began operations in 1907 and was used operationally by the
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of signals from one transmitter to multiple receivers or vice versa
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system, and their DME signals can be used by civilian receivers.
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from one station would be received earlier than the other. The
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947:
931:
329:
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were also set up specifically for this task, especially near
92:
between one transmitter and multiple receivers or vice versa,
1358:(article 1.87) of the radionavigation service (article 1.42)
829:
The first hyperbolic system to be developed was the British
29:
2029:
Satellite emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station
683:
The first distance-based navigation system was the German
675:, allowing for even more precise positioning of targets.
175:, the two directions can be plotted on a map where their
2171:(15 ed.). Naval Institute Press. pp. 154–163.
2167:
Dutton, Benjamin (2004). "15 – Basic Radio Navigation".
930:
Similar hyperbolic systems included the US global-wide
972:
Since the 1960s, navigation has increasingly moved to
2383:
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
2370:
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
695:
The British introduced similar systems, notably the
3037:
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2812:
2746:
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2565:
2524:
1887:
1696:(European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service)
962:Cessna 182 with GPS-based "glass cockpit" avionics
179:reveals the location of the navigator. Commercial
78:, e.g. by bearing, radio phases or interferometry,
2688:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
2025:Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station
1025:A radiodetermination service for the purpose of
654:Soon after the introduction of radar, the radio
1106:Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service
739:or "beacon" in this role, with high accuracy.
67:The basic principles are measurements from/to
2724:
2502:
1855:
742:The British put this concept to use in their
159:The first system of radio navigation was the
149:had a prominent RDF loop on the cockpit roof.
56:, either the vessel or an obstruction. Like
8:
2304:"Low Frequency Radio Range, Flying the Beam"
2220:"An Introduction to Radio Direction Finding"
1139:VHF direction finder antenna of the ARNS on
567:The remaining widely used beam systems are
2731:
2717:
2709:
2509:
2495:
2487:
2033:Standard frequency and time signal station
1862:
1848:
1840:
1092:Maritime radionavigation-satellite service
210:The Orfordness Beacon as it appears today.
2372:, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 748–53, Sept. 1991.
2292:VOR/ILS Testing with Signal Generator SMT
2196:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 99–177.
420:Learn how and when to remove this message
1779:Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
1276:
1207:
1192:
1134:
1120:
251:, which went into operation just before
2205:
2203:
2159:
1551:
1483:International Telecommunication Union's
1376:
1300:International Telecommunication Union´s
1235:International Telecommunication Union's
1160:International Telecommunication Union's
1017:International Telecommunication Union's
911:The resulting system (operating in the
2460:"2001 Federal Radionavigation Systems"
2408:aeronautical radionavigation service
845:, examined the time of arrival on an
234:The first such system was the German
7:
1148:Aeronautical radionavigation service
1100:Aeronautical radionavigation service
1068:Radiodetermination-satellite service
598:Instrument landing system glide path
358:adding citations to reliable sources
2249:(Report). United States Coast Guard
1875:
602:Instrument landing system localizer
585:to provide horizontal position and
563:Glide path and the localizer of ILS
2359:Jansky & Baily 1962, pp.23–37.
2329:"The Loran-C System of Navigation"
1785:Satellite geodesy#Radio techniques
1743:(three-light marker beacon system)
1712:Global Navigation Satellite System
687:blind-bombing system. This used a
194:Early RDF systems normally used a
25:
2482:U.S. Federal Radionavigation Plan
2267:Bauer, Arthur O. (Dec 26, 2004).
2245:Murphy, Charles J. (1983-06-01).
1099:
1080:Radionavigation-satellite service
1054:is classified in accordance with
1029:, including obstruction warning.'
