51:
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The disease is relatively common in Africa, some parts of
Eastern Europe, the Philippines, and Latin America. There is also a widespread occurrence of the parasite throughout East, Southeast, and South Asia. This parasite is found anywhere where beef is eaten, including countries such as the United
386:
species. The rest of the body proper, the strobila, is basically a chain of numerous body segments called proglottids. The neck is the shortest part of the body, and consists of immature proglottids. The midstrobila is made of mature proglottids that eventually lead to the gravid proglottids, which
1438:
Lopes, Welber Daniel
Zanetti; Cruz Breno Cayeiro; Soares, Vando Edésio; Nunes, Jorge Luis N.; Teixeira, Weslen Fabricio Pires; Maciel, Willian Giquelin; Buzzulini, Carolina; Pereira, João Carlos Melo; Felippelli, Gustavo; Soccol, Vanette Thomaz; de Oliveira, Gilson Pereira; da Costa, Alvimar José
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States, with strict federal sanitation policies. In the US, the incidence of infection is low, but 25% of cattle sold are still infected. However, not all slaughterhouses are federally inspected. The total global infection is estimated to be between 40 and 60 million. It is most prevalent in
524:
of the host. Using the scolex, it attaches to the intestinal wall. The larva mature into adults about 5 to 12 weeks later. Adult worms can live about 25 years in the host. Usually, only a single worm is present at a time, but multiple worms are also reported. In each mature proglottid,
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remains asymptomatic due to the fact the organism does not present cysticerci in humans. Therefore, there is no presence of cysticercosis in humans either. Typically, cysticercosis is a parasitical tissue infection which infect the brain and muscle tissues. However the
342:
1116:
Eichenberger, Ramon M.; Thomas, Lian F.; Gabriël, Sarah; Bobić, Branco; Devleesschauwer, Brecht; Robertson, Lucy J.; Saratsis, Anastasios; Torgerson, Paul R.; Braae, Uffe C. (May 7, 2020). Dermauw, Veronique; Dorny, Pierre (eds.).
374:. An adult worm is normally 4 to 10 m in length, but can become very large; specimens over 22 m long are reported. Typical of cestodes, its body is flattened dorsoventrally and heavily segmented. It is entirely covered by a
2927:
697:, so it is only possible to identify the eggs to the family, not to the species level. Since it is difficult to diagnose using eggs alone, looking at the scolex or the gravid proglottids can help identify it as
231:) and cysticercosis in cattle. Cattle are the intermediate hosts, where larval development occurs, while humans are definitive hosts harbouring the adult worms. It is found globally and most prevalently where
838:(adults and children over 6 years: 2 g, single-administration after a light breakfast, followed after 2 hours by a laxative; children aged 2–6 years: 1 g; children under 2 years: 500 mg).
537:, gravid proglottids are shed individually. In some cases, the proglottid ruptures inside the intestine, and the eggs are released. The free proglottids and liberated eggs are removed by
541:
into the environment. On the ground, the proglottids are motile and shed eggs as they move. These oncospheres in an external environment can remain viable for several days to weeks in
701:. Proglottids sometimes trickle down the thighs of infected humans and are visible with unaided eye, so can aid with identification. Observation of scolex help distinguish between
818:
Adequate cooking at 56 °C (133 °F) for 5 minutes of beef viscera destroys cysticerci. Refrigeration, freezing at −10 °C (14 °F) for 9 days or long periods of
1362:
Zarlenga DS. (1991). "The differentiation of a newly described Asian taeniid from Taenia saginata using enzymatically amplified non-transcribed ribosomal DNA repeat sequences".
409:, having no body cavity. The inside of each mature proglottid is filled with muscular layers and complete male and female reproductive systems, including the tubular unbranched
2932:
2817:
478:. The inner membrane of the cysticercus soon develops numerous protoscolices (small scolices) that are invertedly attached to the inner surface. The cysticercus of
275:. From humans, embryonated eggs, called oncospheres, are released with faeces and are transmitted to cattle through contaminated fodder. Oncospheres develop inside
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1521:
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can cause taeniasis, which is an infection. Taeniasis causes weight loss, pain and blockages in the intestines which can potentially become life-threatening.
