Beauty - Knowledge (XXG)

394:. A pleasure is disinterested if it is indifferent to the existence of the beautiful object or if it did not arise owing to an antecedent desire through means-end reasoning. For example, the joy of looking at a beautiful landscape would still be valuable if it turned out that this experience was an illusion, which would not be true if this joy was due to seeing the landscape as a valuable real estate opportunity. Opponents of hedonism usually concede that many experiences of beauty are pleasurable but deny that this is true for all cases. For example, a cold jaded critic may still be a good judge of beauty because of her years of experience but lack the joy that initially accompanied her work. One way to avoid this objection is to allow responses to beautiful things to lack pleasure while insisting that all beautiful things merit pleasure, that aesthetic pleasure is the only appropriate response to them. 5124:, p. 875: "Additionally, ethnic facial features may contribute to a general feeling of deviating from the norm, leading Asian or Asian American men to focus on a seemingly mutable quality, body weight. Further, Asian men were more likely than Caucasian men to select an ideal body figure that was similar to the figure they thought most attractive to the opposite sex. This suggests that Asian males may be more invested in achieving a larger body in order to attract a romantic partner. Finally, Asian males may be negatively affected by efforts to acculturate to Western society. A recent study revealed that acculturation is positively related to perfectionism in Asian males but not Asian females (Davis & Katzman, 1999)." 854: 286: 1185: 237:, which constitute powers in the object to produce certain ideas in the observer. When applied to beauty, there is still a sense in which it depends on the object and its powers. But this account makes the possibility of genuine disagreements about claims of beauty implausible, since the same object may produce very different ideas in distinct observers. The notion of "taste" can still be used to explain why different people disagree about what is beautiful, but there is no objectively right or wrong taste, there are just different tastes. 443: 5112:, p. 875: "Rieger et al. (2001) argue that traditional values and practices in Asian cultures also idealize thinness. Virtues of fasting that results in emaciation are quoted from the Daoist text Sandong zhunang (Rieger et al., 2001). Thus, while Caucasian and Asian women may be exposed to similar ideals of attractiveness, and Asian women are nearer to weight ideals portrayed by the media, both traditional and western values may contribute to the internalization of extremely thin ideals by Asian females." 29: 317:, the beauty of a human body, for example, depends, among other things, on the right proportion of the different parts of the body and on the overall symmetry. One problem with this conception is that it is difficult to give a general and detailed description of what is meant by "harmony between parts" and raises the suspicion that defining beauty through harmony results in exchanging one unclear term for another one. Some attempts have been made to dissolve this suspicion by searching for 1306: 625:, and end with the transcending of the physical to an appreciation of beauty as a thing in itself. The ascent of love begins with one's own body, then secondarily, in appreciating beauty in another's body, thirdly beauty in the soul, which cognates to beauty in the mind in the modern sense, fourthly beauty in institutions, laws and activities, fifthly beauty in knowledge, the sciences, and finally to lastly love beauty itself, which translates to the original Greek language term as 225:. Objectivists hold that beauty is a mind-independent feature of things. On this account, the beauty of a landscape is independent of who perceives it or whether it is perceived at all. Disagreements may be explained by an inability to perceive this feature, sometimes referred to as a "lack of taste". Subjectivism, on the other hand, denies the mind-independent existence of beauty. Influential for the development of this position was 200:

feelings rather than objective perception. But they also differ from the latter because they lay claim on universal correctness. This tension is also reflected in common language. On the one hand, we talk about beauty as an objective feature of the world that is ascribed, for example, to landscapes, paintings or humans. The subjective side, on the other hand, is expressed in sayings like "beauty is in the eye of the beholder".

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some principle and fitted for a purpose. He distinguished "free beauty" from "merely adherent beauty", explaining that "the first presupposes no concept of what the object ought to be; the second does presuppose such a concept and the perfection of the object in accordance therewith." By this definition, free beauty is found in seashells and wordless music; adherent beauty in buildings and the human body.

2514: 355:. Hedonism makes this relation part of the definition of beauty by holding that there is a necessary connection between pleasure and beauty, e.g. that for an object to be beautiful is for it to cause pleasure or that the experience of beauty is always accompanied by pleasure. This account is sometimes labeled as "aesthetic hedonism" in order to distinguish it from other forms of 181:). A thing has adherent beauty if its beauty depends on the conception or function of this thing, unlike free or absolute beauty. Examples of adherent beauty include an ox which is beautiful as an ox but not beautiful as a horse or a photograph which is beautiful, because it depicts a beautiful building but that lacks beauty generally speaking because of its low quality. 248:, which hold that the standards of validity of judgments of taste are intersubjective or dependent on a group of judges rather than objective. This approach tries to explain how genuine disagreement about beauty is possible despite the fact that beauty is a mind-dependent property, dependent not on an individual but a group. A closely related theory sees beauty as a 601:. Socrates discerned differences in the conception of the beautiful, for example, in inanimate objects, the effectiveness of execution of design was a deciding factor on the perception of beauty in something. By the account of Xenophon, Socrates found beauty congruent with that to which was defined as the morally good, in short, he thought beauty coincident with 5053:, p. 1995: "All groups of judges made more positive ratings of the Asian and Hispanic targets compared with the Black and White targets. Further analyses indicated that the Asian and Hispanic targets happened to possess significantly larger eye height, eye width, nose width, eyebrow height, smile width, and upper lip width than the White and Black women". 77:

ability on the side of the subject needed to perceive and judge beauty, sometimes referred to as the "sense of taste", can be trained and that the verdicts of experts coincide in the long run. This suggests the standards of validity of judgments of beauty are intersubjective, i.e. dependent on a group of judges, rather than fully subjective or objective.

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under more controlled conditions and found that the computer-generated, mathematical average of a series of faces is rated more favorably than individual faces. It is argued that it is evolutionarily advantageous that sexual creatures are attracted to mates who possess predominantly common or average features, because it suggests the

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least attractive people are less likely to get approvals, although they are less likely to default. In the marriage market, women's looks are at a premium, but men's looks do not matter much. The impact of physical attractiveness on earnings varies across races, with the largest beauty wage gap among black women and black men.

