621:. The action made Beaumarchais an instant celebrity, for the public at the time saw Beaumarchais as a champion for social justice and liberty. Goezman countered Beaumarchais's accusations by launching a lawsuit of his own. The verdict was equivocal. On 26 February 1774, both Beaumarchais and Mme. Goezman (who had taken the bribe from Beaumarchais) were sentenced to "blâme" meaning they were nominally deprived of their civil rights. Naturally, Beaumarchais followed few of the restrictions placed upon him. Magistrate Goezman was removed from his post. At the same time, Goezman's verdict in the La Blache case was overturned. The Goezman case was so sensational that the judges left the courtroom through a back door to avoid the large, angry mob waiting in front of the court house.
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382:, and in turn Duverney promised to help make him rich. The two became very close friends and collaborated on many business ventures. Assisted by Duverney, Beaumarchais acquired the title of Secretary-Councillor to the King in 1760–61, thereby gaining access to French nobility. This was followed by the purchase in 1763 of a second title, the office of Lieutenant General of Hunting, a position which oversaw the royal parks. Around this time, he became engaged to Pauline Le Breton, who came from a
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524:. Figaro and Count Almaviva, the two characters Beaumarchais most likely conceived in his travels in Spain, are (with Rosine, later the Countess Almaviva) the only ones present in all three plays. They are indicative of the change in social attitudes before, during, and after the French Revolution. Prototypes of Almaviva and Rosine first appeared under the names Lindor and Pauline in the short and incomplete play
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very time, and without waiting for any answer from you, I have procured for you about 200 pieces of brass cannon, four pounders, which will be sent to you by the nearest way; 20,000 lbs. of cannon powder, 20,000 of excellent fusils, some brass mortars, bombs, cannon balls, bayonets, platines, clothes, linens, &c. for the clothing of your toops; and lead for musket balls.
528:, in which Lindor disguises himself as a monk and music teacher in order to meet Pauline under the watchful eyes of her elderly husband. Beaumarchais wrote it around 1765 and dubbed it "an interlude, imitating the Spanish style." Naturally, this thinly veiled government criticism did not go without opposition. Upon first reading a manuscript of Beaumarchais's play, King
434:, his attempts to secure the contracts for Duverney eventually came to nothing and he went home in March 1765. Although Beaumarchais returned to France with little profit, he had managed to acquire new experience, musical ideas, and ideas for theatrical characters. Beaumarchais considered turning the affair into a play, but decided to leave it to others—including
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214:. Beaumarchais oversaw covert aid from the French and Spanish governments to supply arms and financial assistance to the rebels in the years before France's formal entry into the war in 1778. He later struggled to recover money he had personally invested in the scheme. Beaumarchais was also a participant in the early stages of the 1789 French Revolution.
2000:"S. Doc. 26-236 - Report from the Secretary of the Senate, communicating, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, a list of private claims which have been before the Senate since the commencement of the Fourteenth Congress, with the proceedings of the Senate thereon. January 4, 1841. Read. January 5, 1841. Ordered to be printed"
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de la Blache, took
Beaumarchais to court, claiming the signed statement was a forgery. Although the 1772 verdict favoured Beaumarchais, it was overturned on appeal the following year by a judge, a magistrate named Goezman, whom Beaumarchais tried in vain to bribe. At the same time, Beaumarchais was also involved in a dispute with the
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The death of
Duverney on 17 July 1770 triggered a decade of turmoil for Beaumarchais. A few months earlier, the two had signed a statement cancelling all debts that Beaumarchais owed Duverney (about 75,000 pounds), and granting Beaumarchais the modest sum of 15,000 pounds. Duverney's sole heir, Count
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broke out. Beaumarchais was no longer quite the idol he had been a few years before, as he thought the excesses of the revolution were endangering liberty. He was financially successful, mainly from supplying drinking water to Paris, and had acquired ranks in the French nobility. In 1791, he took up
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lamented the ban, as did various influential members of her entourage. Nonetheless, the King was unhappy with the play's satire on the aristocracy and overruled the Queen's entreaties to allow its performance. Over the next three years, Beaumarchais gave many private readings of the play, as well as
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Beaumarchais married three times. His first wife was
Madeleine-Catherine Franquet (née Aubertin), whom he married on 22 November 1756; she died under mysterious circumstances only 10 months later. He married Geneviève-Madeleine Lévêque (née Wattebled) in 1768. Again, the second Mme. de Beaumarchais
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It was not long before
Beaumarchais crossed paths again with the French legal system. In 1787, he became acquainted with Mme. Kornmann, who was implicated and imprisoned in an adultery suit, which was filed by her husband to expropriate her dowry. The matter went to court, with Beaumarchais siding
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Your deputies, gentlemen, will find in me a sure friend, an asylum in my house, money in my coffers, and every means of facilitating their operations, whether of a public or a secret nature. I will, if possible, remove all obstacles that may oppose your wishes from the politics of Europe. At this
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and the increased persecution of
Protestants that followed. The family was comfortably middle-class and Beaumarchais had a peaceful and happy childhood. As the only son, he was spoiled by his parents and sisters. He took an interest in music and played several instruments. Though born a Catholic,
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In 1755 Beaumarchais met
Madeleine-Catherine Aubertin, a widow, and married her the following year. She helped Beaumarchais secure a royal office, and he gave up watchmaking. Shortly after his marriage, he adopted the name "Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais", which he derived from "le Bois
