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and putamen, but not the medial preoptic nucleus. Next, the induction of c-Fos, a downstream (repressed) target of DeltaFosB, was measured in sexually experienced and naive animals. The number of mating-induced c-Fos-IR cells was significantly decreased in sexually experienced animals compared to sexually naive controls. Finally, DeltaFosB levels and its activity in the NAc were manipulated using viral-mediated gene transfer to study its potential role in mediating sexual experience and experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. Animals with DeltaFosB overexpression displayed enhanced facilitation of sexual performance with sexual experience relative to controls. In contrast, the expression of DeltaJunD, a dominant-negative binding partner of DeltaFosB, attenuated sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance, and stunted long-term maintenance of facilitation compared to DeltaFosB overexpressing group. Together, these findings support a critical role for DeltaFosB expression in the NAc in the reinforcing effects of sexual behavior and sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. ... both drug addiction and sexual addiction represent pathological forms of neuroplasticity along with the emergence of aberrant behaviors involving a cascade of neurochemical changes mainly in the brain's rewarding circuitry.
1436:
of compulsive buying (80), compulsive sexual behavior (81), internet addiction (82), and pathologic skin picking (83). ... Topiramate, an anti-convulsant which blocks the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptor (among other actions), has shown promise in open-label studies of pathological gambling, compulsive buying, and compulsive skin picking (85), as well as efficacy in reducing alcohol (86), cigarette (87), and cocaine (88) use. N-acetyl cysteine, an amino acid that restores extracellular glutamate concentration in the nucleus accumbens, reduced gambling urges and behavior in one study of pathological gamblers (89), and reduces cocaine craving (90) and cocaine use (91) in cocaine addicts. These studies suggest that glutamatergic modulation of dopaminergic tone in the nucleus accumbens may be a mechanism common to behavioral addiction and substance use disorders (92).
342:
dopamine. The most common mechanism of dopamine is to create addictive properties along with certain behaviors. There are three stages to the dopamine reward system: bursts of dopamine, triggering of behavior, and further impact to the behavior. Once electronically signaled, possibly through the behavior, dopamine neurons let out a 'burst-fire' of elements to stimulate areas along fast transmitting pathways. The behavior response then perpetuates the striated neurons to further send stimuli. The fast firing of dopamine neurons can be monitored over time by evaluating the amount of extracellular concentrations of dopamine through micro dialysis and brain imaging. This monitoring can lead to a model in which one can see the multiplicity of triggering over a period of time. Once the behavior is triggered, it is hard to work away from the dopamine reward system.
528:ΔFosB has been linked directly to several substance-related behaviors ... Importantly, genetic or viral overexpression of ΔJunD, a dominant negative mutant of JunD which antagonizes ΔFosB- and other AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity, in the NAc or OFC blocks these key effects of drug exposure14,22–24. This indicates that ΔFosB is both necessary and sufficient for many of the changes wrought in the brain by chronic drug exposure. ΔFosB is also induced in D1-type NAc MSNs by chronic consumption of several natural rewards, including sucrose, high fat food, sex, wheel running, where it promotes that consumption14,26–30. This implicates ΔFosB in the regulation of natural rewards under normal conditions and perhaps during pathological addictive-like states.
195:
issue, becoming aware of one's thoughts surrounding the issue, identifying any negative or false thinking, and reshaping said negative and false thinking. While CBT does not cure behavioral addiction, it does help with coping with the condition in a healthy way. Currently, there are no medications approved for treatment of behavioral addictions in general, but some medications used for treatment of drug addiction may also be beneficial with specific behavioral addictions.
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221:'s guidelines to be adequate to include more behavioral addictions based on clinical relevance and empirical evidence, while this 2015 journal article questioned the atheoretical and confirmatory research approaches on the accuracy of qualitative factors and criticized the lack of consideration of social elements and psychological processes.