586:
Religious beliefs may also play a role in infection rates. In India, Muslims can have a higher rate of infection compared to Hindus, who do not eat beef.
1265:
Hendrickx, Emilie, et al. "Epidemiology of Taenia
Saginata Taeniosis/Cysticercosis: A Systematic Review of the Distribution in West and Central Africa."
2791:
1571:
1278:"Taeniasis/Cysticercosis." World Health Organization, World Health Organization, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis.
401:, or digestive tract. It derives nutrients from the host through its tegument, as the tegument is completely covered with absorptive hair-like
382:, neck, and strobila. The scolex has four suckers, but they have no hooks. Lack of hooks and a rostellum is an identifying feature from other
2917:
1180:
1072:
1439:(2014). "Historic of therapeutic efficacy of albendazol sulphoxide administered in different routes, dosages and treatment schemes, against
259:. Humans are generally infected as a result of eating raw or undercooked beef which contains the infective larvae, called cysticerci. As
2922:
2752:
1297:
1119:"Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in East, Southeast and South Asia"
1100:
987:
959:
925:
895:
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Winn Jr. Washington; Allen, Stephen; Janda, William; Koneman, Elmer; Procop, Gary; Schreckenberger, Paul; Woods, Gail (2006).
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within 70 days. Inside the tissue, they cast off their hooks and instead develop a protective cuticular shell, called the
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is also highly effective for treatment of cattle infection. During the 1940s, the preferred treatment was oleoresin of
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2016:
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309:, in structure and biology, except for few details. It is typically larger and longer, with more proglottids, more
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adult worms can live in the host for up to 25 years and most infections will last 2 to 3 years without treatment.
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is lethal to cysticerci. Inspection of beef and proper disposal of human excreta are also important measures.
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Cattle acquire the embryonated eggs, the oncospheres, when they eat contaminated food. Oncospheres enter the
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1292:(Fourth ed.). Berlin, Germany: Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 184–186.
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325:. Like the other tapeworms, it causes taeniasis inside the human intestine, but does not cause
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454:("six-hooked") larvae. With their hooks, they attach to the intestinal wall and penetrate the
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135:
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1389:
Juan A. Jimenez; Silvia
Rodriguez; Luz M. Moyano; Yesenia Castillo; Héctor H. García (2010).
638:. Intestinal obstruction in humans can be alleviated by surgery. The tapeworm can also expel
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stem out from the center to form 12 to 20 branches, but in contrast to its closely related
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1993:
1943:
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species, the branches are much less in number and comparatively thicker; in addition, the
723:, its branches become visible. Counting the uterine branches enables some identification (
711:
516:
Humans contract infective cysticerci by eating raw or undercooked meat. Once reaching the
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207:
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has been reported as a cause of gallbladder perforation if left untreated in some cases.
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1981:
1930:
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1479:"Clinical Aspects and Treatment of the More Common Intestinal Parasites of Man (TB-33)"
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1391:"Differentiating Taenia eggs found in human stools - Does Ziehl Neelsen staining help?"
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1201:
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533:. With thousands of oncospheres, the oldest gravid proglottids detach. Unlike in other
447:
422:
248:
210:
115:
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resemblance, and their eggs are more or less identical. Identification often requires
446:, the anterior portion of the small intestine, and hatch there under the influence of
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are at the posterior end. An individual can have as many as 1000 to 2000 proglottids.
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1961:
1949:
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982:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1282–1284.
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into the blood vessels. The larvae can move to all parts of the body by the general
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that can cause an allergic reaction in the individual. It is also a rare cause of
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520:, the inverted scolex becomes evaginated to the exterior under stimuli from the
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341:
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2128:
1542:(Video) - endoscopy of the small intestine in 40-year-old woman infected with
1315:"Differential diagnosis of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium infection by PCR"
920:(2nd ed.). New York: Lange Medical Books/ McGraw-Hill. pp. 184–186.
