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428:, Utah's Territorial Superintendent of Indian Affairs, spent four days in Cache Valley and reported: "The Indians have been in great numbers, in a starving and destitute condition. No provisions having been made for them, either as to clothing or provisions by my predecessors... The Indians condition was such-with the prospect that they would rob mail stations to sustain life." Doty purchased supplies of food and slowly doled it out. He suggested furnishing the Shoshone with livestock to enable them to become herders instead of beggars.
655:. After the federal troops left with Van Ornum and the young boy, McGarry reported to Col. Connor the boy's rescue "without the loss or scratch of man or horse." Bear Hunter complained to the settlers in Cache Valley, arguing they should have helped him against the soldiers. After a confrontation between Bear Hunter, some warriors from his band, and nearly 70 members of the Cache Valley militia, the settlers donated two cows and some flour as the "best and cheapest policy" as compensation.
787:, which left on January 25. As orders specific for this campaign, Connor ordered each soldier to carry "40 rounds of rifle ammunition and 30 rounds of pistol ammunition". This was a total of nearly 16,000 rounds for the campaign. In addition, nearly 200 rounds of artillery shot were brought with the howitzers. As a part of the deception, the cavalry were to travel at night while the infantry moved during the day. Accompanying Connor was the former U.S. Marshal and Mormon scout,
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647:. He and McGarry's men followed the Shoshone as they retreated to nearby Providence Canyon. After the Indians opened fire, McGarry gave the order "to commence firing and to kill every Indian they could see." A skirmish between the Shoshone and the U.S. Army lasted about two hours after the Shoshone established a defensible position in the canyon. Finally, Chief Bear Hunter signaled surrender by climbing a foothill and waving a flag of truce.
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behind. Four
Shoshone warriors were captured and held for ransom, although they did not appear related to the theft. McGarry ordered that these men would be shot if the stock was not delivered by noon the next day. The Shoshone chiefs moved their people further north into Cache Valley. A firing squad executed the captives and dumped their bodies into the Bear River. In an editorial, the
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the white boy. He held Bear Hunter and four warriors hostage. By noon the next day, the
Shoshone returned with a small boy who fit the description of Reuben Van Ornum. Zachias Van Ornum claimed the boy was his nephew and took custody, departing to return to Oregon. The Shoshone protested, claiming that the boy was the son of a French fur trapper and the sister of Shoshone chief
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553:) found his horse missing, he accused a young Shoshone fishing in nearby Summit Creek of having stolen the animal. Robert Thornley, an English immigrant and first resident of Summit Creek, defended the young Indian and testified for him. Nonetheless, a jury of locals convicted him and hanged him for stealing the horse. Local history recorded the Shoshone's name as
409:, Surveyor General of the Territory of Utah, reported in 1856 that the local Shoshone Indians complained that the Mormons used so much of the Cache Valley's resources that the once abundant game no longer appeared. Foraging and hunting by settlers traveling on the western migration trails took additional food sources away from the Shoshone. As early as 1859,
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that they were a part of the same band who had been murdering emigrants on the
Overland Mail Route for the last fifteen years, and the principal actors and leaders in the horrid massacres of the past summer, I determined, although the season was unfavorable to an expedition in consequence of the cold weather and deep snow, to chastise them if possible.
926:, where he floated under some brush until nightfall. Sagwitch's son, Beshup Timbimboo, was shot seven times but survived and was rescued by family members. Other band members hid in the willow brush of the Bear River or tried to act as if they were dead. Sagwitch and other survivors retrieved the wounded and built a fire to warm the survivors.
772:...with ordinary good luck, the volunteers will "wipe them out." ....We wish this community rid of all such parties, and if Col. Connor be successful in reaching that bastard class of humans who play with the lives of the peaceable and law-abiding citizens in this way, we shall be pleased to acknowledge our obligations.
969:, named in honor of the Shoshone chief. Most of the remaining members of the Northwestern band of Shoshone built farms and homesteads under LDS Church sponsorship. Their descendants became largely integrated into mainstream LDS society. The Shoshone who were not involved with this settlement went to the
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While it appears as though the deception by Connor to hide the numbers of his soldiers involved in the confrontation was successful, the
Shoshone were not even then anticipating a direct military engagement with these soldiers. Instead, they were preparing for a negotiated settlement where the chiefs
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Most of the firearms that the
Shoshone had at the time of the attack had been captured in minor skirmishes, traded from fur trappers, white settlers, and other Native American tribal groups, or simply antiques that had been handed down from one generation to another over the years. Their weapons were
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In many ways, the soldiers stationed at Fort
Douglas were spoiling for a fight. In addition to discipline problems among the soldiers, there was a minor "mutiny" among the soldiers where a joint petition by most of the California Volunteers requested to withhold over $ 30,000 from their paychecks for
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On
September 9, 1860, Elijah Utter was leading migrants on the Oregon trail when they were attacked by a group of presumably Bannock and Boise Shoshone. Despite settlers' attempts to appease the Native Americans, the Indians killed nearly the entire migrant party and drove off their livestock. Alexis
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The
California Volunteers suffered 14 soldiers killed and 49 wounded, 7 mortally. After the officers concluded the battle was over, they returned with the soldiers to their temporary encampment near Franklin. Franklin residents opened their homes to wounded soldiers that night. They brought blankets
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On
December 4, 1862, Connor sent McGarry on another expedition to Cache Valley to recover some stolen livestock from Shoshone. The Shoshone broke camp, fled in advance of the Army troops, and cut the ropes of a ferry at the crossing. McGarry got his men across the river but had to leave their horses
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Together with about 20 of his people, Chief Bear Hunter was taken prisoner and transported to the soldiers' camp near
Providence. When asked about the young white boy, Bear Hunter said that the boy had been sent away a few days earlier. McGarry instructed Bear Hunter to send his people to bring back
