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a 12-block section of the community, finding much of the housing in the area at the point of decay. However, it was found that chances of rehabilitation in the area were "greatly enhanced" by the fact that 22.5 percent of buildings were owner occupied, 9.7 percent of buildings were owned by individuals that lived close by, and the average homeowner resided in the area for 15 years. The
Planning Department's report concluded that New York City should "mobilize all necessary antipoverty and other social welfare and educational programs" to save the neighborhood from further decline. However, Youth-in-Action, the community's city anti-poverty agency, was only allocated $ 440,000 out of a requested $ 2.6 million budget for 1965, forcing it to cut many of its programs.
619:"Community Home Improvement Program" (CHIP). With labor drawn from unemployed youth, various houses would be chosen by lottery to have their exteriors refurbished. In turn, homeowners would provide a token payment of $ 25 (for work valued at $ 325). The corporation would continue to maintain the houses after rehabilitation. Though seen by Judge Jones as "superficial", the program went into effect with a $ 500,000 federal grant and quickly became popular. The D & S board gradually began to lose its supremacy over the BSRC. Thomas lobbied for an end of D & S control over funding and created a joint account to be managed by both corporations. In December 1967 Kennedy brought in
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involved as a whole." Initial plans included coordinated programs for the creation of jobs, housing renovation and rehabilitation, improved health sanitation, and recreation facilities, the construction of two "super blocks," the conversion of the abandoned
Sheffield Farms milk-bottling plant into a town hall and community center, a mortgage consortium to provide subsidized loans for homeowners, the founding of a private work-study community college for dropouts, and a public campaign to convince corporations to invest in industry in the neighborhood.
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678:, Restoration Dance Theater, and the Skylight Art Gallery. The Youth Arts Academy, Under One Sun, and Phat Tuesday programs are also run from the plaza. In 2023 the architect David Adjaye unveiled the design the addition of 600,000 square feet of office space, a remodeled public plaza, and an expansion to existing facilities, including the Billie Holiday Theatre.
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enterprise system. Neither by itself is enough, but in their combination lies our hope for the future." The plan was met with mixed reactions in the press, with some liberals accusing the project of relying too heavily on the private sector while conservative elements were more hopeful of its chances for success.
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Jones. Its purpose was to design anti-poverty programs and retain basic decision-making authority. The second, Distribution and
Services (D & R) was to secure financial and logistical support for the former. It was run by an all-white board of businessmen that included Watson, Paley, Meyer, Dillon,
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Initially, the responsibility of the revival of the neighborhood rested with two private, nonprofit corporations. The first, Bedford–Stuyvesant
Renewal and Rehabilitation Corporation (R & R), consisted of 20 established civic and religious community leaders under the leadership of Judge Thomas R.
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in response to the summer riot. 600 local civic, religious, and political leaders discussed ways to improve the area. In the end it was decided that the Pratt
Institute's Planning Department would conduct a six-month survey of local challenges and the potential for redevelopment. The study focused on
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in
Bedford–Stuyvesant. This carried on for three nights in the latter neighborhood and resulted in 276 arrests, 22 injuries, and 556 incidents of property damage which cost an estimated $ 350,000. The riot brought national attention to Bedford–Stuyvesant, but concern soon faded; after six months, the
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drafted by
Kennedy and Javits to provide the private sector with incentive payments in exchange for investments in impoverished areas. In spite of a public awareness campaign and support from several prominent Republicans, the project only received modest support from private businesses. Investments
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moved into the neighborhood, seeking better housing. As the impoverished black population increased, banks reduced lending to local residents and businesses. By 1950, the number of blacks had risen to 155,000, comprising about 55 percent of the population of
Bedford–Stuyvesant. Over the next decade,
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focused on project financing and mortgage pooling, Schmidt assisted small businesses, Watson managed job training and employment programs, and Meyer worked on real estate problems and strategized for the corporation's overall funding. Wanting to earn the trust of the community, Thomas organized the
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A few days before the project was going to publicly unveiled, Kennedy said "I'm not at all sure this is going to work. But it's going to test some new ideas, some new ways of doing this, that are different from the government's. Even if we fail, we'll have learned something. But more important than
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The community corporation's membership was almost entirely middle class and about one-third female. Many factions in
Bedford–Stuyvesant felt underrepresented, resulting in bitter political infighting. In March 1967 Judge Jones reached an impasse with the Central Brooklyn Coordinating Council. With
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for the near-entirety of the ghetto of
Bedford–Stuyvesant. Kennedy later said, "An effort in one problem area is almost worthless. A program for housing, without simultaneous programs for jobs, education, welfare reform, health, and economic development cannot succeed. The whole community must be
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and stricter code enforcement were not solving the problems facing ghettos and that community involvement and action from the private sector were necessary to effectively combat urban poverty. Kennedy warned that failure to act could lead to more race riots. Several days later, Kennedy decided to
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By the mid-1960s, 450,000 residents occupied the neighborhood's nine square miles. Bedford–Stuyvesant had become Brooklyn's most populous neighborhood and had the second largest concentration of African-Americans in the United States. Garbage pickup decreased and local schools deteriorated. The
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The ensuing dispute threatened to derail the entire project. Kennedy tried to salvage it by dissolving the R & R and creating a new restoration corporation. Arguing that a more representative group was needed to secure federal and private grants, he won the support of Lindsay and Javits to
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was commissioned for the establishment of the two "superblocks". Local residents believed the proposal was purely cosmetic and insisted that housing and employment programs be given greater attention. Pei was eventually able to convince more of the more corporation staff to support his plan.