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are examined to find parasite eggs. The eggs look like other eggs from the
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stained to show uterine branches: The pore on the side identifies it as a
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uteri have 12 or more branches on each side, while other species such as
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200:
95:
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517:
470:. Thus, they become fluid-filled cysticerci. Cysterci can also form in
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355:
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105:
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886:. In Kayser, F.H.; Bienz, K.A.; Eckert, J.; Zinkernagel, R.M. (eds.).
1173:
Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of
Parasitology
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Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of parasitology
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318:
314:
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244:
240:
232:
85:
2637:
1313:
González LM, Montero E, Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM, Garate T (2000).
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Uygur-Bayramiçli, O; Ak, O; Dabak, R; Demirhan, G; Ozer, S (2012). "
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429:, the uterus contains up to 15 side branches filled with eggs.
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has a strong resemblance to the other human tapeworms, such as
529:, which divide and differentiate into embryonated eggs called
378:. The body is white in colour and consists of three portions:
980:
Koneman's Color Atlas and
Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology
954:(4th ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp. 244–245.
2928:
Parasitic diseases associated with beef and pork consumption
1175:(9th ed.). New York, NY: McGrawHill. pp. 330–332.
1171:
Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, JR, John; Nadler, Steve (2013).
30:
This article is about the organism. For the infection, see
1483:
1005:"Unusual colonoscopy finding: Taenia saginata proglottid"
450:. The embryonic membranes are removed, liberating free
1269:, vol. 12, no. 1, 2019, doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3584-7.
918:
329:. Its infection is relatively harmless and clinically
606:, but heavy infection often results in weight loss,
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2540:
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1992:
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1231:a rare cause of acute cholangitis: a case report".
810:will not, but the method is not strictly reliable.
748:, is notoriously difficult because of their close
1443:cysticercus in cattle experimentally infected".
916:Somers, Kenneth D.; Morse, Stephen A. (2010).
790:levels are chief hematological findings. Also
1565:
950:Bogitsh, Burton J.; Carter, Clint E. (2013).
8:
1395:Tropical Medicine & International Health
1063:Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, John Jr. (2009).
834:(5–10 mg/kg, single-administration) or
794:can be used to differentiate between mature
2638:
2119:
2083:
2074:
2065:
1905:
1616:
1601:
1572:
1558:
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780:are bilobed and testes are twice as many.
267:has complete sets of both male and female
49:
38:
2933:Taxa named by Johann August Ephraim Goeze
1414:
1338:
1144:
1134:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
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1020:
1364:Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health
1095:. New York: Springer. pp. 207–210.
1003:Patel, Nayan M.; Tatar, Eric L. (2007).
239:is consumed. It is relatively common in
911:
909:
907:
890:. Stuttgart: Thieme. pp. 560–562.
871:
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1194:
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1067:(8th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
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846:, which would be introduced into the
7:
2784:115c1fda-01bf-443e-bd2f-e543cd65b266
1166:
1164:
734:Differentiation of the species of
25:
1208:. World Health Organization. 2013
1009:World Journal of Gastroenterology
830:Taeniasis is easily treated with
365:is the largest of species in the
1407:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02579.x
62:
486:to differentiate from that of
313:, and higher branching of the
1:
1457:10.1016/j.exppara.2013.11.007
1331:10.1128/JCM.38.2.737-744.2000
686:is done from a stool sample.
2918:Parasitic animals of mammals
2031:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
1290:Encyclopedia of parasitology
525:self-fertilisation produces
2368:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
2017:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
271:. Thus, reproduction is by
263:, each body segment called
2949:
1136:10.1186/s13071-020-04095-1
29:
2923:Animals described in 1782
2608:Capillaria philippinensis
2531:Halicephalobus gingivalis
2502:Strongyloides stercoralis
1445:Experimental Parasitology
1202:"Taeniasis/Cysticercosis"
860:List of parasites (human)
317:. It also lacks an armed
287:of cattle into infective
195:), commonly known as the
164:
157:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
41:
2614:Intestinal capillariasis
1709:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
1288:Mehlhorn, Heinz (2016).
1245:10.1179/ACB.67.6.2062709
1091:Ortega, Ynes R. (2006).