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It is said that Col. Connor is determined to exterminate the Indians who have been killing the Emigrants on the route to the Gold Mines in Washington Territory. Small detachments have been leaving for the North for several days. If the present expedition copies the doings of the other that preceded
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Zachias Van Ornum, Alexis' brother, heard from a relative on the Oregon Trail that a small white boy of his missing nephew Reuben's age was being held by a group of Northwestern Shoshone, likely to be in Cache Valley. Van Ornum gathered a small group of friends and traveled to Salt Lake City to get
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It is apparent that the Shoshone chiefs were far from ignorant of the potential for conflict with Col. Connor's soldiers, and some minor preparations were made simultaneously. Most of this involved mainly gathering foodstuffs from surrounding Mormon settlements in a fashion similar to the incident
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This military action occurred during perhaps the coldest time of the year in Cache Valley. Local settlers commented that it was unseasonably cold even for northern Utah, and it may have been as cold as −20 °F (−30 °C) on the morning of the 29th when the attack began. Several soldiers had
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Throughout most of January 1863, soldiers at Fort Douglas were preparing for a lengthy expedition traveling north to the Shoshone. Connor also wanted to keep the word of his expedition secret, making a surprise attack upon the Shoshone when he arrived. To do this, he separated his command into two
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I have the honor to report that from information received from various sources of the encampment of a large body of Indians on Bear River, in Utah Territory, 140 miles north of this point, who had settlements in this valley to the Beaver Head mines, east of the Rocky Mountains, and being satisfied
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freight-hauling service between mining camps of Montana and Salt Lake City, was attacked by Shoshone warriors who killed two men accompanying him: George Clayton and Henry Bean. Arriving in Salt Lake City, Conover told a reporter the Shoshone were "determined to avenge the blood of their comrades"
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arrived at the massacre scene at 6:00 am, just as dawn broke over the mountains. Due to the weather conditions and deep snow, it took time for Connor to organize his soldiers into a battle line. The artillery never arrived as they got caught in a snow drift six mi (9.7 km) from the
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Bear Hunter and the other Shoshone chiefs did, however, make some defensive arrangements around their encampment, in addition to simply selecting a generally defensible position in the first place. Willow branches had been woven into makeshift screens, hiding the position and numbers of Shoshone.
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On the evening of January 28, Captain Hoyt's infantry finally arrived near the town of Franklin, where they spotted three Shoshone who were attempting to get food supplies from the settlers in the town. The Shoshone received nine bushels of wheat in three sacks. William Hull, the settler who was
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This conflict marked the final significant influence of the Shoshone nation upon Cache Valley and its immediate surroundings. In addition to opening the northern part of Cache Valley to Mormon settlement, Cache Valley also offered a staging area for additional settlements in southeastern Idaho.
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The death toll was large, but some Shoshone survived. Chief Sagwitch gathered survivors to keep his community alive. Sagwitch was shot twice in the hand and tried to escape on horseback, only to have the horse shot out from under him. He went to the ravine and escaped into the Bear River near a
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of September 21, 1859, a detachment of Lieutenant Livingston's dragoons found five bodies at the scene of the massacre were mangled. A girl of only five years old had her ears cut off, her eyes gouged out, both legs amputated at the knees, and by all appearances, was made to walk on her stumps.
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maneuvers to attack the village from the sides and behind. He directed a line of infantry to block any attempt by the Shoshone to flee from the attack. After about two hours, the Shoshone had run out of ammunition. According to some later reports, some Shoshone were seen trying to cast lead
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There was a large difference between the number of Indians reported killed by Connor and the number counted by the citizens of Franklin, the latter being much larger. The settlers also claimed the number of surviving women and children to be much fewer than what Connor claimed. In his 1911
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Connor estimated his forces killed more than 224 out of 300 warriors. He reported capturing 175 horses and some arms, and destroying 70 lodges and a large quantity of stored wheat in winter supplies. He left a small quantity of wheat on the field for the 160 captured women and children.
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was concerned that California, which had just recently become a state, would be cut off from the rest of the Union. He ordered several regiments to be raised from the population of California to help protect mail routes and the communications lines of the West. Neither Lincoln nor the
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Reid, Kenneth C. (ed.) Approaching Bear River: Historic, Geomorphic, and Archaeological Investigations at the Bear River Massacre National Historic Landmark. Monographs in Idaho Archaeology and Ethnology No. 3. Idaho State Historical Society, State Historic Preservation Office,
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627:. Lieutenant Marcus A. Reno came across the mutilated bodies of six of the Van Ornums. The survivors reported that the attacking warriors took four Van Ornum children captive. As a direct result of this attack, the Army established a military fort near the present location of
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Col. Connor met up with Hoyt that evening as well, with orders to begin moving at about 1:00 am the next morning for a surprise attack, but an attempt to get a local settler to act as a scout for the immediate area led the actual advance to wait until 3:00 am.
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the sole purpose of instead paying for naval passage to the eastern states, and to "serve their country in shooting traitors instead of eating rations and freezing to death around sage brush fires...". Furthermore, they said they would gladly pay this money "for the
803:(Shoshone for U.S. Soldiers) maybe, you will all be killed. They answered 'maybe the Toquashes will be killed too," but not waiting for the third horse to be loaded, they quickly jumped upon their horses and led the three horses away, disappearing in the distance.
