648:
423:
615:
671:(buildings, etc.). The bell caves consist of limestone in their upper-layer (to a depth of about one to two meters), beneath which is rock consisting solely of a beige-colored, soft chalkstone, utilized by its early inhabits for carving caverns and dwellings. There are numerous bell caves within the park grounds and events are held in one of them. They are large (over 60 feet (18 m) high), airy and easily accessible.
663:
887:, Submitted to the World Heritage Center - UNESCO By the State of Israel - January 2013, p.14: "Note: The relationship between the caves and the settlement network above them – wherever it is referred to all through this dossier – is given in order to let the reader understand the context of these caves; however, the mentioned archaeological surface remains are not a part of the proposed nomination!"
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with subterranean galleries. The arena was surrounded by a series of connected barrel vaults, which formed a long, circular corridor and supported the stone seats above it; staircases led from the outside and from the circular corridor to the tribunes. It was built for the Roman troops stationed in the region after the suppression of the
422:
622:
The
Sidonian burial caves were the family tomb of Apollophanes, the leader of the Sidonian community in Beit Guvrin. The Sidonian caves are the only ones that are painted inside. The caves were burial caves for the Greek, Sidonian and Edumite inhabitants of Beit Guvrin. The first and largest cave has
707:
There are a number of cave-like dwellings carved from the chalkstone bedrock, some of which display a vast extension of networks and passageways, with staircases descending down into the depth, made with step-like balustrades, and replete with cisterns for storing water and millstones for grinding
753:
The remains of a Roman amphitheater were uncovered in the mid-1990s. The amphitheater was built in the 2nd century, on the northwestern outskirts of Beit Guvrin. This amphitheater, in which gladiatorial contests took place, could seat about 3,500 spectators. It had a walled arena of packed earth,
670:
The largest bell caves are in the east part of the park. They have been dug since prehistoric times, the excavations reaching their zenith in the
Hellenistic period and during the Byzantine and Early Arab Period, when blocks of chalkstone extracted from the caves were used for construction work
606:. Important finds at the latter site were the amphitheater built by the Roman army units stationed there, a large Roman bath house, and from the Crusader period a fortress integrating the walls of the Roman amphitheater and bath house, as well as an attached church.
716:
itself, as they were later enclosed by a wall that encompassed both the city and its expanded suburbs. The largest and most impressive of these caverns and dwelling places is that built near the Tell on its southeast side, and which the locals knew by the name
784:
Among other major archaeological finds at this site is the
Heliodorus Stele. This stele recounts events in Judaea prior to the Maccabean revolt and offers important historical evidence for events which modern day Jews commemorate during the holiday of
549:, under the new name of "Eleutheropolis", 'city of freemen'. Sources from the Byzantine period mention both Christian and Jewish personalities living in the city. A large Jewish community existed during the Roman and Byzantine Periods and famous
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2283:
647:
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741:
Saint Anne's church was first built in the
Byzantine period and then rebuilt by the Crusaders in the 12th century. The ruin is known in Arabic as Khirbet (lit. "ruin") Sandahanna, the nearby
2084:
2269:
462:(14th century BCE, during the Early Bronze Age) is unlikely to be the predecessor of Iron Age Maresha, as no remains older than the Iron Age were unearthed there by archaeologists.
2560:
2077:
222:, a depopulated Palestinian town known as Eleutheropolis in the Roman era. However, Maresha and Bayt Jibrin are not part of the UNESCO site, which covers only the cave network.
1612:
679:
The
National Park is known for some of the best preserved columbaria from the Hellenistic and Roman periods. One of the largest is located on the west side of Tell Maresha (
1603:
1454:
Perry-Gal, Lee; Stern, Ian; Erlich, Adi (2022-01-02). "Gaming and divination in the
Hellenistic Levant: the case study of the astragalus assemblage from Maresha, Israel".
282:
Tel
Maresha (Modern Hebrew) or Tell Sandahannah (Arabic) is the site of Iron Age (biblical) Mareshah, which continued through the Persian and into the Hellenistic period.
