31:
166:
43:
181:. Differing nomenclatures for the bed and laminae thickness have been proposed by various authors, including McKee and Weir, Ingram, and Reineck and Singh. However, none of them have been universally accepted by Earth scientists. In the practice of engineering geology, a standardized nomenclature is used for describing bed thickness in Australia, the European Union, and the United Kingdom.
117:
combination of these as a result of changes in environmental conditions. As a result, a bed is typically, but not always, interpreted to represent a single period of time when sediments or pyroclastic material accumulated during uniform and steady paleoenvironmental conditions. However, some bedding surfaces may be postdepositional features either formed or enhanced by
128:
The relationship between bedding surfaces controls the gross geometry of a bed. Most commonly, the bottom and top surfaces of beds are subparallel to parallel to each other. However, some bedding surfaces of a bed are nonparallel, e.g., wavy, or curved. Differing combinations of nonparallel bedding
97:
Alternatively, a bed can be defined by thickness where a bed is a coherent layer of sedimentary rock, sediment, or pyroclastic material greater than 1 cm thick and a lamina is a coherent layer of sedimentary rock, sediment, or pyroclastic material less than 1 cm thick. This method of
116:
Typically, but not always, bedding surfaces record changes in either the rate or type of accumulating sediment that created the underlying bed. Typically, they represent either a period of nondeposition, erosional truncation, shift in flow or sediment regime, abrupt change in composition, or
176:
Bed thickness is a basic and important characteristic of beds. Besides mapping stratigraphic units and interpreting sedimentary facies, the analysis of bed thickness can be used to recognize breaks in sedimentation, cyclic sedimentation patterns, and gradual environmental changes. Such
346:
309:. A flow is “...a discrete, extrusive, volcanic rock body distinguishable by texture, composition, order of superposition, paleomagnetism, or other objective criteria.” A flow is a part of a member as a bed of sedimentary rock is a part of a member.
98:
defining bed versus lamina is frequently used in textbooks, e.g., Collinson & Mountney or Miall. Both definitions have merit and the choice of which one to use will depend on the focus of the specific study on a case by case basis.
156:
sizes from one side of the bed to the other. A normal grading occurs where there are larger grain sizes on the older side, while an inverse grading occurs where there are smaller grain sizes on the older side.
78:"bounded above and below by more or less well-defined bedding surfaces". Specifically in sedimentology, a bed can be defined in one of two major ways. First, Campbell and Reineck and Singh use the term
294:, is the smallest formal unit in the hierarchy of sedimentary lithostratigraphic units and is lithologically distinguishable from other layers above and below. Customarily, only distinctive beds, i.e.
393:
states that the bed deposits extend laterally in all directions. This implies that two places separated by erosional features with similar rocks may have originally been continuous.
109:) from the preceding or following bed. Where bedding surfaces occur as cross-sections, e.g., in a 2-dimensional vertical cliff face of horizontal strata, are often referred to as
386:
states that beds are deposited horizontally due to gravity. If the beds are not horizontal, then that is an indication that they have been tilted or warped by geologic processes.
375:
states that younger rocks are deposited above older rocks, and remain that way as long as the beds have not been overturned through tectonic activities. This is used to date the
692:
353:
of bed sequences to illustrate (from top to bottom) the Law of
Superposition, the Law of Original Horizontality, the Law of Lateral Continuity, and Cross-Cutting Relationship
82:
to refer to a thickness-independent layer comprising a coherent layer of sedimentary rock, sediment, or pyroclastic material bounded above and below by surfaces known as
587:
129:
surfaces results in beds of widely varying geometric shapes such as uniform-tabular, tabular-lenticular, curved-tabular, wedge-shaped, and irregular beds.
931:
The
Prodromus to a Dissertation Concerning Solids Naturally Contained within Solids: Laying a Foundation for the Rendering a Rational Attempt both of the
322:
367:
These are the principles which apply to all geologic features, and can be used to describe the order of events in a feature's geologic history.
105:
is either a planar, nearly planar, to wavy or curved 3-dimensional surface that visibly separates each successive bed (of the same or different
974:
383:
30:
849:
752:
660:
640:
567:
140:. Cross-beds, or "sets," are not layered horizontally and are formed by a combination of local deposition on the inclined surfaces of
715:
709:
113:. Within conformable successions, each bedding surface acted as the depositional surface for the accumulation of younger sediment.
