Beekeeping in Ireland

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member Associations, stating that although the IBA permitted dual membership, an Association affiliated with the FIBKA "must affiliate all their members" with the FIBKA, and "not accept" individual beekeepers not affiliated with the FIBKA (meaning members of the IBA). Also it was stated that beekeepers which were members of a local Association not affiliated with the FIBKA would not be permitted to attend the Maynooth (formally Gormanston five days) two day Summer Course, partake of the FIBKA's Honey Shows, Education or Exams including lectures, etc., which would result in not only IBA members but also beekeepers from outside the Republic of Ireland (such as the UBKA or those from overseas) not being permitted to attend any of the FIBKA funded / organized events: The IBA in contrast offers "knowledge and information, as freely as possible; be it in our newsletters, events or webinars to members and non members alike". Allegations of "defamatory statements" and of attempts to "poach members", were made during this split, however the FIBKA, while excluding non-FIBKA beekeepers from previously well attended international beekeeping events within Ireland, simultaneously expressed a hope of reconciliation and the intentions of reaching out to all beekeeping organizations on the island (including UBKA) to form one organization, in particlular to NIHBS to become an integrated part of the FIBKA.

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Transparent in all Our Actions for Our Members and to promote Beekeeping for all Beekeepers" ... "throughout the island of Ireland". The members "hope to create an environment of mutual respect and understanding, so that no beekeeper ever feels marginalised or ostracised because of the type of bee they keep". It offers membership insurance for both the North and South of Ireland, also offering individual membership not just association membership. It provides facilities and benefits comparable to those available from the FIBKA, even though it is about half the size. They support and endorse the All-Ireland Pollinator plan as well as the National Heritage Plan.

4478: 4250: 22: 1062: 753: 707:, can be used for treatment against EFB, but it is dependent on the Bee Inspector. It can also be used as a treatment against AFB, but it and all other treatments for AFB are now illegal. The only course of action that can be taken, once AFB confirms with a Bee Inspector that the hive is contaminated, is for the hive to be sealed at night and then the hive and bees have to be burned. In both cases, a ban on moving anything from the apiary during the outbreak will be imposed. 685:

the use of moveable frames, non-destruction of colonies each year, and beekeeping equipment moving between apiaries. They are the two brood diseases that are notifiable in both jurisdictions of Ireland. In 1903, the Bee Pest Act was enacted in all of Ireland, and in 1945 The Bee Pest Prevention Act was enacted in Northern Ireland (which repealed the previous 1908 Act.) UKBA and government officials worked closely to bring this about, initially the 1945 Act also included

1161:(was) that the legal and / or scientific basis to impose a full (importation) ban on all other species of (honey) bee has not at this point been established with the required certainty", the Minister, reading from a pre-prepared statement went on to say that "scientific assessment is required to substantiate the specific measure proposed in the Bill" and cited the lack of "independent scientific evidence", therefore rejecting the claims made by the NIHBS. 1222:. The UBKA in conjunction with CAFRE, runs an Open College Network Northern Ireland (OCN NI) endorsed beekeeping course and intends to develop higher level studies in the near future, this education is now independent from FIBKA. The UBKA is a member of CONBRA and maintains links with the EPBA and Apimondia. It also collaborates with all beekeeping associations within Ireland and the rest of the UK. The UBKA holds an Annual Conference at the CAFRE 480: 1165:

needed to show clearly that they could deal with the precise requests of the Department, not merely providing an "affirmative statement", citing "peer reviewed journals and ...international scientific research". There were a total of twelve extensive research requests the Tenderer had to provide, with the twelfth requesting details of "measures that could achieve the

437:/ Non-Native species, as it would have had to have been imported into Ireland due to the lack of a land-bridge with Britain, but not an Invasive Species, as it does not threaten bio-diversity. Within Northern Ireland there is the acceptance that some Non-Native animals, such as Honey Bees, are "important to the economy", while within the Republic of Ireland, the 1912:

Hartwell, Hofmann, Hohle, Ibáñez, Karul, Kherbouche, Kiely, Kotsakis, Lueth, Mallory, Manen, Marciniak, Maurice-Chabard, McGonigle, Mulazzani, Özdoğan, Perić, Perić, Petrasch, Pétrequin, Pétrequin, Poensgen, Pollard, Poplin, Radi, Stadler, Stäuble, Tasić, Urem-Kotsou, Vuković, Walsh, Whittle, Wolfram, Zapata-Peña & Zoughlami. (2015).

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association "for promoting and instructing the improved methods of bee culture to the cottagers of Ireland". In 1881 the Irish Beekeepers Associations (IBKA) was formed, holding a honey show in Dublin; in 1908 their name was changed to Irish Beekeepers' Association (IBA), in 1939 it was closed down due to decreasing membership.

1387:, meaning that they were descended from imported continental bees from 1923 on wards. Of the identified haplotypes (meaning geographic regions from mainland Europe in this context) two thirds were descended from the Netherlands, "...amongst the beekeepers in the NIHBS, these (Dutch bees) are the predominant type of 1353:, was initiated by the National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG) in collaboration with the NIHBS and the FIBKA, "to discover the number and distribution of their colonies in order to devise strategies for its conservation". Over 200 feral colonies were reported. The results of the study was published in 2021. 1529:

into Ireland by humans), resulting in the honey bee being defined as a native within the Republic of Ireland. However, since 2021, Irish Government's websites have been quoting and containing web links to internationally recognised definitions of native and non-native, which would result in the honey

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was entirely eliminated from Britain and Ireland at the time of the Isle of Wight disease (Adam, 1983)" what Br. Adams stated was "the old English (and by inference Irish) brown bee... lives today only in the memory.. and was completely wiped out (by the Isle of Wight disease)," clearly not referring

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subspecies, having been imported by the Mac Giolla Coda's from the Netherlands in the 1920s after the Isle of Wight Disease had swept through Ireland. By 1996 their numbers had increased to seventy after BIBBA held their Conference in the area, Mac Giolla Coda would later go on to become President of

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strain of bees, to be shortly introduced into Northern Ireland". At the 15th Annual Conference in 1960 a member of the Ministry of Agriculture gave the lecture "The Buckfast Strain of Honeybee and its dissemination throughout Northern Ireland". In 1966 at the 21st Annual Conference of the UBKA it was

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of 1901, "the rapid spread of foul brood, that most terrible pest" was discussed. They are both extraordinarily infectious and persistent diseases affecting only the brood, and spores of AFB can survive for up to 40 years. The adoption of modern beekeeping aided in spreading both these diseases, with

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mites arrived in the Republic of Ireland in 1998, in Northern Ireland in 2002 and within a few years had spread throughout most of the island. The mortality rate for over-wintered colonies during 2015–16 in the Republic of Ireland was 29.5% and for Northern Ireland was 28.2%; for comparison Wales was

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is first recorded in Ireland in the seventh century. It has seen a surge in popularity in modern times, with the membership of beekeeping associations exceeding 4,500. The median average number of hives per beekeeper is three hives, while the average honey output per hive is 11.4 kg (25 lb). The

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In 1966, the FIBKA raised the subject of forming an All-Ireland Beekeepers' Alliance but the UBKA unanimously rejected the suggestion, opting instead to support continued co-operation. In 2018 the FIBKA again raised to prospect of a form of integration with the smaller UBKA. The UBKA has since begun

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In 1926, the Banbridge and District Beekeeping Association was formed; in 1934, its name became the Northern Ireland Bee Keepers' Association. In 1942 the UBKA was formed and in 1951 the smaller NIBKA affiliated with it and was later absorbed into it. In 1949 there were 6,000 beekeepers with 16,000

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as those set out in the Bill", which if provided (a requirement for the Tender to be issued) would result in the Bill being unnecessary. Tenderers are required to be companies with at least two years experience in providing similar services and provide two examples of such work, there is no entity

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In 2017 the FIBKA split resulting in the creation of the Irish Beekeepers' Association CLG (IBA), an all-Ireland body to represent all beekeepers, irrespective of the type of bee they keep, and to also provide group insurance for the beekeeping Associations, as well as to individual beekeepers who

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In 1943, the County Dublin Beekeepers' Association was formed, from which an attempt was made to revive the old IBA to form an all-Ireland body. On St. Patrick's Day in 1944, the Federation of Irish Beekeepers' Associations was formed; the recently formed Ulster Bee Keepers' Association (UBKA) did

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mite is the single greatest threat to bee colonies in Ireland. In the 1990s, colonies would die within three to four years if left untreated. By the 2000s, this had become closer to two years. Typically after the initial infestation, there can be a rapid increase in the mite population which would

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Jack Hassett, Keith A Browne, Grace P McCormack, Elizabeth Moore, Native Irish Honey Bee Society, Gabrielle Soland & Michael Geary (2018) A significant pure population of the dark European honey bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) remains in Ireland, Journal of Apicultural Research, 57:3, 337-350,

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In 2021, the NIHBS began publishing articles on its website refuting the scientific research findings that had identified the NIHBS as the source of the decline in genetic diversity. An article by Michael Mac Giolla Coda stated, "the gene pool has been greatly reduced by the decimation of all the

