2363:
3691:
5710:
1114:
1685:
2377:
534:
6360:
1094:
could both pronounce Manchu sounds properly and mimic the sinified pronunciation of
Manchus in Beijing. This was because they learned the Beijing pronunciation from either studying in Beijing or from officials sent to Aigun from Beijing. They could also tell them apart, using the Chinese influenced
1041:
of the
Beijing dialect tend to be more exaggerated than Standard Chinese. In Standard Chinese, the four tones are high flat, high rising, low dipping, and falling; in the Beijing dialect, the first two tones are higher, the third one dips more prominently, and the fourth one falls more. However,
1632:
There are syntactic differences between
Standard Mandarin and the Beijing dialect. Both southern Chinese and southern Mandarin syntactic features were incorporated into Standard Mandarin, while the Beijing dialect retains features of northern Mandarin. The Beijing dialect also uses colloquial
640:
of the
Beijing dialect and Standard Chinese are almost identical. In part, this is because the pronunciation of Standard Chinese was based on Beijing pronunciation. However, the Beijing dialect also has vernacular readings of characters which are not only different, but have initial and final
1176:
The
Beijing dialect typically uses many words that are considered slang, and therefore occur much less or not at all in Standard Chinese. Speakers not native to Beijing may have trouble understanding many or most of these. Many of such slang words employ the rhotic
847:
Moreover, the
Beijing dialect has a few phonetic reductions that are usually considered too "colloquial" for use in Standard Chinese. These are often dependent on which syllables are stressed and unstressed. For example, in fast speech, initial consonants go through
394:, despite political power having already been located in Beijing. Through the nineteenth century, evidence from Western dictionaries suggests that a shift occurred in the court from a Nanjing-based standard to a more local Beijing-based one.
3068:. Contributor Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales. Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale. Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale. 2002. p. 208
439:"As China's ancient and modern capital, Beijing and thus its linguistic culture as well are representative of our entire nation's civilization... For Beijing people themselves, the Beijing dialect is an important symbol of identity."
1058:
Many of the Manchu words are now pronounced with some
Chinese peculiarities of pronunciation, so k before i and e=ch', g before i and e=ch, h and s before i=hs, etc. H before a, o, u, ū, is the guttural Scotch or German ch.
1671:, which makes it more condense and concise. The Beijing dialect can therefore seem more longwinded; but this is sometime balanced by the generally faster speaking rate and phonetic reductions of colloquial Beijing speech.
1085:
The
Manchus that lived in Beijing were influenced by the Beijing dialect insofar as pronouncing Manchu sounds was hard for them, and they pronounced Manchu according to Chinese phonetics. In contrast, the Manchus of
427:
declared that
Standard Chinese was to be "modeled on the pronunciation of Beijing, draws on Northern Chinese as its base dialect, and receives its syntactic norms from exemplary works of vernacular literature".
1082:, and since Manchu phonology was transcribed into Chinese and European sources based on the sinified pronunciation of Manchus from Beijing, the original authentic Manchu pronunciation is unknown to scholars.
4103:
4094:
2692:
Wen-Chao Li, Chris (April 2004). "Conflicting notions of language purity: the interplay of archaising, ethnographic, reformist, elitist and xenophobic purism in the perception of
Standard Chinese".
469:, 49% of young Beijingers born after 1980 prefer to speak standard Mandarin rather than the Beijing dialect. According to a UN report, nearly 100 Chinese dialects, especially those spoken by the
718:, except for a few words pronounced that do not have this suffix. In Standard Chinese, these also occur but much less often than they appear in the Beijing dialect. This phenomenon is known as
420:. This was overturned in 1926, resulting in the "pronunciation of the educated natives of Beijing" officially adopted as the basis for the phonology of Standard Chinese (Guoyu) in 1926.
5835:
1042:
toneless syllables are incredibly common in the vernacular Beijing dialect and the third tone is realized as a low tone instead of a dipping tone, known as a "half third tone".
372:, Beijing has held much historical significance as a city, and its speech has held sway as a lingua franca. Being officially selected to form the basis of the phonology of
3488:
1433:; 'base', ' uneducated language', that are carry-overs from an older generation and are no longer used amongst more educated speakers, for example:
409:
5718:
481:
The Beijing dialect is generally mutually intelligible with other Mandarin dialects, including Standard Chinese. However it is not intelligible with other
2616:
Simmons, Richard Vanness (2017). "Whence Came Mandarin? Qīng Guānhuà, the Běijīng Dialect, and the National Language Standard in Early Republican China".
4345:
4424:
3107:. Contributors Polskie Towarzystwo Orientalistyczne, Polska Akademia Nauk. Komitet Nauk Orientalistycznych. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. p. 122
432:
107:
20:
520:
and others have reported that Chinese who speak the Beijing dialect could understand Dungan, but Dungans could not understand Beijing Mandarin.
6016:
5255:
1160:
variety of Mongolian. The aspirated bilabial stop /pʰ/ and the labial approximant /w/ are phonemes only found in loanwords from Chinese and
6066:
5908:
3481:
2560:
2530:
1148:
are derived from Chinese, with the oldest layer of loanwords in Written Mongolian being Chinese in origin. Much of Mongolian spoken in
358:
3231:
3198:
3164:
3137:
2676:
2588:
2540:
2438:
617:
3690:
551:
5988:
4215:
221:
4695:
598:
450:
The dialect has been described as "the official language of the entertainment industry", making it also the "showbiz accent."
4338:
3474:
3251:
3040:
995:
738:
555:
261:
570:
6304:
5758:
2907:
2837:
Fu ren da xue (Beijing, China); S.V.D. Research Institute; Society of the Divine Word; Monumenta Serica Institute (1977).
1069:
424:
253:
4220:
3876:
6363:
6274:
5798:
4273:
2975:
3921:
3559:
577:
6392:
6279:
6151:
6076:
5733:
4266:
3843:
3346:
Missionary recorder: a repository of intelligence from eastern missions, and a medium of general information, Volume 1
431:
The Beijing dialect has been described as carrying a lot of "cultural heft." According to Zhang Shifang, professor at
377:
6321:
6294:
6171:
6083:
5830:
5810:
3318:
3087:
2503:
470:
417:
2763:"How well do you know your Chinese accents? A quick guide to 5 common accents and what they say about the speaker"
544:
6387:
6382:
5873:
4571:
4331:
4166:
3613:
3534:
584:
447:
is the "only dialect which has attained a level of prestige that rivals that of the standard national language."
3663:
169:
6247:
6232:
6222:
5936:
4247:
3850:
2395:
2390:
1637:
466:
231:
193:
3911:
3035:. Vol. 7 of Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic and Central Asian Studies. Brill. p. 77.
1095:
pronunciation of Beijing to demonstrate that they were better educated and had "superior stature" in society.