341:
facilitate a motivational or learned association to a specific behavior. Dopamine neurons take a role in the learning and sustaining of many acquired behaviors. Research specific to
Parkinson's disease has led to identifying the intracellular signaling pathways that underlie the immediate actions of
345:
Behaviors like gambling have been linked to the newfound idea of the brain's capacity to anticipate rewards. The reward system can be triggered by early detectors of the behavior, and trigger dopamine neurons to begin stimulating behaviors. But in some cases, it can lead to many issues due to error,
264:
may be specific to problematic internet use and problematic online gaming. The authors also conclude that most of current research on the association between behavioral addictions and psychiatric disorders has several limitations: they are mostly cross-sectional, are not from representative samples,
1435:
Naltrexone, a mu-opioid receptor antagonist approved by the US Food and Drug
Administration for the treatment of alcoholism and opioid dependence, has shown efficacy in controlled clinical trials for the treatment of pathological gambling and kleptomania (76–79), and promise in uncontrolled studies
675:
It has been found that deltaFosB gene in the NAc is critical for reinforcing effects of sexual reward. Pitchers and colleagues (2010) reported that sexual experience was shown to cause DeltaFosB accumulation in several limbic brain regions including the NAc, medial pre-frontal cortex, VTA, caudate,
64:
Addiction canonically refers to substance abuse; however, the term's connotation has been expanded to include behaviors that may lead to a reward (such as gambling, eating, or shopping) since the 1990s. Still, the framework to diagnose and categorize behavioral addiction is a controversial topic in
123:
introduced the category "Disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviours," based on the diagnostic framework of impaired control, repetitive harmful behavior, and continuation or escalation despite negative consequences. The new sub-category "Disorders due to addictive behaviours" included
194:
and making lifestyle changes to promote healthier behaviors. Because cognitive behavioral therapy is considered a short-term therapy, the number of sessions for treatment normally ranges from five to twenty. During the session, therapists will lead patients through the topics of identifying the
1735:
Together, these findings demonstrate that drugs of abuse and natural reward behaviors act on common molecular and cellular mechanisms of plasticity that control vulnerability to drug addiction, and that this increased vulnerability is mediated by ΔFosB and its downstream transcriptional
1120:
Brand, Matthias; Rumpf, Hans-JÜrgen; Demetrovics, Zsolt; MÜller, Astrid; Stark, Rudolf; King, Daniel L.; Goudriaan, Anna E.; Mann, Karl; Trotzke, Patrick; Fineberg, Naomi A.; Chamberlain, Samuel R.; Kraus, Shane W.; Wegmann, Elisa; Billieux, JoËl; Potenza, Marc N. (30 June 2020).
994:
Stein, Dan J.; Szatmari, Peter; Gaebel, Wolfgang; Berk, Michael; Vieta, Eduard; Maj, Mario; de Vries, Ymkje Anna; Roest, Annelieke M.; de Jonge, Peter; Maercker, Andreas; Brewin, Chris R.; Pike, Kathleen M.; Grilo, Carlos M.; Fineberg, Naomi A.; Briken, Peer (27 January 2020).
124:
gambling disorder (formerly under the habit and impulse disorders), gaming disorder (a new diagnosis), and two residual categories (other specified and unspecified) to raise attention among clinicians and the public and to facilitate further research.
265:
and are often based on small samples, among others. Especially more longitudinal studies are needed to establish the direction of causation, i.e. whether behavioral addictions are a cause or a consequence of psychiatric disorders.
2680:
139:, stating: "addiction is a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individual’s life experiences."
1123:"Which conditions should be considered as disorders in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) designation of "other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors"?"
78:
2382:
745:
290:
factor, has been identified as playing a critical role in the development of addictive states in both behavioral addictions and drug addictions. Overexpression of ΔFosB in the
2673:
96:
was included in the appendix as a condition for further study. Although "addiction" is commonly used to describe repetitive harmful behavior in nonmedical settings,
61:
has been identified as a necessary common factor involved in both behavioral and drug addictions, which are associated with the same set of neural adaptations.
102:
recommended the neutral term "disorder" instead of "addiction" under the clinical settings to avoid uncertain definition and potentially negative connotation.
2666:
2402:
1082:
92:, formerly pathological gambling, as the only non-substance-related disorder classified under the chapter of "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders".
