173:, allowing the most effective methods to emerge. Of course, this requires psychologists to use a more-or-less standardized vocabulary. Descriptions of behavior change methods and their definitions provide such a vocabulary, thereby enhancing the accuracy of meta-analyses. Well-known vocabularies are provided by the taxonomy of Abraham and Michie and intervention mapping. Note however, that not all taxonomies contain all relevant aspects of behavior change methods. For example, the Abraham and Michie taxonomy does not (yet) include parameters for effectiveness.
264:
framework for the systematic design and development of behaviour change interventions, which, while psychologically-rooted, also incorporates factors such as the capability of a person to change, or whether they realistically have the opportunity to change. In this way it responds to criticism of behaviour change methods as being too focussed on deficits within individuals and less focussed on the real world contexts in which people live.
247:
parameters for effectiveness are not respected, the intervention will still be ineffective (e.g. when the intervention does not manage to successfully enhance self-efficacy). While such an intervention could potentially cause desirable behavior change in individuals that were already high in self-efficacy, the same intervention could backfire (i.e. cause undesirable behavior change) in individuals with low self-efficacy.
65:
Traditionally, reports of evaluations of behavior change interventions barely described the actual intervention, making it very difficult to identify the most effective methods. This was increasingly recognized in the late nineties and early twenty-first century, where behavior change methods gained
246:
Thus, when a program planner that wants to develop an intervention, and that planner established that risk perception is indeed an important determinant (which is in fact rarely the case), that planner could use an appropriate method to target that determinant (fear appeals), but when this method's
209:
This distinction between theoretical methods and practical applications is crucial because of two reasons. First, evidence as to the effectiveness of behavior change methods is generally only available for generic behavioral methods. Second, because behavior change methods are only effective if the
160:
There is no 'golden behavior change method'. Although some behavior change methods, such as modeling, can be used to target several determinants, there exists no method capable of influencing all determinants. In addition, depending on the context and target population of an intervention, and the
250:
Similarly, when a program planner identifies self-efficacy as an important determinant, and that planner uses an appropriate method (modeling), respecting the parameters for effectiveness of modeling (target group individuals must be able to identify with the model; the model should be a 'coping
263:
Increasingly applied researchers looking to increase the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions have embraced a more holistic view than relying on purely psychological forces internal to the person or group being targeted for change. The
Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW), for instance, is a
267:
While heavily developed in health behaviour, building behaviour change methods based on the
Behaviour Change Wheel is now expanding into energy behaviour, conservation policy, and even into student engagement behaviour. In this way, behaviour change methods begin to overlap with ideas from
185:
formulation of behavior change methods links a description of behavior change methods to the distinction from applications. An application is the practical incarnation of the method in a particular intervention. For example, one intervention can use modeling by using a
161:
practical applications that can be used, some methods may be more appropriate choices for influencing a determinant than others. However, it can be said that in general, including more behavior change methods does increase the effectiveness of an intervention.
409:
Webb, T. L., Joseph, J., Yardley, L., & Michie, S. (2010). Using the internet to promote health behavior change: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy.
56:
It drew attention to the fact that behavior change methods influence specific determinants (when developing an intervention, one first has to identify the relevant determinant, and then, identify matching behavior change methods, see also the
43:. Although of course attempts to influence people's attitude and other psychological determinants were much older, especially the definition developed in the late nineties yielded useful insights, in particular four important benefits:
465:
Peters, G. J. Y, de Bruin, M., & Crutzen, R. (2015) Everything should be as simple as possible, but no simpler: towards a protocol for accumulating evidence regarding the active content of health behaviour change interventions.
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parameters for effectiveness are met, intervention descriptions are incomplete when they do not describe both which theoretical methods they use and to which practical applications these were translated.
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Peters, L. W. H., Kok, G., Ten Dam, G. T. M., Buijs, G. J., & Paulussen, T. G. W. M. (2009). Effective elements of school health promotion across behavioral domains: a systematic review of reviews.
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Bartholomew, L.K., Parcel, G.S. & Kok, G., 1998. Intervention
Mapping: a process for designing theory- and evidence-based health education programs. 'Health Education & Behavior', 25, 545-563.
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Goldenberg, J. L., & Arndt, J. (2008). The implications of death for health: a terror management health model for behavioral health promotion. Psychological review, 115(4), 1032-53.
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Standard care quality determines treatment outcomes in control groups of HAART-adherence intervention studies: implications for the interpretation and comparison of intervention effects.
243:, explains that when one of these four variables is low, no behavior change will occur, and in fact, it is even possible that a person will engage in health-defeating behavior.
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Schaalma, H. & Kok, G. A school HIV-prevention program in the
Netherlands. In: Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., Kok, G., Gottlieb, N. H., & Fernández, M.E., 2011.