322:. Despite the similarity to Standard Chinese, it is characterized by some "iconic" differences, including the
199:
4588:
6259:
5133:
5095:
4498:
4241:
4027:
566:
3994:
2812:
2470:
6193:
6036:
4634:
4287:
4280:
4060:
3497:
2410:
991:
984:
980:
976:
968:
964:
942:
938:
934:
930:
881:
877:
869:
865:
857:
831:
827:
820:
815:
708:
482:
87:
2762:
6188:
6111:
5825:
5803:
4558:
4391:
4230:
4180:
3736:
5642:
5632:
1018:
Some of these changes yield syllables that violate the syllable structure of Standard Chinese, such as
4617:
3372:
2787:
1157:
814:
Sibilant initials differ significantly between Standard Chinese and the Beijing dialect. The initials
5956:
5924:
5753:
5637:
5396:
4944:
4878:
4373:
4042:
3888:
3834:
2405:
772:
412:, which took the Beijing dialect as its base but retained a lot of phonology from other varieties of
19:
For the major branch of Mandarin spoken in Beijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Tianjin, see
5551:
5060:
390:
Until at least the late eighteenth century, the standard language of the Chinese elite had been the
6200:
6166:
6001:
5968:
5815:
5743:
5660:
5501:
5496:
5250:
4566:
4225:
3815:
3642:
3573:
2886:
1078:
The Chinese Northern Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing had a major impact on the phonology of the
457:
spoke with a more "refined" accent than the poorer people, craftsmen, and performers of the south.
6031:
5364:
3223:
More morphologies : contributions to the Festival of Languages, Bremen, 17 Sep to 7 Oct, 2009
6316:
6183:
6146:
5929:
5863:
5858:
5748:
5738:
5235:
5043:
5038:
4437:
4066:
3675:
3541:
3300:
3081:
2949:
2744:
2641:
1153:
1145:
1104:
1038:
774:
5587:
5342:
2645:
4956:
2838:
6227:
6217:
6096:
6061:
5916:
5868:
5820:
5709:
5440:
5374:
5230:
5215:
4886:
4863:
4817:
4742:
4668:
4548:
4516:
4470:
4409:
4399:
4364:
4174:
4134:
4112:
4077:
4071:
4036:
3974:
3968:
3948:
3742:
3730:
3713:
3621:
3567:
3547:
3292:
3227:
3194:
3160:
3133:
3036:
2736:
2672:
2633:
2584:
2536:
2508:
2478:
2434:
1668:
1379:
1161:
373:
207:
92:
5592:
5582:
5567:
4981:
3344:
2668:
591:
6333:
5853:
5728:
5513:
5435:
5386:
5347:
5296:
5210:
5162:
5146:
5026:
4986:
4920:
4908:
4868:
4822:
4768:
4763:
4753:
4747:
4576:
4521:
4506:
4382:
4354:
4195:
4155:
4125:
4099:
4049:
4007:
3916:
3893:
3786:
3773:
3766:
3723:
3648:
3511:
3284:
2728:
2701:
2625:
1716:
631:
413:
307:
291:
287:
102:
97:
5359:
5055:
5003:
4998:
4932:
465:
Some fear that the vernacular Beijing dialect will disappear. According to a 2010 study by
6284:
6264:
6252:
6161:
6121:
6106:
6101:
5845:
5695:
5685:
5665:
5622:
5617:
5483:
5447:
5430:
5420:
5177:
5113:
4900:
4796:
4791:
4700:
4647:
4642:
4622:
4607:
4602:
4543:
4538:
4528:
4511:
4483:
4455:
4187:
4141:
4000:
3882:
3821:
3655:
3602:
3593:
3579:
3005:(reprint ed.). Shanghai: Printed at the American Presbyterian mission Press. p.
2382:
1215:
1079:
1051:
731:
501:
402:
391:
79:
6289:
5577:
4993:
2935:
2887:"Divergent places of articulation: [w] and [ʋ] in modern spoken Mandarin"
2871:
1467:; 'to be disoriented'', ' 'to be confused'', ' 'to be bewildered'
779:
occurs before a glide or vowel it is often eliminated along with any following glides so
3442:
3409:
3018:
3006:
6338:
6328:
6299:
6006:
5978:
5690:
5675:
5528:
5523:
5508:
5452:
5391:
5273:
5245:
5225:
5172:
5141:
5118:
5108:
5103:
5065:
5048:
4961:
4949:
4937:
4925:
4913:
4858:
4840:
4758:
4732:
4673:
4593:
4581:
4533:
4488:
4478:
4404:
4257:
4235:
4149:
4118:
4054:
4014:
3988:
3962:
3939:
3862:
3808:
3780:
3749:
3627:
3553:
1149:
853:
454:
4850:
1113:
185:
6376:
6139:
5951:
5946:
5518:
5462:
5457:
5425:
5412:
5288:
5240:
5167:
5123:
5013:
4773:
4612:
4460:
4447:
3981:
3903:
3669:
3634:
3586:
2661:
2629:
517:
408:
The establishment of phonology of Standard Chinese dates from a 1913 decision by the
162:
3275:
Wadley, Stephen A. (1996). "Altaic Influences on Beijing Dialect: The Manchu Case".
2748:
6011:
5961:
5337:
5220:
5193:
4737:
4727:
3955:
3871:
3827:
3756:
2368:
1156:, whilst there have been claims of phonetic influence from Mandarin Chinese in the
1091:
695:
505:
398:
346:
2705:
3448:
3428:
3221:
3188:
3154:
3127:
3102:
3063:
3030:
2578:
1698:
Please help update this to reflect recent events or newly available information.
6156:
6130:
6026:
5996:
5973:
5941:
5680:
5670:
5474:
5369:
5354:
5317:
5265:
5086:
5077:
4973:
4812:
4687:
4414:
4301:
3516:
2915:
1651:
725:
533:
3000:
2719:
Li, David C. S. (January 2006). "Chinese as a Lingua Franca in Greater China".
2376:
5572:
5546:
5312:
5278:
4783:
4710:
2732:
2358:
1472:
513:
509:
494:
295:
3296:
2740:
2637:
2482:
6021:
5772:
5763:
5491:
5381:
5033:
5021:
4832:
4663:
4316:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
4294:
3935:
3700:
3507:
3101:
Shirokogoroff, S. M. (1934) . "Reading and Transliteration of Manchu Lit.".
2400:
1970:
It is going to rain today, so remember to bring an umbrella when you go out.
1198:; 'very'', ' 'especially' (referring to manner or attribute)
1165:
1152:
has been affected by Mandarin: lexical influence is claimed to be strong in
972:
637:
486:
444:
315:
178:
148:
136:
956:
911:
895:
870:
858:
763:
744:
734:, as is considered one of the iconic characteristics of Beijing Mandarin.
6343:
6311:
5897:
5538:
4719:
2532:
Geek in China: Discovering the Land of Alibaba, Bullet Trains and Dim Sum
2504:"Learning Mandarin is really, really hard — even for many Chinese people"
849:
239:
227:
3466:
6210:
5890:
5777:
5606:
5202:
3796:
994:⟩ is voiced and relaxed in intervocalic positions, resulting in
490:
349:, southern dialectal influences were also introduced into the dialect.