1142:, with unanimous cross party support, however, some members expressed doubts on whether the Bill would be compatible with EU Law. Some of the Members declared that they are NIHBS members, most of them had attended a presentation which was given by the NIHBS prior to the session. At this same time 956:

In 2017 an acrimonious split occurred within the FIBKA ostensibly over the issue of increasing the yearly fees and management, eventually over a third of the Associations would leave FIBKA and join the alternative IBA. Following the split the FIBKA published letters to be circulated amongst their

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FIBKA is an organisation of beekeeping associations in the Republic of Ireland, claiming to have been established in 1881, and reconstituted 1943. FIBKA is a not-for-profit federation of beekeeping associations in Ireland with currently over 40 affiliated associations which between them have over

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Roffet-Salque, Regert, Evershed, Outram, Cramp, Decavallas, Dunne, Gerbault, Mileto, Mirabaud, Pääkkönen, Smyth, Šoberl, Whelton, Alday-Ruiz, Asplund, Bartkowiak, Bayer-Niemeier, Belhouchet, Bernardini, Budja, Cooney, Cubas, Danaher, Diniz, Domboróczki, Fabbri, González-Urquijo, Guilaine, Hachi,

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within Europe presently are descended from one mated queen imported from China into France 2004, showing the possibility of Asian hornets becoming established in Ireland from only one queen, although it is doubtful that the Irish weather would enable a viable population to develop, but continued

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to English beekeepers; however, these Irish bees also died. By 1923, "the country was swept clean of bees". By 1927 the Irish Beekeepers Association (IBA) requested the government to adopt a restocking scheme for re-population and for "importation of (resistant) Queen Bees for re-sale at reduced

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On the 01st March 2023 the Department requested tenders to be submitted for the provision of this "independent scientific evidence", giving one month to do so, with the expectation of a report within three months. Only previously published research after 1993 was permitted to be used. Tenderers

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will be identified. Nevertheless, a person who is convicted of contravening this Bill (if it becomes law) could potentially face a fine of up to €250,000 and a sentence of up to 2 years in prison. The Bill would include couriers delivering honey bees, and non-beekeepers with honey bees on their

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in a shortened 2-day event. Up to this, examinations were held in the full range of beekeeping education, from the preliminary exams up to Honey Judge. FIBKA is a signatory, contributor to, and supporter of the All-Ireland Pollinator Plan, and is a member of the European Professional Beekeepers

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to estimate the bees degree of varroa resistance, as the marks were attributed to damage caused by the bees grooming / biting behavior, but this theory is likely inaccurate; these marks are more likely to be mere "regular dorsal dimples (indentations)". To date no useful degree of resistance to

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of a subspecies, an ecotype or haplotype would need to have been identified, to date the only identifiable genetic characteristic that has been observed is the Dutch haplotype from which the NIHBS bees are descended. The NIHBS further goes on to claim that this alleged genetic "distinctiveness

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The IBA is an organisation of beekeeping associations in the island of Ireland, acting as an "alternative organisation (to FIBKA)", striving to be "a democratic and egalitarian company, founded in October 2017", with at present 23 association members. Its stated goals are "to be Open, Fair and

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as notifiable diseases reflecting their devastating effects on bee populations at the time. Bee Inspectors have been appointed to regularly inspect beehives and testing facilities have been established for beekeepers to have the contents of their hives diagnosed for disease. These services are

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as the Native Irish Bee, and in 2012, the Native Irish Honey Bee Society was formed and tasked with continuing the work on an island wide basis, at which point the newsletter of the GBBG was taken over by the NIHBS. The NIHBS's stated mission is "the conservation of the native Irish Honey Bee

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decided to tour Ireland with a "bee tent" to show modern beekeeping equipment and manipulations of bees to the public. They were joined by Brother Joseph, throughout much of Ireland as he continued on his "holy crusade" for the honey bee; he later proposed the formation of an Irish beekeeping

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per year with two afterswarms. The bees would traditionally have been killed at the end of each season to be able to extract the honey and wax. By the mid-1700s, beekeepers started using boxes for keeping bees, and using different methods to extract the honey and wax without killing the bees.

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Queens do not mate with Drones of a different subspecies (genetic stock), and were able to remain non-hybridized even when surrounded by bees of a different subspecie. However the NIHBS still aims to establish areas of conservation throughout the island for the conservation of "native" bees.

1230:, as well as Annual Honey Shows, Bee Health Workshops and an International Young Beekeeper competition. It is a registered charity (number – GB-NI-100709) with six trustees who are elected officers, reporting to an executive which is made up of representatives from the local associations. 1266:

in the rest of Europe. Over recent years this research has shifted towards genetic analysis, primarily driven by the NIHBS and formally the GBBG. Before 2000, genetic diversity throughout the island appeared high; however, by 2005, reduced genetic diversity was observed around the

280:(IoWD), was first reported on the Isle of Wight in 1906, where it wiped out 75% of the bee colonies in the first year. By 1912, the IoWD had arrived on the east coast of Ireland. It steadily spread throughout the island over the next decade. In 1919, bees were exported from 1478:

possibly a remnant of the Old Irish Black Bee thought to have been wiped out by the Isle of Wight Disease in the early 1900s. It was referred to as the "Native Native (Irish) Bee" to differentiate it from the "Continental (Dutch) Native Bee" in Ireland, promoted by the

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The paper concluded with Ireland "having been the welcome recipient of Dutch honey bees following the collapse of Irish beekeeping at the beginning of the 20th century, Ireland may yet be able to return the favour by returning bees of Dutch haplotypes home to the

1447:, "fundamentally undifferentiated from the managed" population, with 40% belonging to the Dutch haplotype promoted by the NIHBS. Over 76% of them died within less than 2.5 years, they all died within four years, and they had an average annual death rate of 55%. 382:

Some NIHBS members now acknowledge, as a result of the imports after the IoWD, the presence of Dutch DNA in the bees in Ireland, but at the same time maintain that there are descendants of the indigenous Irish bees somewhere in Ireland. Some bees from the

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In 2017 DNA research was performed on beehives throughout Ireland, finding that the honey bees (except those on Beara peninsula) had been imported (primarily from The Netherlands) around 1923 due to the IoWD eradicating the previous honey bee population.

1391:, here (in Ireland) reflecting the significant imports by beekeepers from the Netherlands after the loss of managed colonies during Isle of Wight disease", other countries identified as origins of the bees sampled were from France and Switzerland. 791:), was found in Dublin. There was no evidence of a nest in the area and the hornets' point of entry was believed to be via a nearby international transportation hub. To date Ireland appears to still be free from any hornets (insects in the genus 830:, magnifying their effect on the bees themselves. From agriculture, there is widespread use of pesticides which may cause serious harm to insects including bees, along with widespread destruction of habitat which is essential for bee foraging. 694:

provided free of charge. In 1945 in Northern Ireland, 14% of hives inspected (including unoccupied) were found to contain AFB, however, by 1949, this had been reduced to 2.8%. In 1950, 11.9% of unoccupied hives inspected contained AFB spores.

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from the NIHBS breeders, and searching for the Hygienic Behaviour characteristic (which can result in disease and mite resistance), no Hygienic Behaviour was reported; the full results were not published. Earlier research had found that the

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s bee judgements are unique in treating bee swarms as capable of trespass. This is related to their treatment of other livestock, but no other legal system applies the concept to bees, and it may be taken as evidence that the authors of the

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decided that all subsequent Conferences should be held at Greenmount Agricultural and Horticultural College; it was also at this conference that the Ministry of Agriculture informed the UBKA "that due to the increase of Nosema, the

1383:: In 2018 genetic analysis was published on 412 bee samples from 81 sites (6% from Northern Ireland), all but the Beara bees were found to contain Mitochondria DNA (inherited through the female Queen line) observable in European 1010:", the NIHBS refutes that honey bees cannot be native to Ireland due to a lack of a land bridge with Britain, confirmed by marine geological evidence, with a senior member of the NIHBS stating "nobody was there at the time". 1001:

BIBBA. Initially using the name "native British Isles bee" the GBBG later began to refer to their bees as the native bee, later other beekeeping groups began to form throughout Ireland following GBBG's example of promoting

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actually evolved in central Asia and migrated into northern Europe after the last ice age, they also claim that "research...confirmed unambiguously in 2018 that it is genetically distinctive", for a bee to be a distinct

414:, and as such officially have adopted the international definitions of an "Alien (Non-Native) Species... (as) a subspecies... introduced... outside its natural or present distribution... by human agency", and also an " 1442:

published in 2021, sites of seventy-six colonies of honey bees were identified throughout the Republic of Ireland. Samples for genetic analysis were taken, and their survival was recorded. They were all found to be

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A "great mortality of bees" was recorded in 950 AD, and again in 992 AD when it was said that "bees were largely kept in Ireland at this time, and were a great source of wealth to the people". In 1443 AD "the third

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from Ireland were found to significantly have the broadest range of inbreeding coefficients, potentially resulting in inbreeding. The research concluded that the high overwintering deaths, in part attributable to

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colonies, swarms that have escaped from apiaries, will die quickly. However, their homes can be re-occupied afterward by new swarms for the cycle to repeat. These feral colonies can become a source of large

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contributes the traits that make it the bee most adapted to Ireland's climate and weather patterns", no research has been published to support these "most adapted" claims, nor an Irish ecotype identified.