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to a rebel force largely clothed and armed by the supplies
Beaumarchais had been sending; it marked a personal triumph for him. Beaumarchais was injured in a carriage accident while racing into Paris with news of Saratoga. In April 1777, Beaumarchais purchased the old 50-gun ship of the line
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Beaumarchais was accused by his enemies of poisoning his first two wives in order to lay claim to their family inheritance. Beaumarchais, though having no shortage of lovers throughout his life, was known to care deeply for both his family and close friends. However, Beaumarchais also had a
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that M. Lepaute had just invented the most wonderful mechanism for a more portable clock and wrote a strongly-worded letter to that same newspaper defending the invention as his own and urging the French
Academy of Sciences to see the proof for themselves. "In the interests of truth and my
828:(a loyalist of the old regime) by his enemies. He spent two and a half years in exile, mostly in Germany, before his name was removed from the list of proscribed émigrés. He returned to Paris in 1796, where he lived out the remainder of his life in relative peace. He is buried in the
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over the Duke's mistress, with the result that
Beaumarchais was thrown in jail from February to May 1773. La Blache took advantage of Beaumarchais' court absence and persuaded Goezman to order Beaumarchais to repay all his debts to Duverney, plus interest and all legal expenses.
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in 1778, Beaumarchais set out to publish
Voltaire's complete works, many of which were banned in France. He bought the rights to most of Voltaire's many manuscripts from the publisher Charles-Joseph Panckoucke in February 1779. To evade French censorship, he set up the
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from his widow and also purchased three paper mills. Seventy volumes were published between 1783 and 1790. While the venture proved a financial failure, Beaumarchais was instrumental in preserving many of Voltaire's later works which otherwise might have been lost.
304:. Lepaute had been a mentor to Beaumarchais after discovering the boy's talent in a chance encounter in the Caron family's shop. He encouraged him as he worked on the new invention, earned his trust, and promptly stole the idea for himself, writing a letter to the
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reputation of marrying for financial gain, and both Franquet and Lévêque had previously married into wealthy families. While there was insufficient evidence to support the accusations, whether or not the poisonings took place is still the subject of debate.
269:. Two years later, Beaumarchais left school at twelve to work as an apprentice under his father and learn the art of watchmaking. He may have used his own experiences during these years as the inspiration for the character of Cherubin when he wrote the
1501:"H. Rept. 18-64 - Report of the select committee, to whom was referred the message of the President of the United States in relation to the representatives of the late Caron de Beaumarchais. February 16, 1824. Read: Ordered that it lie upon the table"
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between British troops and American rebels. Beaumarchais became a major source of information about the rebellion for the French government and sent a regular stream of reports with exaggerated rumours of the size of the success of the rebel forces
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Before France officially entered the war in 1778, Beaumarchais played a major role in delivering French munitions, money and supplies to the American army. In order to secretly funnel aid to the rebels, he helped set up a fictitious business called
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At the time, pocket watches were commonly unreliable for timekeeping and were worn more as fashion accessories. In response to this, Beaumarchais spent nearly a year researching improvements. In July 1753, at the age of twenty-one, he invented an
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reputation," he says, "I cannot let such an infidelity go by in silence and must claim as mine the invention of this device." Lepaute defended himself with a statement by three Jesuits that claimed he had shown them such a mechanism in May 1753.
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as an inventor and music teacher. He made a number of important business and social contacts, played various roles as a diplomat and spy, and had earned a considerable fortune before a series of costly court battles jeopardized his reputation.
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Beaumarchais's business deals dragged on, and he spent much of his time soaking up the atmosphere of Spain, which would become a major influence on his later writings. Although he befriended important figures such as the foreign minister
1006:. Before her death in 1770, she bore a son, Augustin, but he died in 1772. Beaumarchais lived with his lover, Marie-Thérèse de Willer-Mawlaz, for 12 years before she became his third wife in 1786. Together they had a daughter, Eugénie.
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Beaumarchais hoped to be made consul to Spain, but his application was rejected. Instead he concentrated on developing his business affairs and began to show an interest in writing plays. He had already experimented in writing short
679:, supported by the French and Spanish crowns, that supplied the American rebels with weapons, munitions, clothes and provisions, all of which would never be paid for. In an August 18, 1776, letter from Beaumarchais to the
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making revisions to try to pass the censor. The King finally relented and lifted the ban in 1784. The play premiered that year and was enormously popular even with aristocratic audiences. Mozart's opera based on the play,
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stated that "this man mocks everything that must be respected in a government" and refused to let it be performed. To a lesser degree, the Figaro plays are semi-autobiographical. Don Guzman Brid'oison (
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410:, an official at the Ministry of War. While in Spain, he was mostly concerned with striking business deals for Duverney. They sought exclusive contracts for the newly acquired Spanish colony of
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Nevertheless, he pledged his services to the new republic. He attempted to purchase 60,000 rifles for the French Revolutionary army from Holland, but was unable to complete the deal.