299:
235:
69:
3450:
Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect, Volume 2
3304:
2667:(1st ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1218:, usually used when rejecting a favor or politeness from close friends
983:
also lose aspiration and can be voiced, sounding identical to ⟨
6269:
6071:
3709:
3524:
3322:
1547:
1266:; 'to let go on feet'', ' 'to go'', ' 'leave'
1000:
Affricates are elided into fricatives when not word initial, such as
319:
269:
3411:
Idiomatic Dialogues in the Peking Colloquial for the Use of Students
1696:. The reason given is: More examples and better examples are needed.
4323:
3414:. SHANGHAI, HANKOW ROAD: Printed at the "North-China Herald" office
3288:
1378:; 'excuse me!', heard often on public transportation, from
1353:
Some Beijing phrases may be somewhat disseminated outside Beijing:
5782:
3705:
3520:
2577:
Huang, Chu-Ren; Jing-Schmidt, Zhuo; Meisterernst, Barbara (2019).
1366:; 'stingy'', ' 'miserly', now used outside Beijing
1182:
1178:
1164:, evident in their limited distribution in Mongolian. Substantial
1087:
715:
387:
Other scholars have referred to it as the "elite Beijing accent."
369:
323:
311:
303:
59:
1302:; 'way to do something', equivalent to Standard Chinese
737:
When /w/ occurs in syllable-initial position, many speakers use
712:
4327:
3470:
641:
combinations that are not present in Standard Chinese, such as
1678:
1595:
1563:
1551:
1524:; 'special female friend', with a negative connotation
1108:
527:
504:
is a Sinitic language derived from Mandarin spoken throughout
1533:
The dialect also contains both Manchu and Mongol loanwords:
1393:; 'to stroll about', equivalent to Standard Chinese
16:
Dialect of Beijing Mandarin spoken in the capital of the PRC
453:
Even within Beijing the dialect varies. Those north of the
2471:"The Disappearing Dialect at the Heart of China's Capital"
1488:; 'cool (in relation to a matter)', ' cf.'
987:⟩; similar changes also occur on other consonants.
238:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1412:; 'very', a stronger version of Standard Chinese
3430:
A Chinese and English vocabulary in the Pekinese dialect
3349:. FOOCHOW: American M.E. Mission Press. 1867. p. 40
694:
Other differences exist, including the proliferation of
1475:
used among younger speakers and in "trendier" circles:
1125:
3065:
Cahiers de linguistique: Asie orientale, Volumes 31-32
2813:"China's minority languages face threat of extinction"
3104:
Archives polonaises d'etudes orientales, Volumes 8-10
2580:
The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Applied Linguistics
698:. All rhotic vowels are the result of the use of the
3463:(the University of Michigan)(Digitized May 14, 2008)
1619:
1455:, which is more often used by the younger generation
1105:
Mongolian language § Loanwords and coined words
6240:
6209:
6138:
6129:
6120:
6054:
6045:
5987:
5907:
5882:
5844:
5791:
5717:
5653:
5605:
5560:
5537:
5482:
5473:
5411:
5330:
5305:
5287:
5264:
5201:
5192:
5155:
5132:
5094:
5085:
5076:
5012:
4972:
4899:
4877:
4849:
4831:
4805:
4782:
4718:
4709:
4686:
4656:
4633:
4557:
4497:
4469:
4446:
4423:
4390:
4381:
4372:
4256:
4208:
4165:
4093:
4026:
3934:
3902:
3860:
3795:
3698:
3612:
3505:
3433:(3rd ed.). American Presbyterian Mission Press
3252:"Language Variation and Social Identity in Beijing"
1512:; 'to toss in the hoop', used in basketball
558:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
206:
192:
176:
160:
146:
134:
129:
76:
65:
55:
28:
2660:
3427:George Carter Stent; Donald MacGillivray (1898).
1423:Note that some of the slang are considered to be
2433:. Beijing Normal University Press. p. 202.
1278:; 'no backbone'', ' 'spiritless'
916:, resulting in a "swallowing of consonants", or
1601:
1569:
1557:
1056:
1667:In general, Standard Chinese is influenced by
1640:under certain circumstances after the numeral
1242:; 'to leave'', ' 'to run away'
410:Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation
4339:
3482:
2561:"The enregisterment of Putonghua in practice"
1578:; 'street'', ' 'passage' and
1144:A substantial proportion of the loanwords in
46:
39:
8:
3226:. Brockmeyer Verlag. 2012. pp. 89–120.
2663:Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics
1290:; 'to finally become quiet and calm'
834:by some female speakers, a feature known as
3366:
3364:
3245:
3243:
1594:; 'station', from Middle Mongolian
1317:; 'ruined', especially things to do
376:has further contributed to its status as a
6359:
6135:
6126:
6051:
5479:
5198:
5091:
5082:
4715:
4387:
4378:
4346:
4332:
4324:
4162:
4023:
3857:
3609:
3489:
3475:
3467:
1446:; 'since a young age', similar to
485:or even other Chinese languages including
25:
3193:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 27.
3159:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 12.
2554:
2552:
618:Learn how and when to remove this message
368:As the political and cultural capital of
3277:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2950:"A Quick Guide to China's Main Dialects"
2618:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1574:), possibly with influence from Chinese
1210:; 'do not', usually followed by
1168:can also be observed in Inner Mongolia.
516:. Speakers like Dungan poet and scholar
3321:(in Simplified Chinese). Archived from
3132:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 3.
2914:(in Simplified Chinese). Archived from
2421:
2330:
1650:with the second tone, as if undergoing
1644:; 'one', usually pronounced as
433:Beijing Language and Culture University
232:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
21:Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)
3079:
2529:Christensen, Matthew B. (2016-11-15).
955:; 'go quickly' can sound like
894:; 'don't know' can sound like
3002:A Manchu Grammar: With Analysed Texts
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
1618:; 'to reproach', from Manchu
1600:'post station' (cf. modern Mongolian
1582:; 'lane'', ' 'alley'.
1065:A Manchu Grammar: With Analysed Texts
844:; 'female Standard Chinese'.
314:and one of the official languages of
7:
2999:Möllendorff, Paul Georg von (1892).
2721:Annual Review of Applied Linguistics
2611:
2609:
2607:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
556:adding citations to reliable sources
3392:Encyclopedia of Chinese Linguistics
2976:"A Question That Is Not a Question"
1636:There is a conditional loss of the
1556:'water well' (cf. modern Mongolian
1080:dialect of Manchu spoken in Beijing
1028:Street, which locals pronounce as
359:History of Modern Standard Chinese
306:. It is the phonological basis of
14:
3029:Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002).
975:to become ; intervocalic ⟨
632:Standard Chinese § Phonology
6358:
5836:Literary and colloquial readings
5708:
3689:
3408:Balfour, Frederic Henry (1883).
2885:Seth Wiener & Ya-ting Shih.
2646:10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.1.0063
2630:10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.1.0063
2502:Kaiman, Jonathan (3 June 2016).
2375:
2361:
1683:
1112:
740:before vowels other than as in
532:
405:as the official court language.
823:are pronounced as in Beijing.
543:needs additional citations for
310:, the official language in the
3447:Ireneus László Legeza (1969).