2842:Failure of electronic components
2420:maritime radionavigation service
2137:
2128:
2127:
1870:
1656:
1642:
1614:
1600:
1586:
1572:
1554:
1523:might be classified as follows:
1448:
1432:
1412:
1396:
1379:
1342:might be classified as follows:
1223:Maritime radionavigation service
1086:Maritime radionavigation service
334:
2069:Instrument landing system (ILS)
2017:Radio direction-finding station
1879:and systems in accordance with
1545:radionavigation mobile stations
1213:Radionavigation mobile station
593:For more information see also:
345:needs additional citations for
2444:radionavigation mobile station
2001:Radionavigation mobile station
1969:On-board communication station
1917:High altitude platform station
1729:Local Area Augmentation System
1608:ILS indicator onboard aircraft
1594:ILS receiver indicator onboard
1537:Radionavigation mobile station
1475:radionavigation mobile station
1356:Radionavigation mobile station
1181:, and is an essential part of
775:Tactical air navigation system
1:
1829:Wide Area Augmentation System
1824:X-ray pulsar-based navigation
1370:radionavigation land stations
1284:Radionavigation land stations
215:installation more difficult.
2837:List of emerging electronics
2518:Satellite navigation systems
2432:radionavigation land station
2385:, vol. 28, no. 4, Oct. 1992.
2169:Dutton's Nautical Navigation
2049:Ship's emergency transmitter
2009:Radiolocation mobile station
2005:Radionavigation land station
1688:Distance measuring equipment
1677:American Practical Navigator
1362:Radionavigation land station
1292:radionavigation land station
1248:This service is a so-called
1198:Radionavigation land station
1177:, must be protected against
1173:This service is a so-called
1033:This service is a so-called
974:satellite navigation systems
781:distance measuring equipment
769:Distance measuring equipment
659:used as the basis for early
300:. NDB can be categorized as
2194:Avionics Navigation Systems
1672:Ambrose Channel pilot cable
1500:shall be classified by the
1317:shall be classified by the
1256:, and is essential part of
1041:, and is essential part of
122:Bearing-measurement systems
3255:
2045:Experimental radio station
2013:Radiolocation land station
1997:Radiodetermination station
1981:Aeronautical earth station
1807:Transponder Landing System
1718:Inertial navigation system
1700:Galileo positioning system
1530:radiodetermination service
1526:Radiodetermination station
1508:and must be protected for
1502:radiocommunication service
1349:radiodetermination service
1345:Radiodetermination station
1327:and must be protected for
1320:radiocommunication service
1061:Radiodetermination service
1051:radiocommunication service
965:
900:
885:
862:
822:
802:
772:
766:
723:
619:Transponder landing system
616:
610:
595:
524:
473:
323:
283:automatic direction finder
262:
163:, or RDF. By tuning in a
152:
2209:Kayton, Fried 1977, p.116
2123:
1949:Land mobile earth station
1818:VHF omnidirectional range
1723:Instrument landing system
1706:Global Positioning System
1519:(article 1) this type of
1338:(article 1) this type of
950:. Alpha is still in use.
833:system, developed during
578:instrument landing system
527:Low frequency radio range
521:Low-frequency radio range
496:Instrument Landing System
433:VHF omnidirectional range
326:VHF omnidirectional range
236:Telefunken Kompass Sender
110:, e.g. by means of radio
2396:radionavigation service
2117:Emergency locator beacon
1790:Space Integrated GPS/INS
1747:Microwave landing system
1252:, must be protected for
1058:(article 1) as follows:
1037:, must be protected for
1000:International regulation
926:Other hyperbolic systems
3080:Electromagnetic warfare
2041:Radio astronomy station
1801:Tactical air navigation
1074:Radionavigation service
1005:Radionavigation service
936:Omega Navigation System
640:systems, like the UK's
320:VOR transmitter station
290:non-directional beacons
218:During the era between
134:Radio direction finding
3050:Automotive electronics
2999:Robotic vacuum cleaner
2959:Information technology
2764:Electronic engineering
1989:Aircraft earth station
1909:Survival craft station
