405:. A pleasure is disinterested if it is indifferent to the existence of the beautiful object or if it did not arise owing to an antecedent desire through means-end reasoning. For example, the joy of looking at a beautiful landscape would still be valuable if it turned out that this experience was an illusion, which would not be true if this joy was due to seeing the landscape as a valuable real estate opportunity. Opponents of hedonism usually concede that many experiences of beauty are pleasurable but deny that this is true for all cases. For example, a cold jaded critic may still be a good judge of beauty because of her years of experience but lack the joy that initially accompanied her work. One way to avoid this objection is to allow responses to beautiful things to lack pleasure while insisting that all beautiful things merit pleasure, that aesthetic pleasure is the only appropriate response to them.
5135:, p. 875: "Additionally, ethnic facial features may contribute to a general feeling of deviating from the norm, leading Asian or Asian American men to focus on a seemingly mutable quality, body weight. Further, Asian men were more likely than Caucasian men to select an ideal body figure that was similar to the figure they thought most attractive to the opposite sex. This suggests that Asian males may be more invested in achieving a larger body in order to attract a romantic partner. Finally, Asian males may be negatively affected by efforts to acculturate to Western society. A recent study revealed that acculturation is positively related to perfectionism in Asian males but not Asian females (Davis & Katzman, 1999)."
865:
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248:, which constitute powers in the object to produce certain ideas in the observer. When applied to beauty, there is still a sense in which it depends on the object and its powers. But this account makes the possibility of genuine disagreements about claims of beauty implausible, since the same object may produce very different ideas in distinct observers. The notion of "taste" can still be used to explain why different people disagree about what is beautiful, but there is no objectively right or wrong taste, there are just different tastes.
454:
5123:, p. 875: "Rieger et al. (2001) argue that traditional values and practices in Asian cultures also idealize thinness. Virtues of fasting that results in emaciation are quoted from the Daoist text Sandong zhunang (Rieger et al., 2001). Thus, while Caucasian and Asian women may be exposed to similar ideals of attractiveness, and Asian women are nearer to weight ideals portrayed by the media, both traditional and western values may contribute to the internalization of extremely thin ideals by Asian females."
40:
328:, the beauty of a human body, for example, depends, among other things, on the right proportion of the different parts of the body and on the overall symmetry. One problem with this conception is that it is difficult to give a general and detailed description of what is meant by "harmony between parts" and raises the suspicion that defining beauty through harmony results in exchanging one unclear term for another one. Some attempts have been made to dissolve this suspicion by searching for
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636:, and end with the transcending of the physical to an appreciation of beauty as a thing in itself. The ascent of love begins with one's own body, then secondarily, in appreciating beauty in another's body, thirdly beauty in the soul, which cognates to beauty in the mind in the modern sense, fourthly beauty in institutions, laws and activities, fifthly beauty in knowledge, the sciences, and finally to lastly love beauty itself, which translates to the original Greek language term as
236:. Objectivists hold that beauty is a mind-independent feature of things. On this account, the beauty of a landscape is independent of who perceives it or whether it is perceived at all. Disagreements may be explained by an inability to perceive this feature, sometimes referred to as a "lack of taste". Subjectivism, on the other hand, denies the mind-independent existence of beauty. Influential for the development of this position was
211:
feelings rather than objective perception. But they also differ from the latter because they lay claim on universal correctness. This tension is also reflected in common language. On the one hand, we talk about beauty as an objective feature of the world that is ascribed, for example, to landscapes, paintings or humans. The subjective side, on the other hand, is expressed in sayings like "beauty is in the eye of the beholder".
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some principle and fitted for a purpose. He distinguished "free beauty" from "merely adherent beauty", explaining that "the first presupposes no concept of what the object ought to be; the second does presuppose such a concept and the perfection of the object in accordance therewith." By this definition, free beauty is found in seashells and wordless music; adherent beauty in buildings and the human body.
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366:. Hedonism makes this relation part of the definition of beauty by holding that there is a necessary connection between pleasure and beauty, e.g. that for an object to be beautiful is for it to cause pleasure or that the experience of beauty is always accompanied by pleasure. This account is sometimes labeled as "aesthetic hedonism" in order to distinguish it from other forms of
192:). A thing has adherent beauty if its beauty depends on the conception or function of this thing, unlike free or absolute beauty. Examples of adherent beauty include an ox which is beautiful as an ox but not beautiful as a horse or a photograph which is beautiful, because it depicts a beautiful building but that lacks beauty generally speaking because of its low quality.
259:, which hold that the standards of validity of judgments of taste are intersubjective or dependent on a group of judges rather than objective. This approach tries to explain how genuine disagreement about beauty is possible despite the fact that beauty is a mind-dependent property, dependent not on an individual but a group. A closely related theory sees beauty as a
612:. Socrates discerned differences in the conception of the beautiful, for example, in inanimate objects, the effectiveness of execution of design was a deciding factor on the perception of beauty in something. By the account of Xenophon, Socrates found beauty congruent with that to which was defined as the morally good, in short, he thought beauty coincident with
5064:, p. 1995: "All groups of judges made more positive ratings of the Asian and Hispanic targets compared with the Black and White targets. Further analyses indicated that the Asian and Hispanic targets happened to possess significantly larger eye height, eye width, nose width, eyebrow height, smile width, and upper lip width than the White and Black women".
88:
ability on the side of the subject needed to perceive and judge beauty, sometimes referred to as the "sense of taste", can be trained and that the verdicts of experts coincide in the long run. This suggests the standards of validity of judgments of beauty are intersubjective, i.e. dependent on a group of judges, rather than fully subjective or objective.
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under more controlled conditions and found that the computer-generated, mathematical average of a series of faces is rated more favorably than individual faces. It is argued that it is evolutionarily advantageous that sexual creatures are attracted to mates who possess predominantly common or average features, because it suggests the
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least attractive people are less likely to get approvals, although they are less likely to default. In the marriage market, women's looks are at a premium, but men's looks do not matter much. The impact of physical attractiveness on earnings varies across races, with the largest beauty wage gap among black women and black men.
142:. The source of this debate is that judgments of beauty seem to be based on subjective grounds, namely our feelings, while claiming universal correctness at the same time. This tension is sometimes referred to as the "antinomy of taste". Adherents of both sides have suggested that a certain faculty, commonly called a
394:. Pure pleasure excludes any form of pain or unpleasant feeling while the experience of mixed pleasure can include unpleasant elements. But beauty can involve mixed pleasure, for example, in the case of a beautifully tragic story, which is why mixed pleasure is usually allowed in hedonist conceptions of beauty.
561:, who conceived of beauty as useful for a moral education of the soul. He wrote of how people experience pleasure when aware of a certain type of formal situation present in reality, perceivable by sight or through the ear and discovered the underlying mathematical ratios in the harmonic scales in music. The
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proposed his New Theory of Beauty as an effort to reaffirm the status of beauty as an important philosophical concept. He rejected the subjectivism of Kant and sought to identify the properties inherent in an object that make it beautiful. He called qualities such as vividness, boldness, and subtlety
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and variety in unity". He wrote that beauty was neither purely subjective nor purely objective—it could be understood not as "any
Quality suppos'd to be in the Object, which should of itself be beautiful, without relation to any Mind which perceives it: For Beauty, like other Names of sensible Ideas,
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Researchers have found that good-looking students get higher grades from their teachers than students with an ordinary appearance. Some studies using mock criminal trials have shown that physically attractive "defendants" are less likely to be convicted—and if convicted are likely to receive lighter
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in the United States are closer to the ideal figure promoted in
Western media, and that East Asian women conform to both Western and Eastern influences in the United States. East Asian men were found to be more impacted by Western beauty ideals then East Asian women, in the United States. East Asian
87:
One difficulty in understanding beauty is that it has both objective and subjective aspects: it is seen as a property of things but also as depending on the emotional response of observers. Because of its subjective side, beauty is said to be "in the eye of the beholder". It has been argued that the
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franchise. Criticisms of Barbie are often centered around concerns that children consider Barbie a role model of beauty and will attempt to emulate her. One of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of body image for a young woman, leading to a risk that girls
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were more fertile than other women because of higher levels of certain female hormones, a fact that may subconsciously condition males choosing mates. In 2008, other commentators have suggested that this preference may not be universal. For instance, in some non-Western cultures in which women have
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elaborates that, "much of black self-hatred and self-contempt has to do with the refusal of many black
Americans to love their own black bodies-especially their black noses, hips, lips, and hair." According to Patton (2006), the stereotype of African-American women's inferiority (relative to other
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follows
Aquinas in declaring: "three things concur in creating beauty: first of all integrity or perfection, and for this reason, we consider ugly all incomplete things; then proper proportion or consonance; and finally clarity and light", before going on to say "the sight of the beautiful implies
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and truth are united as one. There is the sense in the text, concerning love and beauty they both co-exist but are still independent or, in other words, mutually exclusive, since love does not have beauty since it seeks beauty. The work toward the end provides a description of beauty in a negative
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How much money a person earns may also be influenced by physical beauty. One study found that people low in physical attractiveness earn 5 to 10 percent less than ordinary-looking people, who in turn earn 3 to 8 percent less than those who are considered good-looking. In the market for loans, the
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sentences—than less attractive ones (although the opposite effect was observed when the alleged crime was swindling, perhaps because jurors perceived the defendant's attractiveness as facilitating the crime). Studies among teens and young adults, such as those of psychiatrist and self-help author
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Exposure to the thin ideal in mass media, such as fashion magazines, directly correlates with body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and the development of eating disorders among female viewers. Further, the widening gap between individual body sizes and societal ideals continues to breed anxiety
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overlaid photographic composite images of the faces of vegetarians and criminals to see if there was a typical facial appearance for each. When doing this, he noticed that the composite images were more attractive as compared to any of the individual images. Researchers have replicated the result
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believed that there could be no "universal criterion of the beautiful" and that the experience of beauty is subjective, but that an object is judged to be beautiful when it seems to display "purposiveness"; that is, when its form is perceived to have the character of a thing designed according to
210:
Judgments of beauty seem to occupy an intermediary position between objective judgments, e.g. concerning the mass and shape of a grapefruit, and subjective likes, e.g. concerning whether the grapefruit tastes good. Judgments of beauty differ from the former because they are based on subjective
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These stereotypes and the culture that sustains them exist to define the social position of black women as subordinate on the basis of gender to all men, regardless of color, and on the basis of race to all other women. These negative images also are indispensable to the maintenance of an
496:, meaning "hour". In Koine Greek, beauty was thus associated with "being of one's hour". Thus, a ripe fruit (of its time) was considered beautiful, whereas a young woman trying to appear older or an older woman trying to appear younger would not be considered beautiful. In Attic Greek,
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as "that of which the admiring contemplation is good in itself". This definition connects beauty to experience while managing to avoid some of the problems usually associated with subjectivist positions since it allows that things may be beautiful even if they are never experienced.
