560:
1410:. The archives contain files opened at Leopold's request on Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, Mexico-State of Puebla, Sandwich Islands, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, San Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Rio Nunez, Marie (West coast of Africa), Bolivia, Colombia, Guiana, Argentina (La Plata), Argentina (Villaguay), Patagonia, Florida, Texas, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Missouri, Kansas, Isle of Pines, Cozumel, St. Bartholomew Island, Haiti, Tortugas, Faroe Islands, Portugal, Isle of Nordstrand, Cyprus, Surinam, India, Java, Philippines, Abyssinia, Barbary Coast, Guinea Coast, Madagascar, Republic of South Africa, Nicobar, Singapore, New Zealand, New Guinea (Papua), Australia, Fiji, Malaysia, Marianas Island, the New Hebrides, and Samoa.
89:
622:
725:
106:
960:
796:
1051:) fully subject to the existing constitution and laws of the country, relinquishing their former Belgian or other national birthright, as well as any claim to any privileges or immunity as foreigners. Justice was to be administered by judges named by the government (art. 40). No foreign troops were to be allowed on the concession and Guatemalan troops were to garrison two forts that were to be built near the projected new town. (art. 18–22)
883:
75:
952:
1185:
610:(ABIR), among others, used force and brutality to extract profit from the territory. Their regime in the Congo used forced labour, and murder and mutilation on indigenous Congolese who did not fulfill quotas for rubber collections. Millions of Congolese died during this time. Many deaths can be attributed to new diseases introduced by contact with European colonists, including
1199:
764:. On many occasions, the interests of the government and private enterprise became closely tied, and the state helped companies break strikes and remove other barriers raised by the indigenous population. The country was split into nesting, hierarchically organised administrative subdivisions, and run uniformly according to a set "native policy" (
416:) of state, missionary and private company interests. During the 1940s and 1950s, the Congo experienced extensive urbanization and the administration aimed to make it into a "model colony". As the result of a widespread and increasingly radical pro-independence movement, the Congo achieved independence, as the
702:, as the rapids there proved a barrier to further travel. Rejaf was the seat of the commander, the only European colonial official within the enclave, who were in place from 1897 to June 1910. Efforts were made to properly defend Lado against any possible incursion by another colonial power, with twelve heavy
633:
occurred in the Free State period but estimates of the deaths toll vary considerably. Although the figures are estimates, it is believed that as many as ten million
Congolese died during the period, roughly a fifth of the population. As the first census did not take place until 1924, it is difficult
1046:
clearly stated that the cession of the territory to the
Belgian company did not involve, implicitly or explicitly, a cession of sovereignty over the territory, which would forever remain under the sovereignty and jurisdiction of Guatemala. Article 5 stated that upon their arrival on the territory,
646:
Although the Congo Free State was not a
Belgian colony, Belgium was its chief beneficiary in terms of trade and the employment of its citizens. Leopold II personally accumulated considerable wealth from exports of rubber and ivory acquired at gunpoint. Much of this was spent on public buildings in
709:
However, there continued to be uncertainty in the enclave with the knowledge that the enclave would revert to
British rule upon Leopold's death. As a result, the Belgians were unable to create an effective government, leading to civil unrest within the enclave. At the death of King Leopold, the
740:
Leopold achieved international recognition for the Congo Free State in 1885. By the turn of the century, however, the violence used by Free State officials against indigenous
Congolese and the ruthless system of economic extraction led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official
412:. The violence used by Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and the ruthless system of economic extraction had led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country. Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the "colonial trinity" (
1115:
system, the
Belgian concession remained inactive. An agreement was reached between the Belgian and Chinese governments in August 1929 to return the concession to China. The agreement was approved by the Belgian parliament on 13 July 1931.
674:
The Lado
Enclave was a Belgian Colony that existed from 1894 until 1910, situated on the west bank of the Upper Nile in what is now Central Equatoria province in South Sudan and northwest Uganda. Its capital was the