20:
153:
172:) capable of "spontaneously" organizing to form "grassroots" protest movements without guidance from hierarchical "Old Left" political parties and organizations. As a supposedly "nonideological" organization that "anyone can join," Beheiren grew out of, and was modeled after, the similar "Voiceless Voices Society" (
233:
Beheiren continued its activities until the U.S. announced its withdrawal from South
Vietnam in 1974. A final closing ceremony was held in Tokyo on January 26, 1974. In a farewell address, Tsurumi Shunsuke told an audience of around 1,000 activists that although Beheiren was ending, "another day I
184:. However, historian Simon Avenell has argued that the concept of the autonomous, self-organizing "shimin" was a "myth" that sometimes proved useful for organizing protest movements but rarely if ever reflected the actual structure and organization of such movements.
92:
stock so that they could address shareholders meetings about the company's support for the
American war effort. The group also assisted American soldiers who were publishing and distributing underground papers and pamphlets in Japan. They helped the
202:
Oda traveled extensively around Japan and the world to promote national and international movements against the
Vietnam War. In particular, he pressed Japanese New Left activists to overcome their consciousness as helpless "victims"
893:
693:
985:
888:
199:
to become the new group's official spokesperson. Oda agreed, and on April 24, Beheiren was officially established as an offshoot of the existing
Voiceless Voices Society.
814:
1123:
191:
approached
Tsurumi about the possibility of creating a new organization along the lines of the Voiceless Voices to protest against Japan's involvement in the
76:
Beheiren claims to have helped 20 U.S. soldiers to desert, in some cases providing them with false passports and other paperwork and helping them escape to
1113:
625:
658:
1118:
364:
1133:
703:
708:
1047:
957:
947:
1128:
1138:
1108:
883:
562:
537:
511:
809:
718:
713:
281:
234:
think
Beheiren—although not as Beheiren—will want to make an appearance once again. Beheiren is dissolved. Long live Beheiren!"
618:
310:
Takata, Kei (2017). "Escaping through the networks of trust: The US deserter support movement in the
Japanese Global Sixties".
683:
1143:
611:
529:
219:
181:
698:
673:
878:
819:
554:
218:
In 1970, Beheiren took a leading role in organizing large-scale protests against the automatic renewal of the
678:
668:
215:) as citizens of a country that was deriving economic benefit from supporting the U.S.-led war in Vietnam.
188:
113:
1082:
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105:
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125:
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19:
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784:
634:
558:
533:
507:
504:
Making
Japanese citizens : civil society and the mythology of the Shimin in postwar Japan
372:
222:, which allowed U.S. troops fighting in Vietnam to be based on Japanese soil. However, these "
62:
257:
975:
932:
927:
764:
319:
165:
152:
141:
65:" activist group that existed from 1965 to 1974 which protested Japanese assistance to the
829:
226:" failed to prevent automatic renewal, as the government of conservative prime minister
860:
779:
598:
345:
227:
98:
289:
1102:
769:
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734:
662:
648:
521:
331:
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177:
133:
121:
94:
66:
774:
208:
81:
323:
176:) that Tsurumi and the Science of Thought group had organized to take part in the
573:
548:
744:
192:
70:
889:
Japan
Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee (Central Core Faction)
1068:
952:
852:
754:
196:
89:
376:
1031:
942:
759:
168:, which sought to create a new type of autonomous Japanese "citizen" (
61:"The Citizen's League for Peace in Vietnam") was an antiwar Japanese "
937:
77:
894:
Japan
Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)
603:
195:. Tsurumi agreed, and the two approached novelist and travel writer
574:"The Japanese Student Movement in the Cold War Crucible, 1945-1972"
694:
Bombing of the Fusetsu no Gunzo and Institute of Northern Cultures
151:
18:
607:
365:"Anti-Vietnam War 'Beheiren' activism remembered 50 years on"
550:
Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
986:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
97:
desert and seek asylum in Sweden in 1967 and later helped
526:
Fire Across the Sea: The Vietnam War and Japan 1965-1975
457:
455:
394:
392:
230:
simply opted to allow the treaty to continue as is.
506:. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
258:"What Japanese Anti-Vietnam War activists are up to"
1058:
1005:
998:
966:
913:
906:
869:
838:
800:
793:
727:
641:
160:
Beheiren was organized with the assistance of the "
848:Beheiren (Citizen's League for Peace in Vietnam)
815:Japan Socialist Youth League, Liberation Faction
156:Beheiren pamphlet targeted towards U.S. soldiers
52:
31:
619:
8:
352:. Doubleday & Company, Inc. p. 130.
211:and recognize their role as "victimizers" (
58:
1002:
910:
797:
626:
612:
604:
282:"Asian Studies Conference Japan ASCJ 2004"
23:Beheiren at a demonstration in Kyoto, 1971
16:Japanese peace activist group (1965–1974)
704:1974 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries bombing
709:1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague
446:
434:
422:
398:
248:
659:1968–1969 Japanese university protests
485:
473:
581:The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
461:
410:
88:techniques — buying single shares of
7:
1124:Organizations disestablished in 1974
884:Japan Revolutionary Communist League
187:In March 1965, political scientist
1114:Peace organizations based in Japan
14:
1119:Organizations established in 1965
810:East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front
714:1975 AIA building hostage crisis
1134:1974 disestablishments in Japan
684:Bombing of the Soji-ji Ossuary
502:Avenell, Simon Andrew (2010).
1:
572:Kapur, Nick (July 15, 2022).
324:10.1080/17541328.2017.1390650
1129:1965 establishments in Japan
363:Hirano, Keiji (2015-05-19).