383:: is something beautiful because we enjoy it or do we enjoy it because it is beautiful? Identity theorists solve this problem by denying that there is a difference between beauty and pleasure: they identify beauty, or the appearance of it, with the experience of aesthetic pleasure.
279:
of beauty itself, one can learn to identify the qualities of good critics and rely on their judgments. This approach only works if unanimity among experts was ensured. But even experienced judges may disagree in their judgments, which threatens to undermine ideal-observer theories.
271:: it only matters how an ideal observer would respond. There is no general agreement on how "ideal observers" are to be defined, but it is usually assumed that they are experienced judges of beauty with a fully developed sense of taste. This suggests an indirect way of solving the
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conforms to these tenets is still called a "classical beauty" or said to possess a "classical beauty", whilst the foundations laid by Greek and Roman artists have also supplied the standard for male beauty and female beauty in western civilization as seen, for example, in the
100:
see a necessary connection between pleasure and beauty, e.g. that for an object to be beautiful is for it to cause disinterested pleasure. Other conceptions include defining beautiful objects in terms of their value, of a loving attitude toward them or of their function.
347:
and believed that they could be discovered through empirical research. As of 2003, these attempts have failed to find a general definition of beauty and several authors take the opposite claim that such laws cannot be formulated, as part of their definition of beauty.
432:, one treats one's subjective pleasure as an objective property of the beautiful thing. Other conceptions include defining beauty in terms of a loving or longing attitude toward the beautiful object or in terms of its usefulness or function. In 1871, functionalist
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describes how beauty moves out from a core singular appreciation of the body to outer appreciations via loved ones, to the world in its state of culture and society (Wright). In other words, Diotoma gives to
Socrates an explanation of how love should begin with
5076:, p. 271: "The four-item measure of exposure to Western culture was not reliably associated with giving higher ratings to Whites (r = . 19, n s). The relation of rating Whites to frequency of viewing Western television, for example, was quite low (r=.01)."
5147:, p. 875: " "Specifically, Asian males reported an ideal figure that was larger than their current figure. An interaction between gender and ethnicity revealed that Caucasian females and Asian males reported the largest degree of body dissatisfaction."
1324:
In East Asian cultures, familial pressures and cultural norms shape beauty ideals. A 2017 experimental study concluded that Asian cultural idealization of "fragile" girls was impacting Asian
American women's lifestyle, eating, and appearance choices.
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Since the 1970s there has been increasing evidence that a preference for beautiful faces emerges early in infancy, and is probably innate, and that the rules by which attractiveness is established are similar across different genders and cultures.
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Wong, Stephanie N.; Keum, Brian TaeHyuk; Caffarel, Daniel; Srinivasan, Ranjana; Morshedian, Negar; Capodilupo, Christina M.; Brewster, Melanie E. (December 2017). "Exploring the conceptualization of body image for Asian
American women".
267:. On one such account, an object is beautiful "if it causes pleasure by virtue of its aesthetic properties". The problem that different people respond differently can be addressed by combining response-dependence theories with so-called
979:"properties of qualitative degree" (PQDs) and stated that a PQD makes an object beautiful if it is not—and does not create the appearance of—"a property of deficiency, lack, or defect"; and if the PQD is strongly present in the object.
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model of beauty in
Western culture, had led to a dialogue to create non-exclusive models of Western ideals in body type for young girls who do not match the thinness ideal that Barbie represents. Mattel responded to these criticisms.
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men felt as though their bodies were not large enough and therefore deviated from the
Western norm. East Asian men and white Western women were found to have the highest levels of body dissatisfaction in the United States. A study of
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explains this pleasure through a harmonious interplay between the faculties of understanding and imagination. A further question for hedonists is how to explain the relation between beauty and pleasure. This problem is akin to the
5157:
Harper, Kathryn; Choma, Becky L. (October 5, 2018). "Internalised White Ideal, Skin Tone
Surveillance, and Hair Surveillance Predict Skin and Hair Dissatisfaction and Skin Bleaching among African American and Indian Women".
2501:
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4206:
1158:". When images of human faces are averaged together to form a composite image, they become progressively closer to the "ideal" image and are perceived as more attractive. This was first noticed in 1883, when
769:, Aquinas described the three conditions of beauty as: integritas (wholeness), consonantia (harmony and proportion), and claritas (a radiance and clarity that makes the form of a thing apparent to the mind).
95:
define beauty in terms of the relation between the beautiful object as a whole and its parts: the parts should stand in the right proportion to each other and thus compose an integrated harmonious whole.
5364:
Dittmar, Helga; Halliwell, Emma; Ive, Suzanne (March 2006). "Does Barbie make girls want to be thin? The effect of experimental exposure to images of dolls on the body image of 5- to 8-year-old girls".
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concept of beauty is one that exhibits perfect proportion (Wolfflin). In this context, the concept belonged often within the discipline of mathematics. An idea of spiritual beauty emerged during the
251:
The problem with both the objectivist and the subjectivist position in their extreme form is that each has to deny some intuitions about beauty. This issue is sometimes discussed under the label "
397:
Another problem faced by hedonist theories is that we take pleasure from many things that are not beautiful. One way to address this issue is to associate beauty with a special type of pleasure:
255:
of taste". It has prompted various philosophers to seek a unified theory that can take all these intuitions into account. One promising route to solve this problem is to move from subjective to
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as "incoherent" and criticized him for focusing only on Western European history and devoting none of his book to Eastern European, Asian, or African history. Amy Finnerty described Eco's work
386:
Hedonists usually restrict and specify the notion of pleasure in various ways in order to avoid obvious counterexamples. One important distinction in this context is the difference between
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1000:. Correlational findings support the view that more beautiful objects are also more pleasing. Some studies suggest that higher experienced beauty is associated with activity in the medial
5027:
Cunningham, Michael (1995). ""Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours": Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female physical attractiveness".
1655:
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Slater, Alan; Von der Schulenburg, Charlotte; Brown, Elizabeth; Badenoch, Marion; Butterworth, George; Parsons, Sonia; Samuels, Curtis (1998). "Newborn infants prefer attractive faces".
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said: "When one has strenuously implemented goodness until it is filled to completion and has accumulated truth, then the beauty will reside within it and will not depend on externals."
1461:
553:) he mentions beauty, this reads: "To God all things are beautiful, good, right..." The earliest Western theory of beauty can be found in the works of early Greek philosophers from the
593:, beauty was something embodying divine goodness, while the demonstration of behaviour which might be classified as beautiful, from an inner state of morality which is aligned to the
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324:: the parts should stand in the right proportion to each other and thus compose an integrated harmonious whole. On this account, which found its most explicit articulation in the
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Conversely, being very unattractive increases the individual's propensity for criminal activity for a number of crimes ranging from burglary to theft to selling illicit drugs.
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Vartanian, Oshin; Navarrete, Gorka; Chatterjee, Anjan; Fich, Lars Brorson; Leder, Helmut; Modroño, Cristián; Nadal, Marcos; Rostrup, Nicolai; Skov, Martin (June 18, 2013).
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have historically been subjected to beauty ideals that often do not reflect their own appearance, which can lead to issues of low self-esteem. African-American philosopher
2849:
2558:
5808:, Issued in connection with an exhibition held Nov. 11, 2008-Feb. 16, 2009, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (see Belle: Picturing Beautiful Women; pages 246–254).
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races of women) maintains a system of oppression based on race and gender that operates to the detriment of women of all races, and also black men. In the 1960s, the
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Monk, Ellis P.; Esposito, Michael H.; Lee, Hedwig (July 1, 2021). "Beholding Inequality: Race, Gender, and Returns to Physical Attractiveness in the United States".
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Reber, Rolf; Schwarz, Norbert; Winkielman, Piotr (November 2004). "Processing Fluency and Aesthetic Pleasure: Is Beauty in the Perceiver's Processing Experience?".
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wrote: "the splendour and beauty of creation", in respect to this, and all the facets of reality resulting from creation, he postulated these to be a reason to see
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thinkers rejected this view, and considered beauty to be the product of rational order and harmonious proportions. Renaissance artists and architects (such as
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4025:
Fasolini, Diego (2006). "The Intrusion of Laughter into the Abbey of Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose: The Christian paradox of Joy Mingling with Sorrow".
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Standards of beauty have changed over time, based on changing cultural values. Historically, paintings show a wide range of different standards for beauty.
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5792:
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113:, one of the major branches of philosophy. Beauty is usually categorized as an aesthetic property besides other properties, like grace, elegance or the
864:
4648:
Apicella, Coren L; Little, Anthony C; Marlowe, Frank W (2007). "Facial Averageness and Attractiveness in an Isolated Population of Hunter-Gatherers".
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Patton, Tracey Owens (July 2006). "Hey Girl, Am I More than My Hair?: African American Women and Their Struggles with Beauty, Body Image, and Hair".
4964:
3102:
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Langlois, Judith H.; Ritter, Jean M.; Roggman, Lori A.; Vaughn, Lesley S. (1991). "Facial diversity and infant preferences for attractive faces".
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The characterization of a person as "beautiful", whether on an individual basis or by community consensus, is often based on some combination of
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identified beauty with goodness, and considered a virtuous personality to be the greatest of beauties: In his philosophy, "a neighborhood with a
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4182:
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Armstrong, Thomas; Detweiler-Bedell, Brian (December 2008). "Beauty as an Emotion: The Exhilarating Prospect of Mastering a Challenging World".
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In the aftermath of postmodernism's rejection of beauty, thinkers have returned to beauty as an important value. American analytic philosopher
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lasted until Romanticism, in the 19th century. Vasari aligned himself to the classical notion and thought of beauty as defined as arising from
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complexion wafers" decried blotches, moles, pimples, freckles, and "all female irregularities". Arsenic was known to be poisonous during the
288:
Various conceptions of the essential features of beautiful things have been proposed but there is no consensus as to which is the right one.
