82:
74:
485:. Due to the exposition's popularity, it was made permanent a few years later: in 1904, construction began on a stone museum (with some departments dedicated to scientific research inside and about Africa), which was completed in 1910. In the earliest stage of the permanent exposition, there was a section (disapprovingly called a "human zoo" by later commentators) for which Leopold II moved 200 Congolese people to Belgium in order to show visitors what daily life was like in the Belgian colonies. This project got out of hand, and seven of the Congolese died; since the reopening of the AfricaMuseum in December 2018, these 7 Congolese are commemorated on an information sign.
536:, and the Chamber of Representatives. Next, prime minister Charles Michel made his statement. Inside the Parliament building, his apologies were received with applause, both from the Representatives and from citizens in the audience, including many mixed-race children. After this, the plenary session was temporarily suspended, and in a commission room of the Chamber a meeting took place between the prime minister and Chamber president on the one hand, and mixed-race children and Congo experts (including former VRT journalists William Van Laeken and Walter Zinzen) on the other hand.
601:. In this letter the King stated: "This history consists of shared achievements, but also painful episodes. During the Congo Free State, violent and cruel acts were committed which continue to weigh down on our collective memory. During the subsequent colonial period, suffering was caused and humiliations were inflicted as well. I would like to express my deepest regret for those wounds of the past." It was the first time that a Belgian king publicly spoke against the atrocities in the Congo. This letter followed a few days after previous calls made by
384:
105:(r. 1865–1909), who ruled the Congo Free State as his private property from 1885 to 1908, is generally held to bear the primary responsibility for the atrocities committed there in that colonial period. In the early 21st century, statues of Leopold II have been regularly defaced or vandalised for this reason. For example, the statue of Leopold on the Throne Square in Brussels has been stained several times with paint.
426:(MR) read a statement in the Chamber of Representatives on 5 February 2002, in which he apologised on behalf of the Belgian government to the Lumumba, Mpolo, and Okito families, and the Congolese population. Although Michel did not speak of "moral responsibility", he added that some members of the government and other Belgians were clearly responsible for the events that eventually led to the death of Lumumba.
406:, and to assess whether any Belgian politicians were involved. On 16 November 2001, the commission published its report. Amongst other things, the report concluded that, although there was no evidence of the direct involvement of the Belgian government, it did carry a "moral responsibility" for the circumstances surrounding the assassination of Lumumba. Commission president
453:
stated in
January 2019 that it wanted to honour Lumumba with a street or square name as well. Previously, activists had already unofficially renamed the Leopold II Lane to 'Patrice Lumumba Lane'. In January 2021, the Ghent government announced that the Leopold II Lane would be renamed within a year,
64:
In the 21st century, several
Belgian government agencies and representatives have apologised for various aspects of the Belgian colonial rule in the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi, especially since 2018. Discussions continue on what kind of apologies for which matters would be appropriate and who should
117:, who is commonly regarded as the achiever of the Congolese independence (30 June 1960), but was assassinated in January 1961 on the orders of the Belgian government. Activists had originally advocated for naming a larger nameless square after Lumumba in the neighbouring municipality of
190:), which aroused a public debate even before the first episode had aired. According to experts, this was the first documentary in which the Belgian population was presented with images and video footage from the Congo 'without solely looking through the lens of colonial propaganda'.
299:
that there are "more important issues" in the present-day Congo than colonial apologies, "such as the development of the country", he said. He expressed concerns that, should colonial apologies be expressed, "other dossiers will be opened", and people would go "too far".
198:
After the United
Nations experts commission "Experts on People of African Descent" published a report on 12 February 2019 which indicated that apologies for the colonial past would be fitting, several politicians showed a willingness to engage in debates about the issue.
327:
towards people's voting intentions on the 26 May 2019 election. Participants were asked to comment on the following statement: "Belgium should officially apologise to the Congo for crimes committed in the colonial period." 51% of respondents agreed, 32% disagreed.
454:
and that
Patrice Lumumba was put at the top of names for a new street or square in Ghent, although it was yet unknown whether the Leopold II Lane would be renamed after Patrice Lumumba. Residents would be financially compensated for the address change.
65:
express them, or in which cases it would not be necessary. In addition, it is discussed how to best deal with the colonial material and intangible heritage, including statues, street names, and the organisation of museums.