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Insert a probe to swab the cell, if there is a sticky or "ropey" portion attached to the probe that creates a "string" between the cell and the probe, the hive is likely infected with American foulbrood

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DNA, showing little introgression from other European subspecies. Bees kept by members of the Native Irish Honey Bee Society (NIHBS) have minimal genetic traces of the honey bees from before the IoWD.

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the main beekeeping organisations are the Ulster Beekeepers Association (UBKA) and the Institute of Northern Ireland Beekeepers (INIB). There are also a number of other organisations on the island of

1279:. It was again concluded by the authors of the research that the NIHBS breeding groups in these areas had caused the reduction of genetic diversity in their attempts to breed their genetically pure " 257:

No DNA research on honey bees in collections dating to before the Isle of Wight disease has been carried out. The honey bee population during that time is described as the "Old Irish Black Bee".

5274: 422:". These definitions have also been adopted by EU Regulation which has been incorporated into the Republic of Ireland's and the U.K. (Northern Ireland) legislation (still retained after the 2077: 1149:

In November 2022, the Bill passed to its Third reading, the argument for the Bill was reiterated, "with the aim of reducing the threat to.. biodiversity and the ecosystem arising from the

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A major secondary concern expressed by the NIHBS is of "diseases that might be imported with bees from broad", while still supporting the importation of their own subspecies from abroad.

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with bees from a different genetic stock", however research published from Tasmania in 1995, from Poland in 2013 and later research conducted in Ireland in 2017, all showed that the

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origin, with smaller amounts of DNA originating from France, Switzerland and elsewhere in Europe. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA showed that the bees tested were descended from

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mite and in turn may survive in the wild. GBBG, NIHBS and FIBKA have breeding programs to do this "by observing the number of damaged mites", without DNA analysis nor the use of

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In the 1960s, wing morphometric analysis was conducted on bees collected throughout Ireland, finding that they had a high genetic diversity. The majority of their DNA came from

898:, such as the Native Irish Honey Bee Society (NIHBS), including numerous groups centered online via social media, such as the Irish Buckfast & Carniolan Beekeepers (IBCB). 182:

which may also be derived from a Welsh word, suggesting beekeeping was probably not established until the 5th or 6th centuries. This time frame matches with the legend of St.

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property, requiring all persons possessing honey bees to provide non-defined documentation. The Bill grants the authority to enter and search property and vehicles without a

3862: 1069:: Aoife Nic Giolla Coda the Chairperson of the NIHBS (left), her father Michael Mac Giolla Coda, founding member of GBBG (centre), his son Séadna Mac Giolla Coda (right). 1223: 1299:

mite" another claim was that the NIHBS bees "have developed resistance to many bee diseases" due to "the Irish climate." No sources were cited to support these claims.

4963: 4908: 4863: 4084: 3974: 3891: 3200: 2905: 2062: 1976: 2123: 5922: 438: 2423:"Differences in the morphology of prothoracic and propodeal spiracles in three strains of Apis mellifera: Possible relation to resistance against Acarapis woodi" 4451: 610:), in conjunction with several breeding groups throughout Ireland, including the Galtee Bee Breeding Group whose apiary manager, Micheál Mac Giolla Coda from 3705: 64:

and Ireland. However the current academic consensus is that this could not have occurred, because there was no land bridge between the two islands, based on

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The IBA regularly publishes Newsletters covering many subjects related to beekeeping, which it makes freely available online to all, including non-members.

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Association, the Council of National Beekeeping Associations (CONBRA) in the United Kingdom and Ireland, working with other organizations such as The UK

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Varying Degrees of Apis mellifera ligustica Introgression in Protected Populations of the Black Honeybee, Apis mellifera mellifera, in Northwest Europe

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In 1991, the Galtee Bee Breeding Group (GBBG) was formed as an Irish breeding group within BIBBA (Bee Improvement & Bee Breeders Association - a

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in Ireland, which had previously been identified as descending from continental imports since 1923. They are also unique to known northern European

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with the Republic of Ireland that is known to be able to meet these criteria. At present it is unclear if any tenders were submitted, without which

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as the "Native Irish Honey Bee", contradicting the EU's and the Republic of Ireland's definitions of native/alien species in their own legislation.

229:, imported a bar and frame hive from London and then began to produce his own versions. He is also recorded as being one of the first to import the 2007:"The Dunaverney and Little Thetford Flesh-Hooks: History, Technology and Their Position within the Later Bronze Age Atlantic Zone Feasting Complex" 1202:

Carniolan) subspecies throughout Ireland. Containing experienced members to complete beginners, they state that they are "not really interested in

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hives, the most common of which was the CDB Hive. At the 14th Annual Conference in 1959 a lecture was given entitled "How to take advantage of the

4723: 4879:"acial admixture of Apis meiifera in Tasmania, Australia: similarities and Received 5 July 1994 differences with natural hybrid zones in Europe" 4046:"The first recorded occurrence of the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) in Ireland, genetic evidence for a continued single invasion across Europe" 5261:

Request for Tenders dated 01/03/2023 for the provision of research services regarding the Native Irish Honey Bee (Apis mellifera mellifera)

2006: 191: 6206: 4107: 784:

hives, which are unable to defend themselves against their attacks, resulting in significant deaths, and potential collapse of the colonies.

5699: 3575:"The Native Irish Honey Bee - Enhancement and Protection of Native Irish Breeding Stock of Apis Mellifera Mellifera with Varroa Tolerance" 1414:

where "significantly lower (genetic diversity) than expected" was observed, due to "the elements of controlled breeding... of breeders" -

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used, it is the fungicides and the insecticides that can affect bees the most. Fungicides may pass into pollen and then transfer into the

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is offered by the IBA to members at a 10% reduced price. Although this is a UK publication, much of its content is applicable to Ireland.

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mites, had not reduced genetic diversity in Europe, no explanation was given for Ireland's unique results, but it was not attributed to

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bees," the so-called "native Irish bee," but that they are not "bee racists", having amongst their membership beekeepers that only keep

655: 239:) with a view to selective breeding "..as being more prolific.. and harder workers.. would improve our home breed (the Irish strain of 115:, the compensation paid by the beekeeper to a person stung by one of his bees and the compensation paid to the beekeeper if a person's 5915: 4317: 4233: 4208: 4183: 4158: 3846: 3821: 3744: 2563: 2478: 2380: 2317: 411: 1806:"An ever closing gap? Modern ecological and palaeoecological contributions towards understanding the Irish post-glacial insect fauna" 6388: 5548: 3080:"Honey bees of the Arnot Forest: A population of feral colonies persisting with Varroa destructor in the northeastern United States" 1013:

The NIHBS also maintains that "The native Irish honey bee is part of the subspecies that evolved in northwestern Europe", while the

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from Ireland were provided, they were analyzed for their inbreeding coefficients and compared to other bees throughout Europe. The

6441: 4015: 343:, at his isolated Closed Mating Station on Dartmoor. However, like the British Black Bee, from which it descended, all died from 6503: 6446: 1311:

DNA had increased on average throughout the island, the genetic diversity had decreased. Over a third of the samples came from

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was an accidental import from Britain or Europe and not from an established Irish nest. The research also confirmed that all

3658:"Swarming, defensive and hygienic behaviour in honey bee colonies of different genetic origin in a pan-European experiment" 387:

have unusual genetic markers, and there has been speculation that this may represent a remnant of the pre-IoWD population.

5908: 1831: 1590:(Ceithre Raithe na Bliana) magazine is published four times per year by the NIHBS, formally it was the voice of the GBBG. 6383: 5125:"An Bille um an mBeach Mheala Dhúchasach Éireannach a Chosaint, 2021 Protection of the Native Irish Honey Bee Bill 2021" 3241: 1061: 4667: 3600: 2841: 6411: 6136: 1559:, was first published as a successor to the Irish Bee Journal in 1947, and is now published monthly by the FIBKA. The 1158: 335:"from a secluded place in the far west of Ireland," from which he raised virgin Queens and then crossed them with his 5669: 178:), suggesting the presence of honeybees near to the arrival of Christianity in 430 AD, and then for the word beehive 5895: 285:

prices." Many of the local bee associations had already begun importing their stocks. The majority of the bees were

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pottery vessels in Ireland, although such evidence is widespread across Europe as close as the lower reaches of the

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Dr. Jack Hassett (2 October 2021). "Beara Peninsula Case Study". Ulster Beekeepers Association AGM 2021 Webinar.

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reproduction and the reason for their survival is unclear. In another case of surviving untreated colonies, the

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Within Ireland, the research into honey bees has focused on identifying the type of bee (sub-species) present,

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English (and by inference Irish) brown bee... lives today only in the memory... and was completely wiped out."