302:, that are particularly useful for stratigraphic purposes are given proper names and considered formal lithostratigraphic units.
94:
that constitute the smallest (visible) layers of a hierarchical succession and often, but not always, internally comprise a bed.
474:
390:
51:
673:
Incomplete but intricately detailed: the inevitable preservation of true substrates in a time-deficient stratigraphic record.
286:
According to both the North
American Stratigraphic Code and International Stratigraphic Guide, a bed is the smallest formal
947:
599:
496:
True substrates: the exceptional resolution and unexceptional preservation of deep time snapshots on bedding surfaces.
397:
325:
that may have a large influence on the mechanical behaviour (strength, deformation, etc.) of soil and rock masses in
177:
sedimentological studies are typically based on the hypothesis that the thicknesses of stratigraphic units follows a
884:
334:
330:
318:
615:
512:
350:
178:
829:
14689:2017 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification, description and classification of rock
996:
165:
184:
Examples of widely used bed thickness classifications include Tucker (1982) and McKee and Weir (1953).
603:
540:
524:
438:
423:
372:
87:
906:
362:
287:
400:
states that any feature which cuts through another is the younger of the two. This can include
970:
966:
845:
748:
705:
656:
636:
563:
470:
35:
871:, Open University Press, Milton Keynes, UK, and John Wiley & Sons, NY. Table 5.2, p. 48.
611:
532:
71:
428:
401:
358:
607:
528:
536:
418:
405:
137:
47:
782:
Terminology for the thickness of stratification and parting units in sedimentary rocks
990:
701:
133:
75:
42:
443:
433:
376:
345:
153:
141:
929:
305:
In case of volcanic rocks, the lithostratigraphic unit equivalent to a bed is a
946:. Translated by Oldenburg, Henry (2nd ed.). London: F. Winter – via
831:. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. 122 pp.
299:
122:
118:
588:"Terminology for Stratification and Cross-Stratification in Sedimentary Rock"
17:
170:
106:
745:
Microfacies of carbonate rocks: analysis, interpretation and application.
67:
295:
291:
149:
59:
469:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia; American Geological Institute. p 61.
326:
344:
164:
46:
Originally horizontal beds of sedimentary rock were tilted by the
41:
29:
635:, (4th ed.) Edinburgh, Scotland, Dunedin Academic Press, 320 pp.
465:
Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds., 2005.
145:
905:
North
American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 2021.
818:. Sydney, Australia: Standards Association of Australia, 40 pp.
27:
Layer of sediment, sedimentary rock, or pyroclastic material
844:. London, England: British Standards Institution. 317 pp.
616:
10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[381:TFSACI]2.0.CO;2
34:
Beds of sedimentary rock at Parque GeolĂłgico do
Varvito,
842:
BS 5930:2015 Code of practice for ground investigations
827:
627:
625:
562:, (2nd ed.) Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 504 pp.
461:
459:
290:
unit that can be used for sedimentary rocks. A bed, a
886:
International stratigraphic guide—an abridged version
501:
published online 22 May 2021, doi: 10.1111/sed.12900.
879:
877:
765:
Facies and bed thickness distributions of limestones
739:
737:
735:
554:
552:
550:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
939:of the Masse of the Earth, as also of the various
581:
579:
577:
575:
152:. Graded beds show a gradual change in grain or
816:Geotechnical site investigations. AS1726 – 1993
363:Outline of geology § Principles of geology
188:Classification of Thickness of Stratification
901:
899:
859:
857:
592:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America
8:
694:Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
686:
684:
169:Beds of lava flows exposed on the island of
923:
921:
747:Berlin, Germany, Springer-Verlag, 2004 pp.
865:The Field Description of Sedimentary Rocks
655:Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. 454 pp.
586:McKee, Edwin D.; Weir, Gordon W. (1953).
700:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
186:
671:Davies, N.S., and Shillito, A.P. 2018,
631:Collinson, J., and Mountney, N., 2019.
494:Davies, N.S., and Shillito, A.P. 2021,
455:
883:Murphy, M.A., and Salvador, A., 1999.