1414:"Verslag van de parlementaire onderzoekscommissie belast met het vaststellen van de precieze omstandigheden waarin Patrice Lumumba werd vermoord en van de eventuele betrokkenheid daarbij van Belgische politici vol. I"
509:) from Belgian colonist fathers and native Congolese mothers were kidnapped to Belgium, away from their mothers and siblings. Most fathers refused to recognise their paternity, and hundreds of children ended up with
524:(N-VA) held a speech in which he sketched the historical background of the story of the mixed-race children, and explained that these apologies were the result of several earlier parlementary resolutions in
346:
in May 2020, the debate on racism and discrimination was reignited in
Belgium, and the question of possible apologies to the Congo resurfaced. Again several statues of Leopold II were vandalised, and the
2063:
352:
605:(CD&V) and others to the King to apologise to the Congo. However, King Philip did not explicitly mention the role of King Leopold II in the atrocities, and some activists accused him of
133:
1358:
976:
247:) in the Belgian Congo, introduced a resolution on 19 February to launch a historical investigation into the atrocities of the Belgian coloniser in the Congo after the
286:
argued in favour of a "historic pardon", indicating that one should "look to the head of state" to express it, because of the link between the Congo and
Leopold II.
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215:
73:
806:
1723:
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81:
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337:
129:
96:
348:
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403:
1387:
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was cancelled, according to journalists because the debate was still in full swing, and King Philip wished to remain neutral in discussions.
398:
In the early 2000s, a
Belgian parliamentary commission conducted an investigation into the precise circumstances of the 1961 assassination of
362:, which would inquire on how to best deal with the colonial past, and potential apologies to the Congo. Simultaneously, party leaders such as
1783:
1693:
419:
359:
267:
222:
1482:
1268:
1970:
1107:
517:(MR) expressed apologies to the hundreds of mixed-race children on behalf of Belgium on 3 April 2019 in the Chamber of Representatives.
171:) called on politicians to express apologies to the Congolese in the name of Belgium. In the same show, Representative Richard Miller (
753:
618:
90:
50:
1733:
1620:
1028:
721:
2053:
1652:
590:
540:
422:) apologised on behalf of Belgium for the Belgian involvement in the 1961 murder of Patrice Lumumba. Minister of Foreign Affairs
20:
1835:
1002:
2083:
1913:
1861:
1677:
Encarta-encyclopedie
Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
467:
236:
2022:
1563:
863:
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633:
481:, where a colonial reign of terror was conducted. The museum sprang from the temporary colonial exposition as part of the
248:
152:
1940:
1536:
1133:
572:
144:
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889:
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and were put in
Catholic orphanages and boarding schools. 59 years after Congolese independence, prime minister
1305:
207:
643:
252:
366:(CD&V) and Conner Rousseau (sp.a) spoke in favour of apologies, with Coens expressly referring to King
2088:
2078:
214:
had still characterised
Leopold II as "a hero with ambition for a small country like Belgium". Similarly,
449:
The desire for streets named after Lumumba also existed elsewhere in the country. The city government of
1413:
638:
474:
414:
and Ecolo also urged compensations for the benefit of the Congolese population. In 2002, prime minister
343:
137:
102:
32:
128:
festival, where some participants sang racist colonial chants. Politicians condemned the incident. The
1359:"Parlementsvoorzitter Patrick Dewael over Congo-commissie: "Er moet meer komen dan gratuite excuses""
279:
264:
606:
598:
179:
1470:"BELGA NEXT: Moord op Lumumba: België biedt zijn excuses aan" (in Dutch). Belga. 5 February 2002.
561:
529:
229:
172:
113:
In June 2018, after years of discussions, for the first time in Belgium a square was named after
1161:"VN heeft zware kritiek op vernieuwd AfricaMuseum: "Alle racistische beelden moeten verdwijnen""
383:
1729:
594:
463:
367:
323:
308:
260:
232:
218:
977:"Michel verbaasd over "vreemde" samenvatting van VN-experts over Belgisch koloniaal verleden"
628:
533:
521:
478:
443:
307:
on possible apologies to the Congo was held. This was done on the occasion of a poll of the
2023:"Belgium's King sends 'regrets' to Congo for Leopold II atrocities – but doesn't apologize"
577:
551:
415:
399:
387:
114:
473:
The AfricaMuseum was founded at the start of the 20th century by Philip's ancestor, King
1430:
1694:"Premier Michel biedt excuses aan voor behandeling metiskinderen uit koloniale periode"
864:"De zwarte woede in "Kinderen van de Kolonie", jong en oud over onze koloniale erfenis"
514:
435:
410:
urged the government to express apologies to the relatives of Lumumba, and the parties
407:
355:
203:
148:
351:
was damaged so severely that it was removed. In June 2020, this renewed attention led
134:
Kazerne Dossin Memorial, Museum and Documentation Centre on Holocaust and Human Rights
2047:
1510:"Stad Gent schrapt Leopold II-laan, bewoners krijgen compensatie voor adreswijziging"
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1214:
1187:
1160:
623:
602:
510:
498:
494:
363:
283:
168:
58:
54:
836:
589:
On 30 June 2020, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the independence of the
1215:"Bart De Wever: "Koning moet historisch pardon voor koloniaal verleden uitspreken""
949:
919:
545:
423:
317:
270:
stated it would like to consider apologies after the 26 May 2019 elections. In the
211:
36:
1836:"Belgium says sorry for forced removal of mixed-race children during colonial era"
155:) became the first black mayor in Belgium, namely in the Brussels municipality of
121:, but in 2016 mayor Dominique Dufourny (MR) categorically rejected that proposal.
