Beach volleyball - Knowledge (XXG)

344: 1102: 1013: 997: 803: 1177:. Due to the environmental factors that make it harder to hand set a ball "cleanly", the bump set is more common in the beach game. When hand setting, the player's hands must contact the ball simultaneously. If a referee determines that a double-hit has occurred, the point will be given to the other team. Excessive spin after a ball has been set is often used as an indicator of a double contact fault, but causing a ball to spin while setting is not explicitly prohibited. After completing the contact, the setter typically turns their attention to the defense and communicates to their partner whether a blocker is up and which area of the court is open. The second contact can also be used to attack the ball, known as an "over-on-two" attack. 1208:. A spike involves hitting the ball hard with one open hand on a downward trajectory from above the top of the net. A shot is a relatively soft attack used to place a ball into an open (undefended) area of the court. Unlike indoor volleyball, a wide variety of shots are utilized in beach volleyball due to the fewer defenders on court. Common shots used in beach volleyball include: roll shots, in which the attacker puts a lot of topspin on the ball so that it has an arcing trajectory that will go over the block then drop quickly; cut shots, in which the shot crosses the net at sharp angles; pokeys, in which the ball is contacted with the attacking player's knuckles; and dinks, in which the ball is directed very softly low over the net. 1846: 433: 632: 206:

serve—a hit by the server from behind the rear court boundary over the net to the opponents. The receiving team typically uses their three touches to pass the ball, set it up for an attack, and then attack the ball by sending it back over the net. Meanwhile, the team on defense typically has a blocker at the net and a defender to cover the ground. The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court, goes "out", or a fault is made in the attempt to return the ball. The team that wins the rally scores a point and serves to start the following rally. The players serve in the same sequence throughout the match, changing server each time a rally is won by the receiving team.

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ball serve. As beach volleyball is usually played outdoors, the direction and speed of the wind and the position of the sun are considered when choosing which serve to use. Wind can significantly affect the trajectory of a serve and so players can employ different serving strategies to take advantage of the wind conditions. For example, players may choose a top-spin serve when serving into the wind, causing the ball to drop short in front of the passer. Players can also take advantage of the position of the sun. For example, a sky ball serve is especially effective at high noon, because the sun gets into the passer's eyes and can cause the passer to become disoriented.

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players to show up for a six-man game at the Santa Monica Athletic Club, Johnson decided to try playing with only the four people present, forming two two-man teams for the first recorded beach volleyball doubles game. The players realized that with fewer players on the court, a taller player's height advantage could be neutralized by a shorter player's speed and ball control. The popularity of the two-man game spread to other nearby beach clubs and eventually to the public courts. The two-player version of the game is the most widely played version as well as the only one contested at an elite level.

562: 725: 1555: 1149:, where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waist line; and overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a hand set, above the head. However, unlike indoors you may not double contact the first ball using overhand with fingers action on the beach. In practice, this means that bump pass is much more popular in beach volleyball; similarly, beach players rarely use an overhand passing motion as the first (except on a hard driven attack) or last of the three allowed team contacts. 589: 300: 1611: 1983: 1925: 1134: 1050: 5673: 1038:

know which area of the court is their responsibility to cover. Block signals are made behind the back to hide them from the opposing team. They are usually given with both hands by the serving player's partner prior to the serve, with the left hand referring to the type of block that should be put up against the left-side attacker, and the right hand similarly referring to the right-side attacker. A player may also "wiggle" or "flash" one block signal to indicate which opponent to serve to.

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originally best of 3 sets played to 21 points, with two players in a team. In December 2018, the FIVB approved new rules for snow volleyball which changed the scoring system to a best of 3 sets played to 15 points, and the number of players to three starters and one substitute in a team. Another difference is that unlike beach volleyball, a touch off block does not count as one of the three allowed touches, and any player may make the subsequent touch after the block.

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completely outside the boundary lines (a ball is "in" if any part of it touches a sideline or end-line); touches an object or person (who is not a player) outside the court; touches the net's antennae; does not cross the net's lateral boundaries (within the antennae) during service or during a team's third contact; crosses completely under the net.

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replaced by rally scoring and let serves were allowed. Beach volleyball differs from indoor, especially in requiring "clean hands" while setting. In other words, both of your hands have to contact the ball during the set at the same time. The ball can also not be caught or thrown, otherwise, the referee will call your set a "double" or "lift".

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for veterans and junior competitions. An antenna, 1.8 m (5 ft 10.9 in) long and 20 mm (0.8 in) in diameter, is attached to each side edge of the net. The antennae are considered part of the net and extend 80 cm (31.5 in) above it, forming the lateral boundaries within which the ball is allowed to cross.

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2022, the official ball of the AVP (Association of Volleyball Professionals) tour is the Wilson OPTX AVP, and the official ball of the FIVB (Fédération Internationale de Volleyball) beach volleyball tour is the Mikasa VLS300. This ball was replaced with the new Mikasa Beach Pro BV550C, and was introduced in 2023.

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4x4 beach volleyball is a variant of the regular two-man beach game that is popular in the United States and Brazil. FIVB-sanctioned matches are best of 3 sets played to 21 points (15 points in a third set tie-break), with four starting players and up to two substitutes in a team. 4x4 is contested at

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Players can only participate in the Continental Tour that their national federation is a member of. In addition to prize money, Continental Tour events award players with FIVB ranking points and their national federations with National Federation ranking points. The latter determines how many teams a

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A block can be used to: score a direct point by directing an attack back into the opponent's court; channel an attack to the defender by "taking away" part of the court; or slow down the ball so the defender has time to chase it down. At the competitive level, blockers will often reach across the net

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The ball may touch any part of the body (except during the serve, when only the hand or arm may make contact), but must be hit, not caught or thrown. During a hit, a player may only make contact with the ball one time. When two players from the same team contact the ball simultaneously, it is counted

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is conducted by the referee before the warm-ups to determine which team serves first and which sides of the court the teams start on for the first two sets. If a third deciding set is needed, another coin toss will be conducted prior to the third set. The service order decided at the coin toss before

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During the 2004 Summer Olympic Games, a study was conducted on the camera angles during the beach volleyball games. 20% of the camera angles were focused on the chest area and 17% of the angles were focused on the buttock area. The study concludes that this implies the look of the players is having

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added the following academic year. NCAA competition follows standard beach volleyball rules, with competitions involving five doubles-teams from each participating school. For a sport to classify as a championship, at least 40 schools must sponsor it. In 2015, sixty schools had teams, allowing it to

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The court is divided into equal halves by a net that is 8.5 m (27.9 ft) long and 1 m (3 ft 3.4 in) wide. The top of the net is 2.43 m (7 ft 11 11⁄16 in) above the center of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 m (7 ft 4 3⁄16 in) for women's competition, varied

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created a large sandy area for public enjoyment. This planted the seed for beach volleyball development in that region. The first permanent nets began to appear, and people soon began playing recreational games on public parts of the beach and in private beach clubs. Eleven such beach clubs appeared

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age-groups were previously held as well. Teams are awarded FIVB ranking points at these Championships, but not prize money. Instead, the winning U19 teams get a direct main draw entry into the next U21 World Championships, while the winning U21 teams get a direct main draw entry into a World Tour 4

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Attack-hits using an "open-handed tip or dink" directing the ball with the fingers are illegal, as are attack-hits using an overhand pass to direct the ball on a trajectory not perpendicular to the line of the shoulders (overhand passes which accidentally cross over the net are an exception). These

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Number of players: There are two players on a beach volleyball team and no substitutions, compared to indoor volleyball which has six players and six substitutions per set. This means that beach volleyball players require a versatile skill set, as opposed to specializing in one skill. Fewer players