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come down with frostbite and other cold-weather problems, so the 3rd volunteers were at only about 2/3 of their strength compared to when they had left Fort Douglas. Among the rations issued to the soldiers during the campaign was a ration of whiskey held in a
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detachments that were to come together from time to time on their journey to Cache Valley. His main concern was to avoid the problems that McGarry had faced in the earlier action, where the Shoshone had moved and scattered even before his troops could arrive.
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Several incidents in the summer and fall of 1862 led to the battle between Bear Hunter and Col. Connor. These incidents were related to broad struggles between indigenous peoples and European-American settlers over almost the entire United States west of the
695:. They had come within 2 mi (3 km) of the central Shoshone winter encampment north of Franklin. The miners missed a turn and ended up mired and lost on the western side of the Bear River, unable to cross the deep river. Three men swam across to
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tribes. He encouraged their helping to "feed them rather than fight them". Despite the policy, the settlers were consuming significant food resources and taking over areas that pushed the Shoshone increasingly into areas of marginal food production.
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533:. While the incidents took place in proximity, the administrative centers dealing with them were more than 1,000 mi (1,600 km) apart, so it was difficult to integrate reports. For example, for years, residents and officials believed
525:. The attention of most of the nation's population was focused on the Civil War in the eastern states. Some historians have overlooked these incidents because they occurred near the ill-defined boundary of two different territories: those of
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for "Willow Valley"), was the traditional hunting ground for the Northwestern Shoshone. They gathered grain and grass seeds there, fished for trout, and hunted small game such as ground squirrel and woodchuck, and large game including
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mountains. Soon, miners created a migration and supply trail right through the middle of Cache Valley, between this mining camp and Salt Lake City. The latter was the nearest significant trading source of goods and food in the area.
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Franklin County Historical Society (Idaho); "The passing of the redman, being a succinct account of the last battle that wrested Idaho from the bondage of the Indians"; Franklin County Historical Society and Monument Committee. ,
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ammunition during the middle of the battle and died with the molds in their hands. Bear Hunter was killed, with some later reporting that he had been among those casting bullets; Madsen described the possibility as "doubtful".
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Friction between the Mormons and Col. Connor continued for many more years with accusations of harassment of non-Mormons in the Utah Territory and criticisms by Mormons of Connor's attempts to begin a mining industry in Utah.
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According to published newspaper articles, Col. Connor and the California Volunteers were treated as heroes when they arrived at Fort Douglas and by their community in California. Connor was promoted to the permanent rank of
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reported, "The Prophet (Brigham Young) had told Sagwitch the Mormon people had suffered enough from the Shoshoni of Cache Valley and that if more blood were spilled, the Mormons might just "pitch in" and help the troops."
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413:, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Territory of Utah, recognized the impact of migrants, writing, "The Indians...have become impoverished by the introduction of a white population". He recommended that an
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At the same time the arrest warrant was issued by Justice Kinney, Chief Sagwitch (named in the warrant) was in Salt Lake City trying to negotiate peace on behalf of the Northwestern Shoshone. A correspondent for the
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The sacks of grain carried by these Shoshone were later found by the 3rd California Volunteers during their advance the next day, apparently dropped by the Shoshone in their attempt to get back to their camp.
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against the Shoshone positions but was soon overwhelmed with return gunfire from the Shoshone. The California Volunteers suffered most of their direct combat-related casualties during this first assault.
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help from the territorial government. There, he visited Col. Connor at Fort Douglas and asked for help to regain his nephew. Col. Connor agreed and sent a detachment of cavalry under the command of Major
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557:. The young Indian man was the son of the local Shoshone chief. Within a few days, the Shoshone retaliated by killing a couple of young men of the Merrill family gathering wood in the nearby canyon.
365:, but Mormon settlers eventually moved to Cache Valley as well. As early as July 31, 1847, a 20-man delegation of Shoshone met with the Mormons to discuss their land claims in northern Utah.
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we had two of the three horses loaded, having put three bushels on each horse...when I looked up and saw the Soldiers approaching from the south. I said to the Indian boys, "Here comes the
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killed by Major McGarry and his soldiers. He said the Shoshone intended to "kill every white man they should meet on the north side of the Bear River, till they should be fully avenged."
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in 1847, brought the Shoshone people into regular contact with white colonists moving westward. By 1856, European Americans had established their first permanent settlements and farms in
294:. Hundreds of Shoshone men, women, and children were killed near their lodges; the number of Shoshone victims reported by local settlers was higher than that reported by soldiers.
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Warner, said, "alf of those present got away," and 156 were killed. He went on to say that two of his brothers and a sister-in-law "lived", as well as many who later lived at the
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and the area of conflict was part of the Utah Territory. Residents of Franklin sent elected representatives to the Utah Territorial Legislature; they were part of the politics of
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Van Ornum, his family, and about ten others hid in some nearby brush, only to be discovered and killed. Their bodies were discovered by a company of U.S. soldiers led by Captain
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two Shoshone human remains, that of a teenage man and a woman who was in her 20s when she was killed, back to the Shoshone people for burial. The remains were returned in 2013.
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when they were attacked at night by people they assumed were local Shoshone. Several members of the company were killed by gunfire. The survivors took refuge along the
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Letter of P. Edw. Connor, Colonel, Third Infantry, California Volunteers, to Lieut. Col. R. C. Drum, U. S. Army, Assistant Adjutant-General, Department of the Pacific.
699:, where they tried to get provisions and a guide from the settlers. Before they returned, the other five men were attacked by Shoshone, who killed John Henry Smith of
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and hay to the church meetinghouse to protect the other soldiers from the cold. Connor hired several men to use sleighs to bring wounded men back to Salt Lake City.