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The following February, the Academy indeed ruled that the mechanism was Beaumarchais' and not Lepaute's, catapulting Beaumarchais to stardom and relegating Lepaute to infamy, as
726:. For these services, the French Parliament reinstated Beaumarchais's civil rights in 1776. In 1778, Beaumarchais' hopes were fulfilled when the French government agreed to the
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in nearby Germany. The company, at its peak, became the largest printing works in Europe. He bought the complete foundry of the famous English type designer
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to return home, but while there he began gathering information on British politics and society. Britain's colonial situation was deteriorating and in 1775
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premiered in Paris in 1775. An English translation premiered in London a year later, and that was followed by performances in other European countries.
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273:. He generally neglected his work, and at one point was evicted by his father, only to be later allowed back after apologising for his poor behaviour.
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In April 1764, Beaumarchais began a ten-month sojourn in Madrid, ostensibly to help his sister, Lisette, who had been abandoned by her fiancé,
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Paul, Joel Richard "Unlikely Allies, How a Merchant, a Playwright, and a Spy Saved the American Revolution" (Riverhead Books, Penguin Group)
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328:. Louis was so impressed by the result that he named Beaumarchais "Purveyor to the King", and the Caron family business became prosperous.
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An early French supporter of American independence, Beaumarchais lobbied the French government on behalf of the American rebels during the
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once stood. He spent under a week in prison during August 1792 for criticising the government, and was released only three days before
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795:. On 2 April 1790, M. Kornmann and Bergasse were found guilty of calumny (slander), but Beaumarchais's reputation was also tarnished.
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233:, Paris, on 24 January 1732. He was the only boy among the six surviving children of André-Charles Caron, a watchmaker from
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Improbable Patriot: The Secret History of Monsieur de Beaumarchais, the French Playwright Who Saved the American Revolution
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Morton, Brian N. (1977). "'Roderigue Hortalez' to the Secret Committee: An Unpublished French Policy Statement of 1777".
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All three Figaro plays enjoyed great success, and are still frequently performed today in theatres and opera houses.
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Once back in France, Beaumarchais began work on a new operation. Louis XVI, who did not want to break openly with
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To restore his civil rights, Beaumarchais pledged his services to Louis XV. He traveled to London, Amsterdam and
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Marchais", the name of a piece of land belonging to his new wife. He believed the name sounded grander and more
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died under mysterious circumstances two years later, though most scholars believed she actually suffered from
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362:. His wife died less than a year later, which plunged him into financial problems, and he ran up large debts.
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Born a Parisian watchmaker's son, Beaumarchais rose in French society and became influential in the court of
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describing the "Lepaute system". Beaumarchais was outraged when he read in the September issue of
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Beaumarchais retained a sympathy for Protestants and would campaign throughout his life for their
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From the age of ten, Beaumarchais had some schooling at a "country school" where he learned some
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Beaumarchais' problems were eased when he was appointed to teach Louis XV's four daughters the
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374:. His role soon grew and he became a musical advisor for the royal family. In 1759, Caron met
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York, Neil L. "Clandestine Aid and the American Revolutionary War Effort: A Re-Examination."
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Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours, 1671–1870
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on various secret missions. His first mission was to travel to London to destroy a pamphlet,
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of the English translation by Susan Emanuel of Maurice Lever's biography of Beaumarchais,
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L'édition Kehl de Voltaire: une aventure éditoriale et littéraire au tournant des Lumières
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L'armateur préféré de Beaumarchais Jean Peltier Dudoyer, de Nantes à l'Isle de France
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to modernise Justice and make it less corrupt, widely and vociferously denounced as
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Beaumarchais is probably best known for his theatrical works, especially the three
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Military Affairs: The Journal of Military History, Including Theory and Technology
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having lost some of their privileges and their political defender (the Parlement).
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for watches that allowed them to be made substantially more accurate and compact.
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To garner public support, Beaumarchais published a four-part pamphlet entitled
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by Honoré-Antoine Richaud Martelly, libretto by Felice Romani, and music by
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to the Spanish colonies in the Americas. Beaumarchais went to Madrid with a
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2406:(1947, Viking) – a novel based mainly on Beaumarchais and Benjamin Franklin
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for private audiences, but he now had ambitions to write for the theatre.
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1790:, with preface, biography, and annotations by Pol Gillard, Bordas, 1970.
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La Lettre modérée sur la chute et la critique du "Barbier de Sérville"
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While he was out of the country, Beaumarchais was falsely declared an
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soon after, followed by Spain in 1779 and the Dutch Republic in 1780.
1645:"Honor and Rebellion in the Theater: Beaumarchais, Mozart and Figaro"
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with Mme. Kornmann, and M. Kornmann assisted by a celebrity lawyer,
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2078:. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 282–287.