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A team is composed exclusively of two players, who must always be in play and who cannot be subjected to any substitutions or replacement. At the moment the ball is hit by the server, each team must be within its own court (with the exception of the server), but there are no determined positions on

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In following years the tour expanded nationally and was renamed the Pro Beach Volleyball Tour. It consisted of five events in California and tournaments in Florida, Colorado, and Chicago. By 1984, the Pro Beach consisted of 16 events around the country and had a total prize purse of US$ 300,000. At

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Serving is the act of putting the ball into play by striking it with the hand or arm from behind the rear court boundary. It can take the form of an underhand serve or an overhand serve, and examples include: float serve, jump-float serve, top-spin serve, jump serve, sky ball serve and reverse sky

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Beach volleyball players use hand signals to indicate to their partners the type of block they either intend to make (if they are the designated blocker) or that they want their partner to make (if they are the designated defender). Block signals are important so that both the blocker and defender

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of the court. This allows for greater consistency in receiving serve and shot selection. Left-handed players generally prefer to play on the right side while right-handed players generally prefer to play on the left side, as it is easier to spike a ball that has not passed across the line of one's

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by tossing the ball into the air and attempting to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court. The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts with the ball to return the ball to the opponent's side of the net, and

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In the 2001 season, the FIVB began testing rule changes to the court size and scoring system. The beach volleyball court dimension was reduced from the indoor court size of 9 m × 18 m (29.5 ft × 59.1 ft) to 8 m × 16 m (26.2 ft × 52.5 ft),

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A team scores a point when: the ball lands on the opposing team's court; the opposing team hits the ball "out"; the opposing team commits a fault; or the opposing team receives a penalty. The team that won the point serves for the next point. The ball is considered "out" if it: lands on the ground

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Most of these early beach volleyball matches were played with teams of at least six players per side, much like indoor volleyball. The concept of the modern two-man beach volleyball game is credited to Paul "Pablo" Johnson of the Santa Monica Athletic Club. In the summer of 1930, while waiting for

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Teams are allowed up to three touches to return the ball across the net, and individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively except after a touch off an attempted block. Making a block touch leaves only two more touches before the ball must be hit over. The ball is put in play with a

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Four fingers: The blocker pretends to block an opponent's "line" hit, but dives into an "angle" block at the last moment. At the same time, the defender pretends to cover the "angle" attack, but moves to cover the "line" attack at the last moment. With this setup, the team on defense is trying to

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Three fingers: The blocker pretends to block an opponent's "angle" hit, but dives into a "line" block at the last moment. At the same time, the defender pretends to cover the "line" attack, but moves to cover the "angle" attack at the last moment. With this setup, the team on defense is trying to

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When receiving a ball overhand with fingers from a hit that is not hard driven, the ball must be contacted "cleanly". If a player receives the ball open-handed, the contact of each hand with the ball must be exactly simultaneous. In practice, this means that serves are never received open-handed.

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played by two teams on a snow court divided by a net. Originating as a variant of beach volleyball, the rules of snow volleyball are similar to the beach game, with the main differences being the playing surface, the scoring system and the number of players. As in the beach version, matches were

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have confirmed the FIVB's claims that the uniforms are practical for a sport played on sand during the heat of summer, with McPeak saying that the two-piece is more comfortable and allows for a greater range of motion while the one-piece has the further problem of trapping sand. British Olympian

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Another factor the server considers is choosing which of the two opposing players to serve the ball to. Because of the three-contact rule, the player who receives the serve will likely also be the attacker, and serving strategies can thus target an opposing player's relative weakness in passing,

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FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical and made of water resistant, flexible material, such that it is appropriate for outdoor conditions. A beach volleyball ball has a circumference of 66–68 cm, a weight of 260–280 g and an inside pressure of 0.175–0.225 kg/cm. In

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for the sport. The FIVB publishes the Official Beach Volleyball Rules every four years, as approved by the FIVB congress, which provides the framework for how beach volleyball is played internationally. The rules have changed through the years: the court size became smaller, side out scoring was

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The most common injuries in beach volleyball are knee, ankle, shoulder and finger injuries. Pain due to overuse of the knee, lower back, and especially shoulder is common as well, but is less prevalent than in indoor volleyball due to the soft landing surface. Acute lost-time injuries are also

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Beach volleyball culture includes the people, language, fashion, and life surrounding the sport of modern beach volleyball. With its origins in Hawaii and California, beach volleyball is strongly associated with a casual, beach-centric lifestyle. As it developed nearly in parallel with modern

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In early 2012, the FIVB announced it would allow shorts (maximum length 3 cm (1.2 in) above the knee) and sleeved tops at the London 2012 Olympics. The federation spokesman said that "many of these countries have religious and cultural requirements so the uniform needed to be more

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A fault is committed when a referee judges that a team has made a playing action that violates the rules. When a team commits a fault, the opposing team receives a point and gains the right to serve. If both teams commit a fault simultaneously, the point is replayed. Common faults include:

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Beach volleyball is played on a rectangular sand court. The court is 16 m (52.5 ft) long and 8 m (26.2 ft) wide, surrounded by a clear space, which is at least 3 m (9.8 ft) wide on all sides. The minimum height clearance for beach volleyball courts is 7 m

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and "penetrate" the opposing team's side as much as possible to take away more hitting angles. Blockers may also attempt a shot block, where instead of maximum penetration across the net, the blocker reaches with their hands as high as possible to achieve maximum height above the net.

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When receiving an opponent's hard-driven attack, a double contact (provided both contacts occur in a single action) and/or a slight lift of the ball is allowed. In particular, in defensive action of a hard driven ball, the ball can be held momentarily overhand with the fingers.

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A set is won by the first team to reach 21 points (15 points in the deciding final set) with a two-point advantage. Thus, if the score is 20–all (or 14–all in a final set) or at any tie hereafter, whoever scores two straight points wins. A match is won by whoever wins two sets.

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reduced the standard internal pressure for a beach volleyball ball from the indoor standard of 0.30–0.325 kgf/cm to 0.175–0.225 kgf/cm, and increased the standard circumference of the beach volleyball ball from the indoor standard of 65–67 cm to 66–68 cm.

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in Rio de Janeiro, with a prize purse of US$ 22,000. It was won by Sinjin Smith and Randy Stoklos. In 1989, the first FIVB-sanctioned international circuit, called the World Series, was organized with men's tournaments in Brazil, Italy and Japan. The FIVB and its

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in the 1930s as it was an inexpensive activity. The sport also began to appear in Europe during this time. By the 1940s, doubles tournaments were being played on the beaches of Santa Monica for trophies. In 1948 the first tournament to offer a prize was held in

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were early adopters of the game. Records of regular games in clubs can be found as early as the 1920s. Given the outdoor nature of naturism, a beach version of volleyball was naturally adopted. By the 1960s, a volleyball court could be found in almost all

1328:(FIVB). The inaugural tour was held in 1997, replacing the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Series that began in 1989 for men and 1992 for women. World Tour tournaments are ranked from 1 to 5 stars, with 5-star tournaments offering the most prize money. The 1752:

become NCAA's 90th Championship sport. Beach volleyball became a fully sanctioned NCAA championship sport in the 2015–2016 school year, following votes by leaders of all three NCAA divisions to launch a single all-divisions national championship.

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Teams switch ends of the court after every seven points (sets 1 and 2) and five points (set 3) played. There is a technical time-out when the total points of both teams add up to 21. Each team may also request one additional time-out per set.