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Look like there is something up on the ridge up there. Look like a cloud. Maybe it is a steam come from a horse. Maybe that's them soldiers they were talking about.
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and swore an affidavit describing Smith's murder. He also reported that ten miners en route to the city had been murdered three days before Smith. Kinney issued a
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were still fresh in the minds of military planners. They worried that the Mormons' substantial militia might answer only to Young and not the federal government.
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and some horses. When the Richmond people returned with the advance party, they recovered the body of John Smith and buried him at the Richmond city cemetery.
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780:, commanded by Captain Samuel W. Hoyt, accompanied by 15 baggage wagons and two "mountain howitzers", totaling 80 soldiers. They left on January 22, 1863.
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This documentary sets out a detailed account of the massacre and Connor’s role in the dispossession and killing of first nation Americans in modern day
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Due to such reports, Connor was ready to mount an expedition against the Shoshone. He reported to the U.S. War Department before the engagement:
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Official military records and the National Park Service's listing of Civil War Battlefields also include the Bear River massacre as part of the
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it, it will result in catching some friendly Indians, murdering them, and letting the guilty scamps remain undisturbed in their mountain haunts.
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autobiography, Danish immigrant Hans Jasperson claims to have walked among the bodies and counted 493 dead Shoshone. In 1918, Sagwitch's son
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did not act on his proposal. Desperate and starving, the Shoshone attacked farms and cattle ranches, not just for revenge but for survival.
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acquired the site in 2018 to protect it as a sacred burial ground. They intend to erect a monument in memory of the massacre's victims.
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Series I. Volume L. Part I. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1902. Chapter LXII. "Operations on the Pacific Coast." Section 28.
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The second group was 220 cavalry, led personally by Connor himself with his aides and 50 men each from Companies A, H, K, and M of the
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631:, along the migrant trail. Colonel George Wright requested $ 150,000 to establish a military post to sustain five troop companies.
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The Utter Disaster on the Oregon Trail: The Utter and Van Ornum Massacres of 1860; Caldwell, ID; Snake Country Publishing; 1993;
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595:, met the survivors. He investigated the incident and documented what he called the brutality of the attack. According to the
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Based on a variety of sources, Brigham D. Madsen estimates about 250 were killed in the definitive history of the massacre.
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not as standardized or as well built as the guns issued by the Union Army to the soldiers of the California Volunteers.
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Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields Technical Volume II: Battle Summaries
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During the summer of 1859, a settler company of about 19 people from Michigan was traveling on the Oregon Trail near
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Brigham and the Brigadier: General Patrick Connor and His California Volunteers in Utah and Along the Overland Trail
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1855:"California and the Civil War: Regiments of the California Volunteers in Federal Service: 2nd Regiment of Cavalry"
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993:. Connor campaigned against Native Americans in the West for the remainder of the U.S. Civil War, leading the
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Chief Sagwitch noted the approach of the American soldiers, saying just before the first shots were fired,
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744:(original emphasis) of going to the Potomac and getting shot." The War Department declined this request.
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Chief Sagwitch and many members of his band allied with the Mormons. Many were baptized and joined the
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After temporarily retreating and regrouping, Connor sent McGarry and several other smaller groups into
2217:"Because it's sacred land: Shoshone Nation chairman is on a mission to share massacre site with world"
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be established in Cache Valley to protect essential resources for the Shoshone. His superiors at the
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The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.
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The final catalyst for Connor's expedition was a Shoshone attack on a group of eight miners on the
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They also dug a series of "rifle pits" along the eastern bank of Beaver Creek and the Bear River.
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2569:(2000); producers: Michael Mill, Chris Dallin, and Richard James; Imagic Entertainment; 66 min.
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The surviving miners reached Salt Lake City. William Bevins testified before Chief Justice
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A picture of young Reuben Van Ornum seated in the middle: his uncle Zachias, is to his left
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would be able to talk with officers of the U.S. Army and try to come to an understanding.
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to remain loyal to the Union, despite their leader Young's telegrams and assurances. The
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Report of Col. P. Edward Connor, Third California Infantry, commanding District of Utah.
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1062:. However, on Monday 7 August 2023 (August Bank Holiday Monday) local radio station,
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In God's Lap: Cache Valley History as told in the newspaper columns of A.J. Simmonds
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508:) as the primary base of operations for his unit. It was within a few miles of the
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1163:"Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies in the War of the Rebellion"
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expressed concern that the execution would aggravate relations with the Shoshone.
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On July 28, 1862, John White discovered gold on Grasshopper Creek in southwestern
2240:"Smithsonian to Repatriate Bear River Massacre Remains to Northwestern Shoshone."
2115:"Utah Local News – Salt Lake City News, Sports, Archive – The Salt Lake Tribune"
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Reaction to this military campaign was mixed. George A. Smith, in the official
2019:"Military History Online – The Bear River Massacre and the American Civil War"
1106:(family history by chairman of the Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation).