1160:
1048:Children of the Revolution
958:Women's liberation (Japan)
530:Princeton University Press
220:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty
182:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty
719:Japan Airlines Flight 472
699:Japan Airlines Flight 404
674:Japan Airlines Flight 351
108:(official spokesperson),
53:
32:
879:Communist League (Japan)
555:Harvard University Press
164:" research group led by
1139:Japan–Vietnam relations
1109:Anti–Vietnam War groups
999:Representation in media
669:Folk guerrilla concerts
180:against renewal of the
1016:Night and Fog in Japan
923:Ainu Revolution Theory
369:The Japan Times Online
157:
24:
1024:Ecstasy of the Angels
286:www.meijigakuin.ac.jp
189:Michitoshi Takabatake
155:
114:Michitoshi Takabatake
112:(Secretary-General),
22:
689:Lod Airport massacre
679:Asama-Sansō incident
547:Kapur, Nick (2018).
262:mailman.lbo-talk.org
256:Dean, Kevin Robert.
86:shareholder activism
981:Anti-Stalinist left
522:Havens, Thomas R.H.
476:, pp. 235–236.
449:, pp. 117–124.
174:Koe Naki Koe no Kai
1076:Hear the Wind Sing
654:Sanrizuka Struggle
350:Memphis-Nam-Sweden
224:1970 Anpo protests
178:1960 Anpo protests
162:Science of Thought
158:
25:
1144:New Left in Japan
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
994:
993:
902:
901:
857:
825:Japanese Red Army
785:Takaaki Yoshimoto
635:New Left in Japan
553:. Cambridge, MA:
528:. Princeton, NJ:
138:Yoshiyuki Tsurumi
104:Members included
84:. They also used
1151:
1061:
1008:
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976:Anti-Americanism
969:
933:Anti-Japaneseism
928:Anti-imperialism
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872:
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820:Red Army Faction
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765:Fusako Shigenobu
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288:. Archived from
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166:Shunsuke Tsurumi
142:Shunsuke Tsurumi
130:Shinobu Yoshioka
110:Yuichi Yoshikawa
101:desert in 1968.
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1040:United Red Army
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830:United Red Army
802:Insurrectionary
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207:) of defeat in
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1083:Norwegian Wood
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948:Self-criticism
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840:Multi-tendency
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780:Mitsuko Tokoro
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599:Peace movement
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569:
564:978-0674984424
563:
544:
539:978-0691054919
538:
518:
513:978-0520262706
512:
497:
494:
491:
490:
488:, p. 236.
478:
466:
451:
439:
437:, p. 112.
427:
425:, p. 111.
415:
413:, p. 155.
403:
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318:(2): 165–181.
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99:Terry Whitmore
15:
13:
10:
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968:International
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771:
770:Takaya Shiomi
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
750:Hiroko Nagata
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
735:Michiko Kanba
733:
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730:
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697:
695:
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682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
664:
663:Shinjuku riot
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
649:Anpo protests
647:
646:
644:
640:
636:
629:
624:
622:
617:
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464:, p. 17.
463:
458:
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292:on 2016-03-04
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134:Takeshi Kaiko
131:
127:
123:
122:Amon Miyamoto
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
95:Intrepid Four
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
67:United States
64:
54:ベトナムに平和を！市民連合
50:
48:
45:wa o! Shimin
44:
40:
29:
21:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
847:
775:Mitsu Tanaka
584:
580:
549:
525:
503:
496:Bibliography
481:
469:
447:Avenell 2010
442:
435:Avenell 2010
430:
423:Avenell 2010
418:
406:
399:Avenell 2010
380:. Retrieved
368:
358:
349:
340:
315:
311:
305:
294:. Retrieved
290:the original
285:
276:
265:. Retrieved
261:
251:
232:
217:
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209:World War II
204:
201:
186:
173:
169:
159:
103:
82:Soviet Union
75:
46:
42:
38:
37:
36:; short for
27:
26:
915:Ideological
856:(post–1958)
745:Tsuneo Mori
728:Key figures
486:Havens 1987
474:Havens 1987
312:The Sixties
228:Eisaku Satō
193:Vietnam War
126:Ichiyo Muto
71:Vietnam War
69:during the
1103:Categories
1060:Literature
953:Trotskyism
907:Influences
871:Trotskyist
853:Zengakuren
755:Makoto Oda
462:Kapur 2022
411:Kapur 2018
382:2018-08-24
296:2018-08-24
267:2018-08-24
238:References
197:Makoto Oda
118:Osamu Kuno
106:Makoto Oda
90:Mitsubishi
41:tonamu ni
377:0447-5763
332:148969373
243:Citations
943:Pacifism
861:Zenkyōtō
593:See also
524:(1987).
348:(1971).
213:kagaisha
205:higaisha
80:via the
63:New Left
28:Beheiren
760:Ryū Ōta
148:History
1051:(2010)
1043:(2007)
1035:(2004)
1027:(1972)
1019:(1960)
938:Maoism
794:Groups
642:Events
561:
536:
510:
375:
330:
170:shimin
78:Sweden
587:(14).
577:(PDF)
328:S2CID
1007:Film
559:ISBN
534:ISBN
508:ISBN
373:ISSN
140:and
59:lit.
320:doi
57:),
47:Ren
43:Hei
33:ベ平連
1105::
1069:69
1032:69
585:20
583:.
579:.
557:.
532:.
454:^
391:^
371:.
367:.
326:.
316:10
314:.
284:.
260:.
144:.
136:,
132:,
128:,
124:,
120:,
116:,
73:.
49:go
39:Be
665:)
661:(
627:e
620:t
613:v
567:.
542:.
516:.
401:.
385:.
334:.
322::
299:.
270:.
203:(
51:(
30:(
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