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1483:, p. 315); the date 18 May is most frequently seen in sources.
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His name as a writer was established with his first dramatic play,
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For Liberty and Glory: Washington, Lafayette and their Revolutions
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and under the signature of Roderique Hortales & Co., he wrote
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had been the talk of Paris. Soon afterwards, he was asked by King
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1701:. Translated by Greaves, Roger. MacDonald and Jane's. p. 8.
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1760s – Various one-act comedies (parades) for private staging.
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is his most successful work and still often performed. In 1966,
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Whitridge, Arnold. "Beaumarchais and the American Revolution"
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651:, which Louis XV considered a libel of one of his mistresses,
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2053:. Les dix-huitièmes siècles. Paris: Honoré Champion éditeur.
1136:, comedy, premiered on 27 April 1784 at the Comédie-Française
655:. Beaumarchais was sent to London to persuade the French spy
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The first man to take an interest in this new invention was
187:, inventor, playwright, musician, diplomat, spy, publisher,
2121:. Translated by Susan Emanuel. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1871:, translation and notes by David Edney, Doverhouse, 2000.
675:, allowed Beaumarchais to found a commercial enterprise,
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Ratermanis, Janis Bernhards, and William Robert Irwin.
1444:(1996), film based on Sacha Guitry's play, directed by
30:"Beaumarchais" redirects here. For the radio show, see
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Stillé, Charles J. "Beaumarchais and 'The Lost Million
1380:(1966), an opera based on the title play, libretto by
1277:(1816), an opera based on the title play, libretto by
1262:(1799), an opera based on the title play, libretto by
1225:(1786), an opera based on the title play, libretto by
1209:(1782), an opera based on the title play, libretto by
258:, later became an artist; their cousin was the artist
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took place in the prison where he had been detained.
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in 1767. This was followed in 1770 by another drama,
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to create a watch mounted on a ring for his mistress
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includes performances of his plays from 1680 to 1791
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French playwright, diplomat and polymath (1732–1799)
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2373:(February 1967), vol. 17, issue 2, pp. 98–105
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1673:Beaumarchais and the War of American Independence
1260:La pazza giornata, ovvero Il matrimonio di Figaro
3120:Huguenot participants in the American Revolution
2159:. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. pp. 325–326.
3018: Opera
2980: Opera
864:based on the play. Several composers including
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3135:18th-century French dramatists and playwrights
2347:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
2136:Morton, Brian N.; Spinelli, Donald C. (2003).
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1309:I due Figaro o sia Il soggetto di una commedia
1288:I due Figaro o sia Il soggetto di una commedia
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2006:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 42
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1253:(1796), an opera based on the play, music by
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1891:The Barber of Seville/The Marriage of Figaro
1788:Beaumarchais: Le Mariage de Figaro – comédie
1200:based on Beaumarchais's experiences in Spain
764:More court battles and the French Revolution
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957:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2244:"Beaumarchais and the American Revolution"
2187:Benjamin Franklin and the Birth of America
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692:This policy came to fruition in 1777 when
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1479:He died during the evening of 17–18 May (
1023:Les Député de la Halle et du Gros-Caillou
977:Learn how and when to remove this message
905:Beaumarchais was also the librettist for
803:a lavish residence across from where the
649:Les mémoires secrets d'une femme publique
183:. At various times in his life, he was a
3115:French people of the American Revolution
2138:Beaumarchais and the American Revolution
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1359:– a novel mainly about Beaumarchais and
753:Société littéraire typographique de Kehl
631:France in the American Revolutionary War
2847:The Crazy Day or The Marriage of Figaro
2522:The Comédie-Française Registers Project
1965:(University Press of New England; 2011)
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1082:L'Essai sur le genre dramatique sérieux
876:. Although not received well at first,
176:; 24 January 1732 – 18 May 1799) was a
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2538:Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de
2198:Beaumarchais in Seville: An Intermezzo
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1974:
1624:
1313:Les deux Figaro ou Le sujet de comédie
1292:Les deux Figaro ou Le sujet de comédie
55:Portrait by Jean-Marc Nattier, c. 1755
2583:Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais
2498:Works by or about Pierre Beaumarchais
2471:Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais
2036:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1569:Dictionary of Pastellists Before 1800
1552:
1540:
1528:
1171:, drama, premiered on 26 June at the
1090:Les Deux amis ou le Négociant de Lyon
245:in the wake of the revocation of the
173:[pjeʁ(oɡystɛ̃kaʁɔ̃də)bomaʁʃɛ]
171:
168:Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais
43:Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais
7:
1869:Beaumarchais: The three Figaro plays
1698:Beaumarchais: The Man Who Was Figaro
1695:Grendel, Frédéric (1 January 1977).
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
955:adding citations to reliable sources
915:, which premiered in Paris in 1787.
2735:Adventures of the Barber of Seville
1311:(1835), an opera based on the play
1290:(1820), an opera based on the play
711:, to ferry arms to the insurgents.
