303:
919:
916:
511:, Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski, Piotra Miatła, and Pavieł Vałošyn, were each sentenced to 12 years in prison. The Polish authorities handed them over to the Soviets in 1930 (Rak-Michajłoŭski, Vałošyn, Miatła) and 1933 (Taraškievič) in exchange for political prisoners held in the USSR (including the West Belarusian journalist and playwright
547:
independence for
Belarus, but in practice promoted only the idea of incorporating the ethnically Belarusian lands into the Soviet Union which meant yet another partition of Poland. The Russian agents attempted to isolate the Belarusian ethnic minority in Poland from the political process in the country. In turn,
479:
policies of the central Polish government, the
Belarusian national movement in grew more loyal to the Soviet regime and its communist ideology. The Soviets also gained increasingly more control over the Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union, and gave the Belarusian national liberation movement in
842:Магчыма, што ў Косаве не дайшло б да расстрэлу мірнай дэманстрацыі, каб не "памаглі" камуністы... Хачу прывесці урывак з таго артыкула без перакладу, каб не парушаць сэнс напісанага: »Засылаемые из СССР начальники "участков" в общем и целом поднимали волну "гнева трудящихся Западной Белоруссии.«
546:
organization was controlled entirely by agents deployed from Moscow, whose aim was to destabilize the region and recruit partisans. According to Polish media, the
Hramada turned into a cover for infiltration of Poland by the Soviet Union. According to Savchenko, BPWU only theoretically demanded
551:
leaders did exactly what their Moscow advisers suggested they do, and disseminated
Comintern propaganda, which resulted in the rapid growth of its rank and file. By March 1927 the party had 120,000 members. The membership of the Communist Party decreased at the same time by a thousand.
341:
Membership numbers of the
Hramada grew on a very fast pace with sometimes entire Belarusian villages becoming members. By November 1926 the party has enrolled 120,000 members, which is believed to be the largest political party in Belarusian history today, and one of the largest
721:, Менск, 1999: "Чаму была разгромлена Беларуская Сялянска-Работніцкая Грамада?" (I. Saviercanka and Z. Sanko, "150 Questions and Answers on the History of Belarus: Why Belarusian Peasants 'and Workers' Union was defeated?", Minsk, 1999; in Belarusian language).
334:
313:
was formed legally in July 1925. Its leaders were among prominent members of the
Belarusian national liberation movement of the early 20th century: Symon Rak-Michajloŭski has previously been a high-ranking diplomat for the
578:
258:
480:
Poland a communist context. According to Polish sources in
Belarus, the Hramada received not only logistical, but also physical help from the Soviet Union, and financial aid from the Comintern.
242:
559:
as a response to harsh ethnic discrimination of the
Belarusians in mid-war Poland. It is being pointed out that the Hramada was persecuted by both the Polish regime and by the Stalinist USSR.
1018:
487:
and the delegalized
Communist Party of Western Belarus aided by Moscow was inevitably discovered by the Polish authorities. On 15 January 1927 some top activists of
1033:
1003:
681:
1013:
626:
593:
286:, and the free distribution to peasants of land owned by landlords upon its confiscation. There was also a semi-official goal to unite all of Belarusians of
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1008:
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993:
642:
534:
cell was already formed by Moscow with all required help. Polish police responded to attacks with fire, killing 6 people and wounding several dozens.
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555:
In
Belarus, the BPWU is viewed positively by both the official regime and the opposition. It is seen as a mass democratic party that emerged in
1023:
615:
604:
998:
154:
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The Polish authorities began to suppress the activities of the Hramada in late 1926 due to its policy coordination with the delegalized
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762:(60). Ogólnokrajowy tygodnik SZ «Związek Polaków na Białorusi» (Association of Poles in Belarus): 6–7 of current document
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established several periodicals devoted not only to politics, but also to culture and business, including
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The Belarusian national flag as used by the Hramada and other Belarusian organizations in interwar Poland.
230:
789:
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in Poland as a second official language, the cancellation of the "colonization of Belarus" by the Polish
94:
633:
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225:) was a socialist agrarian political party created in 1925 by a group of Belarusian deputies to the
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589:
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279:
198:
178:
149:
262:. The group received logistical help from the Soviet Union, and financial aid from the Comintern.