3381:
3375:
2343:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2172:
2165:
2151:
2144:
2130:
2123:
2109:
2102:
2088:
2081:
2062:
2053:
2037:
2029:
2015:
2008:
1994:
1987:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1871:
1857:
1843:
1829:
1815:
1801:
1787:
1773:
1759:
1745:
1731:
1660:
1646:
1614:
1590:
1542:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1463:
1451:
1442:
1429:
1408:
1389:
1374:
1362:
1341:
1325:
1313:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1206:
1194:
1030:
1024:
1012:
1006:
951:
922:
906:
890:
840:
807:
801:
791:
785:
755:
724:
704:
687:
677:
667:
657:
647:
636:In fundamental structure, the
341:
331:
274:
265:
257:
1:
3371:Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya.
2706:10.1016/j.langcom.2003.09.002
1550:', from Middle Mongolian
471:55 ethnic minorities in China
384:prestige dialect of Chinese.
6364:List of varieties of Chinese
3394:. Leiden: Brill. p. 11.
3129:Grammar of Written Mongolian
2694:Language & Communication
1620:
1596:
1568:'passage' (modern Mongolian
1564:
1552:
1416:and believed to derive from
2954:english.visitbeijing.com.cn
2908:"太可爱了，"北京话十级"最全段子！ - 搜狗字媒体"
2840:Monumenta serica, Volume 33
2163:
2142:
2121:
2100:
2079:
2050:
2027:
2006:
1985:
1869:
1855:
1841:
1827:
1813:
1799:
1785:
1771:
1757:
1743:
1729:
1529:Manchu and Mongol loanwords
957:
912:
896:
871:
859:
764:
745:
47:
6409:
6322:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
3390:. In Sybesma, Rint (ed.).
3379:Mandarin, the language of
3187:Janhunen, Juha A. (2012).
3153:Janhunen, Juha A. (2012).
2872:"Beijing, the Language of"
2469:Feng, Emily (2016-11-23).
2186:(with phonetic reductions)
1500:) when describing a person
1102:
1070:Paul Georg von Möllendorff
1049:
629:
425:People's Republic of China
418:Old National Pronunciation
401:it was used alongside the
364:Status as prestige dialect
356:
324:addition of a final rhotic
312:People's Republic of China
18:
6356:
5706:
4361:
4311:
3687:
2733:10.1017/S0267190506000080
2338:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2159:
2138:
2117:
2096:
2075:
2046:
2023:
2002:
1981:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1865:
1851:
1837:
1823:
1809:
1795:
1781:
1767:
1753:
1739:
1725:
1692:This article needs to be
1655:
1641:
1633:expressions differently.
1609:
1602:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1558:
1537:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1458:
1447:
1437:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1369:
1357:
1346:
1345:, often used in place of
1336:
1330:
1329:, often used in place of
1320:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1189:
1019:
1001:
946:
917:
901:
885:
835:
796:
780:
760:
750:
741:
719:
699:
682:
672:
662:
652:
642:
336:
326:
218:
40:
38:
33:
3126:Poppe, Nicholas (1974).
2396:List of Chinese dialects
2391:Chinese in New York City
1471:Others may be viewed as
1181:"-r", which is known as
876:⟩ become ⟨
467:Beijing Union University
2843:. H. Vetch. p. 351
2794:(in Simplified Chinese)
1230:; 'to be angry'
3086:: CS1 maint: others (
3032:Manchu Grammar, Part 8
2411:Sino-Tibetan languages
2158:
2137:
2116:
2095:
2074:
2045:
2022:
2001:
1980:
1864:
1850:
1836:
1822:
1808:
1794:
1780:
1766:
1752:
1738:
1724:
1099:Influence on Mongolian
1061:
483:Sino-Tibetan languages
477:Mutual intelligibility
441:
220:This article contains
4216:Central Tibeto-Burman
2535:. Tuttle Publishing.
1349:; 'to place'.
825:⟨j q x⟩
437:
34:Pekingese, Beijingese
2429:Zhou, Yimin (2002).
2406:Varieties of Chinese
1654:with the classifier
1185:. Examples include:
552:improve this article
335:to some words (e.g.
4274:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
2792:paper.people.com.cn
2659:Chen, Ping (1999).
1046:Influence on Manchu
854:unstressed syllable
817:⟨zcs⟩
416:, resulting in the
262:traditional Chinese
6393:Culture in Beijing
6317:Cantonese Bopomofo
6184:Chinese characters
6112:Written Sichuanese
4696:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
4267:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
4209:Proposed groupings
2559:Jie, Dong (2009).
2475:The New York Times
1333:; 'to go'.
1154:Khorchin Mongolian
1124:. You can help by
856:: pinyin] ⟨
852:if they are in an
830:are pronounced as
508:, particularly in
473:, are endangered.
461:Younger generation
254:simplified Chinese
6370:
6369:
6352:
6351:
6179:
6178:
6097:Written Cantonese
6092:
6091:
5874:Classical grammar
5869:Cantonese grammar
5704:
5703:
5601:
5600:
5407:
5406:
5326:
5325:
5188:
5187:
4895:
4894:
4682:
4681:
4572:Chengdu–Chongqing
4365:Sinitic languages
4321:
4320:
4204:
4203:
4089:
4088:
3930:
3929:
3685:
3684:
2509:Los Angeles Times
2337:Often written as
1713:
1712:
1669:Classical Chinese
1380:Classical Chinese
1254:; 'klutz'
1142:
1141:
963:; pinyin ⟨
628:
627:
620:
602:
567:"Beijing dialect"
374:Standard Mandarin
320:Republic of China
278:), also known as
246:
245:
228:rendering support
224:phonetic symbols.
6400:
6388:City colloquials
6383:Mandarin Chinese
6362:
6361:
6334:Taiwanese Hangul
6223:Mainland Chinese
6136:
6127:
6052:
5729:Standard Chinese
5712:
5480:
5199:
5092:
5083:
4965:
4953:
4941:
4929:
4917:
4716:
4388:
4379:
4355:Chinese language
4348:
4341:
4334:
4325:
4163:
4024:
3858:
3693:
3610:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2912:pinyin.sogou.com
2904:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2666:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2613:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2466:
2445:
2444:
2426:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2068:
2055:
2048:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1975:Beijing dialect:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1727:
1717:Standard Chinese
1708:
1705:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1662:
1657:
1648:
1643:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1544:
1539:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1137:
1134:
1116:
1109:
1074:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1003:
993:
986:
982:
978:
970:
966:
962:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
924:
919:
915:
908:
903:
899:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:
868:before ⟨
867:
863:
862:
842:
837:
833:
829:
826:
822:
819:
818:
809:
803:
798:
793:
787:
782:
778:
767:
762:
757:
752:
748:
743:
728:
721:
710:
706:
701:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
623:
616:
612:
609:
603:
601:
560:
536:
528:
443:Some argue that
378:prestige dialect
343:
338:
333:
328:
308:Standard Chinese
288:prestige dialect
276:
267:
259:
214:
202:
188:
172:
156:
151:
139:
108:Beijing Mandarin
82:
50:
43:
42:
26:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6348:
6285:Tongyong Pinyin
6265:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
6253:Dungan Cyrillic
6236:
6205:
6175:
6116:
6107:Written Hokkien
6088:
6047:
6041:
6017:Middle Mandarin
5983:
5903:
5878:
5840:
5787:
5720:
5713:
5700:
5649:
5597:
5556:
5533:
5469:
5403:
5322:
5301:
5283:
5260:
5184:
5151:
5128:
5072:
5008:
4968:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4891:
4873:
4845:
4827:
4801:
4778:
4705:
4678:
4652:
4629:
4553:
4493:
4465:
4442:
4419:
4368:
4357:
4352:
4322:
4317:
4307:
4258:Proto-languages
4252:
4200:
4167:Greater Siangic
4161:
4098:
4085:
4022:
3926:
3898:
3856:
3800:
3791:
3703:
3694:
3681:
3614:Greater Magaric
3608:
3535:West Himalayish
3515:
3501:
3495:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3387:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3078:
3071:
3069:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3011:
3009:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2934:
2930:
2921:
2919:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2870:Chirkova, Yen.