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Little was known about the Bear River Massacre or the life and reputation of
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1504:; copy on deposit in the library of Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
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So impressed were the trappers by the region that they recommended to
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Jessie L. Bonner, "Tribe marks massacre with burial ground gathering"
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2375:; Preston, Idaho; Cache Valley Newsletter Publishing Company; 1982;
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and keep peace in the region. Upon arriving in Utah, he established
1329:"The Surveyor General, the Prophet, and a War that Almost Happened"
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as part of the Bear River Expedition against Shoshone tribal chief
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News Article, Snake River Massacre Account by One of the Survivors
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Massacre survivor Chief Sagwitch and spouse Beawoachee, circa 1875
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The first group to leave Fort Douglas was forty men of Company K,
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settlers should establish friendly relations with the surrounding
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The location where the massacre took place, viewed from the north
2288:"The Kerryman Who Massacred Native Americans – August 4th, 2023"
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Effects on settlement of Cache Valley and long-term consequences
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that he consider the valley as a location for his settlement of
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to Cache Valley to rendezvous with Van Ornum near the town of
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2575:(2003); producer: Dennis Lyman; Temple Hill Videos; 60 min.
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Expedition from Camp Douglas, Utah, to Cache Valley, Idaho
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JANUARY 29, 1863.—Engagement on the Bear River, Utah Ter.
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Idaho
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Native American people and the Latter Day Saint movement
2573:
The House of the Lord: Cache Valley and the Logan Temple
2421:; Salt Lake City, Utah; University of Utah Press; 1985;
2389:; Salt Lake City, Utah; University of Utah Press; 1990;
2493:; Logan, Utah; Cache Valley Centennial Commission; 1956
965:. Members of this band helped to establish the town of
2339:
Sagwitch: Shoshone Chieftain, Mormon Elder (1822–1887)
1828:
1826:
1699:
1697:
1395:
1393:
1659:
Records of California men in the war of the rebellion
1088:
nation. The full documentary is available to hear on
512:
construction site and downtown Great Salt Lake City.
1169:. US Government Printing Office. 1897. p. 184.
496:
and ordered to move his men to Utah, to protect the
334:, deer, and elk. This mountain valley had attracted
2832:
2811:
2780:
2744:
2689:
1066:, broadcast a 90-minute radio documentary entitled
829:listed above with the residents of Richmond, Utah.
2387:Glory Hunter: A Biography of Patrick Edward Connor
1957:
1955:
2491:The History of a Valley: Cache Valley, Utah-Idaho
2461:Records of California Men in the War of Rebellion
2419:The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre
2153:The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre
2056:Records of California Men in the War of Rebellion
1255:The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre
860:Major McGarry and the first cavalry units of the
516:Warnings and conflicts with Cache Valley settlers
1232:the rebellion record: a diary of american events
1017:Shoshone prayer tree at Bear River Massacre site
369:Immigrant pressures causing Shoshone starvation
274:and Battle Creek in what was then southeastern
25:
2463:; Sacramento, California; State Office; 1890;
2229:9 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
1574:, History.Idaho.gov, June 1993, archived from
785:2nd Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers
2667:
604:Reuben Van Ornum and the Battle of Providence
587:. Three days later, Lieutenant Livingston of
270:encampment gathered at the confluence of the
202:
8:
2514:; Tucson, Arizona; Westernlore Press; 1989;
1224:
1222:
1200:. National Park Service. 1998. p. 29.
1104:The Bear River Massacre: A Shoshone History
989:promotion shortly afterward to the rank of
961:. Sagwitch was ordained as an Elder in the
2674:
2660:
2652:
2594:, Zacheas Van Ornum Petition for Indemnity
2257:"Bear River Massacre Victims Laid to Rest"
2155:(1985, University of Utah Press, page 192)
1257:(1985, University of Utah Press, page 192)
778:3rd Regiment California Volunteer Infantry
494:3rd California Volunteer Infantry Regiment
209:
195:
187:
22:
16:1863 massacre of Shoshone by U.S. military
2479:; Logan, Utah; The Herald Journal; 2004;
862:2nd Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry
504:(adjacent to the current location of the
2357:Bear Hunter (U.S. National Park Service)
1035:Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation
419:United States Department of the Interior
1154:
1131:
396:Brigham Young declared the policy that
2269:from the original on September 4, 2015
1865:from the original on September 3, 2012
1849:
1847:
714:for the arrest of chiefs Bear Hunter,
2939:Ethnic cleansing in the United States
2245:15 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
2025:from the original on February 6, 2016
1996:from the original on February 6, 2013
1774:from the original on January 22, 2022
1207:from the original on October 11, 2020
795:assisting the Shoshone, noted later:
549:When a resident of Summit Creek (now
7:
2954:Indian wars of the American Old West
2606:, node about the Bear River Massacre
2435:; Caldwell, ID; Caxton Press: 2008;
2121:from the original on October 5, 2012
2314:Gloryhunter - Kerry's Indian Killer
2255:Moya-Smith, Simon (June 11, 2013),
1841:Deseret News, 28 January 1863, p. 4
1068:Gloryhunter, Kerry’s Indian Killer.
2898:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1339:from the original on March 6, 2018
901:Casualties and immediate aftermath
393:, and gradually moving northward.
14:
2173:Bear River Massacre, pp. 279–294.
1173:from the original on May 22, 2021
876:Initially, Connor tried a direct
753:Journal History of the LDS Church
2999:Native American history of Idaho
2892:
2883:
2882:
678:A.H. Conover, the operator of a
567:The Late Massacre near Fort Hall
130:
105:
39:
3004:Native American history of Utah
2969:Mormonism-related controversies
2949:Idaho in the American Civil War
2449:; New York; G.P. Putnam; 1868;
1910:Shoshoni Frontier, pp. 182–183.
1892:Shoshoni Frontier, pp. 180–181.
735:Military action in Cache Valley
278:, near the present-day city of
2994:Utah in the American Civil War
2964:Mormonism and Native Americans
2697:Mormon teachings on skin color
2588:, An Early History of Franklin
1572:Idaho State Historical Society
1561:"Site of Utter Party Massacre"
1447:Major General Patrick Connor.
