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895:
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891:. The Belgian rebels began to organize and fortify their positions in preparation for further confrontations with Dutch forces. The following days saw an explosion of the desperate and exasperated proletariat of Brussels, who rallied around the newly created flag of the Brussels independence movement which was fastened to a standard with shoelaces during a street fight and used to lead a counter-charge against the forces of Prince William.
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1204:(where King Leopold had placed his headquarters) began on 12 August. In order to avoid war with the approaching French the Dutch agreed an armistice with Belgium and withdrew after briefly taking control of the city. While the victorious initial campaign gave the Dutch an advantageous position in subsequent negotiations, the Dutch were compelled to agree to an indefinite armistice, although they continued to hold the
911:
the administrative separation of north and south was the only viable solution to the crisis. His father rejected the terms of accommodation that Prince
William proposed. King William I attempted to restore the established order by force, but the 8,000 Dutch troops under Prince Frederik were unable to retake Brussels in bloody street fighting (23–26 September). The army was withdrawn to the fortresses of
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South. Most
Belgian soldiers were therefore commanded by officers who were not originally from the Southern Netherlands. Moreover, the Dutch language had become the sole language of the army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1823/24, which was an additional grievance on the part of the francophone elites and the Walloon people who spoke Romance dialects.
1017:, supported Belgian independence, the other European powers unsurprisingly supported the continued union of the provinces of the Netherlands. Russia, Prussia, Austria, and the United Kingdom all supported the Netherlands, since they feared that the French would eventually annex an independent Belgium (particularly the British: see
1322:), which was active in Flanders and Brussels. But industrial cities, like Liège, also had a strong Orangist faction. The movement met with strong disapproval from the authorities. Between 1831 and 1834, 32 incidents of violence against Orangists were mentioned in the press and in 1834 Minister of Justice
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to quell the riots. William was asked by the
Burghers of Brussels to come to the town alone, with no troops, for a meeting; this he did, despite the risks. The affable and moderate Crown Prince William, who represented the monarchy in Brussels, was convinced by the Estates-General on 1 September that
726:
Most of the institutions were based in the North and public burdens were unevenly distributed. Only one minister out of four was
Belgian. There were four times as many Dutch people in the administration as Belgians. There was a general domination of the Dutch over the economic, political, and social
746:
The contingent imposed on
Belgium by the recruitment of militiamen was proportionally high, while the proportion of Belgians among the officers was low, the high staff being mainly composed of former officers of the French army or of the British army. Only one officer out of six would be from the
758:
was experiencing a long period of revolt and
British products were competing with Belgian production. With the end of the continental blockade, the continent was invaded by cheap British products, appreciated by the North, still mainly agricultural, but which excluded the productions of the
1184:
King
William was not satisfied with the settlement drawn up in London and did not accept Belgium's claim of independence: it divided his kingdom and drastically affected his Treasury. On 2 August 1831 the Dutch army, headed by the Dutch princes, invaded Belgium, in what became known as the
443:
joined the mob. Uprisings followed elsewhere in the country. Factories were occupied and machinery destroyed. Order was restored briefly after
William committed troops to the Southern Provinces but rioting continued and leadership was taken up by radicals, who started talking of secession.