1758:Non-directional beacon
1528:(article 1.86) of the
1506:safety-of-life service
1347:(article 1.86) of the
1325:safety-of-life service
1287:
1250:safety-of-life service
1219:
1205:
1204:-C-transmitter Rantum)
1175:safety-of-life service
1144:
1132:
1035:safety-of-life service
963:
888:Decca Navigator System
632:Radar and transponders
536:
321:
296:which travels only in
265:Non-directional beacon
211:
161:Radio Direction Finder
155:Radio direction finder
150:
44:is the application of
34:
2984:Portable media player
2857:Molecular electronics
2852:Low-power electronics
1881:ITU Radio Regulations
1735:Long-range navigation
1517:ITU Radio Regulations
1489:(RR) – defined as "A
1487:ITU Radio Regulations
1336:ITU Radio Regulations
1306:(RR) – defined as "A
1304:ITU Radio Regulations
1280:
1211:
1196:
1138:
1124:
1056:ITU Radio Regulations
961:
805:Hyperbolic navigation
557:instrument approaches
545:instrument approaches
534:
511:intelligence services
319:
209:
141:
33:
18:Beam radio navigation
3178:Terahertz technology
3159:Open-source hardware
3115:Consumer electronics
3085:Electronics industry
2847:Flexible electronics
2754:Analogue electronics
2109:Multi-satellite link
2065:Radar beacon (racon)
2021:Radio beacon station
1993:Broadcasting station
1977:Aeronautical station
1925:Mobile earth station
1229:) is – according to
1154:) is – according to
1011:) is – according to
968:Satellite navigation
954:Satellite navigation
734:radar introduced by
354:improve this article
52:of an object on the
50:determine a position
3214:Air traffic control
3154:Nuclear electronics
2979:Networking hardware
2882:Quantum electronics
2867:Organic electronics
2789:Printed electronics
2759:Digital electronics
1957:Coast earth station
1945:Land mobile station
1897:Terrestrial station
1813:Transit (satellite)
1515:In accordance with
1334:In accordance with
1241:(RR) – defined as "
1166:(RR) – defined as "
920:integrated circuits
736:RAF Coastal Command
607:Transponder systems
504:Battle of the Beams
169:directional antenna
3224:Euclidean geometry
3132:Marine electronics
3105:Integrated circuit
3024:Video game console
2822:2020s in computing
2804:Thermal management
2678:GNSS reflectometry
2226:. October 22, 2021
1965:Ship earth station
1941:Base earth station
1933:Land earth station
1774:Real-time locating
1566:-station in Alaska
1477:is – according to
1294:is – according to
1288:
1220:
1206:
1145:
1133:
964:
938:, and the similar
839:RAF Bomber Command
812:navigational chart
799:Hyperbolic systems
581:(ILS). ILS uses a
537:
535:LFR ground station
515:electronic warfare
369:"Radio navigation"
322:
279:integrated circuit
212:
151:
99:by measurement of
88:by measurement of
76:Angular directions
62:radiodetermination
60:, it is a type of
35:
3239:Wireless locating
3196:
3195:
3173:Radio electronics
2799:Schematic capture
2784:Power electronics
2706:
2705:
2598:GNSS augmentation
2224:Cognitive Ecology
2151:
2150:
2101:Satellite network
1239:Radio Regulations
1164:Radio Regulations
1023:(RR) – defined as
1021:Radio Regulations
874:. The result was
541:instrument flying
506:' broke out when
430:
429:
422:
404:
244:Orfordness Beacon
167:and then using a
16:(Redirected from
3246:
3209:Radio navigation
3168:Radio navigation
3065:Data acquisition
2774:Microelectronics
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2642:QZSS / Michibiki
2511:
2504:
2497:
2488:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2306:. Archived from
2300:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2164:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2097:Satellite system
1985:Aircraft station
1892:
1874:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1841:
1769:Radar navigation
1682:Differential GPS
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1650:Geography portal
1647:
1646:
1645:
1618:
1604:
1590:
1576:
1558:
1532:(article 1.40 )
1452:
1436:
1416:
1400:
1383:
1351:(article 1.40 )
1130:Hannover Airport
1063:(article 1.40)
994:differential GPS
825:Gee (navigation)
425:
418:
414:
411:
405:
403:
362:
338:
330:
147:Lockheed Electra
101:times of arrival
69:electric beacons
38:Radio navigation
21:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3125:Small appliance
3120:Major appliance
3100:Home automation
3090:Embedded system
3045:Audio equipment
3033:
3029:Washing machine
2954:Home theater PC
2910:Central heating
2905:Air conditioner
2897:
2891:
2862:Nanoelectronics
2814:
2808:
2779:Optoelectronics
2769:Instrumentation
2742:
2737:
2707:
2702:
2666:
2592:
2561:
2520:
2515:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2341:on 22 July 2013
2338:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2119:
2085:Radio altimeter
2061:Secondary radar
2037:Amateur station
1890:
1888:
1883:
1868:
1764:Radio altimeter
1753:Multilateration
1664:Aviation portal
1662:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1580:TACAN sea borne
1577:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1524:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1343:
1286:
1275:
1270:
1191:
1119:
1102:(article 1.46)
1088:(article 1.44)
1076:(article 1.42)
1059:
1027:radionavigation
1002:
970:
956:
928:
905:
899:
890:
884:
867:
861:
827:
821:
807:
801:
777:
771:
765:
728:
726:Electric beacon
722:
681:
679:Bombing systems
634:
621:
615:
609:
604:
596:Main articles:
590:
565:
529:
523:
478:
472:
457:
426:
415:
409:
406:
363:
361:
351:
339:
328:
314:
267:
261:
204:
157:
136:
124:
48:frequencies to
42:radionavigation
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3189:Communications
3180:
3175:
3170:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3110:Home appliance
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:Home appliance
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Control system
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Microwave oven
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2832:Bioelectronics
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2671:Related topics
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:BDS / BeiDou-1
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
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2516:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2453:
2452:External links
2450:
2448:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
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2361:
2352:
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2295:
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2158:
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2149:
2148:
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2135:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2105:Satellite link
2103: |
2077:ILS glide path
2007: |
1921:Mobile station
1895:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1877:Radio stations
1869:
1867:
1866:
1859:
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1470:
1469:Mobile station
1467:
1466:
1465:
1461:Shemya, Alaska
1455:
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1439:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1419:
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1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1388:ILS glide path
1386:
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1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1190:
1187:
1143:nearby Hanover
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:(article 1.47)
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:(article 1.45)
1083:
1082:(article 1.43)
1071:
1070:(article 1.41)
1001:
998:
966:Main article:
955:
952:
927:
924:
901:Main article:
898:
895:
886:Main article:
883:
880:
872:Atlantic Ocean
863:Main article:
860:
857:
823:Main article:
820:
817:
803:Main article:
800:
797:
783:(DME) system.
767:Main article:
764:
761:
744:Rebecca/Eureka
724:Main article:
721:
718:
680:
677:
633:
630:
611:Main article:
608:
605:
564:
561:
525:Main article:
522:
519:
508:United Kingdom
474:Main article:
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453:
428:
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342:
340:
333:
324:Main article:
313:
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263:Main article:
260:
257:
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200:
191:and harbours.