2869:
2868:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2615:
2614:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2512:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2468:
2467:
2448:
2441:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2383:Language portal
2381:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2188:
2177:
2156:
2135:
2114:
2093:
2072:
2043:
2020:
1999:
1972:
1876:
1862:
1848:
1834:
1820:
1806:
1792:
1778:
1764:
1750:
1736:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1630:
1531:
1174:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1122:needs expansion
1107:
1101:
1076:
1063:
1054:
1052:Manchu language
1048:
937:become ⟨
910:can sound like
824:
816:
634:
624:
613:
607:
604:
561:
559:
549:
537:
526:
502:Dungan language
479:
463:
403:Manchu language
392:Nanjing dialect
380:, or sometimes
366:
361:
355:
250:Beijing dialect
226:Without proper
212:
198:
184:
168:
165:
154:
147:
135:
125:
113:Beijing dialect
83:
80:Language family
78:
72:urban districts
44:
29:Beijing dialect
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6406:
6404:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6375:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6329:Taiwanese kana
6326:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6300:Lessing-Othmer
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6142:
6133:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6102:Written Dungan
6099:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6058:
6056:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6007:Middle Chinese
6004:
5999:
5993:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5974:Wubi (Wang Ma)
5971:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5922:
5919:
5913:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5725:
5723:
5715:
5714:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5691:Xiangnan Tuhua
5688:
5683:
5678:
5676:Shaozhou Tuhua
5673:
5668:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5611:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5089:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4978:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4918:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4589:Renshou–Fushun
4586:
4585:
4584:
4574:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4499:Central Plains
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4248:Tibeto-Kanauri
4245:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4221:Kuki-Chin–Naga
4218:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4184:
4171:
4169:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4109:
4107:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4074:
4069:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4032:
4030:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3942:
3940:Southeast Asia
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3877:Angami–Pochuri
3874:
3868:
3866:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3802:
3801:Burmese border
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3719:
3717:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3571:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3528:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3444:
3424:
3403:
3402:External links
3400:
3398:
3397:
3360:
3336:
3310:
3289:10.2307/606376
3267:
3239:
3232:
3213:
3199:
3179:
3165:
3145:
3138:
3118:
3093:
3055:
3041:
3021:
2991:
2966:
2941:
2928:
2899:
2877:
2853:
2829:
2804:
2779:
2754:
2711:
2684:
2677:
2651:
2603:
2589:
2569:
2548:
2541:
2521:
2494:
2446:
2439:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2372:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2178:
2157:
2136:
2115:
2094:
2073:
2044:
2021:
2000:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1863:
1849:
1835:
1821:
1807:
1793:
1779:
1765:
1751:
1737:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1607:
1583:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1421:
1420:
1401:
1382:
1367:
1351:
1350:
1334:
1318:
1306:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1214:if used as an
1199:
1173:
1170:
1150:Inner Mongolia
1140:
1139:
1119:
1117:
1100:
1097:
1055:
1050:Main article:
1047:
1044:
789:is pronounced
626:
625:
540:
538:
531:
525:
522:
478:
475:
462:
459:
455:Forbidden City
365:
362:
354:
351:
345:). During the
294:spoken in the
244:
243:
230:, you may see
216:
215:
210:
204:
203:
196:
190:
189:
182:
174:
173:
166:
161:
158:
157:
152:
144:
143:
140:
132:
131:
130:Language codes
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
86:
84:
77:
74:
73:
67:
63:
62:
57:
56:Native to
53:
52:
36:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6405:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6365:
6355:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6248:Cyrillization
6246:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6140:Script styles
6137:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5716:
5711:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4288:Proto-Karenic
4285:
4283:
4282:
4281:Proto-Loloish
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:Tibeto-Burman
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4028:Burmo-Qiangic
4025:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3922:Jingpho–Luish
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3560:Baram–Thangmi
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3453:. E. J. Brill
3452:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3325:on 2022-11-30
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3283:(1): 99–104.
3282:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3253:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3233:9783819608964
3229:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3202:
3200:9789027273055
3196:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3180:
3168:
3166:9789027273055
3162:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3139:9783447006842
3135:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3119:
3106:
3105:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2992:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2918:on 2020-02-11
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2830:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2700:(2): 97–133.
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2678:9780521645720
2674:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2592:
2590:9781317231141
2586:
2583:. Routledge.
2582:
2581:
2573:
2570:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2542:9781462918362
2538:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2522:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2440:7-303-06225-4
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2334:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1695:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1584:
1566:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1457:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1411:
1402:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1335:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1280:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1244:
1241:
1232:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1120:This section
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:The literary
1035:
1033:
1027:
1016:
1015:
1009:
998:
996:
988:
974:
961:
960:
954:
927:
925:
914:
909:
898:
893:
873:
861:
855:
851:
845:
843:
812:
810:
804:
794:
788:
776:
769:
766:
758:
749:, and as in
747:
739:
735:
733:
732:rhotacization
729:
727:
717:
714:
707:
697:
696:rhotic vowels
692:
690:
680:
670:
660:
650:
639:
633:
622:
619:
611:
600:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
576:
572:
569: –
568:
564:
563:Find sources:
557:
553:
547:
546:
541:This article
539:
535:
530:
529:
523:
521:
519:
518:Iasyr Shivaza
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
476:
474:
472:
468:
460:
458:
456:
451:
448:
446:
440:
436:
434:
429:
426:
423:In 1955, the
421:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
395:
393:
388:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:
360:
352:
350:
348:
344:
334:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
271:
263:
255:
251:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
223:
217:
213:cmn-u-sd-cnbj
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
181:
180:
175:
171:
167:
164:
163:Linguist List
159:
153:
150:
145:
141:
138:
133:
128:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:
85:
81:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
51:
49:
37:
32:
27:
22:
6270:Hanyu Pinyin
6260:Romanization
6167:Semi-cursive
6012:Old Mandarin
5969:Stroke count
5896:
5889:
5811:Old National
5654:Unclassified
4559:Southwestern
4432:
4392:Northeastern
4374:Major groups
4363:
4313:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4240:
4186:
4179:
4154:
4140:
4133:
4124:
4117:
4076:
4061:Lolo-Burmese
4059:
4035:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3881:
3849:
3842:
3833:
3826:
3814:
3807:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3729:
3722:
3674:
3668:
3654:
3647:
3633:
3626:
3601:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3566:
3552:
3540:
3533:
3498:Sino-Tibetan
3455:. Retrieved
3449:
3435:. Retrieved
3429:
3416:. Retrieved
3410:
3391:
3380:
3374:
3353:23 September
3351:. Retrieved
3345:
3339:
3327:. Retrieved
3323:the original
3313:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3258:. Retrieved
3222:
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3189:
3182:
3170:. Retrieved
3155:
3148:
3128:
3121:
3109:. Retrieved
3103:
3096:
3070:. Retrieved
3064:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3031:
3024:
3010:. Retrieved
3001:
2994:
2982:. Retrieved
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2953:
2944:
2937:Language Log
2936:
2931:
2920:. Retrieved
2916:the original
2911:
2902:
2893:
2880:
2845:. Retrieved
2839:
2832:
2821:. Retrieved
2819:. 2010-03-12
2816:
2807:
2796:. Retrieved
2791:
2782:
2771:. Retrieved
2769:. 2011-06-09
2766:
2757:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2662:
2654:
2624:(1): 63–88.