923:, and when the Northern commander of Antwerp bombarded the town, claiming a breach of a ceasefire, the whole of the Southern provinces was incensed. Any opportunity to quell the breach was lost on 26 September when a National Congress was summoned to draw up a Constitution and the
882:
in the tenor role, many audience members left the theater and joined the riots which had already begun. The crowd poured into the streets shouting patriotic slogans. The brawls and violence continued for several days, with protesters capturing key points in the city including the
742:
in the field of education (construction of schools, control of the competence of teachers and the creation of new establishments, creation of three State universities) placed it under the total control of the State, which displeased
Catholic
753:
Belgian merchants and industrialists complained about the free trade policy pursued from 1827 onwards. The separation of France had caused the industry of the South to lose a large part of its turnover. On the other hand, the colony of the
734:
The public debt of the north (higher than the one of the south) had to be supported by the south as well. The original debts were initially of 1.25 billion guilders for the United
Provinces and only 100 million for the
45:
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Dutch units saw the mass desertion of recruits from the southern provinces and pulled out. The States-General in Brussels voted in favor of secession and declared independence. In the aftermath, a
1021:). However, in the end, none of the European powers sent troops to aid the Dutch government, partly because of rebellions within some of their own borders (the Russians were occupied with the
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brought together five major European powers: Austria, the United Kingdom, France, Prussia and Russia. At first, the European powers were divided over the Belgian cry for independence. The
676:
north of France; with the addition of those provinces the Netherlands became a rising power. Symptomatic of the tenor of diplomatic bargaining at Vienna was the early proposal to reward
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1092:, who had been considered at an early stage but dropped due to French opposition, was proposed again. On 22 April 1831, Leopold was approached by a Belgian delegation at
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The unsatisfactory application of freedom of the press and freedom of assembly were considered by Belgian intellectuals as a means of control of the South by the North.
2419:
1737:
692:, which it had seized while the Netherlands was ruled by Napoleon, the new Kingdom of the Netherlands was compensated with these southern provinces (modern Belgium).
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in Belgium. The coexistence of two state religions throughout the kingdom was unacceptable to both sides. Until 1821 the government used the opposition of the
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Slatin, Sonia. "Opera and Revolution: La Muette de Portici and the Belgian Revolution of 1830 Revisited", Journal of Musicological Research 3 (1979), 53–54.
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and Prussia was saddled with war debt). Britain would come to see the benefits of isolating France geographically with the new creation of a new Belgian
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467:
failed because of French military intervention. The Dutch accepted the decision of the London conference and Belgian independence in 1839 by signing the
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as King of the Belgians in 1831, King William made a belated attempt to reconquer Belgium and restore his position through a military campaign. This
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1886:
878:'s uprising against the Spanish masters of Naples in the 17th century. After the duet, "Amour sacré de la patrie", (Sacred love of Fatherland) with
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provinces. This reform was met with strong opposition from the upper classes who at the time were mostly French-speaking, whether they came from
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taking it on 23 December 1832. William I would refuse to recognize a Belgian state until April 1839, when he had to yield under pressure by the
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As early as 1830 a movement started for the reunification of Belgium and the Netherlands, called Orangism (after the Dutch royal color of
1088:. Eventually the Congress drew up a shortlist of three candidates, all of whom were French. This itself led to political opposition, and
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1879:
1189:" On 4 August the Dutch force took control of Antwerp and moved deeper into Belgium. The Belgian army of the Meuse was defeated in the
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21 July is generally used to mark the end of the revolution and the start of the Kingdom of Belgium. It is celebrated each year as
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between France, the Netherlands and Prussia. It was for that reason that Britain would eventually sponsor the creation of Belgium.
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signed by the European powers (including the Netherlands) Recognized Belgium as an independent and neutral country comprising
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1981:
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and reluctantly recognized a border which, with the exception of Limburg and Luxembourg, was basically the border of 1790.
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In 2005, the Belgian revolution of 1830 was depicted in one of the highest value Belgian coins ever minted, the 100 euro
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1819:(in French). Vol. VII: De la RĂ©volution de 1830 Ă la Guerre de 1914 (2nd ed.). Brussels: Maurice Lamertin.
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The under-representation of today's Belgians in the General Assembly (62% of the population for 50% of the seats)
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to officially offer him the throne. At first reluctant to accept, he eventually took up the offer, and after an
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were still fresh in the memories of the major European powers, so once the French, under the recently installed
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Jacques Logie, De la régionalisation à l'indépendance, 1830, Paris-Gembloux, éditions Duculot, 1980, 248 p. (
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rule as despotic. There were high levels of unemployment and industrial unrest among the working classes.