131:. The source of this debate is that judgments of beauty seem to be based on subjective grounds, namely our feelings, while claiming universal correctness at the same time. This tension is sometimes referred to as the "antinomy of taste". Adherents of both sides have suggested that a certain faculty, commonly called a 383:. Pure pleasure excludes any form of pain or unpleasant feeling while the experience of mixed pleasure can include unpleasant elements. But beauty can involve mixed pleasure, for example, in the case of a beautifully tragic story, which is why mixed pleasure is usually allowed in hedonist conceptions of beauty. 550:, who conceived of beauty as useful for a moral education of the soul. He wrote of how people experience pleasure when aware of a certain type of formal situation present in reality, perceivable by sight or through the ear and discovered the underlying mathematical ratios in the harmonic scales in music. The 967:

proposed his New Theory of Beauty as an effort to reaffirm the status of beauty as an important philosophical concept. He rejected the subjectivism of Kant and sought to identify the properties inherent in an object that make it beautiful. He called qualities such as vividness, boldness, and subtlety

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and variety in unity". He wrote that beauty was neither purely subjective nor purely objective—it could be understood not as "any Quality suppos'd to be in the Object, which should of itself be beautiful, without relation to any Mind which perceives it: For Beauty, like other Names of sensible Ideas,

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Researchers have found that good-looking students get higher grades from their teachers than students with an ordinary appearance. Some studies using mock criminal trials have shown that physically attractive "defendants" are less likely to be convicted—and if convicted are likely to receive lighter

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in the United States are closer to the ideal figure promoted in Western media, and that East Asian women conform to both Western and Eastern influences in the United States. East Asian men were found to be more impacted by Western beauty ideals then East Asian women, in the United States. East Asian

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One difficulty in understanding beauty is that it has both objective and subjective aspects: it is seen as a property of things but also as depending on the emotional response of observers. Because of its subjective side, beauty is said to be "in the eye of the beholder". It has been argued that the

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franchise. Criticisms of Barbie are often centered around concerns that children consider Barbie a role model of beauty and will attempt to emulate her. One of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of body image for a young woman, leading to a risk that girls

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were more fertile than other women because of higher levels of certain female hormones, a fact that may subconsciously condition males choosing mates. In 2008, other commentators have suggested that this preference may not be universal. For instance, in some non-Western cultures in which women have

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elaborates that, "much of black self-hatred and self-contempt has to do with the refusal of many black Americans to love their own black bodies-especially their black noses, hips, lips, and hair." According to Patton (2006), the stereotype of African-American women's inferiority (relative to other

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follows Aquinas in declaring: "three things concur in creating beauty: first of all integrity or perfection, and for this reason, we consider ugly all incomplete things; then proper proportion or consonance; and finally clarity and light", before going on to say "the sight of the beautiful implies

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and truth are united as one. There is the sense in the text, concerning love and beauty they both co-exist but are still independent or, in other words, mutually exclusive, since love does not have beauty since it seeks beauty. The work toward the end provides a description of beauty in a negative

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How much money a person earns may also be influenced by physical beauty. One study found that people low in physical attractiveness earn 5 to 10 percent less than ordinary-looking people, who in turn earn 3 to 8 percent less than those who are considered good-looking. In the market for loans, the

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sentences—than less attractive ones (although the opposite effect was observed when the alleged crime was swindling, perhaps because jurors perceived the defendant's attractiveness as facilitating the crime). Studies among teens and young adults, such as those of psychiatrist and self-help author

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Exposure to the thin ideal in mass media, such as fashion magazines, directly correlates with body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and the development of eating disorders among female viewers. Further, the widening gap between individual body sizes and societal ideals continues to breed anxiety

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overlaid photographic composite images of the faces of vegetarians and criminals to see if there was a typical facial appearance for each. When doing this, he noticed that the composite images were more attractive as compared to any of the individual images. Researchers have replicated the result

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believed that there could be no "universal criterion of the beautiful" and that the experience of beauty is subjective, but that an object is judged to be beautiful when it seems to display "purposiveness"; that is, when its form is perceived to have the character of a thing designed according to

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Judgments of beauty seem to occupy an intermediary position between objective judgments, e.g. concerning the mass and shape of a grapefruit, and subjective likes, e.g. concerning whether the grapefruit tastes good. Judgments of beauty differ from the former because they are based on subjective

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These stereotypes and the culture that sustains them exist to define the social position of black women as subordinate on the basis of gender to all men, regardless of color, and on the basis of race to all other women. These negative images also are indispensable to the maintenance of an

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as "that of which the admiring contemplation is good in itself". This definition connects beauty to experience while managing to avoid some of the problems usually associated with subjectivist positions since it allows that things may be beautiful even if they are never experienced.

372:: is something beautiful because we enjoy it or do we enjoy it because it is beautiful? Identity theorists solve this problem by denying that there is a difference between beauty and pleasure: they identify beauty, or the appearance of it, with the experience of aesthetic pleasure. 268:

of beauty itself, one can learn to identify the qualities of good critics and rely on their judgments. This approach only works if unanimity among experts was ensured. But even experienced judges may disagree in their judgments, which threatens to undermine ideal-observer theories.

260:: it only matters how an ideal observer would respond. There is no general agreement on how "ideal observers" are to be defined, but it is usually assumed that they are experienced judges of beauty with a fully developed sense of taste. This suggests an indirect way of solving the 818:

conforms to these tenets is still called a "classical beauty" or said to possess a "classical beauty", whilst the foundations laid by Greek and Roman artists have also supplied the standard for male beauty and female beauty in western civilization as seen, for example, in the

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see a necessary connection between pleasure and beauty, e.g. that for an object to be beautiful is for it to cause disinterested pleasure. Other conceptions include defining beautiful objects in terms of their value, of a loving attitude toward them or of their function.

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and believed that they could be discovered through empirical research. As of 2003, these attempts have failed to find a general definition of beauty and several authors take the opposite claim that such laws cannot be formulated, as part of their definition of beauty.

421:, one treats one's subjective pleasure as an objective property of the beautiful thing. Other conceptions include defining beauty in terms of a loving or longing attitude toward the beautiful object or in terms of its usefulness or function. In 1871, functionalist 620:

describes how beauty moves out from a core singular appreciation of the body to outer appreciations via loved ones, to the world in its state of culture and society (Wright). In other words, Diotoma gives to Socrates an explanation of how love should begin with

5065:, p. 271: "The four-item measure of exposure to Western culture was not reliably associated with giving higher ratings to Whites (r = . 19, n s). The relation of rating Whites to frequency of viewing Western television, for example, was quite low (r=.01)." 5136:, p. 875: " "Specifically, Asian males reported an ideal figure that was larger than their current figure. An interaction between gender and ethnicity revealed that Caucasian females and Asian males reported the largest degree of body dissatisfaction." 1313:

In East Asian cultures, familial pressures and cultural norms shape beauty ideals. A 2017 experimental study concluded that Asian cultural idealization of "fragile" girls was impacting Asian American women's lifestyle, eating, and appearance choices.

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Since the 1970s there has been increasing evidence that a preference for beautiful faces emerges early in infancy, and is probably innate, and that the rules by which attractiveness is established are similar across different genders and cultures.

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Wong, Stephanie N.; Keum, Brian TaeHyuk; Caffarel, Daniel; Srinivasan, Ranjana; Morshedian, Negar; Capodilupo, Christina M.; Brewster, Melanie E. (December 2017). "Exploring the conceptualization of body image for Asian American women".

256:. On one such account, an object is beautiful "if it causes pleasure by virtue of its aesthetic properties". The problem that different people respond differently can be addressed by combining response-dependence theories with so-called 968:"properties of qualitative degree" (PQDs) and stated that a PQD makes an object beautiful if it is not—and does not create the appearance of—"a property of deficiency, lack, or defect"; and if the PQD is strongly present in the object. 1301:

model of beauty in Western culture, had led to a dialogue to create non-exclusive models of Western ideals in body type for young girls who do not match the thinness ideal that Barbie represents. Mattel responded to these criticisms.