1395:(1991), an opera based loosely on
720:Committee of Secret Correspondence
681:Committee of Secret Correspondence
25:
3105:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
2787:The Cat Above and the Mouse Below
2238:(Harper Collins, 2000) pp 399–404
1507:. U.S. Government Printing Office
1425:, libretto by Inger Wikström and
1236:Ta veseli dan ali Matiček se ženi
237:. The family had previously been
218:
3130:18th-century French male writers
2948:Fantasy on Themes from Mozart's
2880:Sull'aria...che soave zeffiretto
2573:The New Student's Reference Work
2527:
2514:
2476:
2464:
997:, possibly made for Beaumarchais
993:Rolltop desk dated 1777–1781 at
927:
734:. France officially entered the
506:Beaumarchais's Figaro plays are
157:
49:
2941: Related
2335:The comic style of Beaumarchais
1296:Honoré-Antoine Richaud Martelly
1207:, ovvero La precauzione inutile
2319:, Éd. Coiffard, 2015, 340 p. (
2242:Bass, Streeter (Spring 1970).
1676:. The Gorham Press. p. 50
1565:Profile of Marie-Josèphe Caron
677:Roderigue Hortalez and Company
638:Roderigue Hortalez and Company
1:
1905:Marie Antoinette: The Journey
838:in Paris is named after him.
2507:Works by Pierre Beaumarchais
2489:Works by Pierre Beaumarchais
2455:Resources in other libraries
2436:Resources in other libraries
2271:Beaumarchais and the Theatre
1407:, in which Beaumarchais and
1369:(1950), a comedy written by
1141:Préface du mariage de Figaro
736:American War of Independence
728:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
714:Beaumarchais had dealt with
212:American War of Independence
199:(both French and American).
2513:(public domain audiobooks)
2258:Central Intelligence Agency
2155:Roche, Jean-Michel (2005).
1907:. Phoenix. pp. 255–6.
1670:Kite, Elizabeth S. (1918).
785:4th arrondissement of Paris
746:Shortly after the death of
724:Second Continental Congress
707:, and used her, renamed to
587:, Beaumarchais also dubbed
579:Beaumarchais's final play,
499:The original title page of
3161:
2266:Released 22 September 1993
1987:Morton & Spinelli 2003
1481:Morton & Spinelli 2003
1417:(1991), an opera based on
1198:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1073:, drama, premiered at the
1058:, interlude (precursor to
772:Statue of Beaumarchais by
718:, an acting member of the
628:
342:Maurice Quentin de La Tour
306:French Academy of Sciences
195:, satirist, financier and
29:
3042:Figaro läßt sich scheiden
2450:Resources in your library
2431:Resources in your library
2202:. Yale University Press.
2119:Beaumarchais: A biography
1363:beginning in 1776's Paris
1033:Les Bottes de sept lieues
466:, which premiered at the
156:
48:
32:Beaumarchais (radio show)
2996:The Ghosts of Versailles
2766:(Woody Woodpecker, 1944)
2756:Our Gang Follies of 1938
2364:(New York: Twayne, 1974)
2076:The Revolutionary Temper
2074:Darnton, Robert (2024).
1903:Fraser, Antonia (2001).
1893:, Penguin Classics, 1964
1411:are principal characters
1392:The Ghosts of Versailles
1179:Voltaire et Jésus-Christ
1112:ou la Précaution inutile
3050:The Abduction of Figaro
2653:(Paisiello, 1782 opera)
2650:Il barbiere di Siviglia
2558:The American Cyclopædia
2543:Encyclopædia Britannica
2337:(Greenwood Press, 1961)
2286:San Francisco Chronicle
2249:Studies in Intelligence
1441:Beaumarchais l'insolent
1274:Il barbiere di Siviglia
1251:Il barbiere di Siviglia
1231:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1205:Il barbiere di Siviglia
1134:ou Le Mariage de Figaro
1119:Mémoires contre Goezman
848:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
698:capitulated at Saratoga
619:Mémoires contre Goezman
241:, but had converted to
123:Plays; comedy and drama
3125:French Roman Catholics
2930:The Marriage of Figaro
2922:The Marriage of Figaro
2906:The Marriage of Figaro
2887:The Marriage of Figaro
2839:The Marriage of Figaro
2822:The Marriage of Figaro
2546:(11th ed.). 1911.
2481:Quotations related to
2444:By Pierre Beaumarchais
2350:(1887) 11#1 pp: 1–36.
2315:de Langlais, Tugdual,
2260:: 1–18. Archived from
2235:From Dawn to Decadence
1341:Die Füchse im Weinberg
1242:, a play adapted from
1151:, opera with music by
998:
872:wrote operas based on
858:The Marriage of Figaro
836:Boulevard Beaumarchais
830:Père Lachaise Cemetery
787:
690:
503:
501:The Marriage of Figaro
420:letter of introduction
403:
402:José Clavijo y Fajardo
380:École Royale Militaire
345:
254:. One of his sisters,
95:Père Lachaise Cemetery
3058:Figaro Gets a Divorce
2790:(Tom and Jerry, 1964)
2763:The Barber of Seville
2727:Le Barbier de Séville
2719:The Barber of Seville
2711:The Barber of Seville
2703:The Barber of Seville
2684:The Barber of Seville
2661:(Rossini, 1816 opera)
2658:The Barber of Seville
2633:The Barber of Seville
2532:Texts on Wikisource:
2360:Sungolowsky, Joseph.