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was established to create a constitution for the new state. The Congress decided that Belgium would be a
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The revolution was due to a combination of factors, the main one being the difference of religion (
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and occasionally bombarded the city from it. Gerard returned to Belgium in November 1832 with the
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2750:
2742:
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1313:
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in France, details of which were swiftly reported in the newspapers. On 25 August 1830, at the
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tradition, according to which the sovereign is the head of the church. He wanted to counter the
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Most European powers' recognition of Belgium's independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands
2760:
2626:
1945:
1845:
1704:
1478:
1293:, and as a result, the Netherlands kept the eastern half of Limburg and its large coalfields.
1286:
1193:. On 8 August Leopold called for support from the French and the British. As a result Marshal
1190:
1093:
1022:
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in Brussels, an uprising followed a special performance, in honor of William I's birthday, of
77:
1839:
1698:
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The conservatives in the northern Netherlands were pushing for only followers of the former (
2857:
2812:
2802:
2717:
2677:
2017:
1274:
1070:
347:
2792:
2775:
2770:
2250:
2068:
1866:
1319:
1205:
1026:
1010:
931:. The Provisional Government then issued a Declaration of Independence on 4 October 1830.
879:
854:
822:
789:
to be appointed to the government, while the Belgian conservatives wanted to re-establish
376:
774:, but also from the Flemish speakers themselves, who at the time did not speak standard
459:
of major European powers recognized Belgian independence. Following the installation of
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2755:
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2332:
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1340:
1058:
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423:
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177:
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was assembled. King William refrained from future military action and appealed to the
2877:
2145:
1812:
1515:
In the absence of a serious statistical study, this figure is subject to reservation.
1381:
1323:
1258:
1254:
1014:
136:
1326:
banned expressions of Orangism in the public sphere, enforced with heavy penalties.
762:
A linguistic reform in 1823 was intended to make Dutch the official language in the
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2431:
1097:
1030:
862:
786:
685:
673:
452:
1414:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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and shops were looted. Theatergoers who had just watched the nationalistic opera
2160:
1131:
944:
790:
755:
713:
689:
591:
523:
486:
2229:
1926:
1782:
Diplomacy and Revolution: The London Conference of 1830 and the Belgian Revolt
1290:
912:
875:
858:
806:
782:
709:
494:
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crossed the border with 70,000 French troops under his command on 9 August.
809:
character of the state apparatus through the appointment of civil servants.
802:
798:
392:
68:
25 August 1830 – 21 July 1831 (10 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)
534:(in the German Confederacy after 1839 as compensation for Waals-Luxemburg)
2722:
814:
771:
767:
701:
681:
434:
415:
124:
2312:
1906:
1806:
1156: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
920:
826:
705:
543:
490:
1985:
1084:
The Congress refused to consider any candidate from the Dutch ruling
898:
Retreat of the Dutch cavalry on the Vlaamsesteenweg in Brussels, 1830
281:
196:
131:
1300:
on 4 August and dismissed British protests over a "scrap of paper".
684:
territory. When the United Kingdom insisted on retaining the former
2281:
1796:
The Low Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands
1222:
1081:
was proclaimed. However, no actual monarch yet sat on the throne.
916:
893:
837:
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but their own dialects. On 4 June 1830, this reform was abolished.
480:
1801:
Omond. G. W. T. "The Question of the Netherlands in 1829–1830,"
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Catholic partisans watched with excitement the unfolding of the
818:
2285:
1875:
845:
leads the 250 revolutionary volunteers from Liège to Brussels (
285:
1125:
1100:, Leopold I of Belgium took his oath as king on 21 July 1831.
938:
585:
426:) people of the north. Many outspoken liberals regarded
825:. He wanted to be able to influence the appointment of
716:) and the general lack of autonomy given to the south.