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Open hand: The blocker should read the attack and block "ball", deciding how to block based upon the opposing team's set, and the hitter's approach and arm-swing technique. Similarly, the defender has free rein to read the attack and defend

4545: 1088:: The blocker should spread their arms as wide as possible over the net for a "spread block", thus blocking all hard hits that travel low over the net. The defender's responsibility is to dig any shot that goes over or around the block. 343: 1069:

Two fingers: The blocker should block an opponent's "angle" hit, or a ball hit hard diagonally across the court. The defender's responsibility is to dig all "line" attacks, as well as run down any "angle" shot that goes high over the

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Note: For some teams, closed fist and open hand signals have the opposite meaning of blocking. If the partner is showing the closed fist the blocker should block "ball" and open hand means that the blocker should "pull off" the net.

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One finger: The blocker should block an opponent's "line" hit, or a ball hit hard towards the nearest sideline. The defender's responsibility is to dig all "angle" attacks, as well as run down any "line" shot that goes high over the

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was seen attending a match. In 1974, there was an indoor tournament: "The $ 1500.00 World Indoor Two-Man Volleyball Championship" played in front of 4,000 volleyball enthusiast at the San Diego Sports Arena. Fred Zuelich teamed with

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Playing surface: Beach volleyball is played on sand courts instead of hard courts as in indoor volleyball. The softer sand makes it more difficult for players to move and jump, but also reduces the likelihood of injuries such as

864: 862: 858: 857: 202:, the objective of the game is to send the ball over the net and to ground it on the opponent's side of the court. Each team also works in unison to prevent the opposing team from grounding the ball on their side of the court. 863: 963:

A defender's responsibility is to position oneself in the backcourt area not covered by the block, so as to dig the hard-driven spike or chase down the soft shot. Agility, speed and digging skills are important factors in

4627: 287:, at the Outrigger Canoe Club. According to a 1978 interview with an Outrigger Canoe Club member, George David "Dad" Center put a net up there, and the first recorded game of beach volleyball took place. In 1920, new 957:

A blocker is positioned at the net and is responsible for taking away part of the court (e.g. line or angle) with their block. Height, jumping ability, timing and positioning are important factors in blocking.

1974:. A large (over 70 teams) nude volleyball tournament has been held each fall since 1971 at White Thorn Lodge in western Pennsylvania, and several smaller tournaments occur each year throughout North America. 861: 823:

Switching sides: Teams switch ends of the court every seven points (every five points on a deciding set). This ensures that neither team has an advantage due to environmental factors such as wind and sun

1581:. The AVP tour is not FIVB-approved and has had conflicts with the FIVB in the 1980s and 1990s over regulations and sponsorship, leading to an initial boycott of FIVB events by the top American players. 767:

Court size: A beach volleyball court is 8 m × 16 m (26.2 ft × 52.5 ft), slightly smaller than the 9 m × 18 m (29.5 ft × 59.1 ft) indoor court.

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According to current FIVB rules, female beach volleyball players have the option of playing in shorts or a one-piece swimsuit. Most players, however, prefer the two-piece bikini. Competitors such as

1941:. The beach bum archetype is one such example. Professional beach volleyball matches often have a "party atmosphere", with loud music, announcers and dancers in between points and during time-outs. 5130: 1516: 1276: 1220:

Players often decide against blocking (if the opposing team's pass and set are not in a good position to produce a spike attack) and instead opt to retreat and play defense. This skill is known as

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is a similar skill to passing, but the term is not used to describe receiving the serve or a free ball, but rather refers to an attempt to prevent an opponent's attack hit from touching the court.

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The set is the second team contact, and its purpose is to position the ball for an attack on the third hit. Similar to a pass, the ball can be set with either a forearm pass technique, known as a

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attempts to prevent the attacking team from directing the ball into their court: a player at the net jumps and reaches above the top (and if possible, across the plane) of the net to

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signed on as sponsor and the prize purse. The event was successful and Cuervo funded an expansion the next year to three events. The California Pro Beach Tour debuted with events in

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to defeat Ron Von Hagen and Matt Gage in the championship match, Winston Cigarettes was the sponsor. Dennis Hare went on to write the first book on the subject of beach volleyball:

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Some countries also have domestic professional tours, but only FIVB-approved national tours can award FIVB ranking points. As of 2017, there are 21 FIVB-approved national tours.

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Closed fist: No block should be attempted for the opponent on that side of the court. The blocker should thus "pull-off" the net and play backcourt defense with the defender.

4217: 328:. In the 1960s, an attempt to start a professional volleyball league was made in Santa Monica. It failed, but a professional tournament was held in France for 30,000 French 4011: 1834: 1782: 712:

and the scoring system was changed from sideout scoring, wherein only the serving team can score a point, to rally scoring, wherein a point is scored on every serve. The

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At the professional level, the sport remained fairly obscure until the 1980s when beach volleyball experienced a surge in popularity with high-profile players such as

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claimed that the regulation uniform is intended to be "sexy" and to draw attention. Other players have argued that the bikini is tied to the sport's "beach culture".

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has 47 international tournaments with a total prize purse of over US$ 7 million. Competing in the World Tour as well as other FIVB-recognized tournaments such as the

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by the receiving player's teammate so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot where the receiving player can hit it, and third by the receiving player who

716:(AVP) adopted the FIVB's rule changes that same year, which upset many of the sport's purists at the time. The new rules were officially adopted by the FIVB in 2002. 2985: 2188: 5276: 461: 5095: 1005:

as two hits, and either player may make the next contact. When two players from opposing teams contact the ball simultaneously over the net, in what is known as a

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the attacked ball. If the ball is hit around, above, or through the block, the defensive player positioned behind the blocker attempts to control the ball with a

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Giatsis, George; Tili, Maria; Zetou, Eleni (2011). "The height of the women's winners FIVB Beach Volleyball in relation to specialization and court dimensions".

1952:. And much like surfers, beach volleyball players are at the mercy of the weather; patterns of play often develop based on weather conditions like sun and wind. 1000:

Two opposing players simultaneously contact the ball above the net with open hands, known as a "joust". The receiving team is entitled to another three contacts.

860: 5236: 5231: 5010: 5005: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1012: 996: 802: 533: 529: 4975: 4915: 4835: 4806: 3928: 3903: 3877: 3814: 3778: 3739: 3701: 3614: 3362: 3331: 3155: 3115: 3083: 2698: 2660: 2581: 2282: 2238: 1325: 1247: 704: 545: 489: 230: 56: 4363:, Rule 5.1.1: "A player's equipment consists of shorts or a bathing suit. A jersey or 'tank-top' is optional except when specified in Tournament Regulations." 5718: 4947: 4828: 3206: 5185: 5104: 5022: 3051: 460:. Kiraly won an Olympic gold medal in beach volleyball in its first Olympic appearance in 1996, adding that to the two Olympic golds he won as part of the 5069: 3610: 3151: 3079: 1262: 5243: 5202: 5180: 4985: 1651: 1643: 4170: 5154: 5017: 5000: 2083: 1663: 1530: 1467: 1283: 501: 238: 2741: 846:

Each team has one time out per set, and there is an official time out in first and second sets when the score sums up 21 total points for both teams.

4594: 1740: 4372: 3851: 1845: 5158: 4995: 4940: 3440: 3306: 2078: 1759:(NAIA) approved women's collegiate beach volleyball as an "emerging sport" with 16 NAIA institutions fielding teams in the 2019–2020 school year. 1720: 1631: 1574: 1563: 1534: 1510: 1333: 713: 493: 426: 4356: 2124: 429:(AVP) was founded. In 1987 the Women's Professional Volleyball Association was founded and lasted until 1997 when the women joined the AVP tour. 405:. In 1978 Wilk formed a sports promotion company named Event Concepts with Craig Masuoka and moved the World Championship of Beach Volleyball to 379:

The first professional beach volleyball tournament was the Olympia World Championship of Beach Volleyball, staged on Labor Day weekend, 1976, at

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Some competitive teams have no specializations, with the two players taking turns blocking and playing defense. This style of play is known as

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Although the serve can be used as an offensive weapon, most rallies are won by the receiving team, as they have the first attack opportunity.