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interlocking system of oppression based on race and gender that operates to the detriment of all women and all blacks" (Caldwell 2000, 280).
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said of beauty "Beauty is indeed a good gift of God; but that the good may not think it a great good, God dispenses it even to the wicked."
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480:. This is also translated as "good" or "of fine quality" and thus has a broader meaning than mere physical or material beauty. Similarly,
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Eurocentric standards for men include tallness, leanness, and muscularity, which have been idolized through American media, such as in
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was used differently from the English word beauty in that it first and foremost applied to humans and bears an erotic connotation. The
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Review of The Beautiful Shape of the Good:Platonic and Pythagorean Themes in Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgment by M.C.Fistioc
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Much criticism has been directed at models of beauty which depend solely upon Western ideals of beauty, as seen, for example, in the
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Langlois, Judith H.; Roggman, Lori A.; Musselman, Lisa (1994). "What Is Average and What Is Not Average About Attractive Faces?".
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1246:, and it was found that Asian and Latina women had more of the attributes that were considered attractive for women. Exposure to
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Koeslag, Johan H. (1990). "Koinophilia groups sexual creatures into species, promotes stasis, and stabilizes social behaviour".
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conceived of the presence of beauty in universal terms, which is, as existing in a cosmological state, they observed beauty in
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to perceive. Such objects include landscapes, sunsets, humans and works of art. Beauty, art and taste are the main subjects of
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Barnett, Heather L.; Keel, P.; Conoscenti, Lauren M. (2001). "Body Type Preferences in Asian and Caucasian College Students".
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1471:
960:, suggested viewing Gothic art and architecture, though not in accordance with the classical standard of beauty, as sublime.
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Europe, leading to a re-adoption of what became known as a "classical ideal". In terms of female human beauty, a woman whose
4572:; Giovanni, Jean Paul San; Sherak, Barbara (February 21, 2019). "Infants' Preferences for Attractiveness and Babyfaceness".
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as its negative counterpart. Beauty is often listed as one of the three fundamental concepts of human understanding besides
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678:(cited: Konstan) states Plato states of the idea of beauty, of it (the idea), being something inviting desirousness (c.f
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832:
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296:
3662:"Berlyne Revisited: Evidence for the Multifaceted Nature of Hedonic Tone in the Appreciation of Paintings and Music"
1004:. This approach of localizing the processing of beauty in one brain region has received criticism within the field.
150:, for example, suggests that this faculty can be trained and that the verdicts of experts coincide in the long run.
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women found that some had internalized a white beauty ideal that placed light skin and straight hair at the top.
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of some mind; ... however we generally imagine that there is something in the Object just like our Perception."
521:, which is the material world as it is, and as embodied in the spirit, which is the world of mental formations.
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967:'s anti-aesthetics. This is despite beauty being a central concern of one of postmodernism's main influences,
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The Beautiful Shape of the Good: Platonic and Pythagorean Themes in Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgment
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31:
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found that their ideals of female beauty were not significantly different. Participants in the study rated
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in his "Lives of Artists") criticised the Gothic period as irrational and barbarian. This point of view of
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2660:. Review by S Naragon, Manchester College. Routledge, 2002 (University of Notre Dame philosophy reviews).
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was considered "the source and actual essence of all that is beautiful", which was heralded in its design.
39:
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The 20th century saw an increasing rejection of beauty by artists and philosophers alike, culminating in
697:, it is only the locating of desire to which the sense of beauty exists, in the considerations of Plato.
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The classical Greek noun that best translates to the English-language words "beauty" or "beautiful" was
428:, who suggested that we project pleasure onto the things we call "beautiful". So in a process akin to a
221:
133:
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4331:"Composite Portraits, Made by Combining Those of Many Different Persons Into a Single Resultant Figure"
4294:
Strauss, Mark S. (1979). "Abstraction of prototypical information by adults and 10-month-old infants".
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The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin's Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World - and Us
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3187:"NPNF1-02. St. Augustine's City of God and Christian Doctrine - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
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among young girls as they grow, highlighting the dangerous nature of beauty standards in society.
897:
saw a rise in an interest in beauty as a philosophical subject. For example, Scottish philosopher
836:. During the Gothic era, the classical aesthetical canon of beauty was rejected as sinful. Later,
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depicts the effect of changing proportions and attempts to define what proportions are beautiful.
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see beauty as an objective or mind-independent feature of beautiful things, which is denied by
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C. Northcote Parkinson's Parkinson's Law: A modern-day interpretation of a management classic
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3611:"Impact of contour on aesthetic judgments and approach-avoidance decisions in architecture"
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to do work such as finding food, men tend to have preferences for higher waist-hip ratios.
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Marin, Manuela M.; Lampatz, Allegra; Wandl, Michaela; Leder, Helmut (November 4, 2016).
3186:
1063:
expressed a similar idea: "few men could see the beauty in some one whom they dislike."
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5107:
4599:
4417:
4230:
The Search for the Beautiful Woman: A Cultural History of Japanese and Chinese Beauty
2152:
1973:
1338:
show that skin conditions have a profound effect on social behavior and opportunity.
1247:
1204:
982:
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like stories or mathematical proofs can be beautiful. Beauty plays a central role in
158:
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7294:
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6838:
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5928:
5529:
5294:
4259:
Langlois, Judith H.; Roggman, Lori A. (1990). "Attractive Faces Are Only Average".
3595:
3550:
3446:. Princeton Essays on the Arts, 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.
2756:
1290:
1231:
1113:
1101:
The word "beauty" is often used as a countable noun to describe a beautiful woman.
975:
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594:
574:
554:
333:
205:
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accessible to sensory perception. It has been suggested that the beauty of a thing
138:
5548:
6578:
A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
3888:
3837:
3245:
3004:
573:
and beauty. In particular, they noted that objects proportioned according to the
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5983:
5558:
5400:
Flett, G.L.; Kocovski, N.; Davison, G.C.; Neale, J.M.; Blankstein, K.R. (2017).
5305:
5204:
Rhetoric of Masculinity: Male Body Image, Media, and Gender Role Stress/Conflict
4742:
3524:
3247:
An Inquiry Into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue: In Two Treatises
3045:
1485:
1308:
As of 1998, these criticisms of the lack of diversity in such franchises as the
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1155:
1133:
1019:
1008:
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822:
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413:
91:
Conceptions of beauty aim to capture what is essential to all beautiful things.
46:
5378:
5342:
5040:
4925:
4175:"BEAUTY (noun) American English definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary"
3615:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7104:
7029:
6995:
6922:
6907:
6895:
6863:
6824:
6490:
6468:
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6146:
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5933:
5848:
5798:
5171:
5099:
4626:
4581:
4307:
4152:
3736:
2498:
Scientists calculate the exact date of the Trojan horse using eclipse in Homer
1594:
1366:
1121:
1049:
has traditionally not made a separate discipline of the philosophy of beauty.
925:
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237:
147:
110:
77:
73:
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4409:
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1767:
1555:
1148:) which includes physical attributes which are valued on an aesthetic basis.
7088:
7077:
7039:
6932:
6401:
6371:
6166:
6111:
6031:
5963:
5777:
3768:
Kawabata, Hideaki; Zeki, Semir (April 2004). "Neural Correlates of Beauty".
3627:
2097:
1759:
1411:
1361:
1335:
1227:
1129:
1117:
1060:
1050:
988:
Beauty is also studied by psychologists and neuroscientists in the field of
886:
789:
700:
690:
686:
683:
633:
506:
374:, who treats beauty as "that which pleases in the very apprehension of it".
43:
17:
5386:
4728:
4677:
3907:
3856:
3789:
3754:
3697:
3646:
3542:
1178:
of approximately 0.70. As of 2004, physiologists had shown that women with
4468:
3781:
7116:
7005:
6927:
6873:
6858:
6848:
6702:
6436:
6386:
6366:
6231:
5764:
5553:
5530:"Image survey reveals "perception is reality" when it comes to teenagers"
4957:"National Centre for Eating Disorders - The Media & Eating Disorders"
4335:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
4315:
1174:
A feature of beautiful women which has been explored by researchers is a
1137:
1125:
997:
841:
671:
605:
601:
518:
367:
363:
357:
252:
118:
69:
4699:
Rhodes, Gillian (2006). "The Evolutionary Psychology of Facial Beauty".
4038:
952:
postulated a difference between beauty in its classical meaning and the
7099:
7049:
7023:
6900:
6853:
6515:
6463:
6421:
6406:
6376:
5938:
5448:
5290:
4362:
3378:
2144:
1965:
1930:
1913:
1349:
1200:
1064:
362:
A very common element in many conceptions of beauty is its relation to
316:) defines beauty in terms of the relation between the beautiful object
232:
is the traditional view, while subjectivism developed more recently in
5403:
Abnormal Psychology, Sixth Canadian Edition Loose-Leaf Print Companion
5298:
2929:
Notes on Greek Philosophy from Thales to Aristotle (parts 198 and 210)
2210:
2070:
2046:
1988:
1813:
1743:
1714:
642:
161:
on the sensory features of this thing. It has also been proposed that
7138:
6868:
6448:
6426:
6356:
5732:
3587:
1309:
1297:
1250:
did not influence or improve the Asian men's ratings of White women.
1068:
730:
5474:
4835:"Did evolution really make men prefer women with hourglass figures?"
4346:
4330:
3533:
2275:
2128:
2017:
1348:
Discrimination against others based on their appearance is known as
500:
had many meanings, including "youthful" and "ripe old age". Another
5632:
4080:(1986). Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Chinese University Press. p. 119.
2521:
Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean
2304:
2062:
1713:
Levinson, Jerrold (2003). "Philosophical Aesthetics: An Overview".
6890:
6221:
4661:
4145:"Beauty | Definition of Beauty by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com"
3371:
The Sublime: A Study of Critical Theories in XVIII-century England
1315:
1194:
1088:
863:
762:
670:) above all other Ideas. Platonic thought synthesized beauty with
620:
534:
511:
452:
295:
122:
58:
3455:
Love and Beauty. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.
2851:
Loving Socrates:The Individual and the Ladder of Love in Plato's
2761:. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition).
6442:
6416:
5406:(in Welsh). John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited. p. 292.