786:Geological Society of America Bulletin
558:Reineck, H.E., and Singh, I.B., 1980.
511:Campbell, Charles V. (February 1967).
869:Geological Society of London Handbook
840:British Standards Institution, 2015.
560:Depositional Sedimentary Environments
7:
408:cutting through sedimentary bedding.
743:FlĂĽgel, E. and Munnecke, A., 2010.
513:"Lamina, Laminaset, Bed and Bedset"
537:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1967.tb01301.x
25:
908:North American Stratigraphic Code
653:Stratigraphy: A Modern Synthesis.
321:a bedding surface often forms a
803:Journal of Sedimentary Research
769:Journal of Sedimentary Research
52:Angles, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
1:
948:Biodiversity Heritage Library
600:Geological Society of America
384:Law of Original Horizontality
814:Australian Standards, 1993.
618:– via GeoScienceWorld.
967:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
398:Cross-Cutting Relationships
86:By this definition of bed,
1013:
863:Tucker, Maurice, E. 1982.
356:
313:Engineering considerations
961:Levin, Harold L. (2009).
391:Law of Lateral Continuity
928:Steno, Nicolaus (1671).
691:Boggs, Jr., Sam (2006).
379:and their relative ages.
319:geotechnical engineering
282:Bed in lithostratigraphy
179:log-normal distribution
963:The Earth Through Time
633:Sedimentary Structures
354:
264:2 mm - 1 cm
199:McKee and Weir (1953)
173:
132:Types of beds include
55:
39:
788:, 65(9), pp. 937-938.
763:Lumsden, D.N., 1971.
348:
168:
45:
33:
915:. 18(3), pp.153–204.
893:. 22(4), pp.255-272.
805:, 26(4), pp.289-300.
797:Kelley, V.C., 1956.
780:Ingram, R.L., 1954.
771:, 41(2), pp.593-598.
541:Wiley Online Library
439:Lamination (geology)
424:Geological formation
373:Law of Superposition
119:diagenetic processes
799:Thickness of strata
651:Miall, A.D., 2016.
608:1953GSAB...64..381M
529:1967Sedim...8....7C
467:Glossary of Geology
341:Geologic principles
189:
678:, 46, pp. 679–682.
355:
288:lithostratigraphic
258:Thickly laminated
187:
174:
56:
40:
976:978-0-470-38774-0
279:
278:
269:Thinly laminated
218:30 cm – 1 m
210:> 120 cm
16:(Redirected from
1004:
981:
980:
958:
952:
951:
935:and the several
925:
916:
903:
894:
881:
872:
861:
852:
838:
832:
825:
819:
812:
806:
795:
789:
778:
772:
761:
755:
741:
730:
729:
727:
726:
720:
714:. Archived from
699:
688:
679:
669:
663:
649:
643:
629:
620:
619:
583:
570:
556:
545:
544:
508:
502:
492:
477:
463:
229:10 – 30 cm
190:
111:bedding contacts
72:sedimentary rock
21:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
1001:
987:
986:
985:
984:
977:
960:
959:
955:
927:
926:
919:
904:
897:
882:
875:
862:
855:
839:
835:
826:
822:
813:
809:
796:
792:
779:
775:
762:
758:
742:
733:
724:
722:
718:
712:
697:
690:
689:
682:
670:
666:
650:
646:
630:
623:
585:
584:
573:
557:
548:
510:
509:
505:
493:
480:
464:
457:
452:
429:Geological unit
415:
365:
359:Relative dating
357:Main articles:
343:
315:
284:
275:< 2 mm
272:< 3 mm
261:3 – 10 mm
239:3 – 10 cm
221:60–120 cm
163:
103:bedding surface
84:bedding planes.
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1010:
1008:
1000:
999:
989:
988:
983:
982:
975:
953:
917:
895:
873:
853:
850:978-0580800627
833:
820:
807:
790:
773:
756:
753:978-3662499610
731:
710:
680:
664:
661:978-3319243023
644:
641:978-1903544198
621:
571:
568:978-3642962912
546:
503:
499:Sedimentology.
478:
454:
453:
451:
448:
447:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
419:Fold (geology)
414:
411:
410:
409:
394:
387:
380:
351:cross-sections
342:
339:
337:construction.