1725:
1830 De scheiding van Nederland, België en Luxemburg
1700:
The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I
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2005:
1974:
1914:
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enthusiastic popular welcome on his way to Brussels
1825:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
1685:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
1466:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
1773:Fishman, J. S. "The London Conference of 1830,"
874:, a sentimental and patriotic opera set against
1841:Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards
680:for its fight against Napoleon with the former
30:
2246:Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution
1599:"Belgium's independence (1830 – present time)"
1573:. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
935:The European powers and an independent Belgium
514:United Kingdom of the Netherlands (until 1830)
2297:
1887:
1571:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I
395:of the southern provinces (mainly the former
297:
16:1830 revolution in Belgium against Dutch rule
8:
1803:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
1539:De la régionalisation à l'indépendance, 1830
973:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
620:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
19:For the Belgian Revolution of 1789–90, see
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2502:
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2290:
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1894:
1880:
1872:
1794:Kossmann-Putto, J. A. and E. H. Kossmann.
1526:De lage landen 1780/1980. Deel 1 1780–1914
304:
290:
282:
27:
1703:. New York University Press. p. 43.
1296:Germany broke the treaty in 1914 when it
1172:Learn how and when to remove this message
993:Learn how and when to remove this message
640:Learn how and when to remove this message
422:as contrasted with Protestant-dominated (
51:Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830
2034:List of members of the National Congress
1234:in 1914 outraged British public opinion.
1057:Leopold taking the constitutional oath (
1052:
403:and the establishment of an independent
1844:. Asp / Vubpress / Upa. pp. 21ff.
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1403:
389:Belgische Revolutie/opstand/omwenteling
2215:Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831)
1541:, Duculot, 1980, Paris-Gembloux, p. 21
813:himself was a supporter of the German
574:(German Luxemburg; borders after 1839)
1416:, by Spencer C. Tucker, 2009, p. 1156
1392:Luxembourg and the Belgian Revolution
1359:. The obverse depicts a detail from
1289:. The Dutch army, however, held onto
566:(Waals-Luxemburg, to Belgium in 1839)
7:
2271:1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross
2094:Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst
1493:
1491:
1409:
1407:
1154:adding citations to reliable sources
971:adding citations to reliable sources
652:After the defeat of Napoleon at the
618:adding citations to reliable sources
433:On 25 August 1830, riots erupted in
410:The people of the south were mainly
391:) was the conflict which led to the
1506:Jacques Logie, op. cit., pp. 14–15.
1365:Scene of the September Days in 1830
902:William I sent his two sons, Crown-
668:of the Netherlands with the former
1569:Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889).
1427:"1830–1831 The Belgian Revolution"
1019:Flahaut partition plan for Belgium
418:. Both peoples were traditionally
14:
2368:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
2171:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1953:Provisional Government of Belgium
1335:Cinquantenaire (50th anniversary)
475:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
401:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
2605:2008–2009 financial crisis
2189:Ten Days' Campaign (August 1831)
1955:(September 1830 – February 1831)
1838:Witte, Els; et al. (2009).
1130:
943:
590:
237:
225:
213:
195:
183:
171:
147:
130:
118:
44:
1982:Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier
1550:Jacques Logie, op. cit., p. 16.
1351:175th anniversary commemoration
1302:Britain declared war on Germany
1141:needs additional citations for
2909:Wars involving the Netherlands
2110:Étienne Constantin de Gerlache
1805:(1919) vol 2 pp. 150–171
1497:Jacques Logie, op. cit., p. 12
1:
2944:Belgium–Netherlands relations
2899:Separatism in the Netherlands
1998:; July 1831 – December 1865)
1777:(1971) 84#3 pp. 418–428.
1775:Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis
1988:; February 1831 – July 1831)
1959:National Congress of Belgium
1605:. Belgian Federal Government
1067:National Congress of Belgium
719:Other important factors are
576:In blue, the borders of the
532:Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)
2225:Treaty of Maastricht (1843)
2018:Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval)
1789:The Low Countries 1780–1940
1453:The Low Countries 1780–1940
1357:"175 Years of Belgium" coin
1343:of independence set up the
859:Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie
2970:
1347:park complex in Brussels.