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and tenements with the help of 272 local residents, 250 of whom were later hired in full-time construction jobs. Two "Neighborhood Restoration Centers" for free advice and legal consultation had been opened, 14 new black-owned businesses had been established, and 1,200 residents had received
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On December 9, 1966, Kennedy, together with Mayor Lindsay and Senator Javits, announced his anti-poverty program at New York Public School 305. He told the audience, "The program for the development of Bedford–Stuyvesant will combine the best of community action with the best of the private
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In 1971, the BSRC looked to stimulate the region's economy through employment, education, and healthcare programming. This included a textile project by the Design Works of Bedford-Stuyvesant, founded by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, shown at a gala event at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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Restoration Plaza currently serves as an office and mall complex for the surrounding area and as the unofficial downtown of Bedford–Stuyvesant. In addition to housing utilities services and a post office, the building hosts the BSRC's Center for Arts and Culture. This includes the
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the support of Kennedy and Lindsay, he demanded that the R & R board resolve to expand itself to include a wider array of community leaders and give him three weeks to revise the corporation's structure. The ultimatum lost by a single vote and Jones angrily resigned.
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As of 2010, Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation had constructed or rehabilitated 2200 housing units in the neighborhood, provided mortgage financing to nearly 1500 homeowners, brought $ 375 million in investments to the community, and created over 20,000 jobs.
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Planning occurred throughout the early months of 1967. By March, a strategy had been laid out for the physical reconstruction and rehabilitation of Bedford–Stuyvesant. It centered around a two-block-wide commercial zone to be located between Fulton Street and
427:, urban theorists, federal administrators, journalists, mayors, foundation leaders, and banking and business executives. Johnston spent much of his time in Bedford–Stuyvesant trying to sort out differences between the community's middle-class leadership.
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notwithstanding, most corporate executives believed there was little profit in poorer communities and were concerned about hostile working environments. Most of the residents of Bedford–Stuyvesant were initially skeptical of the project's intentions.
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had agreed to coordinate with community leaders for the construction of a new community college in the area. A mortgage pool fund run by a consortium of 65 banks loaned $ 1.5 million to homeowners. Still, progress was slow and journalist
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to be the new executive director of the D & S board. One of his first actions was to relocate the businessmen corporation's staff into the BSRC's offices. It was seen by community leaders as a hindrance and eventually dissolved.
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In 1968 the BSRC purchased the abandoned milk-bottling plant on Fulton street for rehabilitation. Its restoration was completed in 1972 and it became the new corporate headquarters for the BSRC, entitled Restoration Plaza. In 1979,
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use increased. Around 80 percent of residents were high school dropouts and about 36 percent of children were born to unmarried mothers. Economic downturn was in part facilitated by the decline of the
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Throughout the summer of 1966 Senator Kennedy's aides, Walinsky and Thomas Johnston, planned an anti-poverty program. As part of their research, they traveled across the country to consult
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said, "I'm weary of study, Senator. Weary of speeches, weary of promises that aren't keptThe Negro people are angry, Senator, and, judge that I am, I'm angry, too. No one is helping us."
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which would serve as a principal point for local business and community organizations. Several lightly trafficked roads were chosen to be transformed into landscaped walkways. Architect
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that, something has to be done. People like myself can't go around making nice speeches all the time. We can't just keep raising expectations. We have to do some damn hard work, too."