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men felt as though their bodies were not large enough and therefore deviated from the Western norm. East Asian men and white Western women were found to have the highest levels of body dissatisfaction in the United States. A study of

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explains this pleasure through a harmonious interplay between the faculties of understanding and imagination. A further question for hedonists is how to explain the relation between beauty and pleasure. This problem is akin to the

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Harper, Kathryn; Choma, Becky L. (October 5, 2018). "Internalised White Ideal, Skin Tone Surveillance, and Hair Surveillance Predict Skin and Hair Dissatisfaction and Skin Bleaching among African American and Indian Women".

2490: 2650: 4195: 1147:". When images of human faces are averaged together to form a composite image, they become progressively closer to the "ideal" image and are perceived as more attractive. This was first noticed in 1883, when 758:, Aquinas described the three conditions of beauty as: integritas (wholeness), consonantia (harmony and proportion), and claritas (a radiance and clarity that makes the form of a thing apparent to the mind). 84:

define beauty in terms of the relation between the beautiful object as a whole and its parts: the parts should stand in the right proportion to each other and thus compose an integrated harmonious whole.

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Dittmar, Helga; Halliwell, Emma; Ive, Suzanne (March 2006). "Does Barbie make girls want to be thin? The effect of experimental exposure to images of dolls on the body image of 5- to 8-year-old girls".

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concept of beauty is one that exhibits perfect proportion (Wolfflin). In this context, the concept belonged often within the discipline of mathematics. An idea of spiritual beauty emerged during the

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The problem with both the objectivist and the subjectivist position in their extreme form is that each has to deny some intuitions about beauty. This issue is sometimes discussed under the label "

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Another problem faced by hedonist theories is that we take pleasure from many things that are not beautiful. One way to address this issue is to associate beauty with a special type of pleasure:

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of taste". It has prompted various philosophers to seek a unified theory that can take all these intuitions into account. One promising route to solve this problem is to move from subjective to

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as "incoherent" and criticized him for focusing only on Western European history and devoting none of his book to Eastern European, Asian, or African history. Amy Finnerty described Eco's work

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Hedonists usually restrict and specify the notion of pleasure in various ways in order to avoid obvious counterexamples. One important distinction in this context is the difference between

7305: 989:. Correlational findings support the view that more beautiful objects are also more pleasing. Some studies suggest that higher experienced beauty is associated with activity in the medial 5016:

Cunningham, Michael (1995). ""Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours": Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female physical attractiveness".

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Slater, Alan; Von der Schulenburg, Charlotte; Brown, Elizabeth; Badenoch, Marion; Butterworth, George; Parsons, Sonia; Samuels, Curtis (1998). "Newborn infants prefer attractive faces".

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said: "When one has strenuously implemented goodness until it is filled to completion and has accumulated truth, then the beauty will reside within it and will not depend on externals."

1450: 542:) he mentions beauty, this reads: "To God all things are beautiful, good, right..." The earliest Western theory of beauty can be found in the works of early Greek philosophers from the 582:, beauty was something embodying divine goodness, while the demonstration of behaviour which might be classified as beautiful, from an inner state of morality which is aligned to the 4500: 1862: 4831: 2485: 3048: 313:: the parts should stand in the right proportion to each other and thus compose an integrated harmonious whole. On this account, which found its most explicit articulation in the 6616: 1677: 4994: 1334:

Conversely, being very unattractive increases the individual's propensity for criminal activity for a number of crimes ranging from burglary to theft to selling illicit drugs.

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Vartanian, Oshin; Navarrete, Gorka; Chatterjee, Anjan; Fich, Lars Brorson; Leder, Helmut; Modroño, Cristián; Nadal, Marcos; Rostrup, Nicolai; Skov, Martin (June 18, 2013).

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have historically been subjected to beauty ideals that often do not reflect their own appearance, which can lead to issues of low self-esteem. African-American philosopher

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races of women) maintains a system of oppression based on race and gender that operates to the detriment of women of all races, and also black men. In the 1960s, the

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Monk, Ellis P.; Esposito, Michael H.; Lee, Hedwig (July 1, 2021). "Beholding Inequality: Race, Gender, and Returns to Physical Attractiveness in the United States".

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Reber, Rolf; Schwarz, Norbert; Winkielman, Piotr (November 2004). "Processing Fluency and Aesthetic Pleasure: Is Beauty in the Perceiver's Processing Experience?".

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wrote: "the splendour and beauty of creation", in respect to this, and all the facets of reality resulting from creation, he postulated these to be a reason to see

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thinkers rejected this view, and considered beauty to be the product of rational order and harmonious proportions. Renaissance artists and architects (such as

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Fasolini, Diego (2006). "The Intrusion of Laughter into the Abbey of Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose: The Christian paradox of Joy Mingling with Sorrow".

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Standards of beauty have changed over time, based on changing cultural values. Historically, paintings show a wide range of different standards for beauty.

4770: 2678: 5781: 5652: 5586: 102:, one of the major branches of philosophy. Beauty is usually categorized as an aesthetic property besides other properties, like grace, elegance or the 853: 4637:

Apicella, Coren L; Little, Anthony C; Marlowe, Frank W (2007). "Facial Averageness and Attractiveness in an Isolated Population of Hunter-Gatherers".

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Patton, Tracey Owens (July 2006). "Hey Girl, Am I More than My Hair?: African American Women and Their Struggles with Beauty, Body Image, and Hair".

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Langlois, Judith H.; Ritter, Jean M.; Roggman, Lori A.; Vaughn, Lesley S. (1991). "Facial diversity and infant preferences for attractive faces".

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The characterization of a person as "beautiful", whether on an individual basis or by community consensus, is often based on some combination of

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identified beauty with goodness, and considered a virtuous personality to be the greatest of beauties: In his philosophy, "a neighborhood with a

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Armstrong, Thomas; Detweiler-Bedell, Brian (December 2008). "Beauty as an Emotion: The Exhilarating Prospect of Mastering a Challenging World".

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In the aftermath of postmodernism's rejection of beauty, thinkers have returned to beauty as an important value. American analytic philosopher

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lasted until Romanticism, in the 19th century. Vasari aligned himself to the classical notion and thought of beauty as defined as arising from

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complexion wafers" decried blotches, moles, pimples, freckles, and "all female irregularities". Arsenic was known to be poisonous during the

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Various conceptions of the essential features of beautiful things have been proposed but there is no consensus as to which is the right one.

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interlocking system of oppression based on race and gender that operates to the detriment of all women and all blacks" (Caldwell 2000, 280).

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said of beauty "Beauty is indeed a good gift of God; but that the good may not think it a great good, God dispenses it even to the wicked."