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flexible". In fact, the weather was so cold for the evening games at London 2012 that the players sometimes had to wear shirts and leggings.

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Environment: The beach game is often played outdoors, and environmental factors such as wind, rain and sun affect beach players' strategies.

573:(23.0 ft). The sand should be as leveled as possible and free of potential hazards such as rocks that could cause injuries to players. 5040: 4980: 4275: 1486: 1337: 3355: 893:

individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively except after a block touch. The three contacts usually consist first of the

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since 1991. The tour consists of the main Open Circuit and a Challenger Circuit. Each season concludes with the Superpraia championship.

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is said to be playing on the on-hand side, while a player playing on the same side as their handedness is playing on the off-hand side.

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to return the ball over the net. The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as described is said to be on

3732: 2653: 1538: 909:(jumping, raising one arm above the head and hitting the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court) or 787:

Coaching during matches is not allowed, although exceptions are given for junior tournaments and can only occur when switching sides.

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Lim, Desmond. "What's that tape; Athletes use therapy tape that's said to provide pain relief and support for muscles and joints".

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The pass is the first of a team's 3 allowed contacts. In indoor volleyball, passing involves two main techniques: forearm pass, or

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A touch off the block counts as one of the three allowed touches, and either player may make the subsequent touch after the block.

5218: 5134: 5114: 5109: 1520: 1496: 1345: 1321: 505: 332:. In the 1950s, the first Brazilian beach volleyball tournament was held, sponsored by a newspaper publishing company. The first 242: 4292: 1109:

There are several basic skills competitive players need to master: serving, passing, setting, attacking, blocking, and digging.

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the end of the year, however, Event Concepts was forced out of the sport by a players' strike at the World Championship and the

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every two years, held since 1997. The World Championships have a 48-team main draw and prize purse of US$ 500,000 per gender.

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The main differences in the rules of beach and indoor volleyball for international competitions governed by the FIVB include:

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The game continues in this manner, rallying back and forth, until the ball touches the court or until a fault is committed.

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Open hand tips and dinks are not allowed in two-man beach volleyball as they would allow players to score points too easily.

2336: 2303: 5223: 4015: 2993: 2414: 2181: 1589: 793:

No restrictions on which players can attack from which locations (as for back-row players or liberos in indoor volleyball)

5663: 4318: 744:. However, there are several differences between the two games that affect players' strategies, gameplay and techniques. 476:, Brazil. In 1986, the first international beach volleyball exhibition was held in Rio de Janeiro with 5,000 spectators. 4476: 1596: 1057:

signals for an "angle" block for the opposing player on the left and a "line" block for the opposing player on the right

561: 337: 4882: 4037: 4431: 1588:, previously known as the Smart Beach Tour, is the top domestic tour and is FIVB-approved. It is the organized by the 1016:

Open-handed tips/dinks are not allowed. Players may instead use their knuckles to attack the ball for a "pokey" shot.

5166: 1193: 724: 465: 1912:, only one Muslim country fielded a team in the women's competition, amid concerns the uniform was inappropriate. 947:

While there are no fixed positions, competitive players generally have specialized defensive and offensive roles.

5693: 5190: 4247: 4122: 3173: 2213: 418: 406: 3522: 1554: 2496: 2013:. Interest in this tape has surged after American beach volleyball player and three-time Olympic gold medalist 2010: 1905: 1679: 636: 414: 292: 218: 2602: 1743:(NCAA) began sponsoring women's beach volleyball as an "emerging sport". Initially, it was sponsored only for 1610: 588: 4856: 2455: 2388: 1655: 1647: 380: 4663:. Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing Company, Inc. pp. Illustration Plate following p. 188. 2362: 5138: 3237: 3174:"The height of the men's winners FIVB Beach Volleyball in relation to specialization and court dimensions" 2844:

Bahr, Roald; Reeser, Jonathan (2003). "Injuries Among World-Class Professional Beach Volleyball Players".

2751: 1853:

uniforms, such as comfort while playing on sand during hot weather. Photo shows US national team players (

513: 508:

were held the following year. By 1998, the sport had been added to other multi-sport events including the

4908: 868:

A typical beach volleyball rally at the 2012 Summer Olympics, consisting of a serve, pass, set and attack

296:

in the Santa Monica area, beginning in late 1922. The first inter-club competitions were staged in 1924.

5703: 5650: 5578: 5563: 5309: 4192: 3580: 2030: 1982: 1924: 1687: 1138: 1133: 1049: 549: 517: 388: 299: 234: 51: 1881:

that were no longer than 20 cm (7.9 in) above the knees. This drew the ire of some athletes.

679:

Assisted hit: a player uses a teammate or any object as support to hit the ball within the playing area

580:

Two side lines and two end lines, measuring 5 cm (2.0 in) wide, delineate the playing court.

4352: 2519:

Moore, David. "One last day at the beach; There's no one like Kiraly, the retiring volleyball legend".

2234: 2117: 1719:

women's beach volleyball team poses with the National Championship trophy after winning the inaugural

5521: 5449: 5400: 5162: 3818: 3467: 2018: 2014: 1635: 1618: 1585: 1578: 694:

Net touch: a player touches the net between the antennae or the antenna itself while playing the ball

691:

Foot fault: a player's foot touches the court (including the end line) before or during a service hit

566: 333: 226: 3961: 3943: 3635: 3242: 1904:

Some conservative cultures have expressed religious objections to the swimsuit as a uniform. At the

259: 5573: 5469: 5464: 5405: 5319: 5081: 3398: 2721:"A New Beachhead After years of infighting nearly killed it, beach volleyball is trying a comeback" 2003: 1830: 1614: 682:

Double contact: when a player contacts the ball two times consecutively, except after a block touch

4397: 4331: 3581:"BEACH VOLLEYBALL TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS: A COMPARISON OF MALE AND FEMALE PLAYING CHARACTERISTICS" 1156: 1041:

Block signals may also be given during a rally while the opposing team is preparing their attack.

732:, beach volleyball is played on soft sand which makes it safer for players to dive. Picture shows 5341: 4537:"London 2012 Olympics: female beach volleyball players permitted to wear less revealing uniforms" 4517: 2879: 2725: 1387: 1299: 509: 121: 4595:"Keeping the party going - the rise and rise of beach volleyball at successive summer Olympiads" 784:

on court also results in the utilization of a wider variety of attack shots in beach volleyball.

2694: 843:

A ball set over the net as an attack must travel perpendicularly to the player's shoulder line.

5677: 5646: 5491: 5048: 4775: 4606: 4480: 3991: 3592: 3502: 3255: 3198: 2943: 2925: 2871: 2863: 2524: 2042: 1691: 1639: 1295: 1026: 820:

Scoring system: Matches are best of 3 sets played to 21 points (15 points for a deciding set).

807: 770: 741: 729: 603: 352: 276: 272: 199: 141: 131: 5324: 5286: 4698: 4509: 3247: 3188: 2933: 2917: 2855: 1909: 1873:

becoming the required uniform for both men and women. Women were required to wear two-piece

1744: 1671: 758: 492:

began organizing worldwide professional tournaments and laid the groundwork for the sport's

316: 179: 103: 3924: 2817: 676:

Four hits: when a team uses more than three contacts before returning the ball over the net

336:

was held in 1960, a tournament which grew in prestige to become, in the eyes of some, the "

5511: 5506: 4788: 4380: 4360: 4340: 3107: 2537: 2278: 2054: 1961: 1748: 1711: 1577:(AVP) is the main domestic professional tour, organizing tournaments annually such as the 1189: 364: 348: 840:

It is legal to cross under the net as long as it does not interfere with opponents' play.