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In mid-February, Kennedy spent an afternoon touring Bedford–Stuyvesant, led by CBCC member Elsie Richardson. Afterwards, he attended a meeting with community activists at the local
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Meanwhile, members of the still-functional D & S board were working on areas of their expertise; Paley began exploring the development of communications infrastructure,
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to make quick profits. As a result, formerly middle-class white homes were turned over to poorer black families. By 1960, eighty-five percent of the population was black.
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of 1963, Brooklyn community leaders were bitter towards the senator and lectured him on the problems black residents of the neighborhood faced. Civil Court Judge
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On July 16, 1964, an off-duty white police lieutenant, Thomas Gilligan, shot and killed a 15-year old black boy, James Powell. Two nights later,
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programs, with proposals for job training, rent subsidies, students loans for the poor, and housing desegregation. He also broke with President
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proceed. On April 1, Jones announced the formation of the Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation (BSRC). It was the first
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estimated that of Bedford–Stuyvesant's 450,000 inhabitants, only about 25,000 had been affected by the corporation's work.
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rhetorical optimism, arguing that the situation for black Americans was worsening instead of improving. He asserted that
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and Brooklyn's white Democrats felt politically threatened by his project, Kennedy secured support from Mayor
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German, Dutch, Italian, Irish, and Jewish immigrants and their descendants. In the 1920s, African-Americans
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Confrontation between black rioters and police at Fulton Street and Nostrand Avenue during the 1964 riot
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training. IBM located a computer cable plant in the neighborhood, creating 300 new jobs, while the
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On November 21, the Central Brooklyn Coordinating Council hosted an all-day conference at
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1159:"Producer Charles Hobson Remembers 'Inside Bedford-Stuyvesant' on Its 50th Anniversary"
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By October, Kennedy, his staff, and community leaders had resolved to launch a
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President of the Other America: Robert Kennedy and the Politics of Poverty
355:, he was worried that America's racial crisis was shifting from the rural
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In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, the neighborhood of
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on January 20, 21, and 22, 1966. Most of the content was in line with
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1271:"Adjaye Associates unveils design for Restoration Plaza in Brooklyn"
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The BSRC also produced a television series about the neighborhood,
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selected to be the first President and CEO of the new corporation.
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Community development corporation based in Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
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Brooklyn!: The Ultimate Guide to New York's Most Happening Borough
701:. Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation. 2009. Archived from
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only improvement in the community was the paving of an empty lot.
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opened the first supermarket in Bedford-Stuyvesant in the plaza.
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1208:"50 Years of Restoration: Building Assets and Community Wealth"
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1375:. Vol. 2 (reprint ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
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1396:(illustrated ed.). University of Massachusetts Press.
443:, both Republicans. He also earned corporate support from
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create his own anti-poverty program. He told speechwriter
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speaks with a boy during his tour of Bedford–Stuyvesant
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Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management
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The corporations received their first grants from the
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Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights
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Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis
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986:. Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation. 2009
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1802:Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
1086:. Brooklyn Historical Society. 9 December 2011.
1681:On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
1464:United States senator from New York, 1965–1968
1457:64th United States Attorney General, 1961–1964
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1349:(reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Group.
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728:"Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation"
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1298:Freudenheim, Ellen; Wiener, Anna (2014).
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1920:Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment
1304:(3rd, illustrated ed.). Macmillan.
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1870:Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice
439:and the senior senator from New York,
523:Internal disputes and second founding
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2361:1967 establishments in New York City
1689:"On the Mindless Menace of Violence"
2371:Community development organizations
1885:Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools
1543:1964 Democratic National Convention
402:building. Similar in manner to the
1846:Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium
879:Woodsworth, Michael (2012-04-10).
188:, referred to locally in short as
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2366:Organizations established in 1967
1451:November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968
1321:"Bed-Stuy's (Unfinished) Revival"
534:community development corporation
479:community development corporation
474:declined to support the project.
194:community development corporation
78:Community development corporation
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582:Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
1809:Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar
1657:Conflict in Vietnam and at Home
1157:Hubert, Craig (July 18, 2018).
327:Robert F. Kennedy's involvement
1269:Klein, Kristine (2023-02-21).
881:"Remembering Elsie Richardson"
1:
1257:Freudenheim & Wiener 2014
217:Decline of Bedford–Stuyvesant
138:President - Colvin W. Grannum
2376:Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
1988:Robert Kennedy and His Times
1371:Robert Kennedy and His Times
855:"Obituary: Elsie Richardson"
308:violence broke out in Harlem
262:streets became dangerous as
2088:Bobby Kennedy for President
1861:Landmark for Peace Memorial
1390:Schmitt, Edward R. (2011).