1185:"Disorders due to addictive behaviors: Further issues, debates, and controversies •: Commentary to the debate: "Behavioral addictions in the ICD-11""
2894:
1122:
114:
1090:
128:
3024:
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967:
921:
607:
455:
1248:
237:
163:
337:, a brain structure which involves emotional significance and associated learning. Research shows that dopaminergic projections from the
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2595:
2067:
1924:
190:(CBT) is the most common form of psychotherapy used in treating behavioral addictions; it focuses on identifying patterns that trigger
2457:
2882:
224:
A recent narrative review in 2017 examined the existing literature for studies reporting associations between behavioral addictions (
3114:
3051:
2936:
1326:
835:
997:"Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies"
3014:
2520:
2387:
1465:
1189:
1127:
2783:
2600:
2590:
2798:
1884:
1577:
Hyman SE, Malenka RC, Nestler EJ (2006). "Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory".
3109:
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3039:
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187:
151:
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Other addictive behaviors which have received research attention but with insufficient or inconclusive evidence include
797:
796:
Pinna, F.; Dell’Osso, B.; Di Nicola, M.; Janiri, L.; Altamura, A.C.; Carpiniello, B.; Hollander, E. (1 December 2015).
215:
has been a controversial subject among the clinical research field. For example, this 2020 narrative review considered
2710:
2050:
1520:"Relationships between Behavioural Addictions and Psychiatric Disorders: What Is Known and What Is Yet to Be Learned?"
637:"Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms"
229:
49:– despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being. In the brain's
2725:
2485:
2020:
1896:
1257:
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or reward-prediction errors. These errors can act as teaching signals to create a complex behavior task over time.
241:
147:
3129:
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248:) and psychiatric disorders. Overall, there is solid evidence for associations between behavioral addictions and
54:
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323:
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as well as addictions to natural rewards such as sex, exercise, and food. A recent study also demonstrated a
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437:
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2622:
2617:
2545:
2530:
2442:
2040:
1622:"Addiction-related gene regulation: risks of exposure to cognitive enhancers vs. other psychostimulants"
1459:
Billieux, Joël; Schimmenti, Adriano; Khazaal, Yasser; Maurage, Pierre; Heeren, Alexandre (27 May 2015).
360:
143:
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1994:
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Dichiara, G; Bassareo, V (2007). "Reward system and addiction: What dopamine does and doesn't do".
327:
191:
136:
38:
1892:
Valerie Voon – Impulse control disorders – behavioural addictions – insights from dopaminergic ...
1697:"Natural and drug rewards act on common neural plasticity mechanisms with ΔFosB as a key mediator"
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183:
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42:
1461:"Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research"
2852:
2768:
2605:
2447:
1974:
1858:
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1779:
1750:"The neurobiology and genetics of impulse control disorders: Relationships to drug addictions"
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Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M (2012).
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2015:
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1984:
1979:
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66:
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between drug reward (amphetamine) and a natural reward (sex) that was mediated by ΔFosB.
1695:
Pitchers KK, Vialou V, Nestler EJ, Laviolette SR, Lehman MN, Coolen LM (February 2013).
1306:
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50:
17:
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1712:
741:"Behavioural addictions: A challenge for psychopathology and psychiatric nosology"
1412:
701:
652:
406:
3029:
1969:
688:
Holden, Constance (2 November 2001). "'Behavioral' Addictions: Do They Exist?".
391:"Editor's Note: The Process Addictions and the New ASAM Definition of Addiction"
307:
1854:
1349:
954:(DSM-5-TR ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. p. 543.
908:(DSM-5-TR ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. p. 914.
442:(DSM-5-TR ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. p. 661.
2962:
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34:
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888:
774:
717:
670:
596:
Stein, Dan J.; Hollander, Eric; Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov (31 August 2009).
582:
523:
422:
203:
The classification and diagnostic framework of behavioral addictions under
1879:
2931:
2117:
334:
315:
283:
274:
178:
Behavioral addiction is a treatable condition. Treatment options include
58:
869:
3061:
311:
1447:
2899:
2179:
1055:"International Classification of Diseases Eleventh Revision (ICD-11)"
217:
211:
118:
505:
33:, process addiction, or non-substance-related disorder is a form of
798:"Behavioural addictions and the transition from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"
2189:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2112:
2097:
370:
365:
205:
107:
98:
84:
1395:
Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA (September 2010).
1242:
Hauck, Carolin; Cook, Brian; Ellrott, Thomas (20 November 2019).