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Eurocentric standards for men include tallness, leanness, and muscularity, which have been idolized through American media, such as in

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was used differently from the English word beauty in that it first and foremost applied to humans and bears an erotic connotation. The

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Review of The Beautiful Shape of the Good:Platonic and Pythagorean Themes in Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgment by M.C.Fistioc

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Much criticism has been directed at models of beauty which depend solely upon Western ideals of beauty, as seen, for example, in the

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Langlois, Judith H.; Roggman, Lori A.; Musselman, Lisa (1994). "What Is Average and What Is Not Average About Attractive Faces?".

2168: 7368: 7363: 2507: 1235:, and it was found that Asian and Latina women had more of the attributes that were considered attractive for women. Exposure to 4420:

Koeslag, Johan H. (1990). "Koinophilia groups sexual creatures into species, promotes stasis, and stabilizes social behaviour".

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conceived of the presence of beauty in universal terms, which is, as existing in a cosmological state, they observed beauty in

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to perceive. Such objects include landscapes, sunsets, humans and works of art. Beauty, art and taste are the main subjects of

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Barnett, Heather L.; Keel, P.; Conoscenti, Lauren M. (2001). "Body Type Preferences in Asian and Caucasian College Students".

2850: 2544: 7175: 5555: 4121: 4098: 4074: 3462: 3346: 3325: 3301: 3280: 3163: 3142: 3121: 2960: 2926: 2825: 2585: 2437: 1460: 949:, suggested viewing Gothic art and architecture, though not in accordance with the classical standard of beauty, as sublime. 814:

Europe, leading to a re-adoption of what became known as a "classical ideal". In terms of female human beauty, a woman whose

4561:; Giovanni, Jean Paul San; Sherak, Barbara (February 21, 2019). "Infants' Preferences for Attractiveness and Babyfaceness". 3250: 3026: 1002: 110:

as its negative counterpart. Beauty is often listed as one of the three fundamental concepts of human understanding besides

4739: 3037: 1478: 6125: 6050: 5327: 4922: 1224: 1205: 4133: 1591: 667:(cited: Konstan) states Plato states of the idea of beauty, of it (the idea), being something inviting desirousness (c.f 6749: 6676: 5522: 1552: 821: 2094: 7206: 1259: 285: 3651:"Berlyne Revisited: Evidence for the Multifaceted Nature of Hedonic Tone in the Appreciation of Paintings and Music" 993:. This approach of localizing the processing of beauty in one brain region has received criticism within the field. 139:, for example, suggests that this faculty can be trained and that the verdicts of experts coincide in the long run. 6275: 6105: 519: 7348: 7310: 7262: 5982: 2205: 2063: 1983: 1808: 1760: 1709: 1255:

women found that some had internalized a white beauty ideal that placed light skin and straight hair at the top.

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of some mind; ... however we generally imagine that there is something in the Object just like our Perception."

510:, which is the material world as it is, and as embodied in the spirit, which is the world of mental formations. 7295: 6944: 6797: 6636: 6420: 5821: 5471: 4355: 2687: 2270: 2145: 2012: 807: 406: 205: 190: 6175: 2305: 956:'s anti-aesthetics. This is despite beauty being a central concern of one of postmodernism's main influences, 5644: 5578: 6696: 6646: 6200: 6070: 5792: 2646:

The Beautiful Shape of the Good: Platonic and Pythagorean Themes in Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgment

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found that their ideals of female beauty were not significantly different. Participants in the study rated

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in his "Lives of Artists") criticised the Gothic period as irrational and barbarian. This point of view of

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was considered "the source and actual essence of all that is beautiful", which was heralded in its design.

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The 20th century saw an increasing rejection of beauty by artists and philosophers alike, culminating in

686:, it is only the locating of desire to which the sense of beauty exists, in the considerations of Plato. 7159: 6754: 6328: 6281: 6190: 6015: 5988: 5962: 5896: 5306: 5290: 3939: 1370: 1073: 723: 651: 457:

The classical Greek noun that best translates to the English-language words "beauty" or "beautiful" was

417:, who suggested that we project pleasure onto the things we call "beautiful". So in a process akin to a 210: 122: 6303: 4320:"Composite Portraits, Made by Combining Those of Many Different Persons Into a Single Resultant Figure" 4283:

Strauss, Mark S. (1979). "Abstraction of prototypical information by adults and 10-month-old infants".

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The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin's Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World - and Us

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among young girls as they grow, highlighting the dangerous nature of beauty standards in society.

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saw a rise in an interest in beauty as a philosophical subject. For example, Scottish philosopher

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depicts the effect of changing proportions and attempts to define what proportions are beautiful.

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see beauty as an objective or mind-independent feature of beautiful things, which is denied by

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C. Northcote Parkinson's Parkinson's Law: A modern-day interpretation of a management classic

5225: 5191: 3406: 2950: 2916: 2815: 7358: 7117: 6235: 6185: 6130: 6045: 5977: 5617: 5433: 5363: 5267: 5156: 5084: 5025: 4697: 4646: 4611: 4566: 4558: 4531: 4437: 4386: 4331: 4292: 4257: 3882: 3872: 3831: 3821: 3766: 3729: 3721: 3672: 3662: 3621: 3611: 3572: 3517: 3509: 2381: 2129: 2047: 1950: 1914: 1854: 1744: 1395: 1291: 1248: 1209: 1098: 891: 842: 766: 762: 755: 714: 602: 575: 426: 418: 414: 151: 70: 4701: 3600:"Impact of contour on aesthetic judgments and approach-avoidance decisions in architecture" 1172:

to do work such as finding food, men tend to have preferences for higher waist-hip ratios.

7343: 7290: 7122: 7112: 7071: 7023: 6874: 6120: 6060: 5937: 5740: 4484: 4199: 3052: 3041: 2618: 2599: 2577: 2551: 2533: 2518: 2494: 2472: 747: 656: 511: 446: 294: 2638: 2636: 2634: 4433: 3817: 3717: 3649:

Marin, Manuela M.; Lampatz, Allegra; Wandl, Michaela; Leder, Helmut (November 4, 2016).

3175: 1052:

expressed a similar idea: "few men could see the beauty in some one whom they dislike."

7005: 6989: 6706: 6686: 6556: 6313: 6265: 6225: 6160: 6110: 6090: 6025: 4390: 4261: 3887: 3860: 3836: 3801: 3734: 3701: 3677: 3650: 3626: 3599: 3030: 1360: 1228: 1213: 1201: 1148: 1078: 982: 834: 743: 551: 442: 422: 360: 333: 115: 4535: 4441: 7337: 7228: 6736: 6526: 6385: 6308: 6250: 6165: 6145: 6005: 5957: 5629: 5459: 5445: 5176: 5096: 4588: 4406: 4219:

The Search for the Beautiful Woman: A Cultural History of Japanese and Chinese Beauty

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show that skin conditions have a profound effect on social behavior and opportunity.

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like stories or mathematical proofs can be beautiful. Beauty plays a central role in

147: 4674: 4269: 3786: 7321: 7283: 7278: 7190: 7055: 7043: 6827: 6340: 6205: 6085: 6065: 5917: 5518: 5283: 4248:

Langlois, Judith H.; Roggman, Lori A. (1990). "Attractive Faces Are Only Average".