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Tolerance Breeding Program was set up by NIHBS. Focusing solely on what they describe as "Native Irish" bees (

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Widely-spread feral colonies in tree hives in a forest environment have been found to be able to survive with

21: 3628:"Enhancement and protection of native Irish breeding stock of Apis mellifera mellifera with Varroa tolerance" 3369:"Enhancement and protection of native Irish breeding stock of Apis mellifera mellifera with Varroa tolerance" 3269:"Enhancement and protection of native Irish breeding stock of Apis mellifera mellifera with Varroa tolerance" 1250:. Its primary focus is on the promotion of beekeeping through education and they work closely with the UBKA. 862:

Queen distribution scheme was being suspended", a scheme initially begun to improve the local bee stock (the

6406: 6261: 6164: 6143: 6129: 4533: 2874:"A significant pure population of the dark European honey bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) remains in Ireland" 2600:"A significant pure population of the dark European honey bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) remains in Ireland" 690: 562: 128:

were trying to fit the new facts about bees into their longstanding legal ideas about livestock in general.

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J. Hassett; Native Irish Honey Bee Society; G. Soland; G. McCormack; E. Moore; K. Browne; M. Geary (2018).

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A Significant Pure Population of the Dark European Honey Bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) Remains in Ireland

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has shown resistance to previously effective treatments can result in regional losses as high as 40–60%.

6436: 4957: 4902: 4857: 4507: 4078: 3968: 3627: 3268: 2974:"Adaptation in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies Exhibiting Tolerance to Varroa destructor in Ireland" 2899: 2056: 1970: 1721: 1307:

In the 2000s the research was repeated by the Galtee Bee Breeding Group (GBBG). While the percentage of

1295:" another article published by Jonathan Getty stated "The gene pool has been drastically reduced by the 1242:, which entitles members to individual insurance. The INIB holds an Annual Conference and Honey Show at 1227: 1218:

The UBKA was formed in 1942 and is an association of the fourteen affiliated beekeeping associations in

1078: 276: 3007:"Preliminary analysis of loss rates of honey bee colonies during winter 2015/16 from the COLOSS survey" 1783:

Mind the Gap: Postglacial Colonisation of Ireland. Special Supplement to The Irish Naturalists' Journal

4877:

Benjamin P. Oldroyd, Jean-Marie Cornuet, Darryl Rowei, Thomas E. Rinderer and Ross H. Crozier (1995).

3325: 2502: 935:, BeeLife (European Beekeeping Conservation), European Professional Beekeepers Association (EPBA) and 886:

are the Federation of Irish Beekeepers' Associations CLG (FIBKA) and the Irish Beekeepers Association/

6467: 5997: 5982: 4817: 4806:"Mitochondrial genomes illuminate the evolutionary history of the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera)" 2334: 1752:""The Origins and Diversity of Apis Mellifera in Ireland - Where did Ireland's honeybees come from?"" 667: 214: 148: 112: 91: 5793: 5753: 5154: 1065:

Beekeepers from the Galtee Vee Valley area holding the NIBHS posters to support the Bill before the

910:

FIBKA has run a summer course in beekeeping every year since 1961, until interrupted in 2020 by the

36:, Cork, Ireland (1914). Saint Gobnait of Ballyvourney is a sixth-century patron saint of beekeepers. 6462: 6426: 6416: 6362: 6253: 6094: 6028: 5300: 4779:"The Origins and Diversity of Apis Mellifera in Ireland - Where did Ireland's honeybees come from?" 2037: 1518: 1474:

lineages. This has caused speculation that this may be a "unique mutation" or "an ancient historic

1193: 1157:, due to the importation of non-native species or sub-species..", in response "the advice from the 1092: 932: 927: 883: 776:) exhibits considerable geographic adaptability, with regular sightings in Britain since 2016. The 65: 390:

Other groups suggest that whatever the genetic stock may represent, these attempts will result in

6357: 5729: 5522: 4945: 3949: 3920:

K. Tan, S. E. Radloff, J. J. Li, H. R. Hepburn, M. X. Yang, L. J. Zhang & P. Neumann (2007).

3679: 3124:

G. J. Mordecai; L. E. Brettell; S. J. Martin; D. Dixon; I. M. Jones; Declan C. Schroeder (2016).

3099: 2527:

Brother Adam (1968). ""Isle of Wight" or Acarine Disease: its Historical and Practical Aspects".

2442: 2117: 2029: 1951: 1526: 1416:

the paper named the Galtee, Connemara and Louth "local breeding groups focused on A. m. mellifera

1396:

The research stated "97.8% of sampled bees were determined to be pure" and "genetically diverse"

923: 673: 662: 434: 410:

Both the Republic of Ireland and the U.K. (which Northern Ireland is part of) are parties to the

2760: 3126:"Superinfection exclusion and the long-term survival of honey bees in Varroa-infested colonies" 1291:

destructor)" another claim was "We never had a problem with queen failure until the arrival of

6347: 6335: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6033: 5987: 5956: 5606: 5514: 4845: 4313: 4229: 4204: 4179: 4154: 4103: 3941: 3921: 3842: 3817: 3740: 3194: 3155: 2632: 2559: 2474: 2376: 2313: 2258: 2182: 2152: 1943: 1647: 1521:, a unique definition of the word native is used, it means an animal which was established in 1509: 1083: 1074: 964:

covering many subjects related to beekeeping, which is made available online to members only.

911: 720: 680:

Both are referred to as Foul Brood and have been known in Ireland since at least 1897. In the

496: 474: 364: 314: 2919:

Büchler, Ralph (1994). "Varroa Tolerance in Honey Bees—Occurrence, Characters and Breeding".

2468: 2209: 249:(invented in 1852) with their moveable frames, upon which subsequent modern hives are based. 6213: 5719: 5711: 5506: 4935: 4835: 4825: 4057: 3933: 3669: 3574: 3498: 3340: 3145: 3137: 3091: 3028: 3018: 2985: 2928: 2885: 2611: 2536: 2434: 2346: 2021: 1933: 1925: 1496: 1312: 1219: 1100: 1042: 1027: 891: 611: 415: 281: 245:)". In 1881, the Reverend George Proctor was believed to be the first in the country to own 76: 1344:

Researchers concluded the low genetic diversity to be a result of the dominance of the GBBG

6309: 6265: 6013: 3786:

Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (Northern Ireland) (5 May 2015).

1463: 992:) by Micheál Mac Giolla Coda and other beekeepers in the area of the Galtee Vee Valley in 697: 553:

mite population, a counter approach would be to breed bees that allegedly remove and kill

384: 359:

Modern DNA analysis has shown that nearly 98% of the DNA of honey bees in Ireland are the

246: 4697: 2812: 1549:. FIBKA archives include bound volumes of the IBJ and these are available to researchers. 614:, is a former President of BIBBA. Bees kept by NIHBS members were not able to resist the 111:, composed after 637 AD. Among other issues, these dealt with the ownership and value of 4821: 3922:"Bee-hawking by the wasp, Vespa velutina, on the honeybees Apis cerana and A. mellifera" 3326:"Regular dorsal dimples on Varroa destructor – Damage symptoms or developmental origin?" 2761:"S.I. No. 477/2011 - European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011" 1271:

due to the breeding program of the GBBG. By 2017 this decline had also been observed in

719:

are present in Ireland, although currently it is believed that Ireland is free from the

6314: 6289: 6273: 6170: 6059: 6023: 4840: 4805: 4343: 4045: 3150: 3125: 1132: 772: 686: 398: 297: 266: 156: 143:

for mead; later versions from the ninth and tenth centuries contain the Old Irish word

69: 5900: 5070: 4044:

Eileen Dillane, Rachel Hayden, Aidan O'Hanlon, Fidelma Butler, Simon Harrison (2022).

3445: 56:

Some beekeepers have suggested that honey bees could have flown across a post-glacial

6492: 5733: 5510: 3298: 3079: 2422: 2203: 2033: 1913: 1247: 1150: 1104: 985: 582: 569: 152: 61: 5526: 5206: 5097: 4949: 4355: 3683: 3103: 2786: 2446: 1812:. Postglacial Colonization Conference: Mind the Gap 2006 (Special Supplement): 63–70 479: 6472: 6018: 5818: 5044: 3953: 2932: 2540: 2438: 2350: 1955: 1545:(IBJ) was published by the Rev J.G. Digges from 1901 to 1933, and was succeeded by 1183: 1115:

subspecies which the Bill calls "Native Irish", even if they do not originate from

919: 853: 815: 766: 747: 729: 700: 419: 325: 321: 155:

forms across Europe and beyond, and they are very close to the same words in early

33: 25: 5715: 4123: 3787: 3023: 3006: 2990: 2973: 2890: 2873: 2872:

J. Hassett, K. Browne, G. McCormack, E. Moore, NIHBS, G. Soland, M. Geary (2018).

2616: 2599: 1143: 5352: 4640: 3049: 1330:

genetic diversity, the lowest recorded across Northern Europe, and therefore was

988:

organization promoting what they called the British "Native Bee", the subspecies

6284: 6228: 6115: 6038: 5961: 2946: 2585: 1243: 1199: 1049:)", meaning a genetic variant, some even stating that their own bees are unique 368: 286: 108: 84: 57: 4830: 2397: 2099: 1322:

in 2005 received samples from the Galtee Bee Breeding Group (GBBG), taken from

510:

22.4% and Scotland was 18%, while the European average was 12%. As a result of

103:

The earliest reference to bees in Ireland is in the Bee-Judgements (Old Irish:

6319: 6304: 6299: 6279: 6186: 5951: 5180: 4940: 4923: 4282: 3937: 2025: 1041:

Some members of the NIHBS still claim that their "Native Irish Honey Bee is a

819: 704: 654: 391: 313:

is considered to be a larger bee with its attendant larger trachea than other

222: 40: 4991: 4385:"Council of National Beekeeping Assoc.'s in the U.K. & Ireland - Members" 2787:"The Invasive Non-native Species (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019" 2335:"Eliminating the "Isle of Wight" Bee Disease by Independent Brood Incubation" 996:

County Tipperary in an attempt to improve the temperament of their bees, the

6294: 6257: 6218: 5946: 5931: 5670:"Sustainable Management of Resilient Bee populations - Final Project Report" 5456: 4778: 3345: 3095: 2734: 2683: 2657: 1751: 1617: 1611: 1182:

The IBCB is a group of beekeepers interested in promoting honey bees of the

993: 936: 823: 175: 5518: 4849: 4559: 3945: 3674: 3159: 3141: 3033: 1947: 295:

In 1921, the cause of the IoWD was believed to have been identified as the

4924:"Partial reproductive isolation between European subspecies of honey bees" 3839:

Beekeeping Study Notes for the BBKA Examination. Vol. 1. Mod. 1, 2 & 3

3737:

Beekeeping Study Notes for the BBKA Examination. Vol. 1. Mod. 1, 2 & 3

328:, obtained "pure native" Old Irish Black Bee queens that had survived the 6223: 6191: 5575: 4062: 1238:

The INIB was formed in 2001. Members automatically become members of the

1050: 557:

mites in the hope that such colonies will not need treatment against the

332: 226: 199: 183: 163: 96: 1929: 942:

FIBKA's stated goals also include the promotion and conservation of the

6352: 6249: 6196: 5977: 5724: 5098:"Protection of the Native Irish Honey Bee Bill 2021 (Bill 133 of 2021)" 4992:"The Native Irish Honey Bee Society - Aims & Objectives, 1 & 2" 4410: 4332: 3299:"Lecturer: Micheál Mac Giolla Coda. Galtee Bee Breeding Group, Ireland" 1938: 1668: 1560: 1522: 1431: 1116: 948:

which they call "the native dark bee" as stated in their Constitution.

895: 116: 3760:

Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (Republic of Ireland).

3398: 1081:, under the advice and guidance of the NIHBS, submitted a Bill to the 441:'s website refers to the honey bee, and in particular the sub-species 6244: 2813:"Valuing Nature A Biodiversity Strategy for Northern Ireland to 2020" 2151:(1 ed.). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. 38–42. 1646:(1 ed.). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. 38–43. 1503:) the internationally recognised scientific definition of Non-Native 1108: 793: 423: 80: 5486: 4878: 4424: 3657: 1914:"Widespread exploitation of the honeybee by early Neolithic farmers" 1886:"Sea-level change and inner shelf stratigraphy off Northern Ireland" 1885: 1695: 4614: 1805: 1779:"The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?" 44:

growth in the practice has occurred despite increased pressures on

6201: 5155:"Protection of the Native Irish Honey Bee Bill 2021: Second Stage" 5030: 3990:"Single Asian hornet found "alive but dying" in north Dublin home" 3471: 2421:

F. Hatjina; C. Papaefthimiou; A. Gregorc; G. Theophilidis (2004).

1504: 1189: 1060: 764:

Although Ireland, unlike Britain, does not have European hornets (

751: 653: 515: 478: 187: 160: 20: 5875: 5430: 5234:"Tue, 8 Nov 2022 Seanad Éireann Daily business in Seanad Éireann" 4277: 4275: 2181:(1 ed.). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. p. 43. 5860: 3601:"The Native Irish Honey Bee - Genetic Resource Grant Aid Scheme" 3242:"The Native Irish Honey Bee - Genetic Resource Grant Aid Scheme" 1440:

In an investigation of free-living honey bee colonies in Ireland

870:

to develop their own education course independent of the FIBKA.

630:

subspecies had the lowest Hygienic Behaviour across Europe: The

302: 210: 5904: 5626:

Emma Williams (Autumn 2013). "All-Ireland Morphometry Survey".

5259:

Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (1 March 2023).

1992:

Facing the ocean: the Atlantic and its peoples, 8000 BC-AD 1500

6269: 5865: 5491:

introgression in protected populations of the black honeybee,

5404: 5378: 5326: 5009: 4975: 4973: 2953:. AFBI (Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute). 24 November 2015 213:

and stipulated the best size to use to encourage at least one

151:, an act performed only by honey bees. These are cognate with 45: 5798:

Irish Beekeepers Association CLG Cumann Beachairí na hÉireann

2735:"Alien species that threaten ecosystems, habitats or species" 1026:

The primary threat that the NIHBS claims their bees face is "

585:

bees are selling queens which they advertise as resistant to

305:. Bees with larger tracheas appear to be more susceptible to 174:(only small amounts of wax can be obtained from the nests of 5890: 5767: 5700:"Investigation of free-living honey bee colonies in Ireland" 2473:(Paperback ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 10. 1578:(IBA) publishes regular newsletters freely available to all. 48:

and beekeepers due to parasites, diseases and habitat loss.

5880: 4384: 2503:"Sherberton Br. Adam protected mating place (Dartmoor, GB)" 1781:. In Davenport, J.J.; Sleeman, D.P.; Woodman, P.C. (eds.). 1500: 1458:

was presented in 2021 by Dr. Hassett, detailing a distinct

538:

as is common in Ireland and these colonies do not suppress

4153:. The Glendale Press. pp. vi, 30–43, 72–74, 271–276. 546:

acts as a host to a non-lethal Deformed Wing Virus (DWV).

205:

The first beekeeping book in Ireland was written in 1733,

87:

bronze castings from this period are very few in Ireland.

1099:

of honey bees from outside the Republic of Ireland (i.e.

5870: 5843: 4452:"Letter from FIBKA Executive to all Member Associations" 4356:"European Professional Beekeepers Association - Members" 1351:

Wild* Honey Bee Study (*feral, free-living or unmanaged)

902:

Federation of Irish Beekeepers' Associations CLG (FIBKA)

186:, whom it is claimed first brought bees to Ireland from 2708: 2402:. Edinburgh, Robert Grant & Son. pp. 24 (XXIX) 1421:

The research paper stated, "It has been suggested that

1053:, such claims are contradicted by the recent research. 646:(the least genetically diverse) had the worst results. 418:(Non-Native) Species... whose introduction... threaten 375:

European Queens. The bees contained over 97% purity of

5431:"Institute of Northern Ireland Beekeepers - Home page" 4609: 4607: 4312:. The Glendale Press. pp. 30–43, 72–73, 171–175. 4228:. The Glendale Press. pp. 121–123, 126–129, 130. 3816:(1 ed.). Glendale. pp. 94–95, 135–137, 145. 2263:. S. & J. Bentley, Wilson, and Fley. pp. 2–21 2078:"Two Artefacts of the Bronze Age from County Kilkenny" 2005:

Sheridan Bowman, FSA, and Stuart Needham, FSA (2007).

1614:– International Federation of Beekeepers' Associations 1138:

In June 2022, the Bill passed its Second stage in the

5043:

Micheál Mac Giolla Coda & Aoife Nic Giolla Coda.

3523: 2842:"Beekeeping & Honey - The Native Irish Honey Bee" 2172:

Charles-Edwards, Thomas; Kelly, Fergus, eds. (1983).

2142:

Charles-Edwards, Thomas; Kelly, Fergus, eds. (1983).

1637:

Charles-Edwards, Thomas; Kelly, Fergus, eds. (1983).