2621:
2617:
2594:. Retrieved
2579:
2572:
2566:. p. 4.
2531:
2524:
2513:. Retrieved
2507:
2497:
2486:. Retrieved
2474:
2430:
2424:
2369:China portal
2342:
2333:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2052:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2014:
2013:
2007:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1877:
1870:
1856:
1842:
1828:
1814:
1800:
1786:
1772:
1758:
1744:
1730:
1701:
1693:
1666:
1659:
1645:
1635:
1631:
1613:
1589:
1541:
1532:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1470:
1462:
1450:
1441:
1428:
1422:
1407:
1388:
1373:
1361:
1352:
1340:
1324:
1312:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1205:
1193:
1175:
1143:
1130:
1126:adding to it
1121:
1092:Heilongjiang
1084:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
989:
958:
950:
928:
921:
905:
889:
846:
839:
813:
806:
800:
790:
784:
770:
754:
736:
723:
703:
693:
686:
676:
666:
656:
646:
635:
614:
605:
595:
588:
581:
574:
562:
550:Please help
545:verification
542:
506:Central Asia
499:
480:
464:
452:
449:
442:
438:
430:
422:
407:
399:Qing dynasty
396:
389:
386:
381:
367:
340:
330:
283:
279:
273:
249:
247:
219:
194:Linguasphere
177:
112:
88:Sino-Tibetan
45:
6339:Xiao'erjing
6201:Punctuation
6194:Traditional
6147:Oracle bone
6131:Logographic
6027:Proto-Hakka
6002:Eastern Han
5997:Old Chinese
5859:Classifiers
5826:Northern Wu
5754:Singaporean
4960: [
4948: [
4936: [
4924: [
4912: [
4302:Proto-Hakka
4231:Mahakiranti
3737:East Bodish
3517:Uttarakhand
3250:Zhao, Hui.
2767:Shanghaiist
2727:: 149–176.
1652:tone sandhi
971:go through
397:During the
234:instead of
6377:Categories
6290:Wade–Giles
6189:Simplified
6084:Vernacular
6077:in Vietnam
5930:Simplified
5917:Biaoxingma
5864:Honorifics
5799:Historical
5744:Philippine
5734:Sichuanese
5661:Badong Yao
5365:Shao–Jiang
5236:Philippine
5044:Xiangxiang
5039:Shuangfeng
4784:Taizhou Wu
4567:Sichuanese
4196:Idu–Taraon
4150:Miju–Meyor
4043:Gyalrongic
3889:Tangkhulic
3664:Raji–Raute
3437:2011-05-15
3042:9004123075
2974:Hu, King.
2922:2020-04-14
2847:2011-02-15
2823:2019-06-16
2798:2019-06-16
2773:2019-06-16
2515:2019-06-16
2488:2019-06-16
2417:References
1664:after it.
1638:classifier
1473:neologisms
1216:imperative
1172:Vocabulary
1103:See also:
630:See also:
578:newspapers
514:Kazakhstan
510:Kyrgyzstan
495:Wu Chinese
357:See also:
296:urban area
284:Beijingese
275:Běijīnghuà
48:Běijīnghuà
6228:Taiwanese
6218:Cantonese
6062:Classical
6022:Proto-Min
5957:Microsoft
5816:Cantonese
5792:Phonology
5773:Cantonese
5764:Singdarin
5749:Malaysian
5739:Taiwanese
5643:Rongjiang
5633:Yongjiang
5629:Southern
5614:Northern
5588:Luo–Guang
5497:Hong Kong
5492:Guangzhou
5448:Taiwanese
5441:Changting
5375:Zhanjiang
5289:Zhongshan
5256:Malaysian
5251:Singapore
5216:Zhangzhou
5168:Zhongshan
5061:Yong–Quan
4957:Jing-Zhan
4887:Xuancheng
4864:Jiangshan
4743:Changzhou
4664:Junjiahua
4517:Guanzhong
4400:Changchun
4295:Proto-Min
4226:Macro-Bai
4104:Arunachal
4097:(possible
3912:Boro–Garo
3816:Kuki-Chin
3799:and Indo-
3714:Arunachal
3701:Himalayas
3676:Tandrange
3643:Chepangic
3574:Dhimalish
3508:Himalayas
3319:"还是关于东北话"
3297:0003-0279
3190:Mongolian
3156:Mongolian
3111:25 August
3082:cite book
3072:25 August
3048:25 August
2741:1471-6356
2638:0003-0279
2483:0362-4331
2401:Putonghua
1704:June 2019
1606:'guide').