1311:
1242:
1119:
1077:. On 7 February 1831, the
1046:
1040:
872:(The Mute Girl of Portici)
660:created a kingdom for the
524:Kingdom of the Netherlands
18:
2835:
2668:
2600:
2505:
2454:
2338:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
2210:London Conference of 1830
1585:"Ministerie van Defensie"
1528:, 1986, Amsterdam, p. 128
1037:Accession of King Leopold
1007:London Conference of 1830
572:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
556:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
323:
252:
161:
108:
60:
43:
35:
2939:19th-century revolutions
2230:Iron Rhine Treaty (1873)
2125:Albert Goblet d'Alviella
1905:and the independence of
1867:"The Ten Days' Campaign"
1791:(1978), pp. 151–160
1697:Larry Zuckerman (2004).
1330:Anniversary remembrances
1005:On 20 December 1830 the
696:Causes of the revolution
2924:1830 in the Netherlands
2373:Long nineteenth century
2256:Civic Guard Merit Medal
2220:Treaty of London (1839)
2194:Siege of Antwerp (1832)
1965:Constitution of Belgium
1827:(1994) pp. 671–691
1245:Treaty of London (1839)
1115:
1075:constitutional monarchy
2904:Wars involving Belgium
2889:Revolutions in Belgium
2647:Science and technology
2343:Burgundian Netherlands
2103:de Gerlache Government
2046:Provisional Government
1975:First Belgian monarchs
1431:Timeline Dutch History
1235:
1195:Étienne Maurice Gérard
1090:Leopold of Saxe-Coburg
1086:house of Orange-Nassau
1065:In November 1830, the
1062:
927:was established under
925:Provisional Government
899:
850:
821:'s authority over the
662:House of Orange-Nassau
581:
564:Province of Luxembourg
457:1830 London Conference
388:
380:
202:Étienne Maurice Gérard
162:Commanders and leaders
2894:Separatism in Belgium
2239:Monuments and honours
1832:The A to Z of Belgium
1281:, as well as half of
1249:On 19 April 1839 the
1239:1839 Treaty of London
1232:1839 Treaty of London
1226:
1056:
929:Charles Latour Rogier
897:
841:
664:, thus combining the
558:(borders until 1839)
484:
2954:Wars of independence
2823:World Heritage Sites
2358:Austrian Netherlands
2348:Southern Netherlands
2156:Charles de Brouckère
2130:Sylvain Van de Weyer
2115:Charles de Brouckère
2074:Sylvain Van de Weyer
1996:King of the Belgians
1938:La muette de Portici
1830:Stallaerts, Robert.
1817:Histoire de Belgique
1214:besieged the citadel
1150:improve this article
1105:Belgian National Day
1079:Belgian Constitution
1043:Leopold I of Belgium
967:improve this section
868:La Muette de Portici
834:"Night at the opera"
727:institutions of the
670:Austrian Netherlands
614:improve this section
578:German Confederation
440:La muette de Portici
397:Southern Netherlands
2949:Revolutions of 1830
2353:Spanish Netherlands
2261:1830 Star of Honour
2139:Lebeau I Government
2120:Alexandre Gendebien
2089:Joseph Vanderlinden
2079:Feuillien de Coppin
2054:Alexandre Gendebien
1823:Schroeder, Paul W.