5006:"Arsenic Pills and Lead Foundation: The History of Toxic Makeup"
4125:
Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture
2623:
The Strength of the Invisible: Reflections on Heraclitus (p.177)
172:
An influential distinction among beautiful things, according to
6797:
5821:
2565:
Cambridge University Classics Department ( < 750, 850 > )
2239:
6880:
6411:
3224:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, p. 194,
781:
68:
is commonly described as a feature of objects that makes them
6793:
5817:
4296:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
2884:
2882:
1858:
Zangwill, Nick (2003). "Beauty". In Levinson, Jerrold (ed.).
996:
respectively. Psychological theories see beauty as a form of
1059:
man in it is a beautiful neighborhood." Confucius's student
971:, who argued that the Will to Power was the Will to Beauty.
109:
Beauty, together with art and taste, is the main subject of
2486:
Classics Department of University of Penn ( < 1250> )
715:) and virtue, arguing that "Virtue aims at the beautiful."
709:
which the mathematical sciences exhibit to a special degree
146:, is necessary for making reliable judgments about beauty.
117:. As a positive aesthetic value, beauty is contrasted with
5795:
Regensburg University – Characteristics of beautiful faces
5506:
Psychology and Law: Truthfulness, Accuracy and Credibility
4104:. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 213.
4053:"Edited by Umberto Eco - Book Review - The New York Times"
3146:
Catholic Church Architecture and the Spirit of the Liturgy
2370:
2368:
920:
The Romantic poets, too, became highly concerned with the
817:
and sculptures of men and women produced according to the
440:
in "The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex".
370:. An influential articulation of this position comes from
7317:
List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field
5504:
Amina A Memon; Aldert Vrij; Ray Bull (October 31, 2003).
3373:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 6–9, 141.
956:. The concept of the sublime, as explicated by Burke and
5588:
Daniel Hamermesh; Stephen J. Dubner (January 30, 2014).
2047:"The Meaning of Universal Validity in Kant's Aesthetics"
780:, light was considered the most beautiful revelation of
492:, an adjective etymologically coming from the word ὥρα,
244:, which the object has independent of the observer, and
5238:
Race Matters, 25th Anniversary: With a New Introduction
3870:
Conway, Bevil R.; Rehding, Alexander (March 19, 2013).
3165:
Duiker, William J., and Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2019).
2892:
The Greek Philosophers from Thales to Aristotle (p.112)
1952:
Gorodeisky, Keren (2019). "On Liking Aesthetic Value".
80:. As a positive aesthetic value, it is contrasted with
4621:(1). American Psychological Association (APA): 79–84.
4237:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 100–102.
6628:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
5814:
in S. Marc Cohen, Patricia Curd, C. D. C. Reeve (ed.)
5799:
Eli Siegel's "Is Beauty the Making One of Opposites?"
5144:
5132:
5120:
3221:
The Intellectual Life of the Early Renaissance Artist
3088:
Empedocles Redivivus: Poetry and Analogy in Lucretius
2683:
2681:
2679:
2581:
The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: Volume 3
2342:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–35.
27:
Characteristic that provides pleasure or satisfaction
4102:
Confucianism: A Modern Interpretation (2012 Edition)
3046:
Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2014.06.08 (Donald Sells)
1675:
1673:
1642:
1640:
821:' tenets of ideal human beauty were rediscovered in
7282:
7227:
7152:
6983:
6943:
6831:
6680:
6529:
6302:
6009:
5921:
5855:
5654:Erdal Tekin; Stephen J. Dubner (January 30, 2014).
4078:
The Chinese Text: Studies in Comparative Literature
3466:
Art and Philosophy: Readings in Aesthetics; 2nd ed.
3329:
Art and Philosophy: Readings in Aesthetics; 2nd ed.
3305:
Art and Philosophy: Readings in Aesthetics; 2nd ed.
3284:
Art and Philosophy: Readings in Aesthetics; 2nd ed.
2790:
Giorgio Vasari's Teachers: Sacred & Profane Art
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1289:cultural movement sought to dispel the notion of a
4499:
3352:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 144.
2269:
2267:
2265:
1030:peace". Mike Phillips has described Umberto Eco's
784:, which was heralded in design. Examples are the
343:, for example, saw laws of beauty in analogy with
3944:
3942:
3711:Brielmann, Aenne A.; Pelli, Denis G. (May 2017).
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2362:Matthew 23:27, Acts 3:10, Flavius Josephus, 12.65
2104:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
1562:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1456:
1454:
1067:considered "complete truthfulness" to be beauty.
424:Another subjectivist theory of beauty comes from
5789:Theories of Beauty to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
5341:. Bucks County Community College. Archived from
3393:The Anti-aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture
2860:. Res Cogitans 2010 no.7, vol. 1. Archived from
2437:J. Harrell; C. Barrett; D. Petsch, eds. (2006).
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
4987:"A Woman's Face is Her Fortune (advertisement)"
4217:. United Kingdom, G. Newnes, 1904. pp. 291–298.
3350:The Theory of the Sublime from Longinus to Kant
3127:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Univ. Press. p. 98.
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1402:Processing fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure
1108:, which includes psychological factors such as
711:. He saw a relationship between the beautiful (
3811:Ishizu, Tomohiro; Zeki, Semir (July 6, 2011).
3323:
3321:
3057:DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199605507.001.0001
3006:Beauty - The Fortunes of an Ancient Greek Idea
2966:. University of California Press. p. 21.
2750:
2748:
2340:Beauty - The Fortunes of an Ancient Greek Idea
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
7182:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
6809:
5833:
5774:BBC Radio 4's In Our Time programme on Beauty
3872:"Neuroaesthetics and the Trouble with Beauty"
1987:Honderich, Ted (2005). "Aesthetic judgment".
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
889:) is the classical personification of beauty.
214:These two positions are often referred to as
8:
6558:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
5322:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
5029:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4096:
4094:
2697:. Pacific University Library. Archived from
2386:
2384:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
660:, and identifies Alcibiades as beautiful in
517:Beauty for ancient thinkers existed both in
5733:Beauty: What Makes Us Dream, What Haunts Us
4119:
4117:
3468:New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 535–537.
3307:New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 482–483.
3169:. United States: Cengage Learning. p. 351.
2782:
2780:
2591:, The Renaissance: Zeuxis portrait (p.174)
2051:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
936:Beauty is truth, truth beauty, —that is all
707:as having order, symmetry and definiteness
436:explained beauty as result of accumulative
6940:
6816:
6802:
6794:
5840:
5826:
5818:
5073:
5061:
3044:March 31, 2015 (references not sources:
2921:
2919:
2508:Telegraph Media Group Limited 24 Jun 2008
1719:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–24.
1708:
1706:
1154:A strong indicator of physical beauty is "
985:argues that beauty is related to justice.
939:Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.
153:Beauty is mainly discussed in relation to
5656:"Reasons to not be ugly: full transcript"
5590:"Reasons to not be ugly: full transcript"
5532:(Press release). multivu.prnewswire.com.
5508:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 46–47.
3951:"Review: On Beauty edited by Umberto Eco"
3897:
3887:
3846:
3836:
3744:
3687:
3677:
3636:
3626:
3577:
3532:
1929:
1320:An Indian woman in her traditional attire
4866:"Hourglass Figures: We Take It All Back"
4501:"Why beauty is an advert for good genes"
3513:Personality and Social Psychology Review
3009:. published by Oxford University Press.
2693:Volume 4 Issue 2 Medical Research Ethics
1954:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
654:Plato also discusses beauty in his work
38:
4127:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 242.
3813:"Toward A Brain-Based Theory of Beauty"
3038:review of text written by David Konstan
2728:Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea
2102:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1918:Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
1870:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0018
1560:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1450:
1423:
1301:who attempt to emulate her will become
666:. He considered beauty to be the Idea (
569:. They saw a strong connection between
5339:"Notes on the Black Cultural Movement"
5315:
4967:from the original on December 24, 2018
4713:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208
3331:New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 517.
3286:New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 421.
2599:- Ed. G.A. Kennedy, G.P. Norton &
2319:from the original on February 13, 2021
2250:from the original on February 14, 2021
2159:from the original on February 11, 2021
2077:from the original on February 10, 2021
2022:. Oxford University Press. p. 5.
1723:from the original on February 10, 2021
1658:from the original on December 24, 2021
1605:from the original on February 28, 2022
1566:from the original on February 26, 2022
1492:from the original on November 30, 2007
1486:"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder"
1165:absence of genetic or acquired defects
1014:On Beauty: A History of a Western Idea
533:is based on this view of symmetry and
7269:National Endowment for the Humanities
7254:Humanities, arts, and social sciences
5569:from the original on October 12, 2015
4906:from the original on December 2, 2018
4900:National Eating Disorders Association
4804:"Best Female Figure Not an Hourglass"
4753:from the original on October 11, 2011
4514:from the original on January 11, 2022
3923:On Beauty: A historyof a western idea
3264:from the original on February 3, 2023
3105:from the original on February 3, 2023
2807:from the original on February 3, 2023
2765:from the original on January 18, 2021
2664:from the original on January 22, 2016
2457:from the original on February 3, 2023
2411:from the original on February 3, 2023
2284:from the original on January 16, 2021
2219:from the original on January 29, 2021
2190:from the original on January 18, 2021
1997:from the original on January 29, 2021
1876:from the original on January 11, 2022
1822:from the original on January 13, 2022
1815:The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics
1774:from the original on January 11, 2022
1691:from the original on January 13, 2022
7:
7264:Moscow University for the Humanities
7235:Arts and Humanities Research Council
7192:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
5475:"The Link Between Beauty and Grades"
5437:Asian American Journal of Psychology
5004:Little, Becky (September 22, 2016).
4961:National Centre for Eating Disorders
4772:Bhattacharya, Shaoni (May 5, 2004).
4656:(12). SAGE Publications: 1813–1820.
4574:Studies in Perception and Action III
3416:Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1967).
2889:W. K. C. Guthrie; J. Warren (2012).
2755:Sartwell, C. Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
2536:European Societies in the Bronze Age
2277:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2178:Matthen, Mohan; Weinstein, Zachary.
2129:"Aesthetic Hedonism and Its Critics"
1812:De Clercq, Rafael (2013). "Beauty".
76:, one of the fields of study within
5769:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
5757:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5536:from the original on July 10, 2012.
5485:from the original on April 20, 2010
5207:. Lexington Books. pp. 82–83.
5201:Pompper, D.; Allison, M.C. (2022).