3584: 3539: 3435:. Princeton Essays on the Arts, 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975. 2745: 1279: 1220: 1102: 1090:

The word "beauty" is often used as a countable noun to describe a beautiful woman.

964: 938: 583: 563: 543: 322: 194: 155: 146:

accessible to sensory perception. It has been suggested that the beauty of a thing

127: 5537: 6567:

A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful

3877: 3826: 3234: 2993: 562:

and beauty. In particular, they noted that objects proportioned according to the

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Flett, G.L.; Kocovski, N.; Davison, G.C.; Neale, J.M.; Blankstein, K.R. (2017).

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Rhetoric of Masculinity: Male Body Image, Media, and Gender Role Stress/Conflict

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An Inquiry Into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue: In Two Treatises

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As of 1998, these criticisms of the lack of diversity in such franchises as the

1270: 1252: 1232: 1153: 1144: 1122: 1008: 997: 826: 811: 735: 627: 559: 474: 402: 80:

Conceptions of beauty aim to capture what is essential to all beautiful things.

35: 5367: 5331: 5029: 4914: 4164:"BEAUTY (noun) American English definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary" 3604:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

7093: 7018: 6984: 6911: 6896: 6884: 6852: 6813: 6479: 6457: 6350: 6135: 6095: 6055: 5922: 5837: 5787: 5160: 5088: 4615: 4570: 4296: 4141: 3725: 2487:

Scientists calculate the exact date of the Trojan horse using eclipse in Homer

1583: 1355: 1110: 1038:

has traditionally not made a separate discipline of the philosophy of beauty.

914: 838: 668: 598: 547: 535: 302: 226: 136: 99: 66: 62: 5736: 5271: 5168: 5037: 4709: 4658: 4623: 4543: 4449: 4398: 4343: 3667: 1756: 1544: 1137:) which includes physical attributes which are valued on an aesthetic basis. 7077: 7066: 7028: 6921: 6390: 6360: 6155: 6100: 6020: 5952: 5766: 3757:

Kawabata, Hideaki; Zeki, Semir (April 2004). "Neural Correlates of Beauty".

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Beauty is also studied by psychologists and neuroscientists in the field of

875: 778: 689: 679: 675: 672: 622: 495: 363:, who treats beauty as "that which pleases in the very apprehension of it". 32: 5375: 4717: 4666: 3896: 3845: 3778: 3743: 3686: 3635: 3531: 1167:

of approximately 0.70. As of 2004, physiologists had shown that women with

4457: 3770: 7105: 6994: 6916: 6862: 6847: 6837: 6691: 6425: 6375: 6355: 6220: 5753: 5542: 5519:"Image survey reveals "perception is reality" when it comes to teenagers" 4946:"National Centre for Eating Disorders - The Media & Eating Disorders" 4324:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

4304: 1163:

A feature of beautiful women which has been explored by researchers is a

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Rhodes, Gillian (2006). "The Evolutionary Psychology of Facial Beauty".

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postulated a difference between beauty in its classical meaning and the

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A very common element in many conceptions of beauty is its relation to

305:) defines beauty in terms of the relation between the beautiful object 221:

is the traditional view, while subjectivism developed more recently in

5392:

Abnormal Psychology, Sixth Canadian Edition Loose-Leaf Print Companion

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Notes on Greek Philosophy from Thales to Aristotle (parts 198 and 210)

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on the sensory features of this thing. It has also been proposed that

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did not influence or improve the Asian men's ratings of White women.

1057: 719: 5463: 4824:"Did evolution really make men prefer women with hourglass figures?" 4335: 4319: 3522: 2264: 2117: 2006: 1337:

Discrimination against others based on their appearance is known as

489:

had many meanings, including "youthful" and "ripe old age". Another

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Levinson, Jerrold (2003). "Philosophical Aesthetics: An Overview".

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An influential distinction among beautiful things, according to

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Cambridge University Classics Department ( < 750, 850 > )

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is commonly described as a feature of objects that makes them

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respectively. Psychological theories see beauty as a form of

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man in it is a beautiful neighborhood." Confucius's student

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Beauty, together with art and taste, is the main subject of

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Classics Department of University of Penn ( < 1250> )

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which the mathematical sciences exhibit to a special degree

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The Romantic poets, too, became highly concerned with the

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and sculptures of men and women produced according to the

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Characteristic that provides pleasure or satisfaction