1022:10.3748/wjg.v13.i41.5540
715:. When the a tapeworm's
462:, and finally settle in
192:Taeniarhynchus saginatus
2601:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
2551:Enterobius vermicularis
2346:Cutaneous larva migrans
1919:Echinococcus granulosus
1859:Heterophyes heterophyes
1845:Gastrodiscoides hominis
1668:Trichobilharzia regenti
1267:Parasites & Vectors
1123:Parasites & Vectors
731:only have five to 10).
2449:Visceral larva migrans
2244:Gnathostoma spinigerum
2097:Dracunculus medinensis
2003:Diphyllobothrium latum
1782:Paragonimus westermani
1749:Opisthorchis viverrini
1540:in the small intestine
1206:WHO Fact sheet no. 376
559:Taenia Genome database
513:
492:cysticercus cellulosae
482:is specifically named
359:
2330:Ancylostoma duodenale
1873:Metagonimus yokogawai
650:, cholecystitis, and
602:infection is usually
505:
344:
2779:Fauna Europaea (new)
2582:Trichinella spiralis
2409:Ascaris lumbricoides
2223:Lymphatic filariasis
2205:Wuchereria bancrofti
1233:Acta Clinica Belgica
888:Medical Microbiology
850:via a Rehfuss tube.
269:reproductive systems
2913:Foodborne illnesses
2596:Trichuris trichiura
2523:Trichostrongyliasis
2139:Onchocerca volvulus
1695:Clonorchis sinensis
1630:Schistosoma mansoni
1611:Trematode infection
1514:Parasites in Humans
1093:Foodborne parasites
792:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
766:ribosomal 5.8S gene
756:observation of the
632:chronic indigestion
221:intestinal parasite
27:Species of flatworm
2482:Parascaris equorum
2468:Dioctophyme renale
2374:Angiostrongyliasis
2354:Necator americanus
2324:Hookworm infection
2184:Dirofilaria repens
2009:Diphyllobothriasis
1900:Tapeworm infection
1831:Fasciolopsis buski
1524:2012-10-23 at the
1370:(suppl): 251–255.
952:Human Parasitology
882:Eckert J. (2005).
577:Sub-Saharan Africa
514:
460:circulatory system
421:pore, testes, and
360:
273:self-fertilisation
223:in humans causing
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2870:Open Tree of Life
2644:Taxon identifiers
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1925:E. multilocularis
1889:
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1729:Fasciola hepatica
1581:Parasitic disease
1182:978-0-07-352419-1
1074:978-0-07-128458-5
1015:(41): 5540–5541.
806:will stain while
719:is injected with
564:WormBase ParaSite
522:digestive enzymes
484:cysticercus bovis
456:intestinal mucosa
438:Intermediate host
427:gravid proglottid
206:belonging to the
182:
181:
16:(Redirected from
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2516:Trichostrongylus
2508:Strongyloidiasis
2388:Metastrongylosis
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1970:Hymenolepis nana
1906:
1806:Intestinal fluke
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1401:(9): 1077–1081.
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802:, in most cases
758:uterine branches
464:skeletal muscles
405:. It is also an
395:digestive system
393:does not have a
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150:T. saginata
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1994:Pseudophyllidea
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1939:Taenia saginata
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1837:Fasciolopsiasis
1822:Echinostomiasis
1800:
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1761:Opisthorchiasis
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1660:Schistosomiasis
1654:S. intercalatum
1608:
1606:Fluke/trematode
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1538:Taenia saginata
1526:Wayback Machine
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1260:
1229:Taenia saginata
1226:
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1221:
1211:
1209:
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1199:
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905:
898:
881:
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873:
868:
856:
828:
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768:. The uteri of
699:Taenia saginata
680:
672:Taenia saginata
667:Taenia saginata
660:Taenia saginata
656:Taenia saginata
597:
592:
572:
555:
507:Taenia saginata
500:
498:Definitive host
440:
435:
423:vitelline gland
346:Taenia saginata
339:
300:Taenia asiatica
235:are raised and
186:Taenia saginata
178:
172:
168:Taenia saginata
166:
153:
96:Platyhelminthes
61:
43:Taenia saginata
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2474:Dioctophymosis
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2437:Toxocara canis
2433:
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2396:
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2382:Metastrongylus
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2336:A. braziliense
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2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2197:Dirofilariasis
2187:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2176:Mansonelliasis
2166:
2165:
2164:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2145:Onchocerciasis
2134:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:Dracunculiasis
2092:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2053:
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2049:
2048:
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2026:
2025:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1982:Hymenolepiasis
1966:
1965:
1964:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1931:Echinococcosis
1914:
1912:
1910:Cyclophyllidea
1903:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1879:Metagonimiasis
1869:
1868:
1867:
1865:Heterophyiasis
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:Amphistomiasis
1841:
1840:
1839:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1797:
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1794:Paragonimiasis
1777:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1745:
1744:
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1725:
1724:
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1721:Dicrocoeliasis
1705:
1704:
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1674:Swimmer's itch
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1648:S. haematobium
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1498:External links
1496:
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1325:(2): 737–744.