1599:

The Newsletter of the British Beekeepers' Association

1571:" meaning "the beekeeper": Available to members only. 5885: 5207:"Protection of the Native Irish Honey Bee Bill 2021" 3841:(2 ed.). Northern Bee Books. pp. 184–193. 3739:(2 ed.). Northern Bee Books. pp. 180–184. 2205:

Animal plagues: Their history, nature and prevention

676:(EFB) is caused by the non-spore forming bacterium, 6455: 6397: 6376: 6328: 6237: 6179: 6006: 5970: 5939: 5307:. Galway Beekeepers' Association. 17 September 2018 5071:"Native Irish Beekeeping - Native Irish Black Bees" 4766:(1 ed.). Native Irish Honey Bee Society. 2021. 4764:

The Native Irish Honey Bee Apis mellifera mellifera

4722:Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. 3548: 2312:. The Glendale Press. pp. 1–5, 6–11, 271–275. 1358:

Sustainable Management of Resilient Bee Populations

1095:"of non-native honey bees". However the Bill would 5232:Houses of the Oireachtas - Seanad Éireann videos. 2867: 2865: 2863: 1675:. The Federation of Irish Beekeepers' Associations 1530:bee no longer being defined as native to Ireland. 1513:) that is imported by humans, so the honey bee is 4102:(2nd ed.). Bee Craft Ltd. pp. 107–109. 1418:" as the cause of this lack of genetic diversity. 549:Conventional advice is to continually manage the 534:on a long-term basis, however these bees are not 4724:"Population Recovery for key species in Ireland" 4479:"REPORT OF THE FIBKA SPECIAL COMMITTEE MAY 2018" 4251:"REPORT OF THE FIBKA SPECIAL COMMITTEE MAY 2018" 3901:. Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine 3872:. Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine 3573:Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. 3050:"Treating Colonies for Varroa Mite Infestations" 2848:. Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine 1178:Irish Buckfast & Carniolan Beekeepers (IBCB) 960:The FIBKA publishes a monthly newsletter called 568:Marks on the mite's exoskeletons were used as a 394:, to the long-term detriment of the population. 5010:"About Us – The Native Irish Honey Bee Society" 1832:"Was there a land bridge across the Irish Sea?" 1234:Institute of Northern Ireland Beekeepers (INIB) 770:), it has been observed that the Asian hornet ( 665:(AFB) is caused by the spore-forming bacterium 292:, with their characteristic tendency to swarm. 4488:. Federation of Irish Beekeepers' Associations 4458:. Federation of Irish Beekeepers' Associations 4260:. Federation of Irish Beekeepers' Associations 2175:Bechbretha: Old Irish Law-tract on Bee-keeping 2145:Bechbretha: Old Irish Law-tract on Bee-keeping 1640:Bechbretha: Old Irish Law-tract on Bee-keeping 439:Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine 5916: 4508:"An Beachaire – The FIBKA Beekeeping Journal" 3175:"Managing Varroa Mites in Honey Bee Colonies" 2586:https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2018.1433949 2396:J. Rennie; P. B. White; E. J. Harvey (1921). 2137: 2135: 2133: 1731:. Dept. of Agriculture, Food & the Marine 1466:. Their DNA was unique compared to the other 1057:Protection of the Native Irish Honey Bee Bill 581:in Ireland or elsewhere. However breeders of 209:. It included recommendations for the use of 8: 5861:Federation of Irish Beekeepers' Associations 5238:oireachtas.ie/en/oireachtas-tv/video-archive 4962:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4922:Oleksa, A., Wilde, J., Tofilski, A. (2013). 4907:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4862:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4083:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4025:. Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine 3973:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3199:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2904:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2061:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1975:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 822:. Some fungicides are synergistic with some 806:climate change will likely facilitate this. 787:In 2021, an "alive but dying" Asian hornet ( 621:In 2017, research was conducted focusing on 5301:"Irish Buckfast & Carniolan Beekeepers" 5275:"Irish Buckfast & Carniolan Beekeepers" 2122:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1859:"Solving the mystery of our "native" fauna" 75:Further there is no evidence of beeswax in 5923: 5909: 5901: 5794:"Annual Subscription to BeeCraft Magazine" 5485:JENSEN; PALMER; BOOMSMA; PEDERSEN (2005). 5480: 5478: 4283:"Irish Beekeepers Association - Home Page" 3605:Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine 3246:Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine 2579: 2577: 2575: 810:Pesticide poisoning and forage destruction 202:(disease outbreak) of bees" was recorded. 5723: 4939: 4839: 4829: 4804:Tihelka, E., Cai, C., Pisani, D. (2020). 4748:Prof. Grace McCormack (20 October 2020). 4411:"FIBKA Constitution Jan. 2016, point 3.6" 4124:"Neonicotinoids: risks to bees confirmed" 4061: 3673: 3399:"REPORTS: NEW: "Hygiene"-Buckfast Queens" 3344: 3149: 3032: 3022: 2989: 2889: 2615: 1937: 1507:is used, meaning an animal (in this case 1123:from France to Russia as "Native Irish". 882:The main beekeeping organisations in the 797:). DNA analysis later concluded that the 593:breeders have been successfully breeding 514:, wild colonies do not survive for long; 5876:Institute of Northern Ireland Beekeepers 4379: 4377: 4178:. The Glendale Press. pp. 171–172. 4016:"ASIAN HORNET Vespa velutina Lepeletier" 3452:. NIHBS (Native Irish Honey Bee Society) 2375:. The Glendale Press. pp. 146–148. 738:(CCD) has not been reported in Ireland. 5405:"Ulster Beekeepers Association - About" 4698:"What are invasive non-native species?" 2558:(2nd Revised ed.). Peacock Press. 2260:A Description of the Bar and Frame Hive 2098:GAIUS JULIUS SOLINUS (3rd Century AD). 1629: 1601:, are provided to members of the FIBKA. 1517:native to Northern Ireland: But in the 1488: 1410:this diversity was not the case at the 968:Irish Beekeepers' Association CLG (IBA) 901: 429:Therefore, officially resulting in the 159:. The Old Irish language includes the 4955: 4900: 4855: 4534:"IBA Blog - Message from our Director" 4076: 3966: 3656:Sreten Andonov, Ralph Büchler (2014). 3192: 2897: 2115: 2054: 1968: 1119:, therefore the Bill would define the 1087:(Irish Senate) with the stated aim of 980:Native Irish Honey Bee Society (NIHBS) 3420:"Breeding values selected by breeder" 2556:In Search of the Best Strains of Bees 2208:. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 926:but starting in 2022 will be held in 840:British Beekeepers Association (BBKA) 760:) specimen recovered in Dublin, 2021. 711:Other bee diseases, pests and threats 7: 5576:"Native Honey Bee Alive and Buzzing" 5379:"UBKA - Training Beekeeping Courses" 5263:. irl.eu-supply.com. pp. 1–107. 2741:. Convention on Biological Diversity 2715:. Convention on Biological Diversity 2689:. Convention on Biological Diversity 2664:. Convention on Biological Diversity 1214:Ulster Beekeepers Association (UBKA) 967: 834:Formation of beekeeping associations 433:(the honey bee) being defined as an 5649:. National Biodiversity Data Centre 5077:. Connemara Beekeepers' Association 4696:GB Non-Native Species Secretariat. 4203:. The Glendale Press. p. 135. 2584:DOI: 10.1080/00218839.2018.1433949 1593:Digital versions of back issues of 347:. In 1983 Brother Adam wrote, "the 5603:The Honeybees of the British Isles 5181:"Save the native Irish Honey Bee!" 4785:. Irish Beekeepers Association CLG 4590:www.irishbeekeepersassociation.com 4538:www.irishbeekeepersassociation.com 4287:www.irishbeekeepersassociation.com 3222:. Vol. Thurs. 19th April 2012 3173:J. Ambrose, D. Tarpy, J. Summers. 2399:Isle of Wight disease in hive bees 1777:Edwards, R.J.; Brooks, A. (2008). 1758:. Irish Beekeepers Association CLG 1462:lineage discovered in 2017 on the 1430:subspecies, but a British strain ( 847:not associate themselves with it. 412:Convention on Biological Diversity 14: 6007:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes 5605:(1 ed.). BIBBA. p. 70. 5123:(Private Member) Seanad Éireann. 5096:(Private Member) Seanad Éireann. 4310:Bee-keeping in Ireland: A history 4226:Bee-keeping in Ireland: A history 4201:Bee-keeping in Ireland: A history 4176:Bee-keeping in Ireland: A history 4151:Bee-keeping in Ireland: A history 3181:. North Carolina State University 3059:. University of California, Davis 2373:Bee-keeping in Ireland: A history 2310:Bee-keeping in Ireland: A history 1576:Irish Beekeepers' Association CLG 1342:from the Netherlands or Britain. 1146:endorsed the goals of the NIHBS. 1126:The Bill does not define how the 874:are not members of Associations. 464:List of diseases of the honey bee 192:extreme weather events of 535–536 16:Overview of beekeeping in Ireland 5511:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02399.x 3837:J. D. & B. D. Yates (2012). 3735:J. D. & B. D. Yates (2012). 3446:"Varroa tolerance breeding prog" 1884:Andrew Cooper & D. Jackson. 1045:of the Dark European Honey Bee ( 339:drones known to be resistant to 274:or as it was known at the time, 221:In the 1870s, Brother Joseph, a 5704:Journal of Apicultural Research 5411:. Ulster Beekeepers Association 5031:https://nihbs.org/conservation/ 4641:"The Galtee Bee Breeding Group" 4566:. Irish Beekeepers' Association 4050:Journal of Hymenoptera Research 3814:Beekeeping in Ireland a History 3662:Journal of Apicultural Research 3472:"Queen Rearing (A.m.mellifera)" 3011:Journal of Apicultural Research 2878:Journal of Apicultural Research 2822:. Department of the Environment 2604:Journal of Apicultural Research 2427:Journal of Apicultural Research 1702:. Irish Beekeepers Associations 1452:from a free-living population". 597:resistant bees for some years. 190:in the early 540s, just as the 5993:Bee learning and communication 5886:Native Irish Honey Bee Society 5881:British Beekeepers Association 4621:. Irish Beekeepers Association 4431:. Irish Beekeepers Association 4128:European Food Safety Authority 4100:The Honey Bee Around and About 3305:. 