659:
There are about 800 bell-shaped caves located in the area. Many of the caves are linked via an underground network of passageways that connect groups of 40–50 caves.
2134:
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699:. It has been carved underground from the soft chalkstone endemic to the area, and built with tiers of niches capable of housing hundreds of brooding pigeons.
74:
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symbolizes the life after death. The Tomb of the
Musicians is decorated with a painting showing a man playing the flute and a woman playing the harp.
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781:– animal knucklebone dice – used 2,300 years ago during the Hellenistic period for divination and gaming have been found at the site since 2000.
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745:(mound) of Maresha being called Tell Sandahanna. The freestanding remains of the apse are well preserved (see photo).
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543:(132–135 CE), it was re-established as a Roman colony and in the year 200 it received the title of a city and the
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I captured and destroyed
Maresha in 112 BCE, the region of Idumea remained under Hasmonean control. In 40 BC the
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paintings of animals, real and mythic, above the niches where the corpses were laid. A cock crows to scare away
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For a description of the paintings in the tomb of
Apollophanes, see John P. Peeters and Herman Theirsch,
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The Caves of Maresha and Bet Guvrin, In the Judean Lowlands, As a Microcosm of the Land of the Caves
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2100:
1632:
1379:
The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
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The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
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Archaeological artifacts unearthed at the site include a large Jewish cemetery, a Roman-Byzantine
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834:"Caves of Maresha and Bet-Guvrin in the Judean Lowlands as a Microcosm of the Land of the Caves"
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289:(Biblical, recent spelling), in the Iron Age and thus in the Hebrew Bible. Classical spelling:
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National parks declared by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territories and Golan Heights
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389:; remained in use during the Byzantine period, alongside the earlier graecised Aramaic name
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1158:
Negev & Gibson (2001), "Maresha (Tell); Marissa; Sandahannah (Tell)", pp. 315-317.
884:
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Byzantine mosaics depicting birds and animals were discovered on the hilltop in 1924.
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Tell Maresha: An underground city from the Hellenistic period in the Judean lowlands
1289:
Tell Maresha: An underground city from the Hellenistic period in the Judean lowlands
1262:
Tell Maresha: An underground city from the Hellenistic period in the Judean lowlands
721:(The Cave of Saint Anne). Today, in Modern Hebrew, the same cave dwelling is called
2124:
1969:
1861:
1838:
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688:
545:
498:
474:
406:
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226:
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in 200 CE (Late Roman period) when he raised it to the status of a city under the
347:(c. 1 CE - c. 630 CE) in Aramaic, meaning "house of the strong men"; graecised as
1513:
1128:
Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an rchaeological Gazetter
505:, Maresha was a base for attacks against Judea and suffered retaliation from the
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1964:
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olives. These caverns and dwellings, though not situated on the eminence of the
603:
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were identified by them on the mound. Many of the ancient city's olive presses,
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succeeded Maresha as the main town of the area. Conquered by the Roman general
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the name of the site in pre-modern and modern times until the mid-20th century
261:
233:
60:
1475:
1087:. NY: Haper and Brothers. Accessed 30 August 2024 via biblicalcyclopedia.com.
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were excavated after 1989 and 1992 respectively by the Israeli archaeologist
126:
and Bet-Guvrin in the Judean Lowlands as a Microcosm of the Land of the Caves
89:
76:
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1995:
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devastated completely the "strong cite", after which it was never rebuilt.
510:
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337:
1581:
268:, a depopulated Palestinian town known as Eleutheropolis in the Roman era.
28:
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2000:
1705:
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786:
758:. The amphitheater is an elliptical structure built of large rectangular
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2010:
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in 40 BCE, starting from a suburb of then 600-year-old Maresha/Marisa.