2107:
2102:
2091:
302:
seen in drug addiction; it has been implicated in addictions to
261:
2662:
1906:
2132:
542:
540:
538:
536:
549:"Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions"
79:
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
1350:"Positive CBT: From Reducing Distress to Building Success"
1899:
Technical review of biomolecular-neurobehavioral research
490:"Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction"
27:
Compulsion to engage in a non-substance related behavior
1244:"Food addiction, eating addiction and eating disorders"
82:
recognized behavioral addictions for the first time in
1305:
Rosenberg, Kenneth Paul; Feder, Laura
Curtiss (2014),
951:
905:
439:
131:(ASAM) revised its definition of addiction including
2383:
Community reinforcement approach and family training
746:
The
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
2945:
2863:
2756:
2696:
2568:
2494:
2473:
2411:
2356:
2335:
2322:
2247:
2216:
2207:
2076:
2003:
1957:
1948:
1518:Starcevic, Vladan; Khazaal, Yasser (7 April 2017).
948:American Psychiatric Association (18 March 2022).
902:American Psychiatric Association (18 March 2022).
436:American Psychiatric Association (18 March 2022).
853:"Internet gaming addiction: current perspectives"
630:
628:
626:
186:(i.e., medications) or a combination of both.
2674:
1918:
8:
1797:Girault, Jean-Antoine; Greengard, P (2004).
1748:Brewer, Judson A.; Potenza, Marc N. (2008).
1836:
1834:
857:Psychology Research and Behavior Management
602:. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 359–.
2681:
2667:
2659:
2332:
2213:
1954:
1925:
1911:
1903:
1307:"An Introduction to Behavioral Addictions"
1814:
1773:
1720:
1645:
1553:
1535:
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1420:
1265:
1218:
1156:
1030:
1012:
878:
868:
660:
572:
513:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
2895:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1799:"The Neurobiology of Dopamine Signaling"
488:Robison AJ, Nestler EJ (November 2011).
115:International Classification of Diseases
1669:Kanehisa Laboratories (2 August 2013).
1397:"Introduction to behavioral addictions"
824:Behavioral Addictions: DSM-5 and Beyond
381:
333:One of the major areas of study is the
73:Psychiatric and medical classifications
45:-related behavior – sometimes called a
1620:Steiner H, Van Waes V (January 2013).
1591:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009
1091:American Society of Addiction Medicine
1083:"What is the Definition of Addiction?"
129:American Society of Addiction Medicine
3025:Psychological effects of Internet use
1354:Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy
1178:
1176:
1115:
1113:
989:
987:
943:
941:
7:
1249:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
2690:Digital media use and mental health
2596:Discrimination against drug addicts
1671:"Alcoholism – Homo sapiens (human)"
1183:Griffiths, Mark D. (13 July 2022).
1094:. 15 September 2019. Archived from
238:compulsive sexual behavior disorder
164:compulsive sexual behavior disorder
2458:Tobacco cessation clinics in India
1319:10.1016/b978-0-12-407724-9.00001-x
389:Smith, David E. (1 January 2012).
25:
3052:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2937:Narcissistic personality disorder
739:Starcevic, Vladan (August 2016).
3015:Mobile phones and driving safety
2973:2021 Facebook company files leak
2643:
2642:
2521:Low-threshold treatment programs
2388:Motivational enhancement therapy
1878:
1466:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
1190:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
1128:Journal of Behavioral Addictions
960:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
914:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
565:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010
448:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
366:ANKK1 § Addictive behaviors
2784:Computer-mediated communication
2601:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
2591:Category:Vaccines against drugs
1843:Current Opinion in Pharmacology
1638:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.10.001
1348:Bannink, F. P. (26 June 2013).
269:Addiction and the reward system
1713:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4881-12.2013
1:
2883:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
2224:Adverse childhood experiences
641:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
599:Textbook of Anxiety Disorders
395:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
112:the eleventh revision of the
41:to engage in a rewarding non-
3040:Social aspects of television
2878:Generalized anxiety disorder
2738:Problematic social media use
2453:Nicotine replacement therapy
2438:Intensive outpatient program
2426:Residential treatment center
2366:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1413:10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
702:10.1126/science.294.5544.980
653:10.1080/02791072.2012.662112
407:10.1080/02791072.2012.662105
188:Cognitive behavioral therapy
2711:Internet addiction disorder
2051:Internet addiction disorder
1313:, Elsevier, pp. 1–17,
152:social network use disorder
3146:
2799:Human–computer interaction
2726:Problematic smartphone use
2486:List of twelve-step groups
1855:10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.003
1258:Cambridge University Press
805:Journal of Psychopathology
547:Olsen CM (December 2011).