1:
2989:Massacres of Native Americans
975:Wind River Indian Reservation
674:Incident on the Montana Trail
424:In the early spring of 1862,
381:, as well as the founding of
306:A Shoshone encampment in the
2929:Bear River (Great Salt Lake)
2919:1863 in Washington Territory
2604:Everything2, Everything2.com
2164:Bear River Massacre, p. 191.
1931:Bear River Massacre, p. 118.
1820:Bear River Massacre, p. 112.
1568:Reference Series: Number 233
1029:. The site was designated a
971:Fort Hall Indian Reservation
824:Shoshone battle preparations
768:in an editorial, expressed:
310:of Wyoming, photographed by
258:, took place in present-day
248:Engagement on the Bear River
2343:Utah State University Press
2222:September 10, 2018, at the
1883:Bear River Massacre, p. 113
1649:Bear River Massacre, p. 83.
687:Attack on the Montana Trail
579:, where they hid among the
3025:
3009:History of racism in Idaho
2824:Salt Creek Canyon massacre
2752:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
2719:History of slavery in Utah
2498:History of Utah, 1540–1886
1970:Shoshoni Frontier, p. 179.
1940:Shoshoni Frontier, p. 181.
1922:Shoshoni Frontier, p. 183.
1901:Shoshoni Frontier, p. 182.
1387:Shoshoni Frontier, p. 159.
1366:Shoshoni Frontier, p. 136.
1031:National Historic Landmark
607:
564:
492:was put in command of the
47:Daughters of Utah Pioneers
45:A monument erected by the
2878:
2530:University of Idaho Press
2489:Ricks, Joel E. (editor);
2101:The Passing of the Redman
1764:"Utah Digital Newspapers"
1625:Shoshoni Frontier, p. 172
1534:January 29, 2019, at the
1454:January 20, 2013, at the
1317:Shoshoni Frontier, p. 17.
471:Mountain Meadows massacre
448:began in 1861, President
440:Outbreak of the Civil War
373:The establishment of the
224:
168:
155:
123:
98:
53:
38:
30:
2974:Native American genocide
2736:Indian Placement Program
1023:Bear River Massacre Site
298:Early history and causes
181:~160 wounded or captured
49:commemorating the event.
2819:Fountain Green massacre
2567:The Bear River Massacre
2496:Bancroft, Hubert Howe;
2373:The Bear River Massacre
2337:Christensen, Scott R.;
2113:The Salt Lake Tribune.
1768:newspapers.lib.utah.edu
1502:Thornley Family History
1276:The History of a Valley
1108:By Common Consent Press
1042:Smithsonian Institution
995:Powder River Expedition
764:On the other hand, the
591:, leading a company of
561:Massacre near Fort Hall
361:. Instead, Young chose
2944:Franklin County, Idaho
2638:42.14611°N 111.91417°W
2433:Massacre at Bear River
2140:Massacre at Bear River
1859:www.militarymuseum.org
1018:
963:Melchizedek priesthood
918:
897:
874:
805:
774:
762:
732:
619:
485:
315:
260:Franklin County, Idaho
124:Commanders and leaders
80:Franklin County, Idaho
2788:Battle Creek massacre
2714:Mormonism and slavery
2401:The Northern Shoshoni
2360:National Park Service
2243:Indian Country Today.
2182:Sagwitch, pp. 77–102.
1990:"Bear River Massacre"
1376:The Northern Shoshoni
1327:Knetsch, Joe (2006).
1306:A History of a Valley
1102:Darren Parry (2019).
1052:Patrick Edward Connor
1016:
916:
895:
870:
865:Shoshone encampment.
797:
789:Orrin Porter Rockwell
770:
757:
727:
617:
490:Patrick Edward Connor
479:
305:
288:California Volunteers
284:Patrick Edward Connor
169:Casualties and losses
137:Patrick Edward Connor
90:United States victory
2803:Circleville Massacre
2793:Provo River massacre
2731:Interracial marriage
2643:42.14611; -111.91417
2616:, February 12, 2010}
2614:Indian Country Today
2524:Madsen, Brigham D.;
2447:The Rebellion Record
2417:Madsen, Brigham D.;
2405:Caxton Printers Ltd.
2399:Madsen, Brigham D.;
2385:Madsen, Brigham D.;
2262:Indian Country Today
2080:The Rebellion Record
2070:, Pages 194 and 195.
1832:Glory Hunter, p. 79.
1811:Glory Hunter, p. 56.
1670:Glory Hunter, p. 76.
1581:on December 20, 2015
1467:Glory Hunter, p. 51.
1229:Frank Moore (1865).
1009:Memorials and legacy
610:Utter Party Massacre
321:, originally called
308:Wind River Mountains
286:led a detachment of
276:Washington Territory
256:Massacre at Boa Ogoi
252:Battle of Bear River
75:Washington Territory
33:American Indian Wars
2959:January 1863 events
2812:Massacre of Mormons
2781:Massacre by Mormons
2772:Bear River Massacre
2634: /
2546:Shannon, David H.;
2459:Orton, Richard H.;
2238:Moya-Smith, Simon.
1979:Sagwitch, pp. 47–48
1689:Bear River Massacre
1611:Bear River Massacre
1500:Timmins, Brighton.
1253:Brigham D. Madsen.