4702: 3436: 5630: 5625: 5496: 5356: 5314: 5304: 5290: 4500:

Bissell, Kimberly; Duke, Andera (2007). "Bump, Set, Spike: An Analysis of Commentary".

3028: 2989: 2938: 2903: 2073: 1971: 1908:, rules were adjusted to require less revealing shorts and cropped sports tops. At the 1854: 1291: 972:

and allows teams to conserve energy since the demand for energy on the sand is higher.

521: 473: 437: 222: 3327: 1478:

The five regional governing bodies also organize Continental Tours and Championships:

5687: 5615: 5516: 5417: 5410: 5395: 4521: 4296: 3986:

Wise, Aaron N.; Meyer, Bruce S. (23 May 1997). "The Internationalization of Sports".

3276: 592: 484: 453: 401:

magazine staged the event the next year at the same location, this time sponsored by

280: 210: 161: 75: 2009:

relatively rare in beach volleyball compared to other team sports. Many players use

5596: 5531: 5501: 5474: 5444: 5432: 5378: 5373: 4742: 4075: 3844:"AVC Launches the 2018 AVC and FIVB Beach Volleyball Competition Calendar in Asian" 3302: 2883: 2060: 1995: 1991: 1938: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1858: 1509:(since 1993), which consists of Satellite and Masters events, culminating with the 1342: 1054: 932:(usually a forearm pass). After a successful dig, the team transitions to offense. 457: 449: 402: 304: 4717: 4097: 761:. Footwear is not required and players usually play barefoot or with "sand socks". 4932: 3547: 2859: 1546:

national federation can send to the World Championships and the Summer Olympics.

1009:, the team whose side the ball ends up on is entitled to another three contacts. 387:

magazine, based in Santa Barbara. The winners, the first "world champions", were

5385: 4568:"Beach volleyball but not beach weather: Aussies lose close match as cold bites" 2746: 2340: 2311: 1987: 1949: 1785:(UAAP). In the NCAA, it is contested at both the high school and college level. 1716: 733: 525: 410: 369: 360: 321: 174: 17: 3277:"The Ultimate Guide To Beach Volleyball – Rules, Techniques, Tips & Tricks" 2418: 1324:

is the international professional tour for both men and women organized by the

5551: 5459: 5390: 5351: 5329: 4860: 4310: 3899: 1085: 985: 392: 254: 191: 117: 5254: 4689:

Weinberg, M. S. (1967). "The Nudist Camp: Way of Life and Social Structure".

3596: 3259: 3202: 2929: 2921: 2867: 221:, where the first volleyball courts were put up on the beach. It has been an 5568: 5546: 5536: 5346: 5056: 4602: 4272:"Here's Why the USA Women's Volleyball Team Refuses to Stop Wearing Bikinis" 4045: 3432: 3251: 3193: 2822: 2695:"The Game - Beach Volleyball Rules: MAJOR CHANGES IN BEACH VOLLEYBALL RULES" 1382: 881: 44:

The blocker (left) attempts to stop the opposing team's attack over the net.

4373:

FIVB: Olympic Beach Volleyball Tournaments Specific Competition Regulations

2947: 2875: 2603:

https://www.wilson.com/en-us/blog/volleyball/how-tos/beach-volleyball-rules

383:

in Pacific Palisades, California. The event was organized by David Wilk of

4513: 4173:(Press release). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 17 January 2015 5610: 5605: 5601: 5481: 5427: 5422: 5368: 4171:"NCAA DII, DIII membership approves Sand Volleyball as 90th championship" 1966: 1870: 872:

The teams start on opposite sides of the net. One team is designated the

790:

Aside from alternating service order, there are no player-specific rules

3874:"New FIVB-CEV joint venture incorporates European circuit in World Tour" 39: 5526: 5439: 5336: 4883:"New Snow Volleyball rules approved and ready for Moscow season-opener" 4632: 4446:"Denise Johns: There is more to beach volleyball than girls in bikinis" 3900:"Qualification - FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships Vienna 2017" 1934: 469: 441: 67: 3873: 950:

On defense, players may specialize as either a blocker or a defender:

5620: 5541: 5363: 3808:"FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships 2017—Hosting Requirements" 2103: 1945: 1878: 1874: 1850: 1592:

and each season ends with the German Beach Volleyball Championships.

1246:

The primary international governing body for beach volleyball is the

329: 284: 264: 214: 71: 3328:"Here is your source to get familiar with Beach Volleyball's jargon" 2492: 1485:(AVC) organizes the AVC Beach Volleyball Tour, culminating with the 667:

A beach volleyball referee determines if a fault has been committed.

315:

Beach volleyball grew in popularity in the United States during the

3698:"New tournaments to take beach volleyball further than ever before" 1944:

Fashion often extends from the clothing worn during play, like the

810:, a touch off the block counts as one of the three allowed touches. 2774: 1923: 1844: 1777:

Beach volleyball is a men's and women's championship sport in the

1609: 1553: 1132: 1011: 995: 662: 641: 630: 587: 560: 431: 359:

In the meantime, beach volleyball gained popularity: in the 1960s

342: 325: 298: 288: 2392: 5486: 5454: 1866: 1078:

bait the opponent into a hard "angle" hit or a high "line" shot.

975:

On offense, players tend to specialize in playing on either the

480: 395:. They split US$ 2,500 out of a total prize purse of US$ 5,000. 195: 5258: 4936: 3152:"FIVB Beach Volleyball Drill Book:The Block and Defense Behind" 1457: 1443: 1429: 1418: 1407: 1393: 2904:"Strategies for the prevention of volleyball related injuries" 464:, In the 1980s, the sport gained popularity on the beaches of 4829:"Official Beach Volleyball Rules (Version 4 vs 4): 2018–2019" 4293:"Bikini blues – Beach volleyball makes the swimsuit standard" 3356:"RULES OF THE GAME - BEACH VOLLEYBALL CASEBOOK: 2017 Edition" 1517:

North, Central America and Caribbean Volleyball Confederation

1277:

North, Central America and Caribbean Volleyball Confederation

1029:

and beach volleyball strongly affect tactics and techniques.

888:

For each point, a player from the serving team initiates the

2182:"FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour Format Overview 2017-2020" 984:

body. A player who is playing on the opposite side of their

635:

Officials keep score during a beach volleyball match at the

618:

the court, such that no positional faults can be committed.

4146:"Sand volleyball to become Association's 90th championship" 3523:"Beach Volleyball Serve Serving Skills for Sand Volleyball" 2442:

The Manhattan Beach Open: The Wimbledon of Beach Volleyball

1630:

Men and women's beach volleyball has been contested in the

688:

Service order fault: a team serves out of the service order

4193:"Beach Volleyball Named Emerging Sport at NAIA Convention" 1603:) is the main national tour. It has been organized by the 1499:(CAVB) organizes the Africa Beach Volleyball Championship. 1232:

off the net, and is almost exclusive to beach volleyball.

796:

No positional faults: players may switch positions at will

4857:"Snow volleyball hopes to stake claim in Winter Olympics" 1937:, beach volleyball culture shares some similarities with 1928:

Dancers during a match at the 2012 FIVB Moscow Grand Slam

1200:

A beach volleyball attack can be categorized as either a

4473:

Qualifying Times: Points of Change in U.S. Women's Sport

4243:"LOOK: Updated UAAP Season 80 beach volleyball schedule" 4012:"Die Techniker Beach Tour 2018 mit drei neuen Tourorten" 1901:

a greater impact on fans than their actual athleticism.

263:

Beach volleyball players at the Outrigger Canoe Club in

1294:

is the governing body for beach volleyball, as well as

1074:

bait the opponent into a hard "line" hit or a cut shot.