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Archived from 2375: 2373: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 649:, and identifies Alcibiades as beautiful in 506:Beauty for ancient thinkers existed both in 5722:Beauty: What Makes Us Dream, What Haunts Us 4108: 4106: 3457:New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 535–537. 3296:New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 482–483. 3158:. United States: Cengage Learning. p. 351. 2771: 2769: 2580:, The Renaissance: Zeuxis portrait (p.174) 2040:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 925:Beauty is truth, truth beauty, —that is all 696:as having order, symmetry and definiteness 425:explained beauty as result of accumulative 6929: 6805: 6791: 6783: 5829: 5815: 5807: 5062: 5050: 3033:March 31, 2015 (references not sources: 2910: 2908: 2497:Telegraph Media Group Limited 24 Jun 2008 1708:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–24. 1697: 1695: 1143:A strong indicator of physical beauty is " 974:argues that beauty is related to justice. 928:Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. 142:Beauty is mainly discussed in relation to 5645:"Reasons to not be ugly: full transcript" 5579:"Reasons to not be ugly: full transcript" 5521:(Press release). multivu.prnewswire.com. 5497:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 46–47. 3940:"Review: On Beauty edited by Umberto Eco" 3886: 3876: 3835: 3825: 3733: 3676: 3666: 3625: 3615: 3566: 3521: 1918: 1309:An Indian woman in her traditional attire 4855:"Hourglass Figures: We Take It All Back" 4490:"Why beauty is an advert for good genes" 3502:Personality and Social Psychology Review 2998:. published by Oxford University Press. 2682:Volume 4 Issue 2 Medical Research Ethics 1943:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 643:Plato also discusses beauty in his work 27: 4116:. 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London: Harvill Secker. 3759:Journal of Neurophysiology 3358:Monk, Samuel Holt (1960). 3233:Francis Hutcheson (1726). 3040:November 26, 2014, at the 2493:December 24, 2021, at the 2471:December 22, 2021, at the 2292:Hansson, Sven Ove (2005). 1901:De Clercq, Rafael (2019). 1543:Sartwell, Crispin (2017). 1067: 746:included beauty among the 520:Ancient Greek architecture 344: 188: 18: 7311:Outline of the humanities 7291:Criticism of mass culture 7263:National Humanities Medal 6745: 5161:10.1007/s11199-018-0966-9 4616:10.1037/0012-1649.27.1.79 4571:10.4324/9781315789361-103 4428:(1). Elsevier BV: 15–35. 4297:10.1037/0278-7393.5.6.618 4198:February 3, 2023, at the 3726:10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.018 3702:"Beauty Requires Thought" 2598:October 11, 2015, at the 2592:Helen runs off with Paris 2576:February 3, 2023, at the 2550:December 8, 2015, at the 2545:Sources for War with Troy 2532:February 3, 2023, at the 2517:February 3, 2023, at the 2294:"Aesthetic Functionalism" 2085:Uzgalis, William (2020). 1265:In of the United States, 996:Philosopher and novelist 328:18th century philosopher 264:: instead of looking for 7296:Educational essentialism 6933:Interdisciplinary fields 5724:. Feminist Anthropology. 5702:Richard O. Prum (2018). 5356:Developmental Psychology 5272:10.2979/NWS.2006.18.2.24 4604:Developmental Psychology 4318:Galton, Francis (1879). 4193:Artists' Types of Beauty 3668:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00536 3610:(Suppl 2): 10446–10453. 3477:On Beauty and Being Just 2617:August 12, 2017, at the 2506:Bronze Age first source 1449:Stegers, Rudolf (2008). 937:In the Romantic period, 566:seemed more attractive. 246:intersubjective theories 7369:Metaphysical properties 7364:Physical attractiveness 6697:Evolutionary aesthetics 6647:The Aesthetic Dimension 5089:10.1023/A:1015600705749 4089:Chang, Chi-yun (2013). 3617:10.1073/pnas.1301227110 2720:. Penguin. p. 32. 2714:Seife, Charles (2000). 2327:Konstan, David (2014). 2298:Contemporary Aesthetics 2005:Scruton, Roger (2011). 1731:Kriegel, Uriah (2019). 1588:Encyclopedia Britannica 1135:physical attractiveness 1070:Physical attractiveness 979:experimental aesthetics 890:argued that beauty is " 608:Beauty is a subject of 258:ideal-observer theories 229:'s distinction between 21:Beauty (disambiguation) 7354:Concepts in aesthetics 7084:Liberal arts education 6627:Avant-Garde and Kitsch 6577:Lectures on Aesthetics 5782:beautycheck.de/english 4980:The Helena Independent 3433:A New Theory of Beauty 3337:Doran, Robert (2017). 3051:July 16, 2020, at the 2621:Auslegung Volume XIII 1670:"Beauty in Aesthetics" 1381:Masculine beauty ideal 1376:Glamour (presentation) 1310: 1197: 1087: 879: 635:. In the final state, 454: 392:disinterested pleasure 298: 51: 7160:History of Humanities 6772:Philosophy portal 4379:Psychological Science 4250:Psychological Science 3989:Eco, Umberto (1980). 3964:Eco, Umberto (2007). 3910:Eco, Umberto (2004). 3771:10.1152/jn.00696.2003 3112:Eco, Umberto (1988). 2702:beauty and the divine 2700:(ed. 4th paragraph - 2590:The British Museum - 2429:History of Aesthetics 2383:Aesthetics and Nature 2173:Oxford Bibliographies 1749:10.1093/analys/anz045 1637:"Beauty and Ugliness" 1477:. The Phrase Finder. 1371:Feminine beauty ideal 1308: 1242:One study found that 1187: 1081: 1074:Feminine beauty ideal 895:properly denotes the 856: 740:Catholic philosophers 445: 438:Greco-Roman tradition 288: 189:Further information: 171:pulchritudo adhaerens 82:Classical conceptions 31: 7316:Renaissance humanism 7248:Master of Humanities 6717:Philosophy of design 6597:In Praise of Shadows 6587:The Critic as Artist 5720:Liebelt, C. (2022), 5005:on November 5, 2018. 4799:. December 3, 2008. 4168:Macmillan Dictionary 4112:Tang, Yijie (2015). 3991:The Name of the Rose 3712:(10): 1506–1513.e3. 2949:S Scolnicov (2003). 2227:Spicher, Michael R. 2169:"Aesthetic Hedonism" 1473:Gary Martin (2007). 1015:The Name of the Rose 991:orbitofrontal cortex 919:Ode on a Grecian Urn 804:Classical philosophy 671:), and, promotes an 330:Alexander Baumgarten 87:Hedonist conceptions 19:For other uses, see 7235:Geisteswissenschaft 7201:Teaching Philosophy 6980:Abductive reasoning 6727:Philosophy of music 6702:Mathematical beauty 5735:Sartwell, Crispin. 5536:Lorenz, K. (2005). 4999:National Geographic 4891:. October 5, 2017. 4496:The Daily Telegraph 4434:1990JThBi.144...15K 4224:Selden, Kyoko Iriye 4204:The Strand Magazine 3818:2011PLoSO...621852I 3718:2017CBio...27E1506B 3380:Hal Foster (1998). 2992:D. Konstan (2014). 2856:on October 10, 2015 1386:Mathematical beauty 1282:concept of beauty. 958:Friedrich Nietzsche 783:Notre-Dame de Paris 730:Western Middle Ages 534:In one fragment of 315:Italian Renaissance 235:secondary qualities 44:Gothic architecture 40:Notre-Dame de Paris 7322:Studia Humanitatis 6722:Philosophy of film 6712:Patterns in nature 6682:Applied aesthetics 6657:Why Beauty Matters 6443:Life imitating art 6304:Art for art's sake 5552:Cable News Network 5438:10.1037/aap0000077 5326:DoCarmo, Stephen. 5155:(11–12): 735–744. 5083:(11/12): 875-875. 4470:Symons, D. (1979) 4330:. JSTOR: 132–144. 4048:. December 2, 2007 3064:Nicomachean Ethics 2952:Plato's Parmenides 2564:the most beautiful 2380:G Parsons (2008). 2134:10.1111/phc3.12645 2122:Philosophy Compass 1955:10.1111/phpr.12641 1920:10.1111/jaac.12636 1318:Effects on society 1311: 1276:black is beautiful 1198: 1088: 1036:Chinese philosophy 1031:Chinese philosophy 880: 859:The Birth of Venus 808:Greek philosophers 787:Chartres Cathedral 692:defines beauty in 455: 299: 291:Analysis of Beauty 223:western philosophy 165:, is that between 52: 7331: 7330: 7051:General knowledge 7034:Cultural literacy 6968: 6967: 6902:Religious studies 6838:Classical studies 6780: 6779: 6732:Psychology of art 6607:Art as Experience 5801:Plato - Symposium 5685:978-1-908189-71-4 5504:978-0-470-86835-5 5462:(July 14, 2009). 