5145:Barnett, Keel & Conoscenti 2001
5133:Barnett, Keel & Conoscenti 2001
5121:Barnett, Keel & Conoscenti 2001
4936:from the original on April 13, 2020
3949:Phillips, Mike (January 29, 2005).
2244:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2108:from the original on April 24, 2021
2026:from the original on March 10, 2021
504:term in use to describe beauty was
464:(left) as the most beautiful woman.
277:necessary and sufficient conditions
5805:Art and love in Renaissance Italy
5785:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
5666:from the original on March 1, 2014
5600:from the original on March 1, 2014
4926:"Model's link to teenage anorexia"
4876:from the original on July 10, 2018
4845:from the original on July 10, 2018
4814:from the original on July 10, 2018
4784:from the original on July 10, 2018
4774:"Barbie-shaped women more fertile"
4485:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4402:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00503.x
4369:from the original on July 26, 2020
4273:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00079.x
3486:Elaine Scarry (November 4, 2001).
2654:Fistioc, M.C. (December 5, 2002).
2212:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
1990:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
1023:(2007). The narrator of his novel
772:In the Gothic Architecture of the
627:. In the work, the high priestess
25:
4833:Locke, Susannah (June 22, 2014).
4743:"Hourglass figure fertility link"
4396:(4). SAGE Publications: 214–220.
4185:from the original on July 9, 2017
3199:from the original on July 1, 2017
2209:Honderich, Ted (2005). "Beauty".
2019:Beauty: A Very Short Introduction
1716:The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics
1463:Sacred Buildings: A Design Manual
735:the existence of a God as creator
6776:
4483:The Evolution of Human Sexuality
3925:. London: Secker & Warburg.
3148:. Hillenbrand Books. pp. 24–28.
3125:The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas
2274:Craig, Edward (1996). "Beauty".
312:The "classical conception" (see
7312:Humanities in the United States
7160:American Journal of Archaeology
4576:. Routledge. pp. 389–392.
4535:Infant Behavior and Development
4004:. London: Vintage. p. 65.
3666:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
3464:Kennick, William Elmer (1979).
3327:Kennick, William Elmer (1979).
3303:Kennick, William Elmer (1979).
3282:Kennick, William Elmer (1979).
3144:McNamara, Denis Robert (2009).
1199:An 1889 U.S. newspaper ad for "
488:word for beautiful was ὡραῖος,
476:, and the adjective was καλός,
7187:Journal of Controversial Ideas
5689:. Infinite Ideas. p. 36.
4993:. November 9, 2000. p. 7.
4896:"Media & Eating Disorders"
4707:(1). Annual Reviews: 199–226.
4433:Journal of Theoretical Biology
3490:. Princeton University Press.
2932:. Global Academic Publishing.
2831:(p.20) Routledge, 31 Oct 2013
2828:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
2443:. A&C Black. p. 102.
2127:Berg, Servaas Van der (2020).
1914:"Aesthetic Pleasure Explained"
1238:women as more attractive than
416:explained beauty in regard to
1:
5621:American Journal of Sociology
5549:"Do pretty people earn more?"
4547:10.1016/s0163-6383(98)90011-x
4453:10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80297-8
4149:Lexico Dictionaries | English
2045:Rogerson, Kenneth F. (1982).
1861:Oxford Handbook to Aesthetics
1466:. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 60.
944:Western 19th and 20th century
874:
604:shows a conversation between
529:as the most beautiful woman.
84:as its negative counterpart.
7207:Revue des Études Arméniennes
6688:Aestheticization of politics
5241:. Beacon Press. p. 85.
3889:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001504
3838:10.1371/journal.pone.0021852
3566:Review of General Psychology
3218:Ames-Lewis, Francis (2000),
2397:. A&C Black. p. 7.
1744:"The Value of Consciousness"
833:Winged Victory of Samothrace
196:Objectivism and subjectivism
5685:Leo Gough (June 29, 2011).
4701:Annual Review of Psychology
4541:(2). Elsevier BV: 345–354.
3525:10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_3
2793:. Peter Lang. p. 118.
2215:. Oxford University Press.
1993:. Oxford University Press.
1864:. Oxford University Press.
1273:films and magazine covers.
265:response-dependent property
7396:
5379:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.283
5285:(inactive July 17, 2024).
5041:10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.261
3979:. London: Harvill Secker.
3770:Journal of Neurophysiology
3369:Monk, Samuel Holt (1960).
3244:Francis Hutcheson (1726).
3051:November 26, 2014, at the
2504:December 24, 2021, at the
2482:December 22, 2021, at the
2303:Hansson, Sven Ove (2005).
1912:De Clercq, Rafael (2019).
1554:Sartwell, Crispin (2017).
1078:
757:included beauty among the
531:Ancient Greek architecture
355:
199:
29:
7322:Outline of the humanities
7302:Criticism of mass culture
7274:National Humanities Medal
6756:
5172:10.1007/s11199-018-0966-9
4627:10.1037/0012-1649.27.1.79
4582:10.4324/9781315789361-103
4439:(1). Elsevier BV: 15–35.
4308:10.1037/0278-7393.5.6.618
4209:February 3, 2023, at the
3737:10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.018
3713:"Beauty Requires Thought"
2609:October 11, 2015, at the
2603:Helen runs off with Paris
2587:February 3, 2023, at the
2561:December 8, 2015, at the
2556:Sources for War with Troy
2543:February 3, 2023, at the
2528:February 3, 2023, at the
2305:"Aesthetic Functionalism"
2096:Uzgalis, William (2020).
1276:In of the United States,
1007:Philosopher and novelist
339:18th century philosopher
275:: instead of looking for
7307:Educational essentialism
6944:Interdisciplinary fields
5735:. Feminist Anthropology.
5713:Richard O. Prum (2018).
5367:Developmental Psychology
5283:10.2979/NWS.2006.18.2.24
4615:Developmental Psychology
4329:Galton, Francis (1879).
4204:Artists' Types of Beauty
3679:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00536
3621:(Suppl 2): 10446–10453.
3488:On Beauty and Being Just
2628:August 12, 2017, at the
2517:Bronze Age first source
1460:Stegers, Rudolf (2008).
948:In the Romantic period,
577:seemed more attractive.
257:intersubjective theories
7380:Metaphysical properties
7375:Physical attractiveness
6708:Evolutionary aesthetics
6658:The Aesthetic Dimension
5100:10.1023/A:1015600705749
4100:Chang, Chi-yun (2013).
3628:10.1073/pnas.1301227110
2731:. Penguin. p. 32.
2725:Seife, Charles (2000).
2338:Konstan, David (2014).
2309:Contemporary Aesthetics
2016:Scruton, Roger (2011).
1742:Kriegel, Uriah (2019).
1599:Encyclopedia Britannica
1146:physical attractiveness
1081:Physical attractiveness
990:experimental aesthetics
901:argued that beauty is "
619:Beauty is a subject of
269:ideal-observer theories
240:'s distinction between
32:Beauty (disambiguation)
7365:Concepts in aesthetics
7095:Liberal arts education
6638:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
6588:Lectures on Aesthetics
5793:beautycheck.de/english
4991:The Helena Independent
3444:A New Theory of Beauty
3348:Doran, Robert (2017).
3062:July 16, 2020, at the
2632:Auslegung Volume XIII
1681:"Beauty in Aesthetics"
1392:Masculine beauty ideal
1387:Glamour (presentation)
1321:
1208:
1098:
890:
646:. In the final state,
465:
403:disinterested pleasure
309:
62:
7171:History of Humanities
6783:Philosophy portal
4390:Psychological Science
4261:Psychological Science
4000:Eco, Umberto (1980).
3975:Eco, Umberto (2007).
3921:Eco, Umberto (2004).
3782:10.1152/jn.00696.2003
3123:Eco, Umberto (1988).
2713:beauty and the divine
2711:(ed. 4th paragraph -
2601:The British Museum -
2440:History of Aesthetics
2394:Aesthetics and Nature
2184:Oxford Bibliographies
1760:10.1093/analys/anz045
1648:"Beauty and Ugliness"
1488:. The Phrase Finder.
1382:Feminine beauty ideal
1319:
1253:One study found that
1198:
1092:
1085:Feminine beauty ideal
906:properly denotes the
867:
751:Catholic philosophers
456:
449:Greco-Roman tradition
299:
200:Further information:
182:pulchritudo adhaerens
93:Classical conceptions
42:
7327:Renaissance humanism
7259:Master of Humanities
6728:Philosophy of design
6608:In Praise of Shadows
6598:The Critic as Artist
5731:Liebelt, C. (2022),
5016:on November 5, 2018.
4810:. December 3, 2008.
4179:Macmillan Dictionary
4123:Tang, Yijie (2015).
4002:The Name of the Rose
3723:(10): 1506–1513.e3.
2960:S Scolnicov (2003).
2238:Spicher, Michael R.
2180:"Aesthetic Hedonism"
1484:Gary Martin (2007).
1026:The Name of the Rose
1002:orbitofrontal cortex
930:Ode on a Grecian Urn
815:Classical philosophy
682:), and, promotes an
341:Alexander Baumgarten
98:Hedonist conceptions
30:For other uses, see
7246:Geisteswissenschaft
7212:Teaching Philosophy
6991:Abductive reasoning
6738:Philosophy of music
6713:Mathematical beauty
5746:Sartwell, Crispin.
5547:Lorenz, K. (2005).
5010:National Geographic
4902:. October 5, 2017.
4507:The Daily Telegraph
4445:1990JThBi.144...15K
4235:Selden, Kyoko Iriye
4215:The Strand Magazine
3829:2011PLoSO...621852I
3729:2017CBio...27E1506B
3391:Hal Foster (1998).
3003:D. Konstan (2014).
2867:on October 10, 2015
1397:Mathematical beauty
1293:concept of beauty.
969:Friedrich Nietzsche
794:Notre-Dame de Paris
741:Western Middle Ages
545:In one fragment of
326:Italian Renaissance
246:secondary qualities
55:Gothic architecture
51:Notre-Dame de Paris
7333:Studia Humanitatis
6733:Philosophy of film
6723:Patterns in nature
6693:Applied aesthetics
6668:Why Beauty Matters
6454:Life imitating art
6315:Art for art's sake
5563:Cable News Network
5449:10.1037/aap0000077
5337:DoCarmo, Stephen.
5166:(11–12): 735–744.
5094:(11/12): 875-875.
4481:Symons, D. (1979)
4341:. JSTOR: 132–144.