5661: 4628:"Chinese learn to party at Olympics beach volleyball" 4398:"Olympic Uniforms: Less Clothing Means Better Result" 3499:

Youth Volleyball: The Guide for Coaches & Parents

347:

A beach volleyball game between members of President

279:. Beach volleyball most likely originated in 1915 on 3052:"EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT VOLLEYBALL BALLS" 1795:

European Universities Beach Volleyball Championships

5589: 5297: 5211: 5173: 5149: 5125: 5088: 5064: 5031: 4593:Trenberth, Linda; Hassan, David (15 October 2011). 3350: 3348: 3024:"Indoor Court vs. Beach Volleyball Rule Comparison" 2775:"Eight Reasons Why You Should Try Beach Volleyball" 209:Beach volleyball most likely originated in 1915 on 173: 160: 152: 147: 137: 127: 112: 102: 94: 86: 81: 62: 49: 4535: 3391: 2689: 2687: 2685: 1783:University Athletic Association of the Philippines 4391: 4389: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2578:"2017-2020 OFFICIAL RULES AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD" 1869:standardized beach volleyball uniforms, with the 1757:National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics 217:, while the modern two-player game originated in 4125:. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2011 3271: 3269: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 1849:US women's team has cited several advantages to 1769:NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship (Philippines) 528:. In 2001, the FIVB began organizing the annual 4353:FIVB: Official BEACH VOLLEYBALL Rules 2009–2012 3988:International Sports Law and Business, Volume 1 3497:Zartman, Sharkie; Zartman, Pat (19 June 2006). 2363:"NET GAINS - THE EVOLUTION OF BEACH VOLLEYBALL" 685:Catch/lift: a player catches or throws the ball 3766: 3764: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3102: 3100: 3080:"FIVB Beach Volleyball Drill Book: The Attack" 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2979: 2977: 2417:. Volleyball.org. 21 July 1983. Archived from 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 1735:List of NCAA women's beach volleyball programs 1638:. It is also contested in other international 736:of the United States diving to "dig" the ball. 363:tried playing in Los Angeles and US president 307:, where the modern two-man version originated. 5270: 4948: 4909:"Snow Volleyball Rules of the Game 2018–2020" 3925:"Directory of FIVB-recognized National Tours" 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3074: 3072: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2331: 2329: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 740:Beach volleyball is fundamentally similar to 534:FIVB Beach Volleyball U19 World Championships 530:FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships 194:played by two teams of two players each on a 8: 3944:"AVP ANNOUNCES 2018 PRO BEACH TOUR SCHEDULE" 3167: 3165: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 1173:, or an overhand pass technique, known as a 32: 4761: 4759: 4212: 4210: 3772:"FIVB Sports Regulations: Beach Volleyball" 3733:"FIVB Sports Regulations: Beach Volleyball" 3611:"FIVB Beach Volleyball Drill Book: The Set" 3393:"Rio 2016 Olympics: Beach volleyball guide" 2654:"OFFICIAL BEACH VOLLEYBALL RULES 2017-2020" 2187:. Fédération Internationale de Volleyball. 1601:pt:Circuito Brasileiro de Voleibol de Praia 1250:(FIVB). The regional governing bodies are: 1141:making a forearm pass, also known as a bump 324:. It awarded the best teams with a case of 5277: 5263: 5255: 4955: 4941: 4933: 4803:"Beach Volleyball 4x4 – Rules of the Game" 4718:"No shirts, no shorts... lots of service!" 3492: 3490: 3488: 2552:"The History of FIVB and Beach Volleyball" 1829:Beach volleyball is also contested at the 31: 3990:. Kluwer Law International. p. 680. 3241: 3192: 2937: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2084:List of American beach volleyball players 1468:FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships 502:FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships 239:FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships 4599:Managing Sport Business: An Introduction 3662:"Beach Volleyball - Peeling off the Net" 2456:"Beach Volleyball Equipment and History" 1981: 1779:National Collegiate Athletic Association 1741:National Collegiate Athletic Association 1710: 1184: 1155: 1100: 1048: 885:a set is maintained throughout the set. 854: 801: 723: 258: 5699:Sports originating in the United States 5668: 4916:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 4836:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 4807:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3929:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3904:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3878:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3815:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3779:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3740:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3702:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3615:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3441:Association of Volleyball Professionals 3363:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3332:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3307:Association of Volleyball Professionals 3156:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3116:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 3084:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2699:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 2661:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 2582:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 2283:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 2239:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 2095: 2079:Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics 1721:2016 NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship 1575:Association of Volleyball Professionals 1535:South American Beach Volleyball Circuit 1511:European Beach Volleyball Championships 1363:No. of teams in main draw (per gender) 1326:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 1248:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 901:by the receiving player, second of the 714:Association of Volleyball Professionals 705:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 546:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 427:Association of Volleyball Professionals 421:and the World Championship in Redondo. 231:Fédération Internationale de Volleyball 5143:Central American & Caribbean Games 4784: 4773: 4343:, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 4321:from the original on 17 December 2018. 4295:. CNN. 13 January 1999. Archived from 3579:Koch, Christina; Tilp, Markus (2009). 3548:"Beach Volleyball: Our complete guide" 3501:. Writer's Digest Books. p. 174. 2533: 2522: 2130:from the original on 20 September 2009 1531:Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol 1284:Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol 646:A linesman signals that a ball is "in" 255:Volleyball § Origin of volleyball 3527:strength-and-power-for-volleyball.com 3468:"Beach Volleyball Blocking Calls 101" 3230:Journal of Human Sport & Exercise 3181:Journal of Human Sport & Exercise 3172:Tili, Maria; Giatsis, George (2011). 3022:Diranian, Susan (11 September 2017). 2902:Reeser, JC; et al. (July 2006). 1263:Confédération Africaine de Volleyball 597:2017 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour 483:-sanctioned tournament was played on 7: 4548:from the original on 12 January 2022 3788:from the original on 27 January 2018 3749:from the original on 2 February 2017 3406:from the original on 12 January 2022 2805:from the original on 4 October 2013. 2719:Anderson, Kelli (3 September 2001). 2670:from the original on 5 February 2017 2499:from the original on 27 October 2021 1739:In the 2010–2011 academic year, the 1660:Central American and Caribbean Games 1487:Asian Beach Volleyball Championships 5719:Games and sports introduced in 1915 4703:10.17730/humo.26.3.t61k16213r005707 2986:"Hosting a Successful Beach Clinic" 2847:American Journal of Sports Medicine 2162:from the original on 4 October 2013 1799:European Universities Championships 198:court divided by a net. Similar to 4218:"Profile: The NCAA Member Schools" 4123:"Emerging Sports: Sand Volleyball" 4102:Brazilian Volleyball Confederation 4072:Brazilian Volleyball Confederation 4042:Brazilian Volleyball Confederation 3942:Keith, Braden (28 November 2017). 2909:British Journal of Sports Medicine 2415:"Volleyball – General Information" 2337:"Sneak Preview: The Sands of Time" 2304:"Sneak Preview: The Sands of Time" 2194:from the original on 20 March 2018 1877:, while men were required to wear 1773:UAAP Beach Volleyball Championship 1729:NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship 1605:Brazilian Volleyball Confederation 1597:Brazilian Beach Volleyball Circuit 1275:North and Central America – 1242:Category: Volleyball organizations 303:Public beach volleyball courts in 25: 4887:European Volleyball Confederation 4424:"Skimpy bikinis part of the plan" 4311:"Aussies opt for bikini cover-up" 4270:Bonk, Lawrence (11 August 2016). 