1738:"Universiteit Gent"
1464:Paul W. Schroeder,
1387:Unionism in Belgium
1228:Germany's violation
1049:Monarchy of Belgium
889:Palais de Bruxelles
672:to create a strong
38:Revolutions of 1830
2884:Belgian Revolution
2378:Belgian Revolution
2363:Brabant Revolution
2151:Étienne de Sauvage
2023:Frédéric de Mérode
1922:Belgian Revolution
1915:Belgian Revolution
1903:Belgian Revolution
1687:(1994) pp. 716–718
1377:History of Belgium
1314:Orangism (Belgium)
1236:
1187:Ten Days' Campaign
1122:Ten Days' Campaign
1116:Ten Days' Campaign
1063:
900:
851:
658:Congress of Vienna
654:Battle of Waterloo
582:
544:Kingdom of Belgium
465:Ten Days' Campaign
405:Kingdom of Belgium
373:Belgian Revolution
333:Ten days' campaign
315:Belgian Revolution
31:Belgian Revolution
21:Brabant Revolution
2934:Conflicts in 1831
2929:Conflicts in 1830
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2830:
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2654:
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2574:Political parties
2525:Foreign relations
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2279:
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2006:Important figures
1784:(Amsterdam, 1988)
1468:(1994) pp. 671–91
1455:(1978) pp. 151–54
1191:battle of Hasselt
1182:
1181:
1174:
1111:Post-independence
1094:Marlborough House
1023:November Uprising
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449:National Congress
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367:
280:
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190:Erasme de Chokier
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103:
78:The Low Countries
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1855:
1820:
1787:Kossmann, E. H.
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1750:on 19 March 2009
1749:
1743:. Archived from
1742:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1694:
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1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1662:, pp. 26–7.
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1251:Treaty of London
1218:Treaty of London
1202:battle of Leuven
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1157:
1134:
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998:
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805:to maintain the
666:United Provinces
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469:Treaty of London
455:. The resulting
428:King William I's
381:RĂ©volution belge
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2919:1831 in Belgium
2914:1830 in Belgium
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2808:Public holidays
2737:
2713:Life expectancy
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2251:Congress Column
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2069:Louis de Potter
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2013:Charles Niellon
2001:
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1967:(February 1831)
1961:(November 1830)
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1451:E.H. Kossmann,
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880:Adolphe Nourrit
855:July Revolution
836:
823:Catholic Church
698:
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2622:Communications
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2579:Prime Minister
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2464:Extreme points
2461:
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2427:Royal Question
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2383:Crisis of 1870
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2064:Charles Rogier
2061:
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2028:Juan Van Halen
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1946:La Brabançonne
1942:
1934:
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1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1901:
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1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1861:External links
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:978-9054875178
1850:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1813:Pirenne, Henri
1809:
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1727:, 2005, Lannoo
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1345:Cinquantenaire
1341:golden jubilee
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1312:Main article:
1309:
1306:
1304:the same day.
1243:Main article:
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1129:
1120:Main article:
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1059:Gustaf Wappers
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1038:
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904:Prince William
847:Charles Soubre
843:Charles Rogier
835:
832:
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795:state religion
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738:The action of
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424:Dutch Reformed
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2146:Joseph Lebeau