1995:
1756:
1188:"Open VLD schuift excuses voor koloniaal verleden door naar volgende legislatuur"
1888:"Colonisation: la Belgique s'excuse auprès de ses métis arrachés à leurs mères"
1444:
1269:"Laurent Monsengwo: "Hebben de Congolezen u gezegd dat u excuses moet vragen?""
807:"Jongeren die 'Congo is van ons' zongen verplicht om Dossinkazerne te bezoeken"
446:
after the city council had unanimously approved the renaming on 23 April 2018.
664:
225:) found the experts' criticism of the renovated AfricaMuseum "quite strange".
539:
These apologies were also widely covered in the foreign press, including the
49:
over the expression of apologies for the role that country has played in the
780:"Racistische koorzangen op Pukkelpop: "Handjes kappen, de Congo is van ons""
567:
156:
125:
1388:"Joachim Coens (CD&V) wijst naar koning Filip voor excuses aan Congo"
391:
304:
240:
1971:"Koning Filip betuigt "diepste spijt" voor Belgische wandaden in Congo"
1081:
295:
164:
118:
46:
28:
692:"La statue équestre de Léopold II badigeonnée de peinture à Bruxelles"
411:
24:
271:
210:) said he found the report "very strange". Back in 2010, his father
19:
This article is about discussions of Belgian colonialism before the
1653:"Omstreden Africamuseum verbouwd, maar is er wel genoeg veranderd?"
1055:
1862:"Belgium Apologizes for Kidnapping Children From African Colonies"
1483:"Eerbetoon aan vermoorde Congolees: Gent krijgt een Lumumbastraat"
450:
382:
256:
80:
72:
263:
had been urging for such an investigation for some time already.
358:
to suggest the creation of a "reconciliation commission" in the
312:
1419:(in Dutch). Kamer van volksvertegenwoordigers. 16 November 2001
501:
became independent, about 1,000 "mixed-race children" (French:
920:"VN-experten vragen Belgische excuses voor koloniaal verleden"
556:
85:
Example of the notorious hand-cutting in the Congo Free State.
1784:"Belgium to apologise for kidnapping of children from Congo"
1757:"Belgium apology for mixed-race kidnappings in colonial era"
51:
atrocities that have been committed in the Congo Free State
1914:"België maakt excuses voor weghalen kinderen uit koloniën"
950:"Belgische excuses aan Congo krijgen steeds bredere steun"
754:"Lumumba heeft dan toch zijn eigen plein (tje) in Brussel"
303:
In April 2019, an opinion poll amongst the inhabitants of
1621:"Koning Filip niet naar heropening AfricaMuseum Tervuren"
943:
941:
913:
911:
722:"Brussel krijgt een plein vernoemd naar Patrice Lumumba"
442:) ceremonially opened the Patrice Lumumba Square in the
175:) said he favoured expressing apologies "in own name".
1108:"Louis Michel défend Léopold II et son action au Congo"
830:
828:
1810:"Belgium to apologise for historic kidnapping scandal"
1029:"Louis Michel: "Leopold II was een held voor België""
1003:"Louis Michel: "Leopold II was een held voor België""
1996:"Belgian king expresses regrets for colonial abuses"
1056:"Louis Michel: "Leopold II was een ambitieuze held""
1725:
Tussen twee werelden. Een leven in Europa en Afrika
1614:
1612:
715:
713:
597:wrote a historic letter to the Congolese president
477:, then the absolute ruler and private owner of the
2064:Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations
1242:"'Historisch pardon over Congo door koning nodig'"
837:"'Tijd voor excuses aan Congo vanwege de Koning'"
520:Before the Michel's apologies, Chamber president
585:Regrets from the King to the Congolese president
468:Royal Museum for Central Africa (AfricaMuseum)
890:"VN: "België moet zich excuseren voor Congo""
8:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1591:"Koning komt niet naar opening AfricaMuseum"
1564:"Koning komt niet naar opening AfricaMuseum"
1537:"Koning komt niet naar opening AfricaMuseum"
747:
745:
743:
493:From 1959 to 1962, around the time when the
124:In August 2018, an incident occurred at the
53:(or the Independent State of Congo) and the
1717:
1715:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1134:"Michel noemt Leopold II "visionaire held""
16:Apologies to the Congo expressed by Belgium
1941:"Kinderen van de kolonie eindelijk erkend"
370:and the federal government for this task.