4144:Johnson, Greg (17 January 2015). 3962:"The history of beach volleyball" 3850:. 23 January 2018. Archived from 3552:European Volleyball Confederation 3437:"Hand Signals 101 with Emily Day" 3212:from the original on 6 July 2017. 3050:Popelka, Jiri (30 January 2017). 2458:. International Olympic Committee 1826:or 5-star event of their choice. 1797:are held annually as part of the 1503:European Volleyball Confederation 1270:European Volleyball Confederation 1025:differences between the rules of 479:In 1987, the first international 271:Beach volleyball is a variant of 237:for the sport, and organizes the 5671: 5285: 5055: 4626:Barrett, Jane (15 August 2008). 4396:Netter, Sarah (18 August 2008). 3372:from the original on 17 May 2017 1617:beach volleyball stadium at the 1562:, one of the tournaments in the 1521:NORCECA Beach Volleyball Circuit 1497:African Volleyball Confederation 1346:FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour 1322:FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour 720:Differences with the indoor game 565:A beach volleyball match at the 506:FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour 275:, which was invented in 1895 by 243:FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour 38: 4502:Journal of Promotion Management 4422:McAsey, Jenny (5 August 2008). 2773:Seims, Dana (15 January 2016). 2742:"Cover Story - Bragging Rights" 2367:International Olympic Committee 2279:"Biography of Beach Volleyball" 4716:Matz, Eddie (9 October 2009). 3848:Asian Volleyball Confederation 1817:. World Championships for the 1809:The FIVB organizes the annual 1507:European Beach Volleyball Tour 1483:Asian Volleyball Confederation 1256:Asian Volleyball Confederation 876:team and opposing team is the 595:VLS300, official ball for the 536:beginning the following year. 1: 4016:German Volleyball Association 3303:"Strategy Chat: Karissa Cook" 3108:"The Game - Beach Volleyball" 2816:Oden, Beverly (25 May 2017). 2481:. Hogar Pub. Co. p. 255. 2440:Couvillon, Arthur R. (2007). 2391:. Bvbinfo.com. Archived from 2339:. Bvbinfo.com. Archived from 1595:In Brazil, the FIVB-approved 1590:German Volleyball Association 4477:University of Illinois Press 4383:, Regulations 24.2 and 24.4. 2860:10.1177/03635465030310010401 2235:"History - Beach volleyball" 2214:"History - Beach Volleyball" 1466:The FIVB also organizes the 548:(FIVB) is the international 233:(FIVB) is the international 3301:Smith, Kim (10 July 2020). 2740:Cody, Kevin (31 May 2001). 2493:"Beach Volleyball Database" 2479:The Art of Beach Volleyball 1160:A player hand sets the ball 436:A beach volleyball game in 374:The Art of Beach Volleyball 5735: 5709:Summer Olympic disciplines 5167:South American Beach Games 3640:missionbeachvolleyball.com 2389:"Beach Volleyball History" 2104:"Beach Volleyball History" 2052: 2028: 2001: 1959: 1766: 1732: 1726: 1573:In the United States, the 1239: 601: 490:continental confederations 252: 5639: 5228:FIVB World Championships 5053: 4971: 4659:Merrill, Frances (1931). 4359:20 September 2009 at the 4248:ABS-CBN Sports and Action 1403: 1381: 1254:Asia and Oceania – 407:Redondo Beach, California 37: 3636:"Beach volleyball slang" 3281:beachvolleyballspace.com 2922:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018234 2818:"Develop Your Sand Legs" 1906:2007 South Pacific Games 1519:(NORCECA) organizes the 992:Characteristics of a hit 751:Facilities and equipment 637:2017 Canada Summer Games 293:Santa Monica, California 219:Santa Monica, California 3252:10.4100/jhse.2011.63.03 3194:10.4100/jhse.2011.63.04 1815:U21 World Championships 1560:2017 Hermosa Beach Open 1558:A women's match at the 1336:allows players to earn 381:Will Rogers State Beach 5159:South American Circuit 5139:Central American Games 5100:European Championships 4991:Records and statistics 4986:Achievements by nation 4743:"NudistVolleyball.com" 4471:Jaime Schultz (2014). 4068:"Etapas do Challenger" 3669:beachvolleyball.com.au 1999: 1929: 1862: 1724: 1622: 1567: 1290:In the United States, 1282:South America – 1197: 1161: 1142: 1122:setting or attacking. 1106: 1058: 1017: 1001: 943:Player specializations 869: 811: 737: 668: 647: 639: 599: 569: 514:Central American Games 445: 356: 340:of Beach Volleyball". 308: 268: 153:Country or region 5714:Volleyball variations 5651:Winter Olympic sports 5579:Greco-Roman wrestling 5291:Summer Olympic sports 4514:10.1300/J057v13n01_04 4339:19 April 2010 at the 4195:. NAIA. 12 April 2019 2477:Hare, Dennis (1981). 2059:Snow volleyball is a 2031:Volleyball variations 2019:2008 Beijing Olympics 1985: 1927: 1920:Lifestyle and culture 1848: 1714: 1613: 1557: 1306:Levels of competition 1188: 1159: 1136: 1105:A player jump serving 1104: 1052: 1015: 999: 867: 805: 727: 666: 645: 634: 591: 564: 518:Southeast Asian Games 462:USA men's indoor team 435: 351:'s vacation party at 346: 302: 262: 5590:Discretionary sports 5163:South American Games 5074:African Championship 4434:on 8 September 2008. 4379:21 June 2007 at the 4098:"Sobre o Superpraia" 3966:beachmajorseries.com 3781:. 30 November 2017. 2395:on 19 September 2012 2036:4x4 beach volleyball 1861:) in their uniforms. 1619:2012 Summer Olympics 1586:Techniker Beach Tour 1579:Manhattan Beach Open 1533:(CSV) organizes the 1505:(CEV) organizes the 1194:Fábio Luiz Magalhães 1045:Common block signals 567:2008 Summer Olympics 334:Manhattan Beach Open 227:1996 Summer Olympics 5574:Freestyle wrestling 5470:Rhythmic gymnastics 5465:Artistic gymnastics 5186:Mediterranean Games 5082:African Beach Games 5001:World Championships 3742:. 1 December 2016. 3399:The Daily Telegraph 3158:. 2011. p. 81. 2754:on 21 December 2015 2558:on 16 November 2017 2421:on 3 September 2017 2004:Volleyball injuries 1956:Naturist volleyball 1841:Uniform controversy 1831:Youth Olympic Games 1615:Horse Guards Parade 1356: 1338:FIVB Ranking Points 52:governing body 34: 5244:Summer Universiade 5203:Pan American Games 5181:Commonwealth Games 5041:Asian Championship 4889:. 18 December 2018 4863:. 27 February 2017 4691:Human Organization 4674:Merrill, Frances. 4572:The Canberra Times 4317:. 5 January 2000. 4278:on 15 August 2016. 4018:. 19 February 2018 3880:. 26 February 2018 3660:Anfiloff, Victor. 2793:"Volleyball Rules" 2726:Sports Illustrated 2314:on 8 December 2015 2000: 1930: 1863: 1725: 1652:Pan American Games 1644:Commonwealth Games 1640:multi-sport events 1626:Multi-sport events 1623: 1568: 1388:Single-elimination 1343: 1300:sitting volleyball 1198: 1192:attempts to block 1162: 1143: 1107: 1059: 1018: 1002: 870: 812: 738: 703:In the 1990s, the 699:Major rule changes 669: 648: 640: 600: 570: 532:, with the annual 510:Pan American Games 446: 403:Schlitz Light Beer 357: 309: 269: 98:2 or more per side 5659: 5658: 5647:Paralympic sports 5492:Modern pentathlon 5320:Marathon Swimming 5252: 5251: 5049:Asian Beach Games 5018:World Beach Games 4783:Missing or empty 4722:ESPN The Magazine 4676:Nudism wing p. 57 4661:Among The Nudists 4544:. 27 March 2012. 4299:on 9 August 2015. 4100:(in Portuguese). 4070:(in Portuguese). 4040:(in Portuguese). 3704:. 8 November 2017 3472:betteratbeach.com 3056:volleycountry.com 2584:. 18 January 2017 2532:Missing or empty 2343:on 13 August 2012 2043:World Beach Games 1692:Asian Beach Games 1464: 1463: 1376:World Tour Finals 1354: 1027:indoor volleyball 865: 808:indoor volleyball 742:indoor volleyball 730:indoor volleyball 627:Point, set, match 604:Volleyball (ball) 353:Key West, Florida 277:William G. Morgan 273:indoor volleyball 200:indoor volleyball 185: 184: 142:Volleyball jargon 16:(Redirected from 5726: 5694:Beach volleyball 5676: 5675: 5674: 5667: 5557:Beach volleyball 5298:Mandatory sports 5289: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5256: 5059: 5032:Asia and Oceania 4965:beach volleyball 4957: 4950: 4943: 4934: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4833: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4809:. 4 October 2019 4799: 4793: 4792: 4786: 4781: 4779: 4771: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4640:on 24 March 2018 4636:. Archived from 4623: 4617: 4616: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4539: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4430:. Archived from 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4393: 4384: 4370: 4364: 4350: 4344: 4333:Beach Volleyball 4329: 4323: 4322: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4274:. Archived from 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4251:. 