659:Bear River crossing
498:Overland Mail Route
484:after his promotion
455:U.S. War Department
244:Bear River Massacre
26:Bear River Massacre
2724:Indian Slavery Act
2510:Varley, James F.;
2151:Brigham D. Madsen
1449:MilitaryMuseum.org
1167:Cornell University
1140:American Civil War
1019:
919:
898:
620:
539:Cache County, Utah
506:University of Utah
486:
457:quite trusted the
446:American Civil War
415:Indian Reservation
316:
264:United States Army
2934:Conflicts in 1863
2924:Massacres in 1863
2906:
2905:
2586:FranklinIdaho.org
2528:; Moscow, Idaho;
2441:978-0-87004-462-5
2068:Shoshone Frontier
2044:Shoshoni Frontier
1742:Shoshoni Frontier
1716:Shoshoni Frontier
1599:Shoshoni Frontier
1548:Shoshoni Frontier
1436:Shoshoni Frontier
1266:Sagwitch, pp. 3–4
983:brigadier general
878:frontal offensive
625:Frederick T. Dent
523:Mississippi River
482:Patrick E. Connor
237:
236:
185:
184:
94:
93:
3016:
2896:
2886:
2885:
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2645:
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2631:
2630:
2627:
2475:Simmonds, A.J.;
2403:; Caldwell, ID;
2326:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2317:, August 8, 2023
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2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2091:Sagwitch, p. 54.
2089:
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2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1961:Sagwitch, p. 48.
1959:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
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1784:
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1760:
1754:
1753:Sagwitch, p. 45.
1751:
1745:
1739:
1728:
1727:Sagwitch, p. 44.
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1679:Sagwitch, p. 42.
1677:
1671:
1668:
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1656:
1650:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1614:
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1580:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1523:
1517:
1516:, Sept 21, 1859.
1511:
1505:
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1492:
1486:
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1439:
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1403:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1357:Sagwitch, p. 25.
1355:
1349:
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1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
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1212:
1206:
1199:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1159:
1143:
1136:
1121:
1025:is located near
844:Sacramento Union
641:Providence, Utah
589:Fort Walla Walla
426:James Duane Doty
391:Wellsville, Utah
363:Salt Lake Valley
219:
211:
204:
197:
188:
150:
135:
134:
111:
109:
108:
61:January 29, 1863
55:
54:
43:
23:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3018:
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3015:
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3013:
2909:
2908:
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2874:
2870:Larry Echo Hawk
2828:
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2776:
2740:
2685:
2680:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2582:
2526:Chief Pocatello
2341:; Logan, Utah;
2334:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2237:
2233:
2224:Wayback Machine
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
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2177:
2172:
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2054:
2050:
2042:
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2028:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1949:Sagwitch, p. 52
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
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1597:
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1542:
1536:Wayback Machine
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1499:
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1487:
1483:
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1471:
1466:
1462:
1456:Wayback Machine
1446:
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1312:
1304:
1300:
1296:Sagwitch, p. 14
1295:
1291:
1287:Sagwitch, p. 23
1286:
1282:
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1101:
1098:
1096:Further reading
1011:
951:
903:
858:
826:
737:
689:
676:
661:
612:
606:
569:
563:
547:
518:
450:Abraham Lincoln
442:
402:American Indian
371:
359:Mormon pioneers
300:
240:
239:
238:
233:
220:
217:
215:
180:
175:
146:
129:
106:
104:
82:
77:
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17:
12:
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5:
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2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2865:Tony Tillohash
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2840:Chief Sagwitch
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2798:Nephi massacre
2795:
2790:
2784:
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2778:
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2581:
2580:External links
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2577:
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2562:
2558:
2557:
2544:
2540:
2522:
2508:
2494:
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2472:
2471:
2457:
2445:Moore, Frank;
2443:
2431:Miller, Rod.;
2429:
2415:
2397:
2383:
2371:Hart, Newell;
2369:
2362:
2353:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:
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2279:
2247:
2231:
2215:Toone, Trent.
2208:
2206:, pp. 137–154.
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1529:, Sept 21, 185
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1117:978-1948218207
1116:
1097:
1094:
1054:in his native
1010:
1007:
967:Washakie, Utah
950:
947:
940:Washakie, Utah
902:
899:
857:
854:
825:
822:
736:
733:
708:John F. Kinney
688:
685:
675:
672:
660:
657:
637:Edward McGarry
605:
602:
577:Portneuf River
562:
559:
546:
543:
517:
514:
463:Utah Territory
441:
438:
389:, starting at
383:Salt Lake City
370:
367:
344:Jedediah Smith
299:
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1235:. G.P. Putnam
1234:
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1033:in 1990. The
1032:
1028:
1027:U.S. Route 91
1024:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:
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996:
992:
991:major general
988:
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723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:Montana Trail
686:
684:
681:
680:Montana Trail
673:
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510:Mormon Temple
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403:
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388:
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379:Oregon Trails
376:
368:
366:
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355:Brigham Young
351:
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97:
89:
86:
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78:Present-day:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2850:Chief Kanosh
2771:
2762:Wakara's War
2619:
2613:
2572:
2566:
2547:
2525:
2511:
2497:
2490:
2476:
2460:
2446:
2432:
2418:
2400:
2386:
2372:
2359:
2355:Bear Hunter
2338:
2319:, retrieved
2313:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
2271:, retrieved
2260:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2211:
2204:Glory Hunter
2203:
2199:
2192:Glory Hunter
2191:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2125:February 18,
2123:. Retrieved
2108:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
1998:. Retrieved
1984:
1975:
1966:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1869:September 2,
1867:. Retrieved
1858:
1837:
1816:
1807:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1767:
1758:
1749:
1741:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1704:Glory Hunter
1703:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1637:, pp. 76–77.