272:
148:compulsive buying disorder
105:Similar to the changes in
2638:
2551:Supervised injection site
2481:Addiction recovery groups
2433:Heroin-assisted treatment
2393:Motivational interviewing
1816:10.1001/archneur.61.5.641
1766:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.043
1401:Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse
1366:10.1007/s10879-013-9239-7
1267:10.1017/S0029665119001162
1060:World Health Organization
1014:10.1186/s12916-020-1495-2
234:problematic online gaming
94:Internet gaming addiction
55:gene transcription factor
3115:Mass psychogenic illness
3067:Suicide and the Internet
3057:Social media and suicide
2804:Media naturalness theory
2234:Psychological dependence
2068:Digital media addictions
1754:Biochemical Pharmacology
1537:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00053
759:10.1177/0004867416654009
324:substituted amphetamines
296:necessary and sufficient
230:problematic internet use
144:pornography use disorder
2888:Social anxiety disorder
2721:Online problem gambling
2536:Needle exchange program
2526:Managed alcohol program
2504:Category:Harm reduction
1524:Frontiers in Psychiatry
1479:10.1556/2006.4.2015.009
1203:10.1556/2006.2022.00025
1141:10.1556/2006.2020.00035
828:Oxford University Press
260:. Associations between
258:substance use disorders
3045:Television consumption
3000:Evolution of cognition
2925:Body image disturbance
2866:psychiatric conditions
2794:Engineering psychology
2716:Internet sex addiction
2697:Proposed or recognised
2556:Tobacco harm reduction
2376:Contingency management
2343:Alcohol detoxification
2056:Internet sex addiction
339:ventral tegmental area
3089:Texting while driving
3020:Promotion of anorexia
3005:Evolutionary mismatch
2968:Criticism of Facebook
2699:diagnostic categories
2618:Motivational salience
2546:Stimulant maintenance
2531:Moderation Management
2443:Methadone maintenance
1803:Archives of Neurology
1311:Behavioral Addictions
822:Petry, Nancy (2015).
361:Addictive personality
226:pathological gambling
184:psychopharmacotherapy
18:Behavioral addictions
3110:Behavioral addiction
2958:Behavioral modernity
2953:Behavioral addiction
2779:Cognitive ergonomics
2764:Digital anthropology
2757:Disciplines involved
2748:Video game addiction
2743:Television addiction
2541:Responsible drug use
2398:Motivational therapy
2063:Video game addiction
1887:at Wikimedia Commons
1885:Behavioral addiction
1448:Better Life Recovery
1098:on 15 September 2019
851:Kuss, Daria (2013).
137:compulsive behaviors
31:Behavioral addiction
3010:Fear of missing out
2465:Twelve-step program
2348:Drug detoxification
2229:Physical dependence
1579:Annu. Rev. Neurosci
870:10.2147/PRBM.S39476
328:cross-sensitization
192:compulsive behavior
2706:Computer addiction
2623:Incentive salience
2611:Inhibitory control
2586:Category:Addiction
2576:Addiction medicine
2371:Relapse prevention
2308:Tanning dependence
494:Nat. Rev. Neurosci
356:Addictive behavior
300:neural adaptations
288:gene transcription
246:exercise addiction
160:exercise addiction
3097:
3096:
2769:Digital sociology
2656:
2655:
2606:Cognitive control
2564:
2563:
2448:Smoking cessation
2403:Physical exercise
2318:
2317:
2304:Non-drug stimuli
2203:
2202:
2047:Internet-related
1883:Media related to
969:978-0-89042-575-6
923:978-0-89042-575-6
696:(5544): 980–982.
609:978-1-58562-254-2
553:Neuropharmacology
457:978-0-89042-575-6
292:nucleus accumbens
242:compulsive buying
90:gambling disorder
16:(Redirected from
3137:
3130:Social influence
2920:Anorexia nervosa
2905:Bipolar disorder
2873:Anxiety disorder
2683:
2676:
2669:
2660:
2646:
2645:
2333:
2214:
2139:G9a-like protein
1955:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1893:
1882:
1867:
1866:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1724:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1539:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1424:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1269:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1087:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1016:
991:
982:
981:
945:
936:
935:
899:
893:
892:
882:
872:
848:
842:
841:
830:. pp. 1–5.