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1299:978-3662439777
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634:, and loss of
612:abdominal pain
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545:, rivers, and
499:
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448:gastric juices
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261:hermaphrodites
249:Southeast Asia
211:Cyclophyllidea
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2211:Brugia malayi
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1489:: 1–14. 1948.
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764:detection of
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328:
327:cysticercosis
324:
321:unlike other
320:
316:
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308:
307:
306:Taenia solium
302:
301:
296:
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286:
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278:
274:
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257:Latin America
254:
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229:helminthiasis
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222:
218:
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209:
205:
202:
198:
197:beef tapeworm
194:
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159:Binomial name
156:
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37:
33:
19:
18:Beef tapeworm
2651:
2621:
2606:
2594:
2580:
2557:Enterobiasis
2549:
2529:
2515:
2500:
2480:
2466:
2459:
2453:Toxocariasis
2442:
2435:
2421:
2407:
2380:
2366:
2360:Necatoriasis
2352:
2335:
2328:
2289:
2262:
2249:
2242:
2235:Thelazioidea
2216:
2209:
2203:
2190:
2182:
2168:
2159:
2151:
2137:
2095:
2029:
2015:
2002:
1975:
1968:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1924:
1917:
1871:
1857:
1843:
1829:
1820:
1813:
1787:
1780:
1754:
1747:
1735:F. gigantica
1734:
1727:
1714:
1707:
1693:
1666:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1636:S. japonicum
1635:
1628:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1451:(1): 14–20.
1448:
1444:
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1394:
1384:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1289:
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1274:
1266:
1261:
1239:(6): 436–7.
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1205:
1172:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1092:
1064:
1012:
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998:
979:
951:
917:
887:
832:praziquantel
829:
817:
807:
803:
799:
795:
784:Eosinophilia
782:
773:
769:
754:histological
745:
741:
735:
733:
728:
724:
710:
706:
702:
698:
681:
671:
666:
664:
659:
655:
648:pancreatitis
628:constipation
604:asymptomatic
599:
598:
585:
573:
570:Epidemiology
534:
515:
506:
491:
487:
483:
479:
441:
403:microtriches
390:
389:
383:
369:
362:
361:
353:cyclophyllid
345:
331:asymptomatic
322:
304:
298:
294:
293:
215:
196:
191:
190:
185:
184:
183:
167:
165:
149:
148:
136:
42:
36:
2805:iNaturalist
2676:Wikispecies
2622:C. hepatica
2588:Trichinosis
2573:Adenophorea
2429:Anisakiasis
2310:Strongylida
2291:Gongylonema
2282:Spiruroidea
2270:Thelaziasis
2250:G. hispidum
2124:Filarioidea
2088:Camallanida
2070:Secernentea
2037:Sparganosis
2023:Sparganosis
1976:H. diminuta
1945:T. asiatica
1815:Echinostoma
1755:O. felineus
1741:Fasciolosis
1686:Liver fluke
1621:Blood fluke
1544:T. saginata
884:"Helminths"
840:Albendazole
836:niclosamide
804:T. saginata
796:T. saginata
770:T. saginata
746:T. asiatica
725:T. saginata
712:T. asiatica
703:T. saginata
652:cholangitis
600:T. saginata
581:Middle East
539:peristalsis
531:oncospheres
480:T. saginata
391:T. saginata
363:T. saginata
337:Description
295:T. saginata
227:(a type of
219:. It is an
2902:Categories
2493:Rhabditida
2415:Ascariasis
2400:Ascaridida
2191:D. immitis
2170:Mansonella
2162:filariasis
2129:Filariasis
2056:Roundworm/
1773:Lung fluke
1642:S. mekongi
1583:caused by
1212:7 February
1129:(1): 234.