2 October 2017 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4214: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4074:. Archived from 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4048:on 21 March 2019 4044:. Archived from 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3854:on 21 March 2018 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3817:. Archived from 3812: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3787: 3776: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3748: 3737: 3729: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3678:on 14 March 2018 3677: 3671:. Archived from 3666: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3576: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3494: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3464: 3445: 3444: 3429: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3402:. 1 April 2016. 3395: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3371: 3360: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3245: 3225: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3196: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3148: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3076: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3019: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2996:on 21 March 2018 2992:. 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Archived from 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2275: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2231: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2193: 2186: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2161: 2154: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2129: 2122: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2100: 2011:kinesiology tape 1910:2006 Asian Games 1642:, including the 1584:In Germany, the 1357: 1348: 1236:Governing bodies 866: 317:Great Depression 188:Beach volleyball 132:Beach volleyball 108:Single and mixed 42: 35: 33:Beach volleyball 21: 18:Beach Volleyball 5734: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5662: 5660: 5655: 5635: 5585: 5401:Mountain biking 5293: 5283: 5253: 5248: 5219:FIVB World Tour 5207: 5169: 5145: 5135:NORCECA Circuit 5121: 5084: 5060: 5051: 5027: 4967: 4961: 4931: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4782: 4772: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4479:. p. 193. 4470: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4452:. 13 March 2012 4444: 4443: 4439: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4395: 4394: 4387: 4381:Wayback Machine 4371: 4367: 4361:Wayback Machine 4351: 4347: 4341:Wayback Machine 4330: 4326: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4078:on 13 July 2019 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3578: 3577: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3466: 3465: 3448: 3435:(18 May 2017). 3431: 3430: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3243:10.1.1.883.1451 3227: 3226: 3217: 3209: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3150: 3149: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3021: 3020: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2983: 2982: 2955: 2901: 2900: 2891: 2843: 2842: 2831: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2693: 2692: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2608: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2531: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2502: 2500: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2335: 2334: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2277: 2276: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2232: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2070: 2057: 2055:Snow volleyball 2051: 2049:Snow volleyball 2038: 2033: 2027: 2017:wore it at the 2006: 1980: 1978:Common injuries 1964: 1962:Nudity in sport 1958: 1922: 1843: 1807: 1791: 1781:(NCAA) and the 1775: 1765: 1737: 1731: 1709: 1704: 1632:Summer Olympics 1628: 1552: 1476: 1386: 1370: 1360:Event category 1334:Summer Olympics 1330:2018 World Tour 1318: 1313: 1308: 1268:Europe – 1261:Africa – 1244: 1238: 1214: 1190:Phil Dalhausser 1183: 1167: 1139:Maria Antonelli 1131: 1115: 1099: 1047: 1035: 994: 945: 855: 853: 829:Playing actions 722: 701: 661: 629: 624: 615: 606: 586: 559: 542: 365:John F. Kennedy 349:Harry S. Truman 257: 251: 82:Characteristics 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5732: 5730: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5522:Sport climbing 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5366: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5054: 5052: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5023:Youth Olympics 5020: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5008: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4963:International 4962: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4929: 4928: 4900: 4874: 4848: 4820: 4794: 4755: 4734: 4708: 4681: 4666: 4651: 4618: 4612:978-0415570299 4611: 4585: 4574:. 29 July 2012 4559: 4527: 4508:(1–2): 35–53. 4492: 4485: 4463: 4437: 4414: 4385: 4365: 4345: 4324: 4302: 4284: 4262: 4234: 4206: 4184: 4162: 4136: 4114: 4089: 4059: 4038:"Sobre o Open" 4029: 4003: 3996: 3978: 3953: 3934: 3916: 3891: 3865: 3835: 3824:on 1 July 2015 3799: 3760: 3715: 3689: 3652: 3627: 3602: 3564: 3539: 3514: 3507: 3484: 3446: 3417: 3383: 3344: 3319: 3293: 3265: 3236:(3): 497–503. 3215: 3187:(3): 504–510. 3161: 3128: 3096: 3068: 3042: 3029:Livestrong.com 3007: 2990:USA Volleyball 2984:Kessel, John. 2953: 2916:(7): 594–600. 2889: 2854:(1): 119–125. 2829: 2808: 2784: 2765: 2732: 2711: 2681: 2606: 2595: 2569: 2543: 2511: 2484: 2469: 2447: 2432: 2406: 2380: 2354: 2325: 2295: 2251: 2219: 2205: 2173: 2141: 2109: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2074:Beach handball 2069: 2066: 2053:Main article: 2050: 2047: 2037: 2034: 2026: 2023: 1979: 1976: 1972:naturist clubs 1960:Main article: 1957: 1954: 1921: 1918: 1855:Jennifer Fopma 1842: 1839: 1806: 1803: 1790: 1787: 1764: 1761: 1727:Main article: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1627: 1624: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1528: 1514: 1500: 1494: 1475: 1472: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1391: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1292:USA Volleyball 1288: 1287: 1280: 1273: 1266: 1259: 1237: 1234: 1213: 1210: 1182: 1179: 1166: 1163: 1130: 1127: 1114: 1111: 1098: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1046: 1043: 1034: 1031: 993: 990: 970:split blocking 966: 965: 958: 944: 941: 852: 849: 848: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 831: 830: 826: 825: 821: 817: 816: 815:Playing format 800: 799: 798: 797: 794: 788: 785: 780: 779: 775: 774: 768: 765: 762: 753: 752: 721: 718: 700: 697: 696: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 660: 657: 628: 625: 623: 620: 614: 611: 602:Main article: 585: 582: 558: 555: 550:governing body 541: 538: 522:Goodwill Games 474:Rio de Janeiro 250: 247: 235:governing body 183: 182: 177: 171: 170: 164: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 114: 110: 109: 106: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 79: 78: 64: 60: 59: 54: 47: 46: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5731: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5679: 5669: 5665: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5616:Flag football 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5564:Weightlifting 5562: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517:Skateboarding 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5411:Track cycling 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396:Freestyle BMX 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5198:Pacific Games 5196: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5150:South America 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5126:North America 5124: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5078:African Games 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4996:Olympic Games 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4981:World Ranking 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4837: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4790: 4777: 4769: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4622: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4586: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4547: 4543: 4542:The Telegraph 4538: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4486:9780252079740 4482: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4464: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4415: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4369: 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1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1865:In 1999, the 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1755:In 2019, the 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1707:United States 1706: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684:African Games 1681: 1677: 1676:Pacific Games 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1549: 1547: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371:(per gender) 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