5402:978-1-119-44409-1 5284:Project MUSE 5237:978-0-8070-0883-6 5224:West, C. (2017). 5203:978-1-7936-2689-9 4580:978-1-315-78936-1 4559:Zebrowitz, Leslie 4216:Chō, Kyō (2012). 4144:on August 9, 2020 3418:978-0-394-70437-1 3408:The Will To Power 3391:978-1-56584-462-9 3074:M Garani (2007). 3029:published by the 2776:L Cheney (2007). 2338:978-0-19-992726-5 2229:"Aesthetic Taste" 1366:Body modification 1267:African Americans 1217:American citizens 1169:hourglass figures 1086:, 14th century BC 1084:bust of Nefertiti 888:Francis Hutcheson 868:Sandro Botticelli 684:Alexander Nehamas 682:) of desire. For 623:erotic attachment 370:Euthyphro dilemma 262:antinomy of taste 231:primary qualities 7376: 7349:Aesthetic beauty 7118:Self-realization 6930: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6784: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6662: 6652: 6642: 6632: 6622: 6612: 6602: 6592: 6582: 6572: 6562: 6552: 6542: 6532: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5808: 5750: 5741:Zalta, Edward N. 5717: 5690: 5689: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5334:on April 8, 2005 5323: 5317: 5316: 5310: 5302: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5001:. Archived from 4990: 4984: 4983: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4921:. 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Clohesy - 2609: 2605: 2600:Wayback Machine 2578:Wayback Machine 2562: 2558: 2552:Wayback Machine 2543: 2539: 2534:Wayback Machine 2519:Wayback Machine 2505: 2501: 2495:Wayback Machine 2483: 2479: 2473:Wayback Machine 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2440: 2425: 2424: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2394: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2262: 2261: 2252: 2242: 2240: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1940: 1939: 1928: 1900: 1899: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1846: 1845: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1800: 1799: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1701: 1700: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1668: 1667: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1635: 1634: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1582: 1581: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1542: 1541: 1494: 1484: 1482: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1448: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1347: 1320: 1204:immigrants and 1182: 1180:Western concept 1165:waist–hip ratio 1076: 1068:Main articles: 1066: 1033: 935: 851: 801: 732: 710: 589:The writing of 572: 532: 512:Greek mythology 447:Greek mythology 440: 435: 407:intrinsic value 400: 349: 343: 295:William Hogarth 283: 275: 197: 187: 96: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7382: 7380: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7336: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7156: 7151: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7081: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7006:Belles-lettres 7002: 6997: 6992: 6990:Antipositivism 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6707:Neuroesthetics 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6687:Arts criticism 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6653: 6643: 6633: 6623: 6613: 6603: 6593: 6583: 6573: 6563: 6557:On the Sublime 6553: 6543: 6533: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6421:Interpretation 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6321: 6316: 6314:Artistic merit 6311: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5963:Psychoanalysis 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5798: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5770: 5760: 5751: 5730: 5729:External links 5727: 5726: 5725: 5718: 5713:978-0345804570 5712: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5684: 5666: 5635: 5622:10.1086/715141 5616:(1): 194–241. 5600: 5569: 5528: 5510: 5503: 5485: 5460:Begley, Sharon 5451: 5432:(4): 296–307. 5415: 5401: 5381: 5362:(2): 283–292. 5345: 5318: 5250: 5236: 5216: 5202: 5182: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5067: 5055: 5043: 5024:(2): 261–279. 5008: 4985: 4967: 4944:Jade, Deanne. 4936: 4906: 4876: 4845: 4814: 4784: 4753: 4723: 4680: 4629: 4594: 4579: 4549: 4514: 4476: 4463: 4412: 4369: 4310: 4291:(6): 618–632. 4275: 4256:(2): 115–121. 4240: 4233:978-1442218956 4232: 4208: 4185: 4155: 4125: 4102: 4079: 4059: 4033: 4022:(2): 119–129. 4006: 3999: 3981: 3974: 3956: 3927: 3921:978-0436205170 3920: 3902: 3851: 3792: 3749: 3692: 3641: 3590: 3561:(4): 305–329. 3545: 3508:(4): 364–382. 3492: 3485: 3467: 3446: 3437: 3431:Guy Sircello, 3424: 3417: 3397: 3390: 3372: 3351: 3330: 3306: 3285: 3264: 3245: 3225: 3219: 3199: 3167: 3147: 3126: 3105: 3087:978-1135859831 3086: 3066: 3057: 3031:Oxonian Review 3018: 3005:978-0199927265 3004: 2984: 2975: 2961: 2941: 2927: 2904: 2891:978-0415522281 2890: 2867: 2829: 2807: 2789:978-0820488134 2788: 2765: 2733: 2726: 2706: 2664: 2630: 2603: 2556: 2537: 2521:, verified at 2499: 2484:R Highfield - 2477: 2466:The Trojan War 2464:P.T. Struck - 2457: 2438: 2411: 2393:978-0826496768 2392: 2369: 2353: 2344: 2337: 2319: 2284: 2250: 2219: 2190: 2159: 2108: 2077: 2052:10.2307/429687 2026: 1997: 1968: 1949:(2): 261–280. 1926: 1913:(2): 121–132. 1876: 1822: 1774: 1743:(3): 503–520. 1723: 1691: 1658: 1605: 1566: 1492: 1465: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1419:Translated in 1411: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1361:Beauty pageant 1358: 1353: 1346: 1343: 1319: 1316: 1200:A study using 1181: 1178: 1149:Francis Galton 1065: 1062: 1032: 1029: 983:neuroesthetics 934: 931: 930: 929: 926: 870:. The goddess 850: 847: 835:Giorgio Vasari 800: 797: 750:attributes of 748:transcendental 744:Thomas Aquinas 731: 728: 709: 706: 571: 568: 531: 528: 439: 436: 434: 431: 423:Charles Darwin 399: 396: 381:mixed pleasure 361:Thomas Aquinas 345:Main article: 342: 339: 334:laws of nature 319:laws of beauty 282: 279: 274: 271: 186: 183: 133:sense of taste 95: 92: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7381: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7229:Human science 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6945:Environmental 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6848:Language arts 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6803: 6801: 6796: 6794: 6789: 6788: 6785: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6738: 6737:Theory of art 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6528: 6527:Hippias Major 6524: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6386:Entertainment 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6309:Art manifesto 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6299:Appropriation 6297: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6191:Merleau-Ponty 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6006:Abhinavagupta 6004: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5958:Postmodernism 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5820: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5687: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5667: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5601: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5570: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5532: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5486: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5416: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5385: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5346: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5251: 5239: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5220: 5217: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4937: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4864: 4860: 4859:Sharon Begley 4856: 4849: 4846: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4815: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4772: 4768: 4767:New Scientist 4764: 4757: 4754: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4651:10.1068/p5601 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4515: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4370: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4016:Romance Notes 4010: 4007: 4002: 4000:9780099466031 3996: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3975:9781846551222 3971: 3967: 3960: 3957: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3812:(7): e21852. 