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611:
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were arrested under the charge of subversive anti-Polish activities. The trial of the leaders of
476:
168:
106:
98:
952:
944:
870:
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452:. The total circulation of publications of the Hramada in early 1927 was above 10,000 copies.
325:. Belarusian media in Poland faced increased pressure and censorship from the authorities.
923:
527:
390:
362:
218:
896:
318:, Branisłaŭ Taraškievič is known as the creator of the first modern Belarusian grammar.
526:
In the aftermath of the party's de-legalisation, on February 3, 1927 a riot erupted in
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664:
519:
were either executed by the Soviet regime as "Polish spies" or sent to perish in the
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556:
465:
461:
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291:
287:
271:
472:
358:
275:
83:
897:"Особенности Западнобелорусского возрождения (на примере периодической печати)"
402:
333:
86:
370:
111:
90:
974:У новай айчыне. Штодзённае жыццё беларусаў Беласточчыны ў міжваенны перыяд.
270:
The main points of BPWU's program were: the democratic self-governance for
647:
418:
366:
926:(Alieś Paškievič, Symon Rak-Michajloŭski: staronki žyccia i dziejnasci.)
406:
378:
374:
283:
414:
386:
382:
350:
59:
837:
608:, later sentenced to 10 years in GULAG, died in a concentration camp
917:Алесь Пашкевіч. Сымон Рак-Міхайлоўскі: старонкі жыцця і дзейнасці.
520:
469:
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332:
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129:
121:
55:
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226:
963:Чаму была разгромленая Беларуская Сялянска-Работніцкая Грамада?
125:
571:, linguist, writer, later executed by the Soviets in 1938
475:
in interwar Poland) and increasingly discriminatory and
212:
542:
According to historian Andrew Savchenko, by 1927 the
515:). A few years later, all four former leaders of the
337:
Branisłaŭ Taraškievič, one of the leaders of the BPWU
342:
revolutionary-democratic organizations of its time.
135:
117:
105:
76:
65:
51:
43:
35:
21:
969:Разгром “Грамады” за кулісамі палітычнага скандалу
1019:Interwar Belarusian political parties in Poland
890:
888:
886:
943:), Volume V, "Ekoperspektiva", Minsk, (2006),
770:– via PDF file, direct download 1.79 MB.
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
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663:and member of the Belarusian community in the
682:Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly)
274:within Poland, introduction of an eight-hour
8:
965:– 150 пытанняў і адказаў з гісторыі Беларусі
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739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
428:The Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union
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856:
854:
852:
850:
746:Andrzej Poczobut; Joanna Klimowicz (2011).
214:Biełaruskaja Sialanska-Rabotnickaja Hramada
29:Biełaruskaja Sialanska-Rabotnickaja Hramada
750:[Stalin's protégé from Białystok]
719:150 пытанняў і адказаў з гісторыі Беларусі
18:
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817:
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813:
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223:Białoruska Włościańsko-Robotnicza Hromada
828:Васіль Гарбачэўскі (September 2, 2002).
646:, poet and writer, former member of the
191:Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union
693:
630:, later executed by the Soviets in 1937
586:, later executed by the Soviets in 1938
203:Беларуская Сялянска-Работніцкая Грамада
27:Беларуская Сялянска-Работніцкая Грамада
24:Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union
1034:Political parties established in 1925
1004:Communist Party of Western Belorussia
941:Istoriya Belarusi, History of Belarus
783:
781:
779:
538:Historical role, legacy and criticism
460:As the years went on, due to ongoing
7:
1014:Defunct political parties in Poland
1009:Defunct agrarian political parties
323:Communist Party of Western Belarus
14:
717:Іван Саверчанка, Зьміцер Санько,
349:had party cells in the following
994:Belarusian independence movement
791:Belarus - A Perpetual Borderland
748:"Białostocki ulubieniec Stalina"
16:Former political party in Poland
904:Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne
866:Belarus: A Perpetual Borderland
836:(in Belarusian). Archived from
677:Communist Party of West Belarus
1039:Western Belorussia (1918–1939)
584:Belarusian Democratic Republic
456:Radicalization and dissolution
316:Belarusian Democratic Republic
47:De-legalized on March 21, 1927
1:
1024:Left-wing nationalist parties
652:First All-Belarusian Congress
999:Communist parties in Belarus
863:Dr Andrew Savchenko (2009).