1166:diglossia
1146:Mongolian
1133:June 2019
1025:Dà Zhàlán
1010:becoming
979:⟩
967:⟩
941:⟩
933:⟩
880:⟩
864:⟩
802:gōng'ānjú
786:zhōngyāng
638:phonology
608:June 2019
524:Phonology
487:Cantonese
445:Cantonese
316:Singapore
286:, is the
280:Pekingese
200:79-AAA-bb
179:Glottolog
149:ISO 639-6
137:ISO 639-3
6312:Bopomofo
6241:Phonetic
6233:Two-cell
6162:Clerical
6072:in Japan
6067:Adoption
6055:Official
6046:Literary
5921:Boshiamy
5898:Xiehouyu
5854:Numerals
5831:Mandarin
5759:Standard
5719:Standard
5593:Qin–Lian
5583:Yong–Xun
5568:Gao–Yang
5514:Jiujiang
5502:Malaysia
5436:Tingzhou
5387:Wenchang
5348:Jianyang
5338:Northern
5297:Sanxiang
5211:Quanzhou
5194:Southern
5163:Manjiang
5027:Changsha
4987:Nanchang
4982:Chang–Du
4879:Xuanzhou
4869:Qingtian
4823:Wencheng
4769:Jiangyin
4764:Jinxiang
4754:Shaoxing
4748:Hangzhou
4728:Shanghai
4669:Qinjiang
4577:Minjiang
4549:Xinjiang
4507:Dongping
4471:Jiaoliao
4410:Shenyang
4383:Mandarin
4100:isolates
4067:Mondzish
3995:Cai–Long
3743:Tshangla
3699:Eastern
3542:Tamangic
3512:Himachal
3506:Western
3500:branches
3418:24 April
2749:62096508
2355:See also
1675:Examples
1287:xiāoting
1275:sóngniār
1158:Kharchin
990:⟨
981:/pʰtʰkʰ/
959:gǎnyǐnqù
952:gǎnjǐnqù
935:/tɕtɕʰɕ/
929:⟨
891:bùzhīdào
866:/tʂtʂʰʂ/
860:zh ch sh
850:lenition
841:nǚguóyīn
832:/tstsʰs/
828:/tɕtɕʰɕ/
821:/tstsʰs/
414:Mandarin
318:and the
292:Mandarin
240:Help:IPA
186:beij1234
103:Mandarin
6211:Braille
6172:Cursive
6122:Scripts
5989:History
5979:ZhengMa
5925:Cangjie
5891:Chengyu
5846:Grammar
5821:Hokkien
5778:Hokkien
5686:Waxiang
5666:Danzhou
5638:Guandao
5623:Younian
5618:Tongdao
5607:Pinghua
5547:Taishan
5463:Raoping
5431:Huizhou
5421:Meixian
5397:Banqiao
5370:Leizhou
5360:Pu–Xian
5355:Central
5343:Jian'ou
5318:Longyan
5266:Teochew
5203:Hokkien
5178:Nanlang
5134:Fu–Ning
5114:Changle
5096:Houguan
5087:Eastern
5034:Loushao
5022:Changyi
5004:Da–Tong
4999:Ying–Yi
4945:Yanzhou
4813:Wenzhou
4806:Oujiang
4797:Tiantai
4792:Taizhou
4701:Zhi–Yan
4648:Nantong
4643:Nanjing
4618:Gui–Liu
4608:Nanping
4603:Kunming
4529:Luoyang
4484:Qingdao
4456:Tianjin
4433:Beijing
4425:Beijing
4314:Italics
4175:Siangic
4156:Songlin
4135:Kho-Bwa
4113:Hrusish
4095:Dubious
4078:Loloish
4072:Burmish
4037:Qiangic
4008:Longjia
3975:Karenic
3969:Nungish
3949:Sinitic
3835:Hkongso
3797:Myanmar
3767:Gongduk
3731:Tibetic
3649:Chepang
3622:Magaric
3568:Kiranti
3548:Newaric
3457:1 March
3382:Běijīng
3376:Běijīng
3329:18 June
3260:18 June
3206:18 June
3172:18 June
3012:1 April
2984:18 June
2959:18 June
2817:Reuters
2596:18 June
2431:现代北京话研究
2243:chūménr
2082:chūménr
1915:Jīntiān
1732:Jīntiān
1694:updated
1628:Grammar
1546:; '
1452:dǎxiǎor
1443:qíxiǎor
1409:tè, tēi
1314:zhezile
1251:èrbǎdāo
1227:cuōhuǒr
1162:Tibetan
1073:, p. 1.
1031:Dàshlàr
973:voicing
759:, e.g.
592:scholar
491:Hokkien
353:History
300:Beijing
236:Unicode
170:cmn-bej
98:Chinese
93:Sinitic
70:Beijing
6280:Postal
6275:MPS II
6152:Bronze
6032:Ba–Shu
5952:Google
5947:Pinyin
5883:Idioms
5696:Yeheni
5578:Wu–Hua
5573:Goulou
5552:Xinhui
5529:Dapeng
5524:Weitou
5509:Xiguan
5484:Yuehai
5453:Sixian
5392:Haikou
5382:Hainan
5313:Zhenan
5279:Haklau
5274:Swatow
5246:Penang
5231:Taiwan
5226:Chawan
5173:Longdu
5142:Ningde
5119:Gutian
5109:Fuqing
5104:Fuzhou
5066:Qiyang
5049:Wugang
4994:Yi–Liu
4921:Xiu-Yi
4909:Ji-She
4859:Quzhou
4851:Chu–Qu
4841:Jinhua
4833:Wuzhou
4818:Rui'an
4759:Ningbo
4733:Suzhou
4623:Wuming
4594:Zigong
4582:Leshan
4544:Lanyin
4539:Dungan
4534:Xuzhou
4512:Gangou
4489:Weihai
4479:Dalian
4438:Taiwan
4405:Harbin
4188:Milang
4142:Puroik
4126:Mijiic
4050:Ersuic
4001:Caijia
3917:Konyak
3883:Meitei
3787:Chamdo
3724:Bodish
3710:Bhutan
3656:Bhujel
3603:Lepcha
3594:Lhokpu
3580:Dhimal
3525:Sikkim
3305:606376
3303:
3295:
3230:
3197:
3163:
3136:
3039:
2788:"民生周刊"
2747:
2739:
2675:
2644:
2636:
2587:
2539:
2481:
2437:
2296:chūmér
2248:shíhòu
2183:
2180:
2103:shíhòu
2089:chūmér
1965:yǔsan.
1945:shíhou
1935:chūmén
1925:xiàyǔ,
1872:yǔsan.
1816:shíhou
1788:chūmén
1760:xiàyǔ,
1615:hēnduo
1553:quddug
1548:hutong
1543:hútòng
1521:xiǎomì
1509:tàocír
1485:shuǎng
1464:yūncài
1375:láojia
1363:kōumer
1263:sayazi
1239:diārle
1207:biéjie
1179:suffix
1013:máosi.
923:tūnyīn
907:lǎoshī
897:bùrdào
808:guānjú
792:zhuāng
716:suffix
681:, and
594:
587:
580:
573:
565:
493:, and
272::
270:pinyin
264::
256::
66:Region
6344:Nüshu
6048:forms
5962:Sogou
5909:Input
5783:Hakka
5721:forms
5561:Other
5519:Shiqi
5458:Hailu
5426:Wuhua
5413:Hakka
5331:Other
5306:Other
5241:Pedan
5156:Other
5147:Fu'an
5124:Matsu
5056:Ji–Xu
5014:Xiang
4964:]
4952:]
4940:]
4933:Qi-De
4928:]
4916:]
4774:Shadi
4720:Taihu
4674:Gyami
4657:Other
4613:Wuhan
4522:Xi'an
4461:Jinan
4119:Hruso
4015:Luren
3989:Kathu
3963:Tujia
3851:Taman
3822:Mruic
3809:Karbi
3750:Basum
3706:Tibet
3628:Magar
3554:Newar
3521:Nepal
3388:(PDF)
3301:JSTOR
3255:(PDF)
2979:(PDF)
2894:NACCL
2890:(PDF)
2745:S2CID
2671:–19.