2014 BIBBA/SICAMM Conference 3005:Brodschneider, Robert (2016). 2933:10.1080/0005772X.1994.11099201 2541:10.1080/0005772X.1968.11097180 2439:10.1080/00218839.2004.11101119 2351:10.1080/0005772X.1919.11093765 2284:"Irish Beekeeping in the past" 2233:"Irish Beekeeping in the past" 1810:The Irish Naturalists' Journal 1172:the Bill cannot proceed to Law 355:Possible survivors of the IoWD 207:Instructions for Managing Bees 1: 5871:Ulster Beekeepers Association 5716:10.1080/00218839.2020.1837530 4750:Webinar - Resilient Honeybees 3762:"List of Notifiable Diseases" 3214:Eoine, Burke-Kennedy (2012). 3024:10.1080/00218839.2016.1260240 2991:10.1080/0005772X.2018.1431000 2891:10.1080/00218839.2018.1433949 2617:10.1080/00218839.2018.1433949 1525:by 1500 A.D. (even if it was 1334:. They were found to be pure 5866:Irish Beekeepers Association 5668:Prof. Dr. Kaspar Bienefeld. 4586:"The National Heritage Plan" 3988:Lauren Boland (7 May 2021). 2658:"Country Profiles - Ireland" 2637:irishdarknativehoneybees.com 2470:The Biology of the Honey Bee 2101:COLLECTANEA RERVM MIRABILIVM 888:Cumann Beachairí na hÉireann 878:Current active organisations 734:. To date the phenomenon of 261:Isle of Wight Disease (IoWD) 90:Also in the 3rd century AD, 6137:Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan 5549:"Viruses and Queen Failure" 5353:"UBKA - Local Associations" 4668:"HAVE YOU GOT NATIVE BEES?" 2076:Prendergast, Ellen (1984). 1111:) as long as they were the 523:populations. The fact that 458:Honeybee pests and diseases 119:began eating his bees. The 6520: 5601:Beowulf A. Cooper (1986). 5205:Houses of the Oireachtas. 4831:10.1038/s41598-020-71393-0 4560:"IBA - Irish Associations" 4360:professional-beekeepers.eu 3706:"American Foulbrood (AFB)" 1994:. Oxford University Press. 1990:Cunliffe, Barry W (2001). 1476:Apis mellifera mellifera," 1315:, where the GBBG is based. 1262:on their characteristics, 866:imported after the IoWD). 745: 618:mites without treatments. 472: 461: 424:UK's departure from the EU 309:mite infestation, and the 264: 28:'s design drawing for the 6478:Honeybee Discovery Center 6389:Diseases of the honey bee 6116:Apis mellifera scutellata 5934:types and characteristics 5045:"Native Irish Black Bees" 4941:10.1007/s13592-013-0212-y 4477:FIBKA Special Committee. 4362:. Professional Beekeepers 4308:Watson, James K. (1981). 4249:FIBKA Special Committee. 4224:Watson, James K. (1981). 4199:Watson, James K. (1981). 4174:Watson, James K. (1981). 4149:Watson, James K. (1981). 3938:10.1007/s00114-006-0210-2 3892:"TROPILAELAPS spp. mites" 3553:Galtee Bee Breeding Group 3499:"Micheál Mac Giolla Coda" 3324:Davis, Arthur R. (2008). 2684:"Country Profiles - U.K." 2371:Watson, James K. (1981). 2308:Watson, James K. (1981). 2257:W. Augustus Munn (1844). 2202:Flemming, George (1871). 2026:10.1017/S0003581500000846 1426:to the imported European 1073:In October 2021, Senator 717:diseases of the honey bee 563:instrumental insemination 6456:Museums and insectariums 6368:Colony collapse disorder 6343:Varroa sensitive hygiene 6123:Apis mellifera siciliana 6102:Apis mellifera monticola 6088:Apis mellifera pomonella 6074:Apis mellifera artemisia 6067:Apis mellifera adansonii 5547:Michael C. Giolla Coda. 5493:Apis mellifera mellifera 5489:Apis mellifera ligustica 4647:. BIBBA. 23 January 2015 4344:Beekeeping Summer School 1722:"Beekeepers Census 2019" 1456:The Beara Bee Case Study 1155:Apis mellifera mellifera 1008:Apis mellifera mellifera 914:. This had been held at 780:will readily predate on 736:Colony collapse disorder 678:Melissococcus plutonius. 361:Apis mellifera mellifera 94:mentioned that Ireland ( 6262:Horizontal top-bar hive 6165:Apis mellifera unicolor 6144:Apis mellifera sossimai 6130:Apis mellifera simensis 5819:"Four Seasons Magazine" 5698:Keith A. Brown (2021). 5134:. The Stationery Office 4777:Prof. Grace McCormack. 4666:Michael MacGiollaCoda. 4098:Celia F. Davis (2014). 3626:Prof. Grace McCormack. 3367:Prof. Grace McCormack. 3267:Prof. Grace McCormack. 3216:"Breeding a better bee" 2972:McMullan, John (2018). 2793:. The National Archives 2014:The Antiquaries Journal 1750:Prof. Grace McCormack. 1324:eight adjacent counties 826:and are used to combat 135:gives Old Irish words, 6504:Agriculture in Ireland 6329:Parasites and diseases 6158:Apis mellifera taurica 6151:Apis mellifera syriaca 6109:Apis mellifera remipes 6081:Apis mellifera litorea 5647:biodiversityireland.ie 5643:"Wild Honey Bee Study" 5495:, in northwest Europe" 5240:. Tithe an Oireachtais 5213:. Tithe an Oireachtais 5075:connemarabeekeepers.ie 4023:biodiversityireland.ie 3675:10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.06 3635:www.agriculture.gov.ie 3376:www.agriculture.gov.ie 3276:www.agriculture.gov.ie 3142:10.1038/ismej.2015.186 3078:Thomas Seeley (2007). 3057:entomology.ucdavis.edu 2507:Karl Kehrle Foundation 2467:M. L. Winston (1991). 1804:Eileen Reilly (2006). 1338:descended from Queens 1287:wild colonies (due to 1269:Galtee Vee Valley area 1097:permit the importation 1070: 816:agricultural chemicals 761: 659: 491: 367:). They are mainly of 37: 6499:Beekeeping in Ireland 5029:Conservation. NIHBS. 3812:J. K. Watson (1981). 3346:10.1051/apido/2009001 3096:10.1051/apido:2006055 2633:"Why the Native Bee?" 2554:Brother Adam (1983). 2501:Jean-Marie Van Dyck. 1360:research, samples of 1349:Starting in 2015 the 1332:treated as one sample 1281:native Irish honeybee 1064: 755: 725:Aethina tumida Murray 657: 482: 324:, the breeder of the 277:Isle of Wight Disease 24: 6468:Bee Museum of Rhodes 6384:Topics in beekeeping 5983:Honey bee life cycle 5896:Wild Honey Bee Study 5768:"Bee Craft Magazine" 5487:"Varying degrees of 5305:galwaybeekeepers.com 4702:nonnativespecies.org 4675:fingalbeekeepers.net 4615:"The IBA clg - News" 4063:10.3897/jhr.93.91209 3303:www.dave-cushman.net 3179:content.ces.ncsu.edu 3048:Dr. Eric C. Mussen. 2767:. Irish Statute Book 1434:) of the subspecies. 1318:The survey entitled 668:Paenibacillus larvae 420:biological diversity 30:Saint Gobnait window 6463:Malacca Bee Gallery 6363:Deformed wing virus 6254:BS National Beehive 6095:Apis mellifera meda 6029:Carniolan honey bee 5457:"INIB - Membership" 5051:. Galtee Honey Farm 4822:2020NatSR..1014515T 4677:. Fingal Beekeepers 3926:Naturwissenschaften 3863:"Small Hive Beetle" 3710:bearcountrybees.com 3704:Bear Country Bees. 2765:irishstatutebook.ie 2333:J. N. Kidd (1919). 2282:Crane, Eva (1998). 2231:Crane, Eva (1998). 2085:Old Kilkenny Review 1930:10.1038/nature18451 1563:word for "bee" is " 1557:The Irish Beekeeper 1519:Republic of Ireland 1093:Republic of Ireland 952:FIBKA split of 2017 933:National Honey Show 928:Maynooth University 884:Republic of Ireland 315:European honey bees 233:Italian honey bee ( 6358:American foulbrood 5033:Accessed 15.1.2022 4810:Scientific Reports 4783:irishbeekeepers.ie 4619:irishbeekeepers.ie 4564:irishbeekeepers.ie 4512:irishbeekeeping.ie 4429:irishbeekeepers.ie 4130:. 28 February 2018 3899:agriculture.gov.ie 3870:agriculture.gov.ie 3766:agriculture.gov.ie 3549:"GBBG - Home page" 3397:Dr. Peter Stöfen. 3297:Patterson, Roger. 2791:legislation.gov.uk 2588:accessed 12.1.2022 1756:irishbeekeepers.ie 1700:irishbeekeepers.ie 1673:irishbeekeeping.ie 1582:Bee Craft Magazine 1326:, which contained 1246:Discovery Centre, 1077:, a member of the 1071: 924:Gormanston College 762: 756:The Asian Hornet ( 674:European foulbrood 663:American foulbrood 660: 644:Conservation Areas 577:has been found in 492: 490:mite on its thorax 253:Population history 38: 6486: 6485: 6348:Small hive beetle 6337:Varroa destructor 6054:Western honey bee 6049:Russian honey bee 6044:Maltese honey bee 6034:European dark bee 5957:Laying worker bee 5891:BeeCraft magazine 5499:Molecular Ecology 5461:inibeekeepers.com 5435:inibeekeepers.com 4450:FIBKA committee. 4109:978-0-900147-15-9 1924:(7607): 226–231. 1865:. The Irish Times 1838:. The Irish Times 1543:Irish Bee Journal 1371:Varroa destructor 1224:Greenmount Campus 1091:imports into the 1075:Vincent P. Martin 912:COVID-19 pandemic 721:Small Hive Beetle 682:Irish Bee Journal 497:Varroa destructor 488:Varroa destructor 475:Varroa destructor 365:European dark bee 170:, from the Latin 70:marine geological 6511: 6214:Honey extraction 6207:Alcoholic drinks 5925: 5918: 5911: 5902: 5848: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5727: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5677:cordis.europa.eu 5674: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5628:The Four Seasons 5623: 5617: 5616: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5574:Jonathan Getty. 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5482: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5153:Seanad Éireann. 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5129: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4961: 4953: 4943: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4853: 4843: 4833: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4672: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4486:googlegroups.com 4483: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4352: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4258:googlegroups.com 4255: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4082: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4065: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4020: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3896: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3867: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3716:on 9 August 2016 3712:. Archived from 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3677: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3503:dave-cushman.net 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3373: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3348: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3273: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3198: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3153: 3136:(5): 1082–1191. 