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model', struggling with the relevant behavior but eventually managing, and not a 'mastery model' who effortlessly accomplishes the desired behavior; the model should be
190:, whereas another intervention can use exactly the same theoretical method (i.e. modeling), but in a completely different incarnation, for example by organizing
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Progress in behavior change science is realized through the accumulation of findings from many intervention evaluations. These outcomes can be integrated in a
222:, that aims to appeal to a person's fear as a drive for behavior change, will not work when it does not manage to induce, in the targeted individuals:
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behavioural economists who rely on subtle changes to the environment to ‘nudge’ individuals towards the optimum socially positive choice. (see also
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A behavior change method is any process that has the potential to influence psychological determinants. Psychological determinants are theoretical
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Michie, S., & Johnston, M. (2012). Theories and techniques of behaviour change: Developing a cumulative science of behaviour change.
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for the behavior; and the target group member has to possess the relevant skills), the intervention has a high probability for success.
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Abraham, C. & Michie, S. (2008). A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. Health
Psychology, 27, 379-387.
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Milne, S., Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Prediction and intervention in health-related behavior: A meta-analytic review of
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240:
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a muscle causes it to grow (in a nutshell) is called the change method. Of course, this method can have a variety of different
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37:
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and perform exercises. These exercises cause changes in the biceps that cause it to grow. The underlying principle that
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659:"Insights from psychology about the design and implementation of energy interventions using the Behaviour Change Wheel"
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It developed a generic, abstract vocabulary that facilitated discussion of the active ingredients of an intervention
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It included the concept of 'parameters for effectiveness', important conditions for effectiveness often neglected
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was developed and subsequently gained popularity that enabled the coding of previously published interventions.
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102:. These determinants are included in theories of behavior explanation such as the reasoned action approach and
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559:"The Behaviour Change Wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions"
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Susan Michie, Lou Atkins, Robert West, 'The
Behaviour Change Wheel - A Guide To Designing Interventions',
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Each behavior change method has a set of parameters for effectiveness. For example, the popular method of
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127:
742:"A new framework for the design and evaluation of a learning institution's student engagement activities"
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in epidemiology, but only including psychological variables. Examples of such determinants are attitude,
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It emphasized the distinction between behavior change methods and practical applications of these methods
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29:
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Schaalma, H. & Kok, G. (2009). Decoding health education interventions: The times are a-changin'.
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High perceived self-efficacy, that is, one's ability to perform a behavior to negate the threat; and
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Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model.
194:. An application, therefore, is the translation of a theoretical method to a specific context,
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Marselle, Melissa R.; Turbe, Anne; Shwartz, Assaf; Bonn, Aletta; Colléony, Agathe (2020).
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Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., Kok, G., Gottlieb, N. H., & Fernández, M.E., 2011.
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High perceived response efficacy, the effectiveness of the behavior in negating the threat
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de Bruin, M., Viechtbauer, W., Hospers, H. J., Schaalma, H. P., & Kok, G. (2009).
28:-based method for changing one or several determinants of behavior such as a person's
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depending on which muscle the person wants to train. In addition, there are certain
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The concept of a behavior change method can be illustrated, for example, using the
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118:. Examples of well-known, and frequently applied, behavior change methods are
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106:. Other theories explain how such determinants may be changed, such as the
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Communications and persuasion: Psychological studies in opinion change.
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Planning health promotion programs; an
Intervention Mapping approach
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Planning health promotion programs; an
Intervention Mapping approach
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Wilson, Caroline; Broughan, Christine; Marselle, Melissa (2019).
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Michie, Susan; van
Stralen, Maartje M; West, Robert (2011).
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Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953).
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that must be satisfied for the exercises to be effective.
110:(which is in fact also a theory to explain behavior), the
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of physical exercise. When a person wants to get larger
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Health
Psychology, 28(6), 668-74. doi:10.1037/a0015989
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608:Macfarlane, Bruce; Tomlinson, Michael (2017).
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229:High perceived susceptibility to the threat;
36:. Such behavior change methods are used in
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177:Theoretical versus practical applications
297:Social and behavior change communication
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335:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
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518:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
412:Journal of Medical Internet Research
239:The relevant theory of change, the
66:increasing popularity, and another
666:Energy Research and Social Science
414:, 12(1), e4. doi:10.2196/jmir.1376
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610:"Critiques of Student Engagement"
82:in people's heads, comparable to
474:doi:10.1080/17437199.2013.848409
282:Behavior change (public health)
241:extended parallel process model
116:extended parallel process model
1:
761:10.1080/03075079.2018.1469123
490:doi:10.1080/03637759209376276
365:doi:10.1080/08870440801995802
514:Protection Motivation Theory
214:Parameters for effectiveness
112:elaboration likelihood model
749:Studies in Higher Education
287:Behavioural change theories
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202:, and often to a specific
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61:in intervention mapping).
22:behavior change technique
486:Communication Monographs
469:Health Psychology Review
453:Health Psychology Review
259:More holistic approaches
124:persuasive communication
92:reasoned action approach
614:Higher Education Policy
361:Psychology & Health
141:, the person can use a
108:social cognitive theory
576:10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
563:Implementation Science
18:behavior change method
697:Conservation Biology
502:doi:10.1037/a0013326
183:intervention mapping
104:health belief model
710:10.1111/cobi.13581
540:2012-10-09 at the
488:, 59(4), 329-349.
292:Lifestyle medicine
755:(11): 1931–1944.
520:, 30(1), 106-143.
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314:978-1-912141-00-5
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320:References
253:reinforced
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