277:
245:
207:
123:
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1085:
The Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature
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165:
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2154:
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2015:
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397:(c.630 - 1948 CE) in Arabic during the Early Muslim and later periods
199:
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50:
206:. The national park includes the remains of the historical towns of
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city encircled by a town wall with towers. Two Hellenistic and one
481:
fortified it against Egyptian attack. After the destruction of the
2529:
2503:
2330:
2310:
2139:
1985:
1914:
1891:
961:"Marisa/Eleutheropolis (Palestine) 26 Beit Guvrin - Ελευθερόπολις"
732:
661:
646:
613:
445:
421:
403:
Bethgibelin, Beit Gibelin, Bersabea, Gybelin, Ybelin Hospitaliorum
332:
The city was established after the destruction of the city on the
244:
The national park includes the remains of the historical towns of
1426:
The Holy Land: An Archeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700
737:
The ruins of the Church of St Anne, called Sandahanna in Arabic.
486:
434:, the national park with ancient World Heritage Site caves, and
2265:
2073:
1585:
1054:. Jerusalem: Carta Digital Ltd. 5 December 2012. pp. 78–79
497:
community settled in Maresha, and the city is mentioned in the
229:, a Byzantine church, public baths, mosaics and burial caves.
303:(c.300 BCE - 40 BCE) during the Hellenistic period and (see
712:
itself, were considered part and parcel with the city of
409:
in 1136, held until 1187 and in 1240-1244 CE) during the
2591:
2nd-century BC establishments in the Hasmonean Kingdom
2566:
Buildings and structures in Southern District (Israel)
458:, sometimes rendered in English as Muhrashti, of the
198:, containing a large network of caves recognized by
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2237:
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66:
56:
42:
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1524:Archaeology of Beit Guvrin, Jewish Virtual Library
1300:. / March 2020, minutes 07:11–07:33; (in Hebrew).
1217:"Bet Guvrin (Beit Jibrin, Betogabris, Beth Gabra)"
1005:. New York and London: Continuum. pp. 78–79.
695:, and formerly known by its local inhabitants as
1359:. / March 2020, minutes 13:45–ff.; (in Hebrew).
1273:. / March 2020, minutes 05:47–08:07 (in Hebrew).
1030:(in German). Cologne: DuMont. pp. 193–197.
2135:Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev
2130:Baháʼi Holy Places in Haifa and Western Galilee
33:"Bell cave" quarry at Beit Guvrin National Park
942:online library, incl. "Maresha Today" sidebar.
762:ashlars. It was in use until destroyed in the
2561:Protected areas of Southern District (Israel)
2292:Villages and fortresses destroyed during the
2277:
2085:
1597:
8:
1572:The Polish Cave – Historical Sites in Israel
1003:Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land
539:(68 CE) and completely destroyed during the
405:(royal castle built c. 1135, handed over to
1384:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
1325:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
1246:(London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1905).
666:Bell Caves at the Beit Govrin National Park
2284:
2270:
2262:
2167:Nahal Me'arot / Wadi el-Mughara Caves
2092:
2078:
2070:
1939:
1604:
1590:
1582:
1243:Painted Tombs in the Necropolis of Marissa
1131:. Cambridge University Press. p. 27.
1117:
1115:
18:
989:
987:
985:
485:, the city of Maresha became part of the
322:Bet Guvrin / Eleutheropolis / Bayt Jibrin
864:
862:
580:, who uncovered a planned and fortified
264:, Tel Aviv, 1972, p.281</ref> and
1001:(2001). "Beth Gubrin; Eleutheropolis".
951:
949:
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595:and water cisterns can still be seen.
1428:, Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, 1980, p.145
170:
160:
145:
137:
129:
117:
108:
7:
2571:Ancient Jewish settlements of Judaea
1547:Re-reconstruction of the Bird Mosaic
920:Jacobson, David (March–April 2004).
651:"The Polish Cave" with columbarium (
572:was first excavated in 1898–1900 by
477:mentions among other episodes that
14:
232:It is located 13 kilometers from
192:Beit Guvrin-Maresha National Park
22:Beit Guvrin-Maresha National Park
2586:Roman towns and cities in Israel
1462:(1). Informa UK Limited: 65–79.
969:Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation
248:, one of the important towns of
210:, one of the important towns of
41:
27:
1541:Unique sounds in the Bell Caves
1099:, quoted in Le Strange (1890),
465:The earliest written record of
2581:Archaeological sites in Israel
2551:World Heritage Sites in Israel
1169:"Joshua 15:44 - Bible Gateway"
194:is a national park in central
1:
1468:10.1080/00758914.2022.2048433
598:Both Maresha and Beit Guvrin/
1125:(1997). "Bait Jibrin (32)".
367: in the Latin-language
1403:"Maresha - St. Anna | Huji"
927:Biblical Archaeology Review
693:Survey of Western Palestine
631:guards the entrance to the
2607:
1519:Israel places: Beit Guvrin
565:Archaeological excavations
432:Bayt Jibrin-Eleutheropolis
325:
307:) part of the Roman period
275:
112:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2061:Nature reserves of Israel
2053:
1407:dig.corps-cmhl.huji.ac.il
1052:"Bet Guvrin (Betogabris)"
902:January 29, 2009, at the
764:Galilee earthquake of 363
469:was as a city in ancient
185:
181:
105:
90:31.5969611°N 34.9006472°E
38:
26:
2556:National parks of Israel
2229:Beit She'arim necropolis
1561:The Bell Cave in Maresha
1345:of Bar-Ilan University,
1286:of Bar-Ilan University,
1259:of Bar-Ilan University,
897:Bell Cave at Beit Guvrin
804:National Parks of Israel
442:map with modern overlay)
1555:Conservation Department
1444:, Tel Aviv, 1972, p.276
1392:(s.v. Tell Sandahannah)
1382:. Vol. 3. London:
1323:. Vol. 3. London:
922:"Marisa Tomb Paintings"
875:, Tel Aviv, 1972, p.275
856:, Tel Aviv, 1972, p.281
627:; the three-headed dog
16:National park in Israel
2214:White City of Tel Aviv
1026:Gorys, Erhard (1996).
738:
681:Khurbet es Sandahannah
667:
656:
619:
451:
443:
95:31.5969611; 34.9006472
809:Archaeology of Israel
736:
665:
650:
618:Sidonian burial caves
617:
501:(259 BC). During the
489:kingdom. In the late
449:
425:
2101:World Heritage Sites
1173:www.biblegateway.com
957:Kiesling, John Brady
756:Bar Kochba rebellion
729:Church of Saint Anne
719:Mŭghâret Sandahannah
473:(Joshua 15:44). The
1681:Beit Alfa Synagogue
1633:Adullam-France Park
1438:The Guide to Israel
1357:Bar-Ilan University
1355:, Lecture given at
1298:Bar-Ilan University
1296:, Lecture given at
1271:Bar-Ilan University
1269:, Lecture given at
869:The Guide to Israel
850:The Guide to Israel
799:Kibbutz Beit Guvrin
440:Survey of Palestine
428:Kibbutz Beit Guvrin
258:The Guide to Israel
254:First Temple Period
216:First Temple Period
204:World Heritage Site
86: /
2469:Ḥorvat Abu a-Danin
1625:Jerusalem District
1529:2016-11-16 at the
1106:2011-06-29 at the
739:
668:
657:
620:
452:
444:
363:, c. 150 CE), and
162:Reference no.