3130:The ISME Journal 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3054: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3026: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2903: 2895: 2893: 2869: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2817: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2595: 2589: 2581: 2570: 2569: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2237: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2180: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2150: 2139: 2128: 2127: 2121: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2104:. pp. XX:II 2095: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2060: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2043:on 8 August 2017 2042: 2036:. 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Marine Geology 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1785:. pp. 19–34 1774: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1726: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1645: 1634: 1588:The Four Seasons 1531: 1497:Northern Ireland 1493: 1313:County Tipperary 1305:A. m. mellifera. 1220:Northern Ireland 1159:Attorney General 1101:Northern Ireland 892:Northern Ireland 890:(CLG), while in 715:The other usual 612:County Tipperary 401:honey bee status 282:County Tipperary 247:Langstroth Hives 194:were subsiding. 6519: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6451: 6399: 6393: 6372: 6324: 6310:Honey extractor 6266:Langstroth hive 6233: 6175: 6014:Africanized bee 6002: 5966: 5935: 5929: 5857: 5852: 5851: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5802: 5800: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5774:. Bee Craft Ltd 5766: 5765: 5761: 5752: 5748: 5738: 5736: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5049:galteehoney.com 5042: 5041: 5037: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4971: 4954: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4899: 4892: 4890: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4854: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4762: 4761: 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Viney. 1856: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1788: 1786: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1696:"About the IBA" 1693: 1692: 1688: 1678: 1676: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1643: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1608: 1539: 1534: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1472:A. m. mellifera 1468:A. m. mellifera 1464:Beara Peninsula 1460:A. m. mellifera 1445:A. m. mellifera 1428:A. m. mellifera 1423:A. m. mellifera 1399:A. m. mellifera 1389:A. m. mellifera 1385:A. m. mellifera 1366:A. m. mellifera 1362:A. m. mellifera 1336:A. m. mellifera 1309:A. m. mellifera 1256: 1236: 1216: 1208:A. m. mellifera 1204:A. m. mellifera 1180: 1167:same objectives 1128:A. m. mellifera 1121:A. m. mellifera 1113:A. m. mellifera 1059: 1047:A. m. mellifera 1032:A. m. mellifera 1015:A. m. mellifera 1003:A. m. mellifera 998:A. m. mellifera 990:A. m. mellifera 982: 970: 954: 945:A. m. mellifera 907:3,000 members. 904: 880: 864:A. m. mellifera 836: 812: 750: 744: 713: 698:Oxytetracycline 652: 640:A. m. mellifera 632:A. m. mellifera 628:A. m. mellifera 623:A. m. mellifera 607:A. m. mellifera 579:A. m. mellifera 536:A. m. mellifera 503:colony collapse 494:Presently, the 477: 471: 466: 460: 451: 443:A. m. mellifera 408: 403: 385:Beara peninsula 377:A. m. mellifera 357: 311:A. m. mellifera 290:A. m. mellifera 269: 263: 255: 242:A. m. mellifera 236:A. m. ligustica 100:) had no bees. 66:computer models 54: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6517: 6515: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6491: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6442:United Kingdom 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6315:Queen excluder 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6290:Wax foundation 6287: 6282: 6277: 6274:Stewarton hive 6247: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6171:Honey bee race 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6060:Apis laboriosa 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6024:Cape honey bee 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5856: 5855:External links 5853: 5850: 5849: 5836: 5810: 5785: 5759: 5746: 5710:(2): 229–240. 5690: 5660: 5641:Keith Browne. 5633: 5618: 5611: 5593: 5566: 5539: 5505:(14): 93–106. 5474: 5448: 5422: 5396: 5370: 5344: 5327:"UBKA - About" 5318: 5292: 5266: 5251: 5224: 5197: 5171: 5145: 5115: 5088: 5062: 5035: 5022: 5001: 4983: 4969: 4934:(5): 611–619. 4914: 4869: 4796: 4769: 4755: 4740: 4714: 4688: 4658: 4632: 4603: 4577: 4551: 4525: 4499: 4469: 4442: 4416: 4402: 4373: 4347: 4336: 4325: 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Bee Breed EU 3411: 3389: 3359: 3339:(2): 151–162. 3316: 3289: 3259: 3233: 3206: 3165: 3116: 3070: 3040: 3017:(5): 375–378. 2997: 2964: 2938: 2911: 2884:(3): 337–350. 2859: 2833: 2804: 2778: 2752: 2726: 2700: 2675: 2649: 2623: 2610:(3): 337–350. 2590: 2571: 2565:978-0907908067 2564: 2546: 2519: 2493: 2480:978-0674074095 2479: 2459: 2433:(3): 105–113. 2413: 2388: 2382:978-0907606000 2381: 2363: 2345:(7): 137–139. 2325: 2319:978-0907606000 2318: 2300: 2274: 2249: 2223: 2194: 2187: 2164: 2157: 2129: 2090: 2068: 1997: 1982: 1903: 1876: 1863:irishtimes.com 1849: 1836:irishtimes.com 1823: 1796: 1769: 1742: 1713: 1686: 1659: 1652: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1572: 1550: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1453: 1436: 1435: 1419: 1393: 1392: 1378: 1354: 1347: 1316: 1255: 1252: 1235: 1232: 1215: 1212: 1179: 1176: 1140:Seanad Éireann 1133:search warrant 1084:Seanad Éireann 1058: 1055: 981: 978: 969: 966: 953: 950: 903: 900: 879: 876: 835: 832: 811: 808: 803:Vespa velutina 799:Vespa velutina 789:Vespa velutina 782:Apis mellifera 778:Vespa velutina 773:Vespa velutina 758:Vespa velutina 746:Main article: 743: 740: 712: 709: 651: 648: 484:Apis mellifera 473:Main article: 470: 467: 462:Main article: 459: 456: 450: 447: 431:Apis mellifera 416:Invasive Alien 407: 404: 402: 396: 356: 353: 307:Acarapis woodi 298:Acarapis woodi 267:Acarapis woodi 265:Main article: 262: 259: 254: 251: 139:for honey and 53: 50: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6516: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6447:United States 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5773: 5772:bee-craft.com 5769: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5691: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5661: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5634: 5629: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5594: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5567: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5540: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5252: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5225: 5212: 5211:oireachtas.ie 5208: 5201: 5198: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5172: 5160: 5159:oireachtas.ie 5156: 5149: 5146: 5133: 5132:oireachtas.ie 5126: 5119: 5116: 5103: 5102:oireachtas.ie 5099: 5092: 5089: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5011: 5005: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4797: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4741: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4715: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4689: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4659: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4470: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4443: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333:FIBKA history 4329: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4301: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4217: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4142: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4037: 4024: 4017: 4011: 4008: 3996:. The Journal 3995: 3994:thejournal.ie 3991: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3900: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3805: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3728: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3566: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3400: 3393: 3390: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3277: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3071: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2965: 2952: 2951:afbini.gov.uk 2948: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2821: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2520: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2494: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2463: 2460: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2401: 2400: 2392: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:The Bee World 2336: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2278: 2275: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2195: 2190: 2184: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2154: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2103: 2102: 2094: 2091: 2086: 2079: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2058: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1993: 1986: 1983: 1978: 1972: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1904: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1797: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1770: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1730: 1729:assets.gov.ie 1723: 1717: 1714: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1687: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1642: 1641: 1633: 1630: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1499:(part of the 1498: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1406:perspective; 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