153:Main article:
143:Amelia Earhart
135:
132:
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120:
116:
115:
104:
93:
90:time of flight
79:
26:
24:
14:
13:
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2915:Clothes dryer
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2794:Semiconductor
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2715:
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2683:Kalman filter
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2558:
2557:IRNSS / NAVIC
2555:
2553:
2552:GPS / NavStar
2550:
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2310:on 2021-01-16
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2099: |
2098:
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2087: |
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2083: |
2082:
2081:Marker beacon
2079: |
2078:
2075: |
2074:
2073:ILS localizer
2071: |
2070:
2067: |
2066:
2063: |
2062:
2059: |
2058:
2057:Primary radar
2055: |
2054:
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1953:Coast station
1951: |
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1934:
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1918:
1915: |
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1913:Fixed station
1911: |
1910:
1907: |
1906:
1905:Space station
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1902:
1901:Earth station
1899: |
1898:
1894:
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1878:
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1835:Wind triangle
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1741:Marker beacon
1739:
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1521:radio station
1518:
1513:
1511:
1510:Interferences
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:radio station
1494:
1492:
1491:radio station
1488:
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1476:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1451:
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1426:
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1415:
1410:
1406:
1405:ILS Localizer
1399:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
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1341:
1340:radio station
1337:
1332:
1330:
1329:Interferences
1326:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:radio station
1311:
1309:
1308:radio station
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1282:1 DME; 2 VOR
1279:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:interferences
1251:
1246:
1244:
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1236:
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1214:
1210:
1203:
1199:
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1069:
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1057:
1053:
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1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:Interferences
1036:
1031:
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1028:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
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995:
989:
987:
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953:
951:
949:
945:
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933:
925:
923:
921:
916:
914:
913:low frequency
909:
904:
896:
894:
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881:
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866:
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548:
546:
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533:
528:
520:
518:
516:
512:
509:
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499:
497:
493:
488:
487:blind landing
482:
477:
469:
467:
465:
461:
454:
452:
448:
444:
441:
436:
434:
424:
421:
413:
410:February 2022
402:
399:
395:
392:
388:
385:
381:
378:
374:
371: –
370:
366:
365:Find sources:
359:
355:
349:
348:
343:This section
341:
337:
332:
331:
327:
318:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
298:line of sight
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
266:
258:
256:
254:
250:
245:
241:
237:
232:
229:
225:
221:
216:
208:
201:
199:
197:
192:
190:
186:
185:radio beacons
182:
178:
174:
173:triangulation
170:
166:
165:radio station
162:
156:
148:
144:
140:
133:
131:
129:
121:
119:
113:
112:Doppler shift
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
72:
71:, especially
70:
65:
63:
59:
58:radiolocation
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
19:
3167:
3038:Applications
3019:Water heater
2994:Refrigerator
2974:Mobile phone
2877:Piezotronics
2468:November 27,
2466:. Retrieved
2443:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2323:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:the original
2298:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2262:
2251:. Retrieved
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2223:
2214:
2193:
2187:
2168:
2162:
2093:Space system
1973:Port station
1961:Ship station
1937:Base station
1929:Land station
1544:
1536:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1479:article 1.87
1478:
1474:
1472:
1369:
1361:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1296:article 1.88
1295:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1273:Land station
1247:
1242:
1231:Article 1.44
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1197:
1179:interference
1172:
1167:
1156:Article 1.46
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1128:-antenna on
1117:Aeronautical
1073:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1032:
1024:
1013:Article 1.42
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
990:
986:atomic clock
980:
978:
971:
944:atomic clock
929:
917:
910:
906:
891:
868:
851:
847:oscilloscope
835:World War II
828:
808:
789:
785:
778:
749:
741:
729:
706:
694:
682:
670:
666:
653:
649:oscilloscope
646:
635:
622:
592:
586:
582:
576:
572:
568:
566:
549:
538:
500:
483:
479:
458:
455:Beam systems
449:
445:
437:
431:
416:
407:
397:
390:
383:
376:
364:
352:Please help
347:verification
344:
305:
301:
297:
289:
287:
268:
253:World War II
233:
224:World War II
217:
213:
196:loop antenna
193:
177:intersection
160:
158:
125:
117:
106:Partly also
96:
66:
41:
37:
36:
3145:electronics
2949:Home cinema
2887:Spintronics
2827:Atomtronics
2740:Electronics
2525:Operational
2113:Feeder link
1459:antenna at
1390:transmitter
689:Lorenz beam
656:transponder
613:Transponder
476:Lorenz beam
306:short range
259:ADF and NDB
220:World War I
202:Reverse RDF
97:differences
3229:Navigation
3203:Categories
3149:Multimedia
3139:technology
3014:Television
2944:Home robot
2934:Dishwasher
2896:Electronic
2566:Historical
2314:2021-02-01
2253:2024-04-04
2178:155750248X
2155:References
2089:Radiosonde
1543:Selection
1368:Selection
1258:navigation
1183:navigation
1043:Navigation
852:difference
773:See also:
752:US Marines
702:bombsights
642:Chain Home
617:See also:
587:glide path
569:glide path
440:Morse code
380:newspapers
302:long range
285:, or ADF.