2576:Hellenistic sites
2538:
2537:
2479:Khirbet Badd ‘Isa
2294:Bar Kokhba revolt
2259:
2258:
2249:of Jerusalem and
2067:
2066:
2049:
2048:
1935:Southern District
1907:Tel Aviv District
1663:Northern District
1653:Judaean Mountains
1545:Shuli Levinboim,
1012:978-0-8264-1316-1
930:(30.2): 24–37, 39
541:Bar Kochba revolt
450:Maresha dwellings
381:Septimius Severus
189:
188:
157:
57:Nearest city
47:Southern District
2598:
2416:Judean Foothills
2303:Judean Mountains
2286:
2279:
2272:
2263:
2125:Old City of Acre
2094:
2087:
2080:
2071:
1940:
1857:Alexander stream
1849:Central District
1801:Yehi'am Fortress
1696:Belvoir Fortress
1606:
1599:
1592:
1583:
1573:
1562:
1551:Antiquities Site
1491:
1489:Heliodorus Stele
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1197:Catholic Answers
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894:
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876:
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777:Several hundred
683:), described by
503:Maccabean Revolt
483:Kingdom of Judah
456:mu-ukh-ra-ash-ti
395:Beit/Bait Jibrin
379:, name given by
369:Peutinger tables
315:Tell Sandahannah
305:Flavius Josephus
240:Historical towns
151:
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2197:Tel Be'er Sheva
2193:Biblical Tells
2111:
2098:
2068:
2063:
2045:
2041:Tel Be'er Sheva
1974:
1929:
1901:
1877:Palmachim beach
1867:Mazor Mausoleum
1843:
1805:
1751:Montfort Castle
1731:Horns of Hattin
1657:
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1531:Wayback Machine
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1374:Kitchener, H.H.
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1315:Kitchener, H.H.
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904:Wayback Machine
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731:
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677:
645:
635:; a bright red
612:
567:
420:
336:(mound) by the
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515:John Hyrcanus
512:
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355:(Βαιτογάβρα;
354:
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119:Official name
113:
104:
99:
78:31°35′49.06″N
71:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
48:
45:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1991:Besor Stream
1960:Semekh caves
1882:Rubin Stream
1862:Hof HaSharon
1839:Tel Shikmona
1829:Mount Carmel
1766:Rosh HaNikra
1746:Hurvat Minia
1484:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1397:
1378:
1370:Conder, C.R.
1364:
1337:
1319:
1311:Conder, C.R.
1305:
1278:
1251:
1241:
1236:
1225:. Retrieved
1223:. 2012-12-05
1220:
1211:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:
1187:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1127:
1097:al-Baladhuri
1092:
1084:
1073:James Strong
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1046:
1027:
1021:
1002:
972:. Retrieved
964:
938:– via
932:. Retrieved
925:
892:
880:
868:
849:
828:
783:
776:
773:
752:
749:Amphitheater
740:
722:
718:
706:
696:
692:
680:
678:
669:
658:
621:
610:Burial caves
597:
568:
556:
550:
546:ius italicum
544:
528:
524:
523:
499:Zenon Papyri
475:Hebrew Bible
464:
455:
454:The city of
453:
407:Hospitallers
402:
394:
386:ius italicum
384:
376:
364:
360:
352:
348:
344:
331:
314:
300:
290:
286:
281:
257:
243:
231:
227:amphitheater
224:
191:
190:
81:34°54′2.33″E
2429:Beit Guvrin
2224:Beit Guvrin
2207:Tel Megiddo
2187:El Wad Cave
1965:Tel Lachish
1955:Beit Guvrin
1872:Migdal Afek
1786:Tel Megiddo
1761:Mount Tabor
1756:Mount Arbel
1741:Hurshat Tal
1736:Hula Valley
1716:Hamat Gader
1686:Beit She'an
1504:Beit Guvrin
1327:. pp.