642:City University of New York
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2266:Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish
1939:"Abraham, Martin and John"
1912:Robert F. Kennedy in media
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1607:1968 presidential campaign
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1930:Robert Kennedy Remembered
1600:1964 U.S. Senate election
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1365:Schlesinger, Arthur Meier
1319:Hymowitz, Kay S. (2013).
1275:The Architect’s Newspaper
629:Inside Bedford-Stuyvesant
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2282:Patricia Kennedy Lawford
2178:Douglas Harriman Kennedy
1892:Robert F. Kennedy Bridge
1345:Robert Kennedy: A Memoir
239:migrating from the South
140:Chairman - Kevin Chavers
2386:501(c)(3) organizations
2146:Michael LeMoyne Kennedy
1998:Hoover vs. The Kennedys
1948:The Missiles of October
1536:Baldwin–Kennedy meeting
1527:Voter Education Project
1084:New York Public Library
404:Baldwin–Kennedy meeting
278:milk-bottling plant on
2274:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
2162:Christopher G. Kennedy
2130:Joseph Patrick Kennedy
1719:The Pursuit of Justice
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1557:Mississippi Delta tour
1238:www.brooklynmuseum.org
676:Billie Holiday Theatre
433:Johnson administration
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294:1964 riot and reaction
39:; 57 years ago
2234:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
2218:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
2202:Joseph P. Kennedy III
2138:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
1729:To Seek a Newer World
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564:, J. M. Kaplan Fund,
465:Secretary of Treasury
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274:and the closure of a
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2314:Mary Augusta Kennedy
2194:Maeve Kennedy McKean
1878:Kennedy–King College
1665:University of Kansas
1497:Cuban Missile Crisis
1483:1948 Palestine visit
984:restorationplaza.org
699:restorationplaza.org
517:Benno C. Schmidt Sr.
505:Jacob Merrill Kaplan
459:, investment banker
264:juvenile delinquency
173:RestorationPlaza.org
1775:Conspiracy theories
1214:. December 29, 2017
705:on 26 November 2016
695:"Mission Statement"
574:Department of Labor
429:Earl G. Graves, Sr.
419:Planning and design
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2322:John F. Fitzgerald
2306:Patrick J. Kennedy
2290:Jean Kennedy Smith
2061:(2012 documentary)
2041:(2007 documentary)
1933:(1968 documentary)
1923:(1963 documentary)
1823:Human Rights Award
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859:Bed-Stuy, NY Patch
556:Initial activities
550:Franklin A. Thomas
519:were later added.
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272:Brooklyn Navy Yard
248:real estate agents
223:Bedford–Stuyvesant
37:April 1, 1967
2381:Robert F. Kennedy
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2091:(2018 miniseries)
2051:(2011 miniseries)
2001:(1987 miniseries)
1991:(1985 miniseries)
1961:(1983 miniseries)
1853:Brooklyn Memorial
1621:Boiler Room Girls
1571:Hickory Hill home
1443:Robert F. Kennedy
1403:978-1-55849-904-1
1234:"Brooklyn Museum"
576:made possible by
562:Stern Family Fund
509:Roswell Gilpatric
472:David Rockefeller
468:C. Douglas Dillon
445:Thomas Watson Jr.
380:Lyndon B. Johnson
345:Robert F. Kennedy
337:Robert F. Kennedy
290:was the highest.
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2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2242:John F. Kennedy
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2210:Max Kennedy Jr.