314:
311:
283:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
266:
265:
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
250:1 – 3 cm
248:
244:
243:
240:
237:
233:
232:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
205:
201:
200:
197:
196:Tucker (1982)
194:
193:Bedding class
162:
159:
101:In geology, a
66:is a layer of
48:Alpine orogeny
36:Itu, SĂŁo Paulo
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1009:
998:
995:
994:
992:
978:
972:
968:
964:
957:
954:
949:
945:
944:
940:
936:
932:
924:
922:
918:
914:
911:
909:
902:
900:
896:
892:
889:
887:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
860:
858:
854:
851:
847:
843:
837:
834:
830:
824:
821:
817:
811:
808:
804:
800:
794:
791:
787:
783:
777:
774:
770:
766:
760:
757:
754:
750:
746:
740:
738:
736:
732:
721:on 2022-03-05
717:
713:
711:0-13-154728-3
707:
703:
702:Prentice Hall
696:
695:
687:
685:
681:
677:
674:
668:
665:
662:
658:
654:
648:
645:
642:
638:
634:
628:
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
582:
580:
578:
576:
572:
569:
565:
561:
555:
553:
551:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Sedimentology
514:
507:
504:
500:
497:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
479:
476:
472:
468:
462:
460:
456:
449:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
412:
407:
406:igneous dikes
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
385:
381:
378:
374:
370:
369:
368:
364:
360:
352:
347:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:discontinuity
320:
312:
310:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
281:
274:
271:
268:
267:
263:
260:
257:
256:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:5–60 cm
241:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
220:
217:
214:
213:
209:
206:
203:
202:
198:
195:
192:
191:
185:
182:
180:
172:
167:
161:Bed thickness
160:
158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
124:
120:
114:
112:
108:
104:
99:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:volcanic rock
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
19:
18:Bedding plane
997:Stratigraphy
969:p. 15.
962:
956:
942:
938:
934:
930:
913:Stratigraphy
912:
907:
890:
885:
868:
864:
841:
836:
828:
823:
815:
810:
802:
798:
793:
785:
781:
776:
768:
764:
759:
744:
723:. Retrieved
716:the original
693:
675:
672:
667:
652:
647:
632:
595:
591:
559:
539:– via
520:
516:
506:
498:
495:
466:
444:Stratigraphy
434:Interbedding
377:stratigraphy
366:
316:
306:
304:
285:
253:1–5 cm
183:
175:
148:, and local
131:
127:
115:
110:
102:
100:
96:
91:
83:
79:
63:
57:
943:in the same
941:Productions
602:: 381–390.
523:(1): 7–26.
475:0-922152764
396:The law of
300:marker beds
204:Very thick
138:graded beds
725:2021-05-09
450:References
331:foundation
247:Very thin
134:cross-beds
123:weathering
92:small beds
349:Vertical
207:> 1 m
171:La Gomera
107:lithology
991:Category
891:Episodes
413:See also
296:key beds
68:sediment
54:, France
38:, Brazil
937:Changes
676:Geology
604:Bibcode
525:Bibcode
292:stratum
226:Medium
150:erosion
142:ripples
88:laminae
60:geology
973:
848:
751:
708:
659:
639:
566:
473:
402:faults
327:tunnel
215:Thick
933:Frame
719:(PDF)
698:(PDF)
598:(4).
335:slope
333:, or
236:Thin
154:clast
146:dunes
74:, or
50:, at
971:ISBN
846:ISBN
749:ISBN
706:ISBN
657:ISBN
637:ISBN
564:ISBN
471:ISBN
389:The
382:The
371:The
361:and
307:flow
136:and
90:are
62:, a
612:doi
533:doi
404:or
317:In
144:or
121:or
80:bed
64:bed
58:In
993::
965:.
920:^
898:^
876:^
867:.
856:^
801:.
784:.
767:.
734:^
704:.
683:^
624:^
610:.
596:64
594:.
590:.
574:^
549:^
531:.
519:.
515:.
481:^
458:^
329:,
298:,
125:.
70:,
979:.
950:.
910:.
888:.
728:.
614::
606::
543:.
535::
527::
521:8
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