2194:Thomas, Hugh (2006).
1767:, pp. 19–20, 30.
1415:Den brottsliga modern
1353:Foxes in the Vineyard
1211:Giuseppe Petrosellini
1196:(1774), a tragedy by
1186:List of related works
1110:Le Barbier de Séville
1061:Le Barbier de Séville
992:
874:The Barber of Seville
860:, with a libretto by
771:
629:Further information:
509:Le Barbier de Séville
498:
401:
376:Joseph Paris Duverney
349:Marriage and new name
339:
133:Le Barbier de Séville
64:Pierre-Augustin Caron
3145:Age of Enlightenment
2842:(Mozart, 1786 opera)
2473:at Wikimedia Commons
2269:Howarth, William D.
1245:Le Mariage de Figaro
1038:Jean Bête à la foire
951:improve this section
742:The Voltaire revival
515:Le Mariage de Figaro
386:-owning family from
310:Le Mercure de France
290:Palais du Luxembourg
139:Le Mariage de Figaro
113:Age of Enlightenment
3085:Pierre Beaumarchais
2623:Pierre Beaumarchais
2483:Pierre Beaumarchais
2422:Pierre Beaumarchais
2140:. Lexington Books.
2049:Gil, Linda (2018).
2027:, pp. 106–108.
1459:, was broadcast on
1332:Francis de Croisset
1240:Anton Tomaž Linhart
1169:ou L'Autre Tartuffe
1155:, premiered at the
892:composed an opera,
850:composed an opera,
625:American Revolution
326:Madame de Pompadour
256:Marie-Josèphe Caron
3100:Writers from Paris
3037:(Mercadante, 1835)
2999:(Corigliano, 1991)
2774:(Bugs Bunny, 1950)
1959:Harlow Giles Unger
1405:William M. Hoffman
1349:Waffen für Amerika
1317:Saverio Mercadante
1222:Le nozze di Figaro
1215:Giovanni Paisiello
1181:, in two articles.
999:
853:Le nozze di Figaro
788:
732:Treaty of Alliance
661:fighting broke out
573:Le Nozze di Figaro
504:
404:
346:
302:Jardin des plantes
286:Jean-André Lepaute
271:Marriage of Figaro
3110:French financiers
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3053:(Schickele, 1984)
3006:
3005:
2971:The Guilty Mother
2964:
2963:
2815:
2814:
2771:Rabbit of Seville
2677:Largo al factotum
2625:'s Figaro Trilogy
2493:Project Gutenberg
2469:Media related to
2417:Library resources
2400:Lion Feuchtwanger
2273:(Routledge, 2008)
2264:on 27 March 2010.
2166:978-2-9525917-0-6
2085:978-1-324-03558-9
2060:978-2-7453-4864-7
1977:, pp. 40–42.
1850:, pp. 31–32.
1838:, pp. 24–25.
1826:, pp. 25–30.
1814:, pp. 23–24.
1755:, pp. 15–16.
1743:, pp. 13–14.
1382:Madeleine Milhaud
1361:Benjamin Franklin
1357:Lion Feuchtwanger
1283:Gioachino Rossini
1217:, revised in 1787
1173:Théâtre du Marais
1075:Comédie-Française
987:
986:
979:
900:The Guilty Mother
800:French Revolution
666:blockading Boston
468:Comédie-Française
332:Rise to influence
318:l'affaire Lepaute
243:Roman Catholicism
165:
164:
16:(Redirected from
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2988:La mère coupable
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2502:Internet Archive
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1435:
1419:La Mère coupable
1409:Marie Antoinette
1397:La Mère coupable
1377:La mère coupable
1355:) (1947/48), by
1227:Lorenzo Da Ponte
1167:La Mère coupable
1132:La Folle journée
1102:
1028:Colin et Colette
982:
975:
971:
968:
962:
931:
923:
895:La mère coupable
862:Lorenzo Da Ponte
793:Nicolas Bergasse
782:
757:John Baskerville
611:Duke de Chaulnes
589:La Mère coupable
581:La Mère coupable
567:Marie-Antoinette
536:) and Bégearss (
521:La Mère coupable
485:
294:Tuileries Palace
175:
161:
145:La Mère coupable
83:
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3075:
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3002:
2991:(Milhaud, 1966)
2960:
2936:
2893:
2866:Se vuol ballare
2853:
2811:
2793:
2779:Magical Maestro
2747:
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2690:
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2396:
2382:(1979): 26–30.
2341:
2292:
2241:
2231:Barzun, Jacques
2227:
2225:Further reading
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2019:
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1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
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1953:
1937:and chancellor
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1598:, pp. 6–7.