866:References
814:Prevention
740:, such as
682:The basic
511:oncosphere
433:Life cycle
407:acoelomate
349:proglottid
289:cysticerci
265:proglottid
253:South Asia
213:and genus
2217:B. timori
2115:Spirurida
2061:infection
1958:Taeniasis
1951:T. solium
1715:D. hospes
1598:infection
1593:Flatworm/
826:Treatment
808:T. solium
800:T. solium
742:T. solium
729:T. solium
721:India ink
707:T. solium
695:Taeniidae
684:diagnosis
678:Diagnosis
620:headaches
608:dizziness
590:Infection
488:T. solium
452:hexacanth
425:. In the
397:, mouth,
225:taeniasis
189:(synonym
144:Species:
126:Taeniidae
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
32:taeniasis
2823:10009085
2745:51500263
2716:BioLib:
2661:Wikidata
2542:Oxyurida
2423:Anisakis
2315:hookworm
2264:Thelazia
2079:Spiruria
2059:Nematode
1522:Archived
1519:Stanford
1465:24309372
1425:20579318
1349:10655377
1253:23340150
1155:32381027
1041:17907306
854:See also
848:duodenum
844:aspidium
640:antigens
636:appetite
616:diarrhea
595:Symptoms
579:and the
547:pastures
444:duodenum
376:tegument
204:tapeworm
201:zoonotic
122:Family:
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
2908:Cestoda
2885:6257358
2875:1021818
2797:6101574
2667:Q773607
2443:T. cati
2160:Loa loa
2153:Loa loa
1895:Cestoda
1416:3428859
1376:1822899
1146:7206752
1032:4171297
820:salting
778:ovaries
527:zygotes
518:jejunum
419:genital
356:cestode
199:, is a
132:Genus:
112:Order:
106:Cestoda
102:Class:
2882:uBio:
2862:186971
2810:417453
2771:412766
2758:229317
1953:(pork)
1509:BioLib
1504:Bioweb
1463:
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1374:
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1251:
1179:
1153:
1143:
1099:
1071:
1039:
1029:
986:
958:
924:
894:
774:Taenia
737:Taenia
717:uterus
692:family
624:nausea
553:Genome
543:sewage
535:Taenia
411:uterus
384:Taenia
380:scolex
371:Taenia
323:Taenia
319:scolex
311:testes
283:, and
277:muscle
255:, and
245:Europe
241:Africa
233:cattle
216:Taenia
177:, 1782
137:Taenia
2818:IRMNG
2753:EUNIS
2732:32407
2719:43809
1340:86191
688:Feces
644:ileus
476:liver
472:lungs
415:ovary
367:genus
315:uteri
285:lungs
281:liver
208:order
175:Goeze
2849:6206
2844:NCBI
2792:GBIF
2727:BOLD
2518:spp.
1461:PMID
1421:PMID
1372:PMID
1345:PMID
1294:ISBN
1249:PMID
1214:2014
1177:ISBN
1151:PMID
1097:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1037:PMID
984:ISBN
956:ISBN
922:ISBN
892:ISBN
798:and
760:and
744:and
709:and
665:The
474:and
468:cyst
399:anus
303:and
237:beef
2831:NBN
2740:EoL
2704:AFD
2691:ADW
1531:CDC
1453:doi
1449:137
1411:PMC
1403:doi
1335:PMC
1327:doi
1241:doi
1141:PMC
1131:doi
1027:PMC
1017:doi
788:IgE
762:PCR
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