275:transistor
228:morse code
3234:Surveying
3137:Microwave
3009:Telephone
2898:equipment
2872:Photonics
2618:(retired)
1714:(GLONASS)
1702:(Galileo)
981:ephemeris
841:'s heavy
583:localizer
573:localizer
128:radio fix
95:Distance
82:Distances
3187:Wireless
3143:Military
3075:e-health
3055:Avionics
2924:Notebook
2920:Computer
2813:Advanced
2747:Branches
2652:StarFire
2647:SouthPAN
2583:Timation
2230:April 4,
2133:Category
1636:See also
1622:Antenna
1268:Stations
1225:(short:
1189:Maritime
1150:(short:
1007:(short:
571:and the
271:solenoid
240:Zeppelin
189:airports
181:AM radio
108:velocity
2939:Freezer
2693:Wavelet
2588:Tsiklon
2578:Transit
2547:GLONASS
2542:Galileo
2345:25 July
2277:25 July
1889:desig-
1803:(TACAN)
1796:SCR-277
1737:(LORAN)
1562:Mobile
1481:of the
1298:of the
1233:of the
1158:of the
1141:Deister
1015:of the
903:Loran-C
897:LORAN-C
843:bombers
720:Beacons
685:Y-Gerät
575:of the
553:airways
394:scholar
86:ranging
84:, e.g.
3070:e-book
3004:Tablet
2964:Cooker
2929:Camera
2815:topics
2532:BeiDou
2175:
2143:Portal
1891:nation
1831:(WAAS)
1792:(SIGI)
1781:(RAIM)
1731:(LAAS)
1684:(DGPS)
1485:(ITU)
1441:VORTAC
1302:(ITU)
1237:(ITU)
1162:(ITU)
1019:(ITU)
636:Early
470:Lorenz
464:airway
396:
389:
382:
375:
367:
3219:Angle
3183:Wired
3164:Radar
2989:Radio
2698:RINEX
2637:NTRIP
2622:JPALS
2616:GPS·C
2611:GAGAN
2606:EGNOS
2537:DORIS
2463:(PDF)
2339:(PDF)
2332:(PDF)
2272:(PDF)
2053:Radar
1820:(VOR)
1809:(TLS)
1760:(NDB)
1749:(MLS)
1725:(ILS)
1708:(GPS)
1694:EGNOS
1690:(DME)
1564:TACAN
1496:Each
1457:TACAN
1423:with
1313:Each
1216:(RDF)
1202:LORAN
1048:This
940:Alpha
882:Decca
876:LORAN
865:LORAN
859:LORAN
793:TACAN
709:Gee-H
638:radar
625:radar
492:Sonne
401:JSTOR
387:books
249:Sonne
54:Earth
46:radio
3185:and
3166:and
2662:SDCM
2657:WAAS
2632:MSAS
2627:LAAS
2470:2005
2347:2013
2279:2013
2232:2024
2173:ISBN
1227:MRNS
1218:1930
1152:ARNS
757:Jeep
697:Oboe
673:GNSS
600:and
460:Beam
373:news
277:and
222:and
1628:VOR
1624:DME
1425:VOR
1421:DME
1245:."
1170:."
1126:ILS
1009:RNS
948:GPS
932:VLF
831:Gee
819:Gee
763:DME
732:ASV
713:Gee
661:IFF
356:by
312:VOR
304:or
294:VOR
145:'s
40:or
3205::
2222:.
2202:^
1626:/
1512:.
1473:A
1331:.
1290:A
1260:.
1185:.
1045:.
759:.
704:.
547:.
517:.
498:.
64:.
2922:/
2732:e
2725:t
2718:v
2510:e
2503:t
2496:v
2472:.
2349:.
2317:.
2281:.
2256:.
2234:.
2181:.
1863:e
1856:t
1849:v
1200:(
934:/
423:)
417:(
412:)
408:(
398:·
391:·
384:·
377:·
350:.
114:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