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1429:
1401:John Corigliano
1384:, and music by
1302:, and music by
1281:, and music by
1279:Cesare Sterbini
1268:Marcos Portugal
1266:, and music by
1255:Nicolas Isouard
1229:, and music by
1213:, and music by
1188:
1153:Antonio Salieri
1092:
1016:
995:Waddesdon Manor
983:
972:
966:
963:
948:
932:
921:
907:Antonio Salieri
844:
820:
818:Exile and death
798:Meanwhile, the
783:(1895), in the
776:
766:
744:
657:Chevalier d'Éon
653:Madame du Barry
633:
627:
606:
493:
475:
450:
424:Duc de Choiseul
396:
394:Visit to Madrid
368:
366:Royal patronage
351:
334:
247:Edict of Nantes
231:Rue Saint-Denis
227:
85:
79:
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67:
66:24 January 1732
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3061:(Langer, 2016)
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2873:Non più andrai
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2303:(6): 875–890.
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1437:
1423:Inger Wikström
1412:
1403:, libretto by
1388:
1386:Darius Milhaud
1373:
1364:
1338:
1330:, libretto by
1328:Jules Massenet
1319:
1306:
1304:Michele Carafa
1298:, libretto by
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890:Darius Milhaud
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2405:
2404:Proud Destiny
2401:
2398:
2397:
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2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:History Today
2366:
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2329:
2326:
2325:9782919339280
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2296:French Review
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2289:, 30 May 2009
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2281:Benjamin Ivry
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2209:9780300134643
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2189:. Bloomsbury.
2188:
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2183:Schiff, Stacy
2180:
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2147:9780739104682
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2018:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
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1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
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1932:
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1914:0-75381-305-X
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1802:, p. 22.
1801:
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1731:, p. 11.
1730:
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1708:9780690012101
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1457:Henry Goodman
1454:
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1346:
1345:Proud Destiny
1342:
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1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
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1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
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1300:Felice Romani
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:Gaetano Rossi
1261:
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1234:
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1057:
1056:Le Sacristain
1053:
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1024:
1021:
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1018:
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1014:List of works
1013:
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1007:
1005:
996:
991:
981:
978:
970:
960:
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952:
946:
945:
941:
936:This section
934:
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729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
709:Fier Rodrigue
706:
705:
699:
695:
694:John Burgoyne
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
632:
624:
622:
620:
615:
612:
604:Court battles
603:
601:
598:
596:
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582:
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575:
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568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
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547:
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531:
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526:Le Sacristain
523:
522:
517:
516:
511:
510:
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497:
490:
488:
486:
483:
479:
474:
473:Les Deux amis
469:
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458:
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447:
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433:
427:
425:
421:
417:
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409:
400:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
365:
363:
361:
357:
348:
343:
340:Louis XV, by
338:
331:
329:
327:
323:
319:
314:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
274:
272:
268:
263:
261:
260:Suzanne Caron
257:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
224:
222:
220:
215:
213:
208:
205:
200:
198:
197:revolutionary
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:
174:
169:
160:
155:
150:
147:
146:
141:
140:
135:
134:
130:
128:Notable works
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:Resting place
89:
86:Paris, France
75:
71:
68:Paris, France
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3140:French spies
3056:
3048:
3040:
3034:I due Figaro
3032:
3026:I due Figaro
3024:
2994:
2986:
2969:
2954:Don Giovanni
2953:
2949:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2886:
2845:
2837:
2820:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2754:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2683:
2656:
2648:
2631:
2622:
2587:Find a Grave
2571:
2556:
2541:
2485:at Wikiquote
2443:
2421:
2403:
2377:
2368:
2362:Beaumarchais
2361:
2345:
2334:
2316:
2300:
2294:
2284:
2270:
2262:the original
2253:
2247:
2233:
2213:. Retrieved
2197:
2186:
2156:
2137:
2118:
2106:
2075:
2069:
2050:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2003:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1928:
1923:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1887:Introduction
1886:
1868:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1787:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1697:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1672:
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:Academia.edu
1610:, p. 7.
1603:
1591:
1568:
1560:
1555:, p. 5.
1548:
1543:, p. 4.
1536:
1509:. Retrieved
1504:
1475:
1452:Beaumarchais
1450:
1439:
1427:Mikael Hylin
1418:
1414:
1396:
1390:
1375:
1371:Sacha Guitry
1367:Beaumarchais
1366:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1291:
1287:
1272:
1259:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1220:
1203:
1191:
1178:
1165:
1146:
1140:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1108:
1088:
1081:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:Œil pour œil
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1008:
1004:tuberculosis
1000:
973:
967:January 2018
964:
949:Please help
937:
919:Private life
910:
904:
899:
893:
885:
882:1816 version
873:
857:
851:
845:
834:
823:
821:
813:
797:
789:
745:
713:
708:
703:
691:
686:
670:
648:
642:
634:
618:
616:
607:
599:
592:
588:
580:
578:
571:
562:
561:The sequel,
560:
555:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
525:
519:
513:
507:
505:
500:
491:Figaro plays
471:
461:
459:
451:
439:
438:, who wrote
428:
405:
369:
360:coat of arms
356:aristocratic
352:
317:
315:
309:
298:Palais-Royal
283:
275:
270:
264:
252:civil rights
228:
216:
209:
201:
167:
166:
143:
137:
131:
36:
18:Beaumarchais
3095:1799 deaths
3090:1732 births
2889:discography
2686:discography
2025:Schiff 2006
2004:GovInfo.gov
1989:, p. .
