38:
31:
339:
274:
257:
248:
were also found in what is described as a discard area. During the
Mesolithic these items had been discarded as refuse into the shallow water. Analysis of the faunal remains and the nutrition of the Mesolithic hunter-gatherers by Martin Street of Monrepos resulted in new insights into human behaviour
298:
and Plau. Most of the antler caps from these sites were treated in a different manner. Existing perforations are located on the parietal bone (Hohen
Viecheln, Star Carr). In most cases the antlers were shortened (Hohen Viecheln, Plau, Star Carr), thinned (Berlin-Biesdorf, Hohen Viecheln, Plau, Star
374:
On-going research about the red deer antler headdresses from
Bedburg-Königshoven is currently proceeding at Monrepos. Analyses are focusing on the functional background, modifications and use-wear, thus providing new approaches for the interpretation of hunter-gatherer antler head-dresses and more
346:
Up to the present day, antler caps as a find category lack well-founded analysis. The scholarly discussion has not developed beyond a debate about ethnological and ethnographical comparisons. The immediate result of the lack of research is that the implications of modified head-dresses can only be
334:
A common interpretation of the head-dresses is that they were used as a disguise during the hunt or as part of the shamanic garb. Both interpretations where posited by the excavator of the first so-called head-dresses, Sir
Grahame Clark. Clark posited that because the antlers were "lightened" and
219:
As part of an archaeological follow-up survey, archaeologists from
Monrepos discovered the skull of a red deer with obvious traces of human modification. This find and the generally good state of preservation at the site led to further excavations. In addition to Early Mesolithic
269:
Each specimen belongs to the cranium of a red deer that includes parts of the nasal, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bone. Cap 1 is that of a royal stag, whilst cap 2 is that of an imperial stag. Both head-dresses show two lateral perforations, 1–2 cm in diameter.
350:
Since the appearance of modern humans in Europe approximately 40,000 years ago, hybrid creations, half human – half animal, and the increasing importance of red deer antlers as signs show the special meaning of metamorphosed head-dresses for the hunter-gatherers throughout the
405:
Street, M. 1999. Remains of aurochs (Bos primigenius) from the early
Mesolithic site Bedburg-Königshoven (Rhineland, Germany). Wissenschaftliche Schriften des Neandertal Museums(1): pp. 173–194. Proceedings of the First Neanderthal Conference, Mettmann 25.-26. October,
203:
river. The centre of the archaeological site was destroyed by a mechanical digger during mining before archaeologists began their work in 1987. Thus, only 370m² of the shallow water area were excavated and analysed by archaeologists of
367:(France). Another sign for a religious interpretation of the find category is the drawing of a Siberian shaman wearing a red deer antler head-dress, which was painted on account of
335:
because bony inequalities and protuberances were removed or smoothed, it was more likely that they had been worn as a head dress, rather than serving as stationary items.
71:
30:
506:
Street, M. 1991. Bedburg-Königshoven: A Pre-Boreal
Mesolithic site in the Lower Rhineland, Germany. In: N Barton, A J Roberts and D ARoe (eds.).
398:
Street, M. 1991. Bedburg-Königshoven: A Pre-Boreal
Mesolithic site in the Lower Rhineland, Germany. In: N Barton, A J Roberts and D ARoe (eds.).
595:
425:
600.000 Jahre
Menschheitsgeschichte. Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung im Museum für die Archäologie des Eiszeitalters, Schloss Monrepos, Neuwied
600:
326:
charcoal samples (KN-3998, KN3999) which place the archaeological horizon into a window of 9780±100 and 9600±100 BP radiocarbon years.
177:
The
Mesolithic site of Bedburg-Königshoven was located in the vicinity of the former village of Morken, some 5,6 km southwest of
286:
There are not more than a handful of sites with related findings. Antler caps are also known from the Early Mesolithic sites of
519:
Street, M. 1999. Remains of aurochs (Bos primigenius) from the early Mesolithic site Bedburg-Königshoven (Rhineland, Germany).