869:. BRILL. pp. 106–107.
357:in Second Polish Republic:
213:
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989:Agrarian socialist parties
804:– via Google Books.
788:Andrew Savchenko (2009).
659:, later President of the
582:, former diplomat of the
507:). The leaders including
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294:within one Soviet state.
278:, the recognition of the
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895:Кореневская, О. (2003).
329:Membership and structure
661:Belarusian Central Rada
619:, musician and composer
483:The connection between
235:Branislaw Tarashkyevich
107:Political position
794:. BRILL. p. 106.
575:Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski
497:Trial of the Fifty Six
355:Nowogródek Voivodeship
338:
307:
239:Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski
231:Second Polish Republic
222:
1029:Nationalism in Poland
569:Branisłaŭ Taraškievič
509:Branisłaŭ Taraškievič
336:
305:
252:, and the founder of
95:Left-wing nationalism
650:and delegate to the
513:Francišak Alachnovič
495:became known as the
939:Гісторыя Беларусі (
442:Bielaruskaja sprava
280:Belarusian language
150:Politics of Belarus
922:2022-01-11 at the
834:Куфэрак Віленшчыны
830:"ЗНІТАВАНЫЯ ЛЁСАМ"
657:Radaslau Astrouski
339:
308:
169:Politics of Poland
99:Agrarian socialism
840:on 12 July 2003.
634:Ludvika Sivickaja
597:, writer and poet
530:where the Soviet
438:Bielaruskaja niva
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174:Political parties
155:Political parties
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434:Zyccio bielarusa
246:, Piotra Miatła
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764:. Retrieved
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638:Zośka Vieras
637:
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557:West Belarus
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543:
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532:diversionist
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505:Працэс 56-ці
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492:
488:
484:
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466:West Belarus
462:polonization
459:
449:
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437:
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429:
427:
399:Maladzyechna
346:
344:
340:
320:
310:
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292:East Belarus
288:West Belarus
272:West Belarus
269:
257:
253:
247:
241:
194:
190:
188:
52:Headquarters
643:(be-tarask)
627:(be-tarask)
616:(be-tarask)
612:Ryhor Šyrma
605:(be-tarask)
594:(be-tarask)
579:(be-tarask)
473:macroregion
450:Nasa sprava
377:(Wilejka),
369:(Wołożyn),
359:Baranovichi
276:working day
66:Membership
983:Categories
688:References
501:Belarusian
403:Navahrudak
298:Background
199:Belarusian
87:separatism
84:Belarusian
371:Vawkavysk
208:romanized
179:Elections
160:Elections
112:Left-wing
91:Socialism
44:Dissolved
39:July 1925
920:Archived
671:See also
648:Rada BNR
468:(called
419:Stouptsy
367:Valozhyn
284:Osadniks
266:Ideology
78:Ideology
72:120,000
636:(alias
549:Hramada
544:Hramada
517:Hramada
493:Hramada
489:Hramada
485:Hramada
430:Hramada
423:Sokółka
407:Pastavy
375:Vileyka
353:of the
351:powiats
347:Hramada
311:Hramada
254:Hramada
229:of the
210::
195:Hramada
193:or the
118:Colours
36:Founded
955:
947:
873:
798:
766:24 May
528:Kosava
448:, and
415:Slonim
391:Kosava
387:Dzisna
383:Grodno
363:Bielsk
219:Polish
60:Poland
900:(PDF)
752:(PDF)
521:GULAG
470:Kresy
411:Pinsk
379:Wilno
130:white
122:White
56:Wilno
953:ISBN
945:ISBN
871:ISBN
796:ISBN
768:2014
421:and
395:Lida
345:The
290:and
259:(be)
249:(be)
243:(be)
227:Sejm
189:The
137:Sejm
128:and
464:of
126:red
985::
951:,
902:.
885:^
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810:^
778:^
758:.
754:.
726:^
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221::
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201::
124:,
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760:7
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