4059:. December 2, 2007
3075:Nicomachean Ethics
2963:Plato's Parmenides
2575:the most beautiful
2391:G Parsons (2008).
2145:10.1111/phc3.12645
2133:Philosophy Compass
1966:10.1111/phpr.12641
1931:10.1111/jaac.12636
1329:Effects on society
1322:
1287:black is beautiful
1209:
1099:
1047:Chinese philosophy
1042:Chinese philosophy
891:
870:The Birth of Venus
819:Greek philosophers
798:Chartres Cathedral
703:defines beauty in
466:
310:
302:Analysis of Beauty
234:western philosophy
176:, is that between
63:
7342:
7341:
7062:General knowledge
7045:Cultural literacy
6979:
6978:
6913:Religious studies
6849:Classical studies
6791:
6790:
6743:Psychology of art
6618:Art as Experience
5812:Plato - Symposium
5696:978-1-908189-71-4
5515:978-0-470-86835-5
5473:(July 14, 2009).
5413:978-1-119-44409-1
5295:Project MUSE
5248:978-0-8070-0883-6
5235:West, C. (2017).
5214:978-1-7936-2689-9
4591:978-1-315-78936-1
4570:Zebrowitz, Leslie
4227:Chō, Kyō (2012).
4155:on August 9, 2020
3429:978-0-394-70437-1
3419:The Will To Power
3402:978-1-56584-462-9
3085:M Garani (2007).
3040:published by the
2787:L Cheney (2007).
2349:978-0-19-992726-5
2240:"Aesthetic Taste"
1377:Body modification
1278:African Americans
1228:American citizens
1180:hourglass figures
1097:, 14th century BC
1095:bust of Nefertiti
899:Francis Hutcheson
879:Sandro Botticelli
695:Alexander Nehamas
693:) of desire. For
634:erotic attachment
381:Euthyphro dilemma
273:antinomy of taste
242:primary qualities
16:(Redirected from
7387:
7360:Aesthetic beauty
7129:Self-realization
6941:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6795:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6673:
6663:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6603:
6593:
6583:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6543:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5819:
5761:
5752:Zalta, Edward N.
5728:
5701:
5700:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5345:on April 8, 2005
5334:
5328:
5327:
5321:
5313:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5012:. Archived from
5001:
4995:
4994:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4932:. May 30, 2000.
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4864:Begley, Sharon.
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4645:
4639:
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4610:
4604:
4603:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4503:
4496:Highfield, Roger
4492:
4486:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4233:. Translated by
4224:
4218:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4151:. Archived from
4141:
4135:
4121:
4112:
4098:
4089:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4049:
4043:
4042:
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3966:
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3963:
3961:
3946:
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3911:
3901:
3891:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3840:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3776:(4): 1699–1705.
3765:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3681:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3630:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3588:10.1037/a0012558
3581:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3536:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3483:
3477:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3422:. Random House.
3413:
3407:
3406:
3388:
3382:
3367:
3361:
3346:
3340:
3325:
3316:
3301:
3295:
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3274:
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3269:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3215:
3209:
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3183:
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3157:
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3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3082:
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3073:
3067:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2926:A Preus (1996).
2923:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2859:
2845:
2839:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2701:on March 4, 2016
2685:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2651:
2640:
2619:
2613:
2572:
2566:
2553:
2547:
2534:A. F. Harding -
2515:
2509:
2493:
2487:
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2467:
2466:
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2462:
2434:
2421:
2420:
2418:
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2259:
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2255:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1909:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1855:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1809:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1685:Encyclopedia.com
1677:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1652:Encyclopedia.com
1644:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1591:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1551:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1481:
1475:
1458:
1439:
1428:
1407:Unattractiveness
1260:African American
1255:East Asian women
1075:Human attributes
924:of beauty, with
903:unity in variety
876:
778:Late Middle Ages
767:Summa Theologica
726:De Natura Deorum
591:classical period
581:Classical period
557:period, such as
438:sexual selection
430:category mistake
426:George Santayana
190:pulchritudo vaga
163:abstract objects
155:concrete objects
132:Objectivists or
21:
7395:
7394:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7278:
7223:
7148:
7134:Self-reflection
7124:Moral character
7083:Human condition
7035:Critical theory
6975:
6939:
6886:Performing arts
6827:
6822:
6792:
6787:
6777:
6775:
6752:
6676:
6671:
6661:
6651:
6648:Critical Essays
6641:
6631:
6621:
6611:
6601:
6591:
6581:
6571:
6561:
6551:
6541:
6525:
6298:
6212:Ortega y Gasset
6005:
5917:
5851:
5846:
5745:
5742:
5725:
5712:
5709:
5707:Further reading
5704:
5697:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5669:
5667:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5603:
5601:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5572:
5570:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5486:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5348:
5346:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5314:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5074:Cunningham 1995
5072:
5068:
5062:Cunningham 1995
5060:
5056:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4939:
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4924:
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4919:
4909:
4907:
4894:
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4863:
4862:
4858:
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4846:
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4827:
4817:
4815:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4785:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4749:. May 4, 2004.
4741:
4740:
4736:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4592:
4568:Kramer, Steve;
4567:
4566:
4562:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4515:
4498:(May 7, 2008).
4494:
4493:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4347:10.2307/2841021
4328:
4327:
4323:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4245:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4211:Wayback Machine
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4158:
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4138:
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4019:
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3974:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3882:(3): e1001504.
3869:
3868:
3864:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3717:Current Biology
3710:
3709:
3705:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3579:10.1.1.406.1825
3563:
3562:
3558:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3463:
3459:
3454:
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3390:
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3385:
3368:
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3343:
3326:
3319:
3302:
3298:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3258:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3164:
3160:
3143:
3139:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3099:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3064:Wayback Machine
3053:Wayback Machine
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3002:
3001:
2997:
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2988:
2978:
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2719:
2704:
2702:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2630:Wayback Machine
2621:W.W. Clohesy -
2620:
2616:
2611:Wayback Machine
2589:Wayback Machine
2573:
2569:
2563:Wayback Machine
2554:
2550:
2545:Wayback Machine
2530:Wayback Machine
2516:
2512:
2506:Wayback Machine
2494:
2490:
2484:Wayback Machine
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2451:
2436:
2435:
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2222:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1911:
1910:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1857:
1856:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1811:
1810:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1553:
1552:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1358:
1331:
1215:immigrants and
1193:
1191:Western concept
1176:waist–hip ratio
1087:
1079:Main articles:
1077:
1044:
946:
862:
812:
743:
721:
600:The writing of
583:
543:
523:Greek mythology
458:Greek mythology
451:
446:
418:intrinsic value
411:
360:
354:
306:William Hogarth
294:
286:
208:
198:
107:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7393:
7391:
7383:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7347:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7237:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
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7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7167:
7162:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7092:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7020:
7017:Belles-lettres
7013:
7008:
7003:
7001:Antipositivism
6998:
6993:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6947:
6945:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6883:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6798:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6718:Neuroesthetics
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6698:Arts criticism
6695:
6690:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6664:
6654:
6644:
6634:
6624:
6614:
6604:
6594:
6584:
6574:
6568:On the Sublime
6564:
6554:
6544:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6439:
6434:
6432:Interpretation
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6332:
6327:
6325:Artistic merit
6322:
6317:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5974:Psychoanalysis
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5809:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5781:
5771:
5762:
5741:
5740:External links
5738:
5737:
5736:
5729:
5724:978-0345804570
5723:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5695:
5677:
5646:
5633:10.1086/715141
5627:(1): 194–241.
5611:
5580:
5539:
5521:
5514:
5496:
5471:Begley, Sharon
5462:
5443:(4): 296–307.
5426:
5412:
5392:
5373:(2): 283–292.
5356:
5329:
5261:
5247:
5227:
5213:
5193:
5149:
5137:
5125:
5113:
5078:
5066:
5054:
5035:(2): 261–279.
5019:
4996:
4978:
4955:Jade, Deanne.
4947:
4917:
4887:
4856:
4825:
4795:
4764:
4734:
4691:
4640:
4605:
4590:
4560:
4525:
4487:
4474:
4423:
4380:
4321:
4302:(6): 618–632.
4286:
4267:(2): 115–121.
4251:
4244:978-1442218956
4243:
4219:
4196:
4166:
4136:
4113:
4090:
4070:
4044:
4033:(2): 119–129.
4017:
4010:
3992:
3985:
3967:
3938:
3932:978-0436205170
3931:
3913:
3862:
3803:
3760:
3703:
3652:
3601:
3572:(4): 305–329.
3556:
3519:(4): 364–382.
3503:
3496:
3478:
3457:
3448:
3442:Guy Sircello,
3435:
3428:
3408:
3401:
3383:
3362:
3341:
3317:
3296:
3275:
3256:
3236:
3230:
3210:
3178:
3158:
3137:
3116:
3098:978-1135859831
3097:
3077:
3068:
3042:Oxonian Review
3029:
3016:978-0199927265
3015:
2995:
2986:
2972:
2952:
2938:
2915:
2902:978-0415522281
2901:
2878:
2840:
2818:
2800:978-0820488134
2799:
2776:
2744:
2737:
2717:
2675:
2641:
2614:
2567:
2548:
2532:, verified at
2510:
2495:R Highfield -
2488:
2477:The Trojan War
2475:P.T. Struck -
2468:
2449:
2422:
2404:978-0826496768
2403:
2380:
2364:
2355:
2348:
2330:
2295:
2261:
2230:
2201:
2170:
2119:
2088:
2063:10.2307/429687
2037:
2008:
1979:
1960:(2): 261–280.
1937:
1924:(2): 121–132.
1887:
1833:
1785:
1754:(3): 503–520.