2208:
2200:
2196:(granddaughter)
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2103:
2095:
2085:
2075:
2068:Killing Kennedy
2065:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1937:
1927:
1917:
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1641:Law Day Address
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1212:Brooklyn Reader
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1021:
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999:
989:
987:
978:
977:
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962:
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941:
933:
926:
918:
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906:
902:
893:
891:
878:
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873:
864:
862:
853:
852:
848:
840:
831:
823:
816:
808:
804:
796:
792:
784:
777:
769:
765:
758:
749:
739:
737:
730:
726:
725:
718:
708:
706:
693:
692:
688:
684:
667:
616:George S. Moore
604:Atlantic Avenue
566:Ford Foundation
558:
525:
492:
425:black militants
421:
416:
408:Thomas R. Jones
372:John F. Kennedy
329:
320:Pratt Institute
312:Nostrand Avenue
296:
276:Sheffield Farms
219:
214:
159:
150:
147:
139:
135:
128:, New York City
122:
115:
80:
68:Thomas R. Jones
43:
41:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2406:
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2394:
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2294:
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2174:
2166:
2158:
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2142:
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2109:
2107:
2097:
2096:
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2093:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
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1523:
1520:Freedom Riders
1509:
1508:
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1493:
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1471:
1468:
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1409:
1408:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1361:
1355:
1339:Newfield, Jack
1335:
1316:
1310:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1261:
1249:
1225:
1199:
1187:
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1134:
1119:
1104:
1089:
1068:
1056:
1039:
1027:
1012:
997:
968:
956:
939:
924:
912:
900:
871:
846:
829:
814:
802:
790:
775:
763:
747:
716:
685:
683:
680:
666:
663:
557:
554:
524:
521:
491:
490:First founding
488:
420:
417:
415:
412:
328:
325:
295:
292:
233:, was home to
218:
215:
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210:
176:
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155:
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99:
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75:
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53:
49:
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35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2369:
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2359:
2358:
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2343:
2342:
2331:
2324:(grandfather)
2323:
2319:
2316:(grandmother)
2315:
2311:
2308:(grandfather)
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
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2255:
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2247:
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2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:Kerry Kennedy
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
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2098:
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2059:
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2049:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2008:Thirteen Days
2004:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
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1906:
1900:
1893:
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1882:
1879:
1875:
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1799:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:Sirhan Sirhan
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1752:Assassination
1749:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1731:
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1725:
1721:
1720:
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1405:
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1388:
1384:
1382:9780618219285
1378:
1373:
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1358:
1356:0-452-26064-7
1352:
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1311:9780312323318
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1226:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1197:, p. 109
1196:
1195:Newfield 1988
1191:
1188:
1185:, p. 108
1184:
1183:Newfield 1988
1179:
1176:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1147:, p. 162
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1132:, p. 159
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:, p. 101
1116:
1115:Newfield 1988
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:, p. 158
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:, p. 103
1065:
1064:Newfield 1988
1060:
1057:
1054:, p. 157
1053:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1037:, p. 102
1036:
1035:Newfield 1988
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:Newfield 1988
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Newfield 1988
1004:
1002:
998:
985:
981:
975:
973:
969:
965:
964:Newfield 1988
960:
957:
953:
952:Newfield 1988
948:
946:
944:
940:
936:
935:Newfield 1988
931:
929:
925:
922:, p. 148
921:
916:
913:
909:
908:Newfield 1988
904:
901:
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886:
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856:
850:
847:
843:
842:Newfield 1988
838:
836:
834:
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826:
825:Newfield 1988
821:
819:
815:
811:
810:Newfield 1988
806:
803:
799:
798:Newfield 1988
794:
791:
787:
786:Newfield 1988
782:
780:
776:
772:
771:Newfield 1988
767:
764:
761:
760:Hymowitz 2013
756:
754:
752:
748:
736:
729:
723:
721:
717:
704:
700:
696:
690:
687:
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679:
677:
671:
664:
662:
658:
656:
650:
648:
647:Jack Newfield
643:
639:
634:
630:
625:
622:
617:
612:
609:
605:
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592:
588:
583:
579:
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520:
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496:
489:
487:
483:
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473:
469:
466:
463:, and former
462:
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454:
450:
446:
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438:
434:
430:
426:
418:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
393:Adam Walinsky
389:
385:
384:Great Society
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
359:to the urban
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:Late in 1965
338:
333:
324:
321:
316:
313:
309:
300:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
280:Fulton Street
277:
273:
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
216:
211:
209:
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206:United States
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
174:
171:
167:
163:
156:
152:
143:
137:
131:
127:
124:
118:
112:
111:United States
108:
104:
103:New York City
101:
100:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2339:
2226:Rose Kennedy
2186:Rory Kennedy
2114:Ethel Skakel
2087:
2077:
2066:
2057:
2048:The Kennedys
2047:
2038:RFK Must Die
2037:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1947:
1929:
1919:
1868:
1859:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1708:
1549:
1513:Civil rights
1392:
1370:
1344:
1329:. New York:
1326:City Journal
1324:
1300:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1264:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1168:February 26,
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1152:
1145:Schmitt 2011
1130:Schmitt 2011
1100:Schmitt 2011
1083:
1059:
1052:Schmitt 2011
1030:
1025:, p. 97
1010:, p. 98
988:. Retrieved
983:
959:
954:, p. 96
937:, p. 95
920:Schmitt 2011
915:
910:, p. 94
903:
892:. Retrieved
874:
863:. Retrieved
861:. 2012-03-27
858:
849:
844:, p. 93
827:, p. 92
812:, p. 91
805:
800:, p. 90
793:
788:, p. 87
773:, p. 89
766:
738:. Retrieved
734:
707:. Retrieved
703:the original
698:
689:
672:
668:
665:21st century
659:
651:
628:
626:
613:
600:
559:
538:Sonny Carson
530:
526:
497:
493:
484:
476:
441:Jacob Javits
437:John Lindsay
422:
397:
376:New Frontier
365:
342:
317:
305:
260:
256:blockbusting
235:middle class
220:
189:
185:
181:
179:
164:$ 11,018,008
153:$ 11,893,358
121:Area served
64:Jacob Javits
60:John Lindsay
2298:Ted Kennedy
2170:Max Kennedy
2105:family tree
2081:(2016 film)
2071:(2013 film)
2031:(2006 film)
2021:(2002 film)
2011:(2000 film)
1981:(1985 film)
1978:Prince Jack
1971:(1983 film)
1941:(1968 song)
1163:Brownstoner
990:10 December
740:21 February
709:10 December
633:brownstones
595:U.S. Gypsum
542:Albert Vann
513:James Oates
461:André Meyer
353:Los Angeles
349:Watts riots
252:speculators
190:Restoration
2355:Categories
2250:presidency
2212:(grandson)
2204:(grandson)
2188:(daughter)
2156:(daughter)
2124:(daughter)
1968:Blood Feud
1837:Book Award
1792:Legacy and
1673:Ball State
1291:References
1280:2023-04-13
1243:2020-12-30
894:2024-06-21
865:2024-06-21
638:vocational
212:Background
134:Key people
44:1967-04-01
2300:(brother)
2236:(brother)
1794:memorials
1782:Gravesite
1614:primaries
1592:Electoral
1218:March 11,
980:"History"
889:0027-8378
682:Citations
621:John Doar
608:I. M. Pei
368:Manhattan
254:employed
196:based in
158:Expenses
90:501(c)(3)
2341:Category
2292:(sister)
2284:(sister)
2276:(sister)
2268:(sister)
2260:(sister)
2244:(brother
2228:(mother)
2220:(father)
1633:Speeches
1367:(2002).
1341:(1988).
655:Pathmark
335:Senator
231:New York
227:Brooklyn
202:New York
198:Brooklyn
146:Revenue
126:Brooklyn
107:New York
96:Location
52:Founders
2101:Family,
1958:Kennedy
1904:culture
1902:Popular
580:to the
470:. Only
414:History
388:welfare
192:) is a
169:Website
42: (
34:Founded
2116:(wife)
2078:Jackie
1742:(1969)
1732:(1967)
1722:(1964)
1712:(1960)
1691:(1968)
1683:(1968)
1675:(1968)
1667:(1968)
1659:(1968)
1651:(1966)
1643:(1961)
1504:ExComm
1400:
1379:
1353:
1308:
887:
735:Candid
593:, and
544:, and
515:, and
268:heroin
243:Harlem
160:(2016)
148:(2016)
66:, and
2180:(son)
2172:(son)
2164:(son)
2148:(son)
2140:(son)
2132:(son)
2058:Ethel
2028:Bobby
1700:Books
731:(PDF)
591:Xerox
585:from
361:North
357:South
1475:Life
1398:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1220:2017
1170:2019
992:2016
885:ISSN
742:2020
711:2016
568:and
503:and
400:YMCA
250:and
186:BSRC
184:(or
180:The
74:Type
2018:RFK
587:IBM
457:CBS
455:of
449:IBM
447:of
382:'s
374:'s
351:in
225:in
88:):
83:IRS
2357::
1323:.
1273:.
1236:.
1210:.
1161:.
1137:^
1122:^
1107:^
1092:^
1082:.
1071:^
1042:^
1015:^
1000:^
982:.
971:^
942:^
927:^
883:.
857:.
832:^
817:^
778:^
750:^
733:.
719:^
697:.
589:,
548:.
540:,
511:,
507:.
451:,
229:,
208:.
200:,
109:,
105:,
62:,
58:,
2252:)
1435:e
1428:t
1421:v
1406:.
1385:.
1359:.
1333:.
1314:.
1283:.
1246:.
1222:.
1172:.
994:.
897:.
868:.
744:.
713:.
81:(
46:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