2642:JSTOR
2564:(PDF)
2325:Notes
2301:ríhòu
2280:xiàyǔ
2253:jìzhe
2237:suǒyǐ
2231:xiàyǔ
2124:jìzhe
2110:ríhòu
2054:suǒyǐ
2038:xiàyǔ
2030:xiàyǔ
1930:suǒyǐ
1774:suǒyǐ
1621:hendu
1610:哏哆／哏叨
1597:ǰamči
1571:гудам
1565:ɣudum
1562:) or
1559:худаг
1430:tuhua
1390:liūda
1326:shang
1183:erhua
1088:Aigun
1039:tones
1007:máocè
985:b d g
977:p t k
969:/ptk/
965:b d g
945:, so
931:j q x
884:, so
872:e i u
771:When
765:wěiba
730:, or
726:érhuà
599:JSTOR
585:books
370:China
304:China
60:China
6305:Yale
6295:EFEO
6157:Seal
5942:Dayi
5539:Siyi
5221:Amoy
4738:Wuxi
4635:Huai
4448:Jilu
4236:Rung
4181:Koro
4055:Naic
3982:Gong
3938:and
3936:East
3894:Zeme
3863:Naga
3781:Tani
3774:ʼOle
3670:Dura
3635:Kham
3587:Toto
3459:2012
3420:2014
3355:2011
3331:2019
3293:ISSN
3262:2019
3228:ISBN
3208:2019
3195:ISBN
3174:2019
3161:ISBN
3134:ISBN
3113:2014
3088:link
3074:2014
3050:2014
3037:ISBN
3014:2013
2986:2019
2961:2019
2737:ISSN
2673:ISBN
2634:ISSN
2598:2019
2585:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2479:ISSN
2435:ISBN
2344:sóng
2316:sǎn!
2263:sǎn!
2221:Jīnr
2200:（所以）
2173:sǎn!
2166:sǎn!
2047:（所以）
1988:Jīnr
1955:jìde
1844:jìde
1603:замч
1591:zhàn
1195:bèir
913:lǎor
795:and
713:noun
711:, a
709:/-ɚ/
688:shǎi
668:béng
571:news
512:and
500:The
347:Ming
282:and
248:The
208:IETF
155:bjjg
6037:Gan
5937:CKC
5804:Old
5681:She
5671:Mai
5475:Yue
5078:Min
4974:Gan
4901:Hui
4750:(?)
4688:Jin
4415:Taz
4102:) (
3956:Bai
3904:Sal
3844:Pyu
3828:Mru
3757:Nam
3285:doi
3281:116
2729:doi
2702:doi
2626:doi
2622:137
2311:dài
2306:jìr
2286:suǒ
2283:, (
2275:děi
2270:Jīr
2258:dài
2234:, (
2226:děi
2203:出门儿
2197:下雨，
2152:dài
2145:dài
2131:jìr
2076:出门儿
2063:suǒ
2024:下雨，
2016:děi
2009:děi
1995:Jīr
1960:dài
1950:yào
1920:huì
1909:雨伞。
1885:下雨，
1866:雨伞。
1858:dài
1830:yào
1754:下雨，
1746:huì
1504:套瓷儿
1448:打小儿
1438:起小儿
1397:or
1358:抠门儿
1309:褶子了
1299:zhé
1270:㞞蔫儿
1258:撒丫子
1246:二把刀
1234:颠儿了
1222:搓火儿
1128:.
1020:大柵欄
947:赶紧去
943:/j/
886:不知道
882:/ɻ/
836:女国音
805:as
797:公安局
678:tēi
658:sēi
648:diǎ
554:by
382:the
342:nǎr
298:of
290:of
266:北京話
258:北京话
222:IPA
41:北京话
6379::
4962:zh
4950:zh
4938:zh
4926:zh
4914:zh
4711:Wu
3872:Ao
3712:,
3708:,
3523:,
3519:,
3363:^
3299:.
3291:.
3279:.
3242:^
3084:}}
3080:{{
2952:.
2910:.
2892:.
2856:^
2815:.
2790:.
2765:.
2743:.
2735:.
2725:26
2723:.
2698:24
2696:.
2669:16
2640:.
2632:.
2620:.
2606:^
2551:^
2506:.
2477:.
2473:.
2449:^
2341:;
2293:)
2240:)
2215:伞！
2209:记着
2206:时候
2191:今儿
2160:伞！
2118:记着
2097:时候
1982:今儿
1940:de
1903:记得
1897:时候
1891:出门
1888:所以
1879:今天
1838:记得
1810:时候
1802:de
1782:出门
1768:所以
1726:今天
1661:gè
1658:;
1647:yí
1612:;
1588:;
1540:;
1538:胡同
1518:;
1516:小蜜
1506:;
1497:kù
1494:;
1482:;
1461:;
1459:晕菜
1440:;
1427:;
1425:土话
1418:特别
1406:;
1399:散步
1395:逛街
1387:;
1385:溜达
1372:;
1370:劳驾
1360:;
1342:ge
1339:;
1323:;
1311:;
1304:办法
1296:;
1284:;
1282:消停
1272:;
1260:;
1248:;
1236:;
1224:;
1204:;
1202:别价
1192:;
1190:倍儿
1090:,
1067:,
1034:.
1022:;
1004:;
1002:茅厕
997:.
949:;
926:.
920:;
918:吞音
904:;
902:老师
900:;
888:;
838:;
811:.
799:;
783:;
781:中央
768:.
761:尾巴
756:wǔ
753:;
746:wǒ
722:;
720:儿化
705:-r
702:;
691:.
685:;
675:;
671:,
665:;
661:,
655:;
651:,
645:;
497:.
489:,
339:;
337:哪儿
332:-r
329:;
302:,
268:;
260:;
4347:e
4340:t
4333:v
4106:)
3865:"
3861:"
3760:?
3716:)
3704:(
3673:–
3527:)
3514:,
3510:(
3490:e
3483:t
3476:v
3461:.
3440:.
3422:.
3385:"
3373:"
3357:.
3333:.
3307:.
3287::
3264:.
3236:.
3210:.
3176:.
3142:.
3115:.
3090:)
3076:.
3052:.
3016:.
3007:1
2988:.
2963:.
2925:.
2896:.
2874:.
2850:.
2826:.
2801:.
2776:.
2751:.
2731::
2708:.
2704::
2681:.
2648:.
2628::
2600:.
2545:.
2518:.
2491:.
2443:.
2347:.
2339:怂
2290:ǐ
2288:y
2212:带
2194:得
2139:带
2070:)
2067:ǐ
2065:y
2060:(
2057:)
2051:(
2041:,
2033:,
2003:得
1906:带
1900:要
1894:的
1882:会
1852:带
1824:要
1796:的
1740:会
1719::
1706:)
1702:(
1656:个
1642:一
1586:站
1580:巷
1576:衕
1492:酷
1480:爽
1414:很
1404:特
1347:放
1337:搁
1331:去
1321:上
1294:辙
1212:呀
1135:)
1131:(
992:f
939:y
878:r
777:/
775:ŋ
773:/
751:五
742:我
700:儿
683:色
673:忒
663:甭
653:塞
643:嗲
621:)
615:(
610:)
606:(
596:·
589:·
582:·
575:·
548:.
435:,
327:儿
252:(
242:.
142:–
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.