1734:
1702:
1669:
1616:
1577:
1503:
1476:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1430:Translated in
1422:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1372:Beauty pageant
1369:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1330:
1327:
1211:A study using
1192:
1189:
1160:Francis Galton
1076:
1073:
1043:
1040:
994:neuroesthetics
945:
942:
941:
940:
937:
881:. The goddess
861:
858:
846:Giorgio Vasari
811:
808:
761:attributes of
759:transcendental
755:Thomas Aquinas
742:
739:
720:
717:
582:
579:
542:
539:
450:
447:
445:
442:
434:Charles Darwin
410:
407:
392:mixed pleasure
372:Thomas Aquinas
356:Main article:
353:
350:
345:laws of nature
330:laws of beauty
293:
290:
285:
282:
197:
194:
144:sense of taste
106:
103:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7392:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7335:
7334:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7240:Human science
7238:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6956:Environmental
6954:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6859:Language arts
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6819:
6814:
6812:
6807:
6805:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6784:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6749:
6748:Theory of art
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6625:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6599:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6538:Hippias Major
6535:
6534:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6397:Entertainment
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6320:Art manifesto
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6310:Appropriation
6308:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6202:Merleau-Ponty
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6017:Abhinavagupta
6015:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5969:Postmodernism
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5838:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5698:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5678:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5612:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5584:
5581:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5543:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5497:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5430:
5427:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5396:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5360:
5357:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5319:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5262:
5250:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5231:
5228:
5216:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5197:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5023:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4948:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4875:
4871:
4870:Sharon Begley
4867:
4860:
4857:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4826:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4783:
4779:
4778:New Scientist
4775:
4768:
4765:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4662:10.1068/p5601
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4526:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4381:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4197:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4027:Romance Notes
4021:
4018:
4013:
4011:9780099466031
4007:
4003:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3986:9781846551222
3982:
3978:
3971:
3968:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3823:(7): e21852.
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3497:0-691-08959-0
3493:
3489:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3395:. New Press.
3394:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3263:
3259:
3257:9780598982698
3253:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3231:0-300-09295-4
3227:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3211:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3167:World History
3162:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:. Routledge.
3090:
3089:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2953:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2904:
2898:
2895:. Routledge.
2894:
2893:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2863:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2738:0-14-029647-6
2734:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2688:J.L. Wright.
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2283:
2280:. Routledge.
2279:
2278:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:(1): e12645.
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1818:. Routledge.
1817:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1248:Western media
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1205:Victorian era
1202:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
983:Elaine Scarry
980:
977:
972:
970:
966:
965:postmodernism
961:
959:
955:
951:
943:
938:
935:
934:
933:
931:
927:
923:
918:
915:
914:Immanuel Kant
911:
909:
904:
900:
896:
895:Age of Reason
888:
884:
880:
872:
871:
866:
860:Age of Reason
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
807:
805:
804:St. Augustine
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:stained glass
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
727:
718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
696:
692:
688:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
659:
658:
652:
649:
648:auto to kalon
645:
644:
640:
635:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
527:Helen of Troy
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
462:Helen of Troy
459:
455:
448:
444:In philosophy
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
419:
415:
408:
406:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
384:
382:
377:
376:Immanuel Kant
373:
369:
365:
359:
351:
349:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
303:
298:
291:
289:
283:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
212:
207:
203:
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:Immanuel Kant
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
140:
139:subjectivists
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
102:
99:
94:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7331:
7295:Philistinism
7290:Antihumanism
7244:
7216:
7202:Nova Religio
7169:
7087:
7067:Hermeneutics
7022:
7015:
7010:
6839:Anthropology
6666:
6656:
6646:
6616:
6606:
6586:
6576:
6566:
6556:
6546:
6536:
6483:
6459:Magnificence
6441:
6334:
6291:
6257:Schopenhauer
6092:Coomaraswamy
6010:Philosophers
5998:
5929:Aestheticism
5804:
5784:
5755:
5714:
5686:
5680:
5668:. Retrieved
5660:Freakonomics
5659:
5649:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5602:. Retrieved
5594:Freakonomics
5593:
5583:
5571:. Retrieved
5552:
5542:
5524:
5505:
5499:
5487:. Retrieved
5478:
5465:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5417:. Retrieved
5402:
5395:
5370:
5366:
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5347:. Retrieved
5343:the original
5332:
5318:cite journal
5309:
5277:(2): 45–46.
5274:
5271:NWSA Journal
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5264:
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4960:
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4929:
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4808:Live Science
4807:
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4505:
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4338:
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4178:
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4153:the original
4148:
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4056:
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3955:the Guardian
3954:
3922:
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3879:
3876:PLOS Biology
3875:
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3283:
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3250:. J. Darby.
3246:
3239:
3220:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3190:
3181:
3166:
3161:
3145:
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3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3087:
3080:
3071:
3036:F. McGhee -
3032:
3022:November 24,
3020:. Retrieved
3005:
2998:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2962:
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2928:
2906:. Retrieved
2891:
2869:. Retrieved
2862:the original
2854:
2850:
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2827:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2789:
2767:. Retrieved
2757:
2726:
2720:
2712:
2703:. Retrieved
2699:the original
2694:
2690:
2666:. Retrieved
2656:
2617:
2602:
2580:
2579:C.Braider -
2574:
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2513:
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2439:
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2393:
2375:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2323:February 10,
2321:. Retrieved
2312:
2308:
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2288:February 10,
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2276:
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2243:
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2223:February 10,
2221:. Retrieved
2211:
2204:
2194:February 10,
2192:. Retrieved
2183:
2173:
2163:February 10,
2161:. Retrieved
2136:
2132:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2101:
2098:"John Locke"
2091:
2081:February 10,
2079:. Retrieved
2054:
2050:
2040:
2030:February 10,
2028:. Retrieved
2018:
2011:
2001:February 10,
1999:. Retrieved
1989:
1982:
1957:
1953:
1921:
1917:
1880:February 16,
1878:. Retrieved
1860:
1826:February 10,
1824:. Retrieved
1814:
1778:February 10,
1776:. Retrieved
1751:
1747:
1737:
1727:February 10,
1725:. Retrieved
1715:
1693:. Retrieved
1684:
1660:. Retrieved
1651:
1607:. Retrieved
1598:
1595:"Aesthetics"
1570:February 10,
1568:. Retrieved
1559:
1494:. Retrieved
1479:
1462:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1323:
1307:
1295:
1275:
1268:
1252:
1210:
1185:
1173:
1169:
1153:
1150:
1142:outer beauty
1141:
1114:intelligence
1106:inner beauty
1105:
1103:
1100:
1054:
1045:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
987:
981:
976:Guy Sircello
973:
962:
950:Edmund Burke
947:
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912:
907:
892:
868:
831:
813:
802:
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744:
724:
722:
712:
708:
699:
687:renunciation
684:intellectual
661:
655:
653:
647:
637:
623:in his work
618:
599:
584:
575:golden ratio
566:
563:Pythagoreans
555:pre-Socratic
551:Fragment 106
550:
547:Heraclitus's
544:
541:Pre-Socratic
516:
505:
497:
493:
489:
481:
477:
473:
467:
423:
412:
402:
398:
396:
391:
387:
385:
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338:
334:golden ratio
329:
321:
317:
311:
287:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
250:
229:
226:subjectivism
225:
215:
213:
209:
206:subjectivity
189:
185:
181:
177:
171:
169:and nature.
167:works of art
154:
152:
143:
137:
131:
108:
97:
92:
90:
86:
65:
64:
36:
18:Beauty norms
7144:Work of art
7112:Metaphysics
7073:Historicism
6918:Visual arts
6844:Archaeology
6832:Disciplines
6552:(c. 335 BC)
6542:(c. 390 BC)
6521:Work of art
6474:Picturesque
6330:Avant-garde
6287:Winckelmann
6162:Kierkegaard
6087:Collingwood
6057:Baudrillard
5984:Romanticism
5954:Historicism
5888:Mathematics
5573:January 31,
5559:Time Warner
5419:January 11,
4940:October 25,
4057:On Ugliness
3977:On Ugliness
2825:N Wilson -
2374:Euripides,
2112:February 9,
1695:February 9,
1662:February 9,
1609:February 9,
1496:December 4,
1291:Eurocentric
1282:Cornel West
1264:South Asian
1244:Black women
1156:averageness
1110:personality
1038:favorably.
1036:On Ugliness
1020:On Ugliness
1017:(2004) and
1009:Umberto Eco
928:arguing in
856:and order.
838:Renaissance
823:Renaissance
810:Renaissance
747:Middle Ages
705:Metaphysics
571:mathematics
567:the heavens
486:Koine Greek
414:G. E. Moore
332:, like the
284:Conceptions
230:Objectivism
217:objectivism
202:objectivity
186:free beauty
70:pleasurable
47:rose window
7349:Categories
7105:Quadrivium
7030:Creativity
6996:Aesthetics
6923:Filmmaking
6908:Philosophy
6864:Literature
6825:Humanities
6491:Recreation
6469:Perception
6362:Creativity
6062:Baumgarten
6052:Baudelaire
5934:Classicism
5849:Aesthetics
5776:(requires
5717:. Anchor.
4650:Perception
4133:3662455331
4110:9814439894
4086:962201318X
3474:0312053916
3358:1107499151
3337:0312053916
3313:0312053916
3292:0312053916
3175:1337401048
3154:1595250271
3133:0674006755
2973:0520925114
2939:1883058090
2848:K Urstad.
2837:113678800X
2597:0521300088
2450:0826488552
2057:(3): 304.