770:Other finds
604:Amos Kloner
582:Hellenistic
535:during the
529:Beit Guvrin
436:Tel Maresha
328:Bayt Jibrin
266:Bayt Jibrin
252:during the
220:Bayt Jibrin
214:during the
93: /
68:Coordinates
2545:Categories
2512:Dibon Moav
2444:Bror Hayil
2386:Tur Shimon
2177:Skhul Cave
2055:See also:
1970:Tel Tzafit
1897:Tzur Natan
1781:Tel Kedesh
1771:Sde Amudim
1638:Bayt 'Itab
1442:Zev Vilnay
1412:2023-08-01
1343:Boaz Zissu
1341:Professor
1284:Boaz Zissu
1282:Professor
1257:Boaz Zissu
1255:Professor
1227:2023-08-01
1202:2023-08-01
1178:2023-08-01
1138:0521460107
1037:3770138600
873:Zev Vilnay
854:Zev Vilnay
820:References
675:Columbaria
643:Bell caves
633:underworld
593:columbaria
578:Macalister
537:Jewish War
525:Beth Gabra
353:Baetogabra
349:Betogabris
345:Beth Gabra
262:Zev Vilnay
234:Kiryat Gat
147:Designated
61:Kiryat Gat
2489:Shihlayim
2296:by region
2251:its Walls
2239:Jerusalem
2218:Caves of
2202:Tel Hazor
2109:Jerusalem
1996:Ein Avdat
1979:Beersheba
1920:Sidna Ali
1892:Tel Gezer
1776:Tel Hazor
1701:Capernaum
1648:Ein Hemed
1476:0075-8914
1144:30 August
1079:(1880). "
1058:30 August
974:30 August
965:ToposText
934:30 August
779:astragali
760:limestone
691:in their
689:Kitchener
586:Israelite
533:Vespasian
519:Parthians
511:Hasmonean
507:Maccabees
493:period a
365:Betogabri
361:Geography
338:Parthians
122:Caves of
2346:Herodium
2247:Old City
2036:Tel Arad
2001:Ein Gedi
1950:Ashkelon
1943:Ashkelon
1887:Tel Afek
1819:Caesarea
1796:Tzippori
1706:Chorazin
1527:Archived
1388:, pages
1376:(1883).
1317:(1883).
1193:"Idumea"
1104:Archived
900:Archived
793:See also
787:Hanukkah
725:(Maze).
653:dovecote
629:Cerberus
509:. After
495:Sidonian
479:Rehoboam
467:Mareshah
411:Crusader
291:Mareshah
139:Criteria
134:Cultural
43:Location
2522:Samaria
2494:Tittura
2484:Modi'in
2381:Shemtov
2371:Nachash
2220:Maresha
2150:Mampsis
2026:Nitzana
2011:Mamshit
1577:YouTube
1566:YouTube
1390:291-292
1353:YouTube
1329:289-290
1294:YouTube
1267:YouTube
1083:". In:
714:Maresha
637:phoenix
589:stratum
570:Maresha
558:Amoraim
552:Tannaim
491:Persian
487:Edomite
438:(1940s
426:Map of
418:History
357:Ptolemy
351:. Also
287:Maresha
278:Maresha
272:Maresha
246:Maresha
208:Maresha
154:session
124:Maresha
2459:'Ethri
2454:Emmaus
2449:Dikrin
2439:Burgin
2406:Zikhri
2361:Midras
2356:Koseva
2341:Hebron
2331:Gophna
2162:Masada
2155:Shivta
2145:Haluza
2117:Israel
2105:Israel
2031:Shivta
2016:Masada
2006:Eshkol
1925:Yarkon
1676:Bar'am
1671:Achziv
1643:Castel
1617:Israel
1514:UNESCO
1474:
1456:Levant
1135:
1034:
1009:
723:Mavokh
697:Es Sûk
685:Conder
625:demons
413:period
218:, and
200:UNESCO
196:Israel
176:Israel
172:Region
152:(38th
51:Israel
2530:Galod
2504:Perea
2474:Itton
2464:Godad
2424:Azeka
2366:Nakik
2336:Hazan
2321:Betar
2311:Aboud
2182:Tabun
2172:Jamal
2140:Avdat
1986:Avdat
1915:Arsuf
574:Bliss
513:king
471:Judah
250:Judah
212:Judah
202:as a
150:2014
2434:Bish
2401:Zaak
2396:Qobi
2391:Tzom
2376:Rafa
2326:Bish
2316:Akad
2222:and
2107:and
2059:and
1472:ISSN
1146:2024
1133:ISBN
1101:p.28
1075:and
1060:2024
1032:ISBN
1007:ISBN
976:2024
936:2024
743:tell
710:Tell
687:and
576:and
555:and
334:tell
166:1370
131:Type
2103:in
1615:of
1575:on
1564:on
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