819:
813:
812:
802:
793:
787:
786:
736:
730:
729:
685:
679:
678:
664:
632:
621:
620:
618:
616:
593:
587:
586:
576:
544:
531:
530:
517:
485:
470:
469:
433:
427:
426:
386:
298:for many of the
254:anxiety disorder
37:that involves a
21:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
2941:
2915:Eating disorder
2865:
2859:
2809:Neuroergonomics
2789:Cyberpsychology
2752:
2698:
2692:
2687:
2657:
2652:
2634:
2630:Sober companion
2560:
2514:Reagent testing
2490:
2469:
2413:
2407:
2358:
2352:
2327:
2325:
2314:
2243:
2199:
2086:Transcriptional
2078:
2072:
1999:
1985:Methylphenidate
1980:Methamphetamine
1944:
1931:
1891:
1875:
1870:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1626:Prog. Neurobiol
1619:
1618:
1614:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1053:
1052:
1048:
993:
992:
985:
970:
947:
946:
939:
924:
901:
900:
896:
850:
849:
845:
838:
821:
820:
816:
800:
795:
794:
790:
738:
737:
733:
687:
686:
682:
634:
633:
624:
614:
612:
610:
595:
594:
590:
546:
545:
534:
506:10.1038/nrn3111
500:(11): 623–637.
487:
486:
473:
458:
435:
434:
430:
388:
387:
383:
379:
352:
320:phenylcyclidine
281:
273:Main articles:
271:
201:
176:
75:
67:psychopathology
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Binge-watching
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2995:Digital zombie
2992:
2987:
2985:Cyberpathology
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2946:Related topics
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
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2771:
2766:
2760:
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2751:
2750:
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2713:
2708:
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2694:
2693:
2688:
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2671:
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2639:
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2627:
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2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2496:Harm reduction
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2474:Support groups
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2336:Detoxification
2330:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Benzodiazepine
2270:
2265:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2028:Palatable food
2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1888:
1874:
1873:External links
1871:
1869:
1868:
1830:
1789:
1740:
1707:(8): 3434–42.
1687:
1661:
1612:
1569:
1510:
1473:(3): 119–123.
1451:
1440:
1407:(5): 233–241.
1387:
1340:
1327:
1297:
1234:
1197:(2): 180–185.
1172:
1135:(2): 150–159.
1109:
1074:
1063:. Geneva. 2022
1046:
983:
968:
937:
922:
894:
863:(6): 125–137.
843:
836:
814:
788:
753:(8): 721–725.
731:
680:
622:
608:
588:
559:(7): 1109–22.
532:
471:
456:
428:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
351:
348:
270:
267:
200:
197:
175:
172:
168:food addiction
156:work addiction
74:
71:
47:natural reward
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3142:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Digital detox
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Cyberbullying
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
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2930:
2926:
2923:
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2918:
2917:
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2903:
2901:
2898:
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2868:
2862:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2665:
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2649:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:Drug checking
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
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2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
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2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:Reinforcement
1928:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1330:
1328:9780124077249
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
990:
988:
984:
979:
975:
971:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:
944:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:
898:
895:
890:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
844:
839:
837:9780199391554
833:
829:
825:
818:
815:
811:(4): 380–389.
810:
806:
799:
792:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
735:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
681:
677:
672:
668:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
629:
627:
623:
611:
605:
601:
600:
592:
589:
584:
580:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
472:
467:
463:
459:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
432:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
385:
382:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
349:
347:
343:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
279:Reward system
276:
268:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:mood disorder
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
219:
214:
213:
208:
207:
198:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
180:psychotherapy
173:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
133:substance use
130:
127:In 2019, the
125:
122:
120:
116:
111:
109:
103:
101:
100:
95:
91:
87:
86:
81:
80:
72:
70:
68:
62:
60:
56:
52:
51:reward system
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3084:Technostress
3077:Technophobia
3072:Technophilia
2952:
2848:Evolutionary
2826:Evolutionary
2816:Neuroscience
2157:
2150:
2143:
2131:
2090:
2032:Sex-related
2004:
1849:(1): 69–76.
1846:
1842:
1809:(5): 641–4.
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