1975:Gaines 2007
1885:John Wood,
1627:, pp.
1625:Thomas 2006
1586:, p. 6
1505:GovInfo.gov
1461:BBC Radio 4
1430: [
1421:, music by
1399:, music by
1160:(full-text)
1093: [
898:, based on
856:, based on
777: [
716:Silas Deane
704:Hippopotame
591:"The Other
476: [
193:arms dealer
101:Nationality
76:18 May 1799
3079:Categories
2806:The Barber
2746:Shorts and
2215:22 January
2037:Roche 2005
1848:Lever 2009
1836:Lever 2009
1824:Lever 2009
1812:Lever 2009
1800:Lever 2009
1765:Lever 2009
1753:Lever 2009
1741:Lever 2009
1729:Lever 2009
1714:22 January
1680:22 January
1655:22 January
1608:Lever 2009
1596:Lever 2009
1584:Lever 2009
1553:Lever 2009
1541:Lever 2009
1529:Lever 2009
1468:References
1336:Henri Caïn
1238:(1790) by
1054:1765(?) –
832:in Paris.
809:a massacre
563:Le Mariage
556:Le Barbier
546:Le Mariage
542:Le Mariage
534:Le Mariage
448:Playwright
384:plantation
300:, and the
279:escapement
225:Early life
185:watchmaker
80:1799-05-19
2748:animation
2394:Fictional
2175:165892922
2109:. Norton.
1930:Parlement
938:does not
909:'s opera
866:Paisiello
846:In 1786,
530:Louis XVI
444:in 1774.
422:from the
412:Louisiana
239:Huguenots
152:Signature
2808:" (1993)
2511:LibriVox
2356:20083176
2185:(2006).
2117:(2009).
2105:(2007).
1935:Louis XV
1463:in 1996.
1323:Chérubin
1048:Laurette
805:Bastille
748:Voltaire
730:and the
696:'s army
594:Tartuffe
432:Grimaldi
344:, (1748)
322:Louis XV
204:Louis XV
181:polymath
115:, France
3011:Related
2957:(Liszt)
2798:Related
2576:. 1914.
2561:. 1879.
2500:at the
2388:1987384
2096:Sources
2010:20 June
1945:by the
1943:tyranny
1939:Maupeou
1567:at the
1511:20 June
1193:Clavigo
1177:1799 –
1164:1792 –
1145:1787 –
1139:1784 –
1129:1778 –
1123:1775 –
1117:1774 –
1107:1773 –
1087:1770 –
1080:1767 –
1070:Eugénie
1067:1767 –
959:removed
944:sources
878:Rossini
722:in the
673:Britain
585:Molière
550:La Mère
538:La Mère
463:Eugénie
441:Clavigo
408:Clavijo
221:plays.
78: (
2950:Figaro
2933:(1960)
2925:(1949)
2917:(1929)
2914:Figaro
2909:(1920)
2782:(1952)
2738:(1954)
2730:(1948)
2722:(1947)
2714:(1938)
2706:(1904)
2419:about
2386:
2354:
2323:
2309:389445
2307:
2277:Review
2206:
2173:
2163:
2144:
2125:
2082:
2057:
1911:
1705:
1148:Tarare
912:Tarare
886:Barber
842:Operas
825:émigré
645:Vienna
518:, and
455:farces
436:Goethe
416:slaves
296:, the
219:Figaro
178:French
109:Period
104:French
2858:Music
2831:Stage
2669:Music
2642:Stage
2384:JSTOR
2352:JSTOR
2305:JSTOR
2256:(1).
1434:]
1101:]
781:]
484:]
267:Latin
235:Meaux
120:Genre
2952:and
2898:Film
2695:Film
2321:ISBN
2217:2018
2204:ISBN
2171:OCLC
2161:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2012:2023
1927:The
1909:ISBN
1716:2018
1703:ISBN
1682:2018
1657:2018
1513:2023
1334:and
942:any
940:cite
870:1782
548:and
372:harp
73:Died
61:Born
2585:at
2570:".
2555:".
2540:".
2509:at
2491:at
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2279:by
1629:7–8
1294:by
953:by
884:of
880:'s
868:in
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2327:).
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2254:14
2252:.
2246:.
2169:.
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1961:,
1889:,
1876:^
1855:^
1772:^
1647:.
1635:^
1615:^
1576:^
1521:^
1503:.
1488:^
1432:sv
1351:,
1347:,
1099:fr
1097:;
1095:de
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779:fr
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640:.
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482:fr
480:;
478:de
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2177:.
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170:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