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1686:
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1677:
1674:, p. 29.
1673:
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1656:
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1650:, p. 26.
1649:
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1638:, p. 12.
1637:
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1433:. Rijksmuseum
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1210:Armée du Nord
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1139:This section
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1015:July Monarchy
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952:This section
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663:
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656:in 1815, the
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599:This section
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2751:Architecture
2728:Prostitution
2683:Demographics
2637:Trade unions
2615:Central bank
2530:Human rights
2510:Constitution
2484:Subdivisions
2437:State reform
2432:Congo Crisis
2410:World War II
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1944:
1936:
1921:
1902:
1840:
1831:
1824:
1816:
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1774:
1767:Bibliography
1752:. Retrieved
1745:the original
1732:
1724:
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1679:
1672:Pirenne 1948
1667:
1660:Pirenne 1948
1655:
1648:Pirenne 1948
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1636:Pirenne 1948
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1624:Pirenne 1948
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1602:
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1183:
1168:
1159:
1148:Please help
1143:verification
1140:
1102:
1083:
1064:
1031:buffer state
1004:
989:
980:
965:Please help
953:
901:
871:
866:
863:Daniel Auber
852:
787:State Church
718:
699:
686:Dutch Ceylon
674:buffer state
651:
636:
627:
612:Please help
600:
568:
560:
552:
548:
546:(after 1839)
540:
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528:
526:(after 1839)
520:
516:
511:
507:
503:
453:Great Powers
446:
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432:
409:
372:
370:
313:
270:: 70,000 men
267:
261:
109:Belligerents
50:
36:Part of the
25:
2547:enforcement
2393:World War I
2161:Paul Devaux
2059:André Jolly
1909:(1830–1839)
1683:Schroeder,
1363:' painting
1162:August 2022
791:Catholicism
756:East Indies
714:Netherlands
712:in today's
704:in today's
690:Cape Colony
487:Netherlands
399:) from the
155:Netherlands
139:(from 1831)
95:Territorial
2878:Categories
2818:Television
2798:Literature
2703:Irreligion
2693:Healthcare
2569:Parliament
2420:occupation
2403:occupation
2266:Iron Cross
2032:(see also
1927:Rattachism
1609:27 January
1603:Belgium.be
1398:References
1291:Maastricht
1283:Luxembourg
1047:See also:
983:April 2020
913:Maastricht
876:Masaniello
807:Protestant
783:Protestant
710:Protestant
630:April 2020
495:Luxembourg
2708:Languages
2688:Education
2642:Transport
2554:Judiciary
2520:Executive
2515:Elections
2474:Mountains
2447:Geography
1992:Leopold I
1754:1 October
954:does not
811:William I
803:Basic Law
799:Catholics
740:William I
601:does not
461:Leopold I
393:secession
343:Houthalen
220:William I
2858:Category
2733:Religion
2673:Abortion
2564:Monarchy
2559:Military
2498:Politics
2415:invasion
2398:invasion
2317:articles
2203:Treaties
1932:Orangism
1815:(1948).
1807:in JSTOR
1485:), p. 13
1437:3 August
1371:See also
1308:Orangism
887:and the
815:Lutheran
772:Wallonia
768:Flanders
743:opinion.
702:Catholic
688:and the
682:Habsburg
435:Brussels
416:Walloons
412:Flemings
353:Turnhout
264:: 60,000
253:Strength
73:Location
2842:Outline
2771:Cuisine
2743:Culture
2698:Honours
2661:Society
2632:Tourism
2610:Banking
2593:Economy
2459:Climate
2325:History
2313:Belgium
1907:Belgium
1361:Wappers
1287:Limburg
1271:Hainaut
1267:Antwerp
1263:Brabant
1230:of the
1071:popular
1061:, 1831)
975:removed
960:sources
921:Antwerp
849:, 1878)
827:bishops
801:to the
793:as the
764:Flemish
729:Kingdom
706:Belgium
678:Prussia
622:removed
607:sources
501:in 1839
499:Limburg
491:Belgium
262:Belgium
97:changes
2863:Portal
2786:waffle
2766:Comics
2761:Cinema
2723:People
2627:Energy
2479:Rivers
2388:Empire
2315:
1986:Regent
1848:
1834:(2010)
1798:(1987)
1707:
1481:
1324:Lebeau
1320:orange
1277:, and
1027:Poland
919:, and
759:South.
735:South.
377:French
348:Ravels
338:Leuven
276:50,000
268:France
152:
137:France
85:Result
2849:Index
2813:Sport
2803:Music
2718:Media
2678:Crime
2469:Lakes
1748:(PDF)
1741:(PDF)
1279:Liège
1275:Namur
917:Venlo
776:Dutch
385:Dutch
2793:Flag
2781:wine
2776:Beer
2535:LGBT
1846:ISBN
1756:2009
1705:ISBN
1611:2023
1479:ISBN
1439:2016
1339:The
1285:and
1212:and
1200:The
958:any
956:cite
906:and
819:Pope
605:any
603:cite
551:and
539:and
519:and
510:and
497:and
485:The
414:and
371:The
65:Date
2756:Art
2542:Law
1152:by
1025:in
969:by
865:'s
770:or
616:by
2880::
1601:.
1490:^
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1406:^
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