1635:Glory Hunter
1634:
1630:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1583:, retrieved
1576:the original
1567:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1526:
1521:
1514:Deseret News
1513:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1491:, pp. 83–85.
1489:In God's Lap
1488:
1484:
1479:, pp. 67–72.
1477:Glory Hunter
1476:
1472:
1463:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1424:Glory Hunter
1423:
1419:
1412:Glory Hunter
1411:
1407:
1400:Glory Hunter
1399:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1333:profsurv.com
1332:
1322:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1231:
1209:. Retrieved
1193:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1134:
1103:
1071:
1067:
1056:County Kerry
1049:
1039:
1020:
997:against the
985:and given a
979:
956:
952:
944:
935:
931:
928:
920:
908:
904:
883:
875:
871:
867:
859:
850:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
814:
810:
806:
800:
798:
793:
782:
775:
771:
766:Deseret News
765:
763:
758:
752:
750:
746:
741:
738:
728:
724:
705:
690:
677:
667:Deseret News
665:
662:
649:
633:
629:Boise, Idaho
621:
597:Deseret News
596:
585:willow trees
570:
554:
548:
519:
502:Camp Douglas
487:
443:
430:
423:
411:Jacob Forney
395:
387:Cache Valley
372:
352:
347:
336:fur trappers
322:
319:Cache Valley
317:
312:W.H. Jackson
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
228:
147:
99:Participants
31:Part of the
18:
2641: /
2629:111°54′51″W
2367:Archive.org
2273:January 16,
2029:January 29,
1778:January 29,
1585:October 24,
1527:Desert News
1278:, pp. 23–26
1064:Radio Kerry
1045:repatriated
701:Walla Walla
645:Bear Hunter
340:Jim Bridger
323:Seuhubeogoi
292:Bear Hunter
266:attacked a
179:~250 killed
142:Bear Hunter
2913:Categories
2845:Chief Tuba
2626:42°08′46″N
2561:Multimedia
2321:August 11,
2297:August 11,
1150:References
959:LDS Church
924:hot spring
608:See also:
581:bullrushes
565:See also:
551:Smithfield
527:Washington
375:California
282:. Colonel
272:Bear River
229:Bear River
176:46 wounded
71:Bear River
2860:Kahpeputz
2767:Posey War
2745:Conflicts
2702:Lamanites
2142:, p. 111.
2000:April 10,
1744:, p. 178.
1718:, p. 174.
1661:, p. 173.
1601:, p. 117.
1550:, p. 116.
936:Timbimboo
801:Toquashes
755:, wrote:
742:privilege
573:Fort Hall
555:Pugweenee
545:Pugweenee
444:When the
250:, or the
246:, or the
174:21 killed
2979:Shoshone
2888:Category
2757:Ute Wars
2707:Nephites
2690:Overview
2532:; 1986;
2407:; 1980;
2345:; 1999;
2267:archived
2220:Archived
2194:, p. 86.
2119:Archived
2103:, p. 21.
2058:, p. 179
2046:, p. 190
2023:Archived
1994:Archived
1863:Archived
1772:Archived
1706:, p. 77.
1691:, p. 84.
1613:, p. 81.
1532:Archived
1452:Archived
1438:, p. 94.
1426:, p. 67.
1414:, p. 48.
1402:, p. 78.
1378:, p. 35.
1343:March 6,
1337:Archived
1308:, p. 33.
1202:Archived
1171:Archived
1086:Shoshone
1082:Colorado
1003:Cheyenne
934:, Frank
886:flanking
856:Massacre
720:Sagwitch
716:Sanpitch
697:Richmond
653:Washakie
593:dragoons
535:Franklin
480:General
467:Utah War
338:such as
327:Shoshone
268:Shoshone
156:Strength
118:Shoshone
66:Location
2598:OHS.org
2592:OHS.org
2332:Sources
2082:p. 469.
1239:May 18,
1211:May 22,
1177:May 22,
1090:Spotify
1060:Ireland
973:or the
932:Be-shup
818:canteen
712:warrant
461:of the
459:Mormons
433:Montana
280:Preston
148:†
2833:People
2552:
2536:
2518:
2504:
2483:
2467:
2453:
2439:
2425:
2411:
2393:
2379:
2349:
1114:
987:brevet
718:, and
398:Mormon
314:, 1870
144:
110:
87:Result
2543:2017.
1579:(PDF)
1564:(PDF)
1205:(PDF)
1198:(PDF)
1126:Notes
1078:Idaho
999:Sioux
488:Col.
348:cache
332:bison
254:, or
2550:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2516:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2409:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2377:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2323:2023
2299:2023
2275:2015
2127:2008
2031:2016
2002:2010
1871:2009
1780:2022
1587:2014
1345:2018
1241:2011
1213:2021
1179:2021
1112:ISBN
1080:and
1074:Utah
1040:The
1021:The
1001:and
583:and
531:Utah
529:and
469:and
377:and
342:and
242:The
161:~200
58:Date
1058:in
2915::
2612:,
2290:.
2265:,
2259:,
2117:.
2021:.
2010:^
1992:.
1954:^
1915:^
1861:.
1857:.
1846:^
1825:^
1770:.
1766:.
1732:^
1696:^
1642:^
1618:^
1570:,
1566:,
1392:^
1335:.
1331:.
1221:^
1165:.
1110:.
1092:.
1076:,
1005:.
977:.
791:.
73:,
2675:e
2668:t
2661:v
2301:.
2129:.
2033:.
2004:.
1873:.
1782:.
1538:.
1458:.
1347:.
1243:.
1215:.
1181:.
1142:.
1120:.
325:(
210:e
203:t
196:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