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3493: 3488: 3486:0-691-08959-0 3482: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3384:. New Press. 3383: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3252: 3248: 3246:9780598982698 3242: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3220:0-300-09295-4 3216: 3212: 3211: 3203: 3200: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3156:World History 3151: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3080:. Routledge. 3079: 3078: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2945: 2942: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2893: 2887: 2884:. Routledge. 2883: 2882: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2852: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2808: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727:0-14-029647-6 2723: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2677:J.L. Wright. 2673: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2320: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2272: 2269:. Routledge. 2268: 2267: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2220: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2191: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2128:(1): e12645. 2127: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2109: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2078: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2027: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2001: 1998: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1810: 1807:. 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E. Moore 321:, like the 273:Conceptions 219:Objectivism 206:objectivism 191:objectivity 175:free beauty 59:pleasurable 36:rose window 7338:Categories 7094:Quadrivium 7019:Creativity 6985:Aesthetics 6912:Filmmaking 6897:Philosophy 6853:Literature 6814:Humanities 6480:Recreation 6458:Perception 6351:Creativity 6051:Baumgarten 6041:Baudelaire 5923:Classicism 5838:Aesthetics 5765:(requires 5706:. Anchor. 4639:Perception 4122:3662455331 4099:9814439894 4075:962201318X 3463:0312053916 3347:1107499151 3326:0312053916 3302:0312053916 3281:0312053916 3164:1337401048 3143:1595250271 3122:0674006755 2962:0520925114 2928:1883058090 2837:K Urstad. 2826:113678800X 2586:0521300088 2439:0826488552 2046:(3): 304. 1461:3764382767 1435:References 1356:Aesthetics 1123:congruence 1111:politeness 915:John Keats 897:Perception 843:proportion 839:Gothic art 816:appearance 781:including 779:Cathedrals 777:of Gothic 754:. In his 680:denouncing 661:the divine 652:Parmenides 599:Aristippus 548:Pythagoras 538:writings ( 524:proportion 307:as a whole 303:Classicism 227:John Locke 148:supervenes 137:David Hume 100:aesthetics 67:philosophy 63:aesthetics 7166:Humanitas 7078:Humanitas 7067:Historism 7029:Criticism 6922:Sculpture 6485:Reverence 6391:Eroticism 6361:Depiction 6334:Masculine 6236:Santayana 6196:Nietzsche 6141:Hutcheson 6131:Heidegger 6116:Greenberg 6071:Coleridge 6036:Balthasar 6021:Aristotle 5983:Theosophy 5978:Symbolism 5953:Modernism 5938:Formalism 5767:RealAudio 5630:235473652 5446:151560804 5295:233235409 5177:150156045 5169:0360-0025 5149:Sex Roles 5097:141429057 5077:Sex Roles 5038:1939-1315 4710:0066-4308 4659:0301-0066 4624:1939-0599 4589:197734413 4544:0163-6383 4450:0022-5193 4407:145147905 4399:0956-7976 4344:0959-5295 4178:August 1, 4148:August 1, 3563:CiteSeerX 2842:Symposium 2627:0733-4311 2142:213973255 1963:204522523 1757:0003-2638 1425:dependent 1401:Cosmetics 1351:Adornment 1325:Eva Ritvo 1260:Hollywood 1119:integrity 1050:Zeng Shen 1040:Confucius 1021:On Beauty 876:Aphrodite 866:1485) by 690:Aristotle 614:Symposium 576:classical 514:mentions 491:classical 449:mentions 388:aesthetic 281:Classical 250:secondary 33:Rayonnant 7217:Academia 7186:Leonardo 7154:Daedalus 7142:Journals 7106:Ontology 6995:The arts 6917:Painting 6863:Rhetoric 6760:Category 6692:Axiology 6561:(c. 500) 6551:(c. 100) 6426:Judgment 6381:Emotions 6376:Elegance 6356:Cuteness 6329:Feminine 6292:Concepts 6261:Tanizaki 6241:Schiller 6226:Richards 6216:Rancière 6186:Maritain 6121:Hanslick 6061:Benjamin 5933:Feminism 5902:Theology 5882:Medieval 5872:Japanese 5867:Internet 5737:"Beauty" 5659:March 4, 5653:Archived 5593:March 4, 5587:Archived 5556:Archived 5543:CNN News 5523:Archived 5472:Archived 5468:Newsweek 5376:16569167 5291:ProQuest 4954:Archived 4923:Archived 4919:BBC News 4893:Archived 4863:Archived 4832:Archived 4801:Archived 4771:Archived 4740:Archived 4736:BBC News 4718:16318594 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646:Phaedrus 603:the good 595:Socrates 591:Xenophon 496:pulchrum 357:hedonism 353:pleasure 347:Hedonism 341:Hedonism 309:and its 242:antinomy 169:beauty ( 167:adherent 123:realists 116:goodness 108:ugliness 94:Overview 71:ugliness 7359:Fashion 7272:Related 7207:more... 7089:Trivium 7039:Culture 7013:Bildung 6955:Medical 6940:Digital 6890:Theatre 6843:History 6755:Outline 6670:Related 6537:Poetics 6505:Tragedy 6495:Sublime 6468:Quality 6453:Mimesis 6411:Harmony 6396:Fashion 6371:Ecstasy 6366:Disgust 6282:more... 6251:Scruton 6176:Lyotard 6111:Goodman 6091:Deleuze 6026:Aquinas 6016:Alberti 5989:more... 5968:Realism 5948:Marxism 5928:Fascism 5911:Schools 5897:Science 5852:Ancient 5756:at the 5743:(ed.). 5478:May 31, 5280:4317206 5243:June 1, 5209:June 3, 4869:July 1, 4838:July 1, 4807:July 1, 4777:July 1, 4746:July 1, 4458:2200930 4430:Bibcode 4352:2841021 4052:June 3, 3949:June 3, 3888:3601993 3837:3130765 3814:Bibcode 3735:6778408 3714:Bibcode 3678:5095118 3661:: 536. 3627:3690611 3585:8375375 3540:1868463 3098:May 12, 2968:May 12, 2934:May 12, 2897:May 12, 2860:May 11, 2800:May 11, 2758:May 11, 2694:May 11, 2657:May 11, 2512:- p.116 2450:May 11, 2404:May 11, 1339:lookism 1202:Chinese 1190:arsenic 1054:Mencius 943:sublime 734:In the 665:Scruton 640:sense. 618:Diotima 487:hōraios 479:hōraios 211:realism 104:sublime 7344:Beauty 7128:Wisdom 7060: 7000:Beauty 6973:Themes 6960:Public 6950:Health 6858:Poetry 6661:(2009) 6651:(1977) 6641:(1946) 6631:(1939) 6621:(1935) 6611:(1934) 6601:(1933) 6591:(1891) 6581:(1835) 6571:(1757) 6438:Kitsch 6416:Humour 6346:Comedy 6324:Beauty 6266:Vasari 6256:Tagore 6231:Ruskin 6171:Lukács 6161:Langer 6106:Goethe 6031:Balázs 6011:Adorno 5892:Nature 5857:Africa 5754:Beauty 5710: 5682: 5628: 5501: 5444: 5399: 5374: 5293: 5288:199496 5286: 5278: 5234: 5200: 5175: 5167: 5095: 5036: 4716: 4708: 4673: 4665: 4657: 4622: 4587: 4577: 4542: 4456: 4448: 4405: 4397: 4350: 4342: 4305:528918 4303: 4268: 4230: 4120: 4097: 4073: 4026: 3997: 3972: 3918: 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