145:Belgian local elections of 14 October 2018
1332:"Parlement wil Congo-commissie oprichten"
1304:(in Dutch). 24 April 2019. Archived from
862:Katrien Vanderschoot (30 November 2018).
57:between 1885 and 1960, and the colony of
1964:
1962:
1382:
1380:
483:Brussels International Exposition (1897)
338:List of statues of Leopold II of Belgium
97:List of statues of Leopold II of Belgium
45:are the subject of a societal debate in
1445:"België biedt excuses aan voor Lumumba"
665:"Standbeeld Leopold II beklad met verf"
655:
349:Statue of Leopold II of Belgium, Ekeren
249:Belgian federal election of 26 May 2019
1295:"Politieke barometer maart-april 2019"
1082:"Louis Michel noemt Leopold II 'held'"
462:A December 2018 planned visit of King
1619:Kristien Bonneure (3 December 2018).
489:Apologies for the mixed-race children
159:. In the television debate programme
7:
1481:Sabine Van Damme (22 January 2019).
948:Wim Winckelmans (19 February 2019).
835:Marjan Justaert (17 February 2019).
293:stated in a March 2019 interview of
178:From November 2018 to January 2019,
31:. For French colonialism before the
1651:Elise van Zijst (8 December 2018).
690:Philippe Carlot (29 January 2018).
216:Minister of Development Cooperation
2074:Atrocities in the Congo Free State
1240:David Adriaen (17 February 2019).
752:Douglas De Coninck (1 July 2018).
619:Atrocities in the Congo Free State
402:, the first prime minister of the
101:In Belgian public discourse, King
91:Atrocities in the Congo Free State
14:
1939:Anouk van Kampen (3 April 2019).
1443:Bart Beirlant (6 February 2002).
1267:Johan Droessaert (1 March 2019).
182:broadcast the documentary series
161:C’est pas tous les jours dimanche
132:ordered the singers to visit the
1692:Gianni Paelinck (3 April 2019).
1589:Bruno Struys (3 December 2018).
1562:Bruno Struys (3 December 2018).
591:Democratic Republic of the Congo
434:On 30 June 2018, Brussels mayor
77:Mistreatment of a Congolese man.
21:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1860:Milan Schreuer (4 April 2019).
167:, Kompany (who was born in the
1886:AFP/Le Figaro (4 April 2019).
1808:Daniel Boffey (3 April 2019).
1782:Daniel Boffey (3 April 2019).
1722:Kamanayo, Georges (May 2020).
1508:Bert Staes (21 January 2021).
1330:HAA & ARA (17 June 2020).
43:Belgian apologies to the Congo
1:
634:Genocide recognition politics
1834:Aanu Adeoye (4 April 2019).
1159:yd, jvh (12 February 2019).
896:(in Dutch). 12 February 2019
2021:Rob Picheta (1 July 2020).
1054:F. Vranckx (22 June 2010).
918:mg, yd (11 February 2019).
379:Apologies to Lumumba family
130:federal prosecutor's office
2105:
1186:Belga (18 February 2019).
975:Belga (12 February 2019).
786:(in Dutch). 20 August 2018
663:Belga (9 September 2008).
466:to the recently renovated
360:Chamber of Representatives
335:
289:Congolese Catholic bishop
94:
88:
18:
2059:Belgium–Burundi relations
1728:. Polis. pp. 22–27.
1114:(in French). 23 June 2010
607:not making a full apology
291:Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya
140:for mandatory education.
35:(Congo-Brazzaville), see
2069:Belgium–Rwanda relations
1920:(in Dutch). 3 April 2019
1213:gjs (17 February 2019).
1140:(in Dutch). 22 June 2010
1088:(in Dutch). 22 June 2010
1035:(in Dutch). 22 June 2010
1009:(in Dutch). 22 June 2010
805:kv (12 September 2018).
404:First Congolese Republic
374:Accomplished initiatives
245:LĂ©opoldville/Leopoldstad
2054:21st century in Belgium
1535:EDB (4 December 2018).
720:Belga (24 April 2018).
644:Street name controversy
184:Kinderen van de kolonie
2084:Anti-racism in Belgium
1969:Belga (30 June 2020).
430:Patrice Lumumba Square
395:
188:Children of the Colony
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78:
639:Leopold II of Belgium
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344:George Floyd protests
251:. Opposition parties
138:Mechelen transit camp
103:Leopold II of Belgium
84:
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33:Republic of the Congo
1357:LH (21 June 2020).
1060:Gazet van Antwerpen
784:Gazet van Antwerpen
239:), herself born in
1866:The New York Times
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562:The New York Times
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507:metis(sen)kinderen
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568:Le Figaro
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1761:BBC News
613:See also
394:in 1960.
392:Brussels
305:Flanders
268:Open Vld
241:Kinshasa
237:CD&V
223:Open Vld
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