1472:3764382767
1446:References
1367:Aesthetics
1134:congruence
1122:politeness
926:John Keats
908:Perception
854:proportion
850:Gothic art
827:appearance
792:including
790:Cathedrals
788:of Gothic
765:. In his
691:denouncing
672:the divine
663:Parmenides
610:Aristippus
559:Pythagoras
549:writings (
535:proportion
318:as a whole
314:Classicism
238:John Locke
159:supervenes
148:David Hume
111:aesthetics
78:philosophy
74:aesthetics
7177:Humanitas
7089:Humanitas
7078:Historism
7040:Criticism
6933:Sculpture
6496:Reverence
6402:Eroticism
6372:Depiction
6345:Masculine
6247:Santayana
6207:Nietzsche
6152:Hutcheson
6142:Heidegger
6127:Greenberg
6082:Coleridge
6047:Balthasar
6032:Aristotle
5994:Theosophy
5989:Symbolism
5964:Modernism
5949:Formalism
5778:RealAudio
5641:235473652
5457:151560804
5306:233235409
5188:150156045
5180:0360-0025
5160:Sex Roles
5108:141429057
5088:Sex Roles
5049:1939-1315
4721:0066-4308
4670:0301-0066
4635:1939-0599
4600:197734413
4555:0163-6383
4461:0022-5193
4418:145147905
4410:0956-7976
4355:0959-5295
4189:August 1,
4159:August 1,
3574:CiteSeerX
2853:Symposium
2638:0733-4311
2153:213973255
1974:204522523
1768:0003-2638
1436:dependent
1412:Cosmetics
1362:Adornment
1336:Eva Ritvo
1271:Hollywood
1130:integrity
1061:Zeng Shen
1051:Confucius
1032:On Beauty
887:Aphrodite
877:1485) by
701:Aristotle
625:Symposium
587:classical
525:mentions
502:classical
460:mentions
399:aesthetic
292:Classical
261:secondary
44:Rayonnant
7228:Academia
7197:Leonardo
7165:Daedalus
7153:Journals
7117:Ontology
7006:The arts
6928:Painting
6874:Rhetoric
6771:Category
6703:Axiology
6572:(c. 500)
6562:(c. 100)
6437:Judgment
6392:Emotions
6387:Elegance
6367:Cuteness
6340:Feminine
6303:Concepts
6272:Tanizaki
6252:Schiller
6237:Richards
6227:Rancière
6197:Maritain
6132:Hanslick
6072:Benjamin
5944:Feminism
5913:Theology
5893:Medieval
5883:Japanese
5878:Internet
5748:"Beauty"
5670:March 4,
5664:Archived
5604:March 4,
5598:Archived
5567:Archived
5554:CNN News
5534:Archived
5483:Archived
5479:Newsweek
5387:16569167
5302:ProQuest
4965:Archived
4934:Archived
4930:BBC News
4904:Archived
4874:Archived
4843:Archived
4812:Archived
4782:Archived
4751:Archived
4747:BBC News
4729:16318594
4686:37353815
4678:18283931
4512:Archived
4373:June 14,
4367:Archived
4281:18557871
4207:Archived
4183:Archived
4039:43801801
3908:23526878
3857:21755004
3817:PLOS ONE
3798:13828130
3790:15010496
3755:28502660
3698:27867350
3647:23754408
3543:15582859
3534:1956/594
3268:June 14,
3262:Archived
3197:Archived
3103:Archived
3060:Archived
3049:Archived
2993:Phaedrus
2805:Archived
2763:Archived
2662:Archived
2626:Archived
2607:Archived
2585:Archived
2559:Archived
2541:Archived
2526:Archived
2502:Archived
2480:Archived
2455:Archived
2409:Archived
2376:Alcestis
2317:Archived
2282:Archived
2248:Archived
2217:Archived
2188:Archived
2157:Archived
2106:Archived
2075:Archived
2024:Archived
1995:Archived
1874:Archived
1820:Archived
1772:Archived
1748:Analysis
1721:Archived
1689:Archived
1656:Archived
1603:Archived
1564:Archived
1556:"Beauty"
1490:Archived
1432:Zangwill
1356:See also
1303:anorexic
1217:Hispanic
1138:elegance
1126:charisma
998:pleasure
842:Humanist
713:to kalon
680:seducing
657:Phaedrus
614:the good
606:Socrates
602:Xenophon
507:pulchrum
368:hedonism
364:pleasure
358:Hedonism
352:Hedonism
320:and its
253:antinomy
180:beauty (
178:adherent
134:realists
127:goodness
119:ugliness
105:Overview
82:ugliness
7370:Fashion
7283:Related
7218:more...
7100:Trivium
7050:Culture
7024:Bildung
6966:Medical
6951:Digital
6901:Theatre
6854:History
6766:Outline
6681:Related
6548:Poetics
6516:Tragedy
6506:Sublime
6479:Quality
6464:Mimesis
6422:Harmony
6407:Fashion
6382:Ecstasy
6377:Disgust
6293:more...
6262:Scruton
6187:Lyotard
6122:Goodman
6102:Deleuze
6037:Aquinas
6027:Alberti
6000:more...
5979:Realism
5959:Marxism
5939:Fascism
5922:Schools
5908:Science
5863:Ancient
5767:at the
5754:(ed.).
5489:May 31,
5291:4317206
5254:June 1,
5220:June 3,
4880:July 1,
4849:July 1,
4818:July 1,
4788:July 1,
4757:July 1,
4469:2200930
4441:Bibcode
4363:2841021
4063:June 3,
3960:June 3,
3899:3601993
3848:3130765
3825:Bibcode
3746:6778408
3725:Bibcode
3689:5095118
3672:: 536.
3638:3690611
3596:8375375
3551:1868463
3109:May 12,
2979:May 12,
2945:May 12,
2908:May 12,
2871:May 11,
2811:May 11,
2769:May 11,
2705:May 11,
2668:May 11,
2523:- p.116
2461:May 11,
2415:May 11,
1350:lookism
1213:Chinese
1201:arsenic
1065:Mencius
954:sublime
745:In the
676:Scruton
651:sense.
629:Diotima
498:hōraios
490:hōraios
222:realism
115:sublime
7355:Beauty
7139:Wisdom
7071:
7011:Beauty
6984:Themes
6971:Public
6961:Health
6869:Poetry
6672:(2009)
6662:(1977)
6652:(1946)
6642:(1939)
6632:(1935)
6622:(1934)
6612:(1933)
6602:(1891)
6592:(1835)
6582:(1757)
6449:Kitsch
6427:Humour
6357:Comedy
6335:Beauty
6277:Vasari
6267:Tagore
6242:Ruskin
6182:Lukács
6172:Langer
6117:Goethe
6042:Balázs
6022:Adorno
5903:Nature
5868:Africa
5765:Beauty
5721:
5693:
5639:
5512:
5455:
5410:
5385:
5304:
5299:199496
5297:
5289:
5245:
5211:
5186:
5178:
5106:
5047:
4727:
4719:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4633:
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4553:
4467:
4459:
4416:
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4361:
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4316:528918
4314:
4279:
4241:
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4108:
4084:
4037:
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3929:
3906:
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3645:
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3541:
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3472:
3426:
3399:
3379:943884
3377:
3356:
3335:
3311:
3290:
3254:
3228:
3203:May 1,
3173:
3152:
3131:
3095:
3013:
2970:
2936:
2899:
2835:
2797:
2758:Beauty
2735:
2636:
2595:
2447:
2401:
2346:
2151:
2071:429687
2069:
1972:
1766:
1470:
1438:beauty
1310:Barbie
1298:Barbie
1236:Latina
1144:(i.e.
1140:, and
1069:Zhu Xi
1011:wrote
932:that:
922:nature
731:Cicero
689:(c.f.
482:kallos
474:kallos
470:κάλλος
409:Others
224:) and
184:) and
66:Beauty
6896:Music
6891:Dance
6761:Index
6530:Works
6511:Taste
6501:Style
6282:Wilde
6222:Plato
6217:Pater
6177:Lipps
6137:Hegel
6107:Dewey
6097:Danto
6077:Burke
5898:Music
5873:India
5856:Areas
5750:. In
5637:S2CID
5453:S2CID
5287:JSTOR
5184:S2CID
5104:S2CID
4682:S2CID
4596:S2CID
4414:S2CID
4359:JSTOR
4277:S2CID
4035:JSTOR
3794:S2CID
3592:S2CID
3547:S2CID
2865:(PDF)
2858:(PDF)
2538:- p.1
2149:S2CID
2067:JSTOR
1970:S2CID
1418:Notes
1240:White
1232:Asian
1225:White
1221:Black
1118:grace
883:Venus
763:being
753:like
719:Roman
643:kalon
621:Plato
512:Latin
478:kalos
322:parts
123:truth
59:light
53:. In
7055:High
6485:Rasa
6443:Kama
6417:Gaze
6352:Camp
6232:Rand
6167:Klee
6157:Kant
6147:Hume
6067:Bell
5719:ISBN
5691:ISBN
5672:2014
5606:2014
5575:2007
5510:ISBN
5491:2010
5421:2024
5408:ISBN
5383:PMID
5351:2007
5324:link
5256:2023
5243:ISBN
5222:2023
5209:ISBN
5176:ISSN
5045:ISSN
4973:2018
4942:2009
4912:2018
4882:2018
4851:2018
4820:2018
4790:2018
4759:2018
4725:PMID
4717:ISSN
4674:PMID
4666:ISSN
4631:ISSN
4586:ISBN
4551:ISSN
4520:2012
4465:PMID
4457:ISSN
4406:ISSN
4375:2020
4351:ISSN
4312:PMID
4239:ISBN
4191:2020
4161:2020
4129:ISBN
4106:ISBN
4082:ISBN
4065:2023
4006:ISBN
3981:ISBN
3962:2023
3927:ISBN
3904:PMID
3853:PMID
3786:PMID
3751:PMID
3694:PMID
3643:PMID
3539:PMID
3492:ISBN
3470:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3375:OCLC
3354:ISBN
3333:ISBN
3309:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3270:2020
3252:ISBN
3226:ISBN
3205:2018
3192:CCEL
3171:ISBN
3150:ISBN
3129:ISBN
3111:2015
3093:ISBN
3024:2015
3011:ISBN
2981:2015
2968:ISBN
2947:2015
2934:ISBN
2910:2015
2897:ISBN
2873:2015
2833:ISBN
2813:2015
2795:ISBN
2771:2015
2733:ISBN
2707:2015
2670:2015
2634:ISSN
2593:ISBN
2463:2015
2445:ISBN
2417:2015
2399:ISBN
2378:515.
2344:ISBN
2325:2021
2290:2021
2256:2021
2225:2021
2196:2021
2165:2021
2114:2021
2083:2021
2032:2021
2003:2021
1882:2021
1828:2021
1780:2021
1764:ISSN
1729:2021
1697:2021
1664:2021
1611:2021
1572:2021
1498:2007
1468:ISBN
1262:and
1242:and
1234:and
1223:and
1136:and
1093:The
1083:and
992:and
958:Kant
893:The
840:and
796:and
776:and
774:High
668:Form
639:auto
608:and
595:good
585:The
519:form
494:hōra
390:and
388:pure
220:(or
204:and
125:and
6881:Law
6412:Fun
6192:Man
6112:Fry
5629:doi
5625:127
5445:doi
5375:doi
5279:doi
5168:doi
5096:doi
5037:doi
4839:Vox
4709:doi
4658:doi
4623:doi
4578:doi
4543:doi
4449:doi
4437:144
4398:doi
4343:doi
4304:doi
4269:doi
4213:",
3894:PMC
3884:doi
3843:PMC
3833:doi
3778:doi
3741:PMC
3733:doi
3684:PMC
3674:doi
3633:PMC
3623:doi
3619:110
3584:doi
3529:hdl
3521:doi
2141:doi
2059:doi
1962:doi
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