545:
Behling, H and Street, M. 1999. Palaeoecological studies at the Mesolithic site at Bedburg-Königshoven near Cologne, Germany.
409:
Behling, H and Street, M. 1999. Palaeoecological studies at the Mesolithic site at Bedburg-Königshoven near Cologne, Germany.
209:
299:
Carr) or gouged (Berlin-Biesdorf, Star Carr), thus keeping their “antler-look” whilst losing much of their weight.
508:
The Late Glacial in north-west Europe: Human adaptation and environmental change at the end of the Pleistocene
400:
The Late Glacial in north-west Europe: Human adaptation and environmental change at the end of the Pleistocene
356:
532:
Street, M. 1990. Butchering activities at the early mesolithic site Bedburg-Königshoven, Rhineland, F.R.G.
205:
208:. The site was initially discovered by members of a survey team of the Geographical Institute of the
338:
523:(1): pp. 173-194. Proceedings of the First Neanderthal Conference, Mettmann. 25-26 October, 1997.
360:
352:
323:
182:
458:
447:"Palaeoecological studies at the Mesolithic site at Bedburg-Königshoven near Cologne, Germany"
318:
evidence, are thought to date into the Preboreal. This assumption is further supporter by the
393:
Jäger und Schamanen. Bedburg-Königshoven : ein Wohnplatz am Niederrhein vor 10000 Jahren
368:
295:
364:
565:
Excavations at Star Carr. An early mesolithic site at Seamer near Scarborough, Yorkshire
386:
Excavations at Star Carr. An early Mesolithic site at Seamer near Scarborough, Yorkshire
287:
199:
a Mesolithic archaeological site was located directly on the shore of a “dead arm” the
589:
178:
273:
256:
375:
importantly the social regulations and conventions of hunter-gatherer societies.
221:
319:
315:
308:
144:
119:
462:
342:
Detailed side view of the RGZM copy of Bedburg-Königshoven antler frontlet 1.
86:
73:
311:
291:
196:
166:
159:
416:
Conneller, C. 2004. Becoming deer: corporeal transformations at Star Carr.
250:
229:
225:
163:
148:
37:
446:
233:
213:
186:
58:
260:
Front view of the RGZM copy of Bedburg-Königshoven antler frontlet 1.
189:
151:
277:
Side view of the RGZM copy of Bedburg-Königshoven antler frontlet 1.
490:
Bedburg-Königshoven: ein Wohnplatz am Niederrhein vor 10000 Jahren
337:
272:
255:
155:
245:
241:
200:
237:
185:
in western Germany. Morken was destroyed during the course of
577:
2012 Jahresbericht des Römisch Germanischen-Zentralmuseums
363:(Germany) and the “sorcerer” on a wall in the Cave of the
224:
and two red deer head-dresses, well-preserved bones of
322:
occurring at the site, the faunal composition and two
212:, who had encountered animal bones dating to the last
158:. They are often believed to be the oldest traces of
371:’s travel to Siberia during the late 17th century.
130:
125:
115:
110:
102:
65:
53:
521:Wissenschaftliche Schriften des Neandertal Museums
355:and Mesolithic periods. Exemplary for this is the
147:site where two head-dresses were discovered from
307:The caps from Bedburg-Königshoven were found in
249:at the beginning of the current warm stage, the
423:Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S. and Jöris, O. 2006.
8:
502:
500:
498:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
19:
559:
557:
555:
18:
445:Behling, Hermann; Street, Martin (1999).
437:
206:Monrepos Archaeological Research Centre
16:Archaeological site in Bedburg, Germany
347:discussed in theoretical approaches.
7:
451:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
14:
488:Street, M. Jäger und Schamanen.
173:Location and history of research
36:
29:
567:. Cambridge. 1954. pp. 168-172.
510:. CBA Research Report 77. 1991.
402:. CBA Research Report 77. 1991.
330:Interpretation and implications
265:Description of the antler caps
1:
192:between the 1960s and 1970s.
596:Prehistoric sites in Germany
282:Comparison with other finds
617:
601:Mesolithic sites of Europe
579:. Verlag des RGZM. Mainz.
240:and different species of
24:
418:Archaeological Dialogues
210:University of Düsseldorf
181:and 21 km southeast of
343:
278:
261:
547:Veget Hist Archaeobot
411:Veget Hist Archaeobot
341:
276:
259:
131:Excavation dates
87:51.05417°N 6.52167°E
45:Shown within Germany
427:. Mainz. pp. 68–71.
141:Bedburg-Königshoven
83: /
21:
20:Bedburg-Königshoven
361:Hohlenstein-Stadel
353:Upper Palaeolithic
344:
314:, which, based on
279:
262:
391:Street, M. 1989.
388:. Cambridge 1954.
303:Age determination
138:
137:
92:51.05417; 6.52167
608:
580:
574:
568:
561:
550:
543:
537:
530:
524:
517:
511:
504:
493:
486:
467:
466:
442:
384:Clark, J. G. D.
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
88:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
40:
39:
33:
22:
616:
615:
611:
610:
609:
607:
606:
605:
586:
585:
584:
583:
575:
571:
562:
553:
544:
540:
531:
527:
518:
514:
505:
496:
487:
470:
444:
443:
439:
434:
381:
369:Nicolaes Witsen
332:
320:lithic typology
305:
296:Berlin-Biesdorf
284:
267:
183:Mönchengladbach
175:
91:
89:
85:
82:
77:
74:
72:
70:
69:
49:
48:
47:
46:
43:
42:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
614:
612:
604:
603:
598:
588:
587:
582:
581:
569:
563:Clark, J G D.
551:
538:
525:
512:
494:
492:. Mainz. 1989.
468:
457:(4): 273–285.
436:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
421:
414:
407:
403:
396:
389:
380:
377:
331:
328:
304:
301:
288:Hohen Viecheln
283:
280:
266:
263:
174:
171:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
67:
63:
62:
55:
51:
50:
44:
35:
34:
28:
27:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
613:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
591:
578:
573:
570:
566:
560:
558:
556:
552:
548:
542:
539:
535:
529:
526:
522:
516:
513:
509:
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
441:
438:
431:
426:
422:
419:
415:
413:(8): 273–285.
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
394:
390:
387:
383:
382:
378:
376:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
348:
340:
336:
329:
327:
325:
321:
317:
316:palynological
313:
310:
302:
300:
297:
293:
289:
281:
275:
271:
264:
258:
254:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
198:
193:
191:
188:
184:
180:
172:
170:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
133:
129:
124:
121:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
96:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
32:
23:
576:
572:
564:
549:(8): 273-285
546:
541:
533:
528:
520:
515:
507:
489:
454:
450:
440:
424:
420:(11): 37–56.
417:
410:
399:
392:
385:
373:
365:Trois-Frères
349:
345:
333:
306:
285:
268:
218:
194:
179:Grevenbroich
176:
140:
139:
324:radiocarbon
222:stone tools
195:During the
90: /
66:Coordinates
590:Categories
536:(7):25-43.
432:References
379:Literature
309:fluviatile
145:Mesolithic
126:Site notes
120:Mesolithic
106:Settlement
463:0939-6314
312:sediments
292:Star Carr
197:Preboreal
167:behaviour
164:religious
78:6°31′18″E
75:51°3′15″N
61:, Germany
395:. Mainz.
357:Lion Man
251:Holocene
230:roe deer
226:red deer
160:shamanic
149:Red deer
54:Location
534:Cranium
359:of the
234:aurochs
214:ice age
187:lignite
152:antlers
116:Periods
111:History
59:Bedburg
461:
190:mining
156:skulls
406:1997.
242:birds
143:is a
57:near
459:ISSN
246:fish
244:and
238:dogs
201:Erft
162:and
154:and
134:1987
103:Type
169:.
592::
554:^
497:^
471:^
453:.
449:.
294:,
290:,
253:.
236:,
232:,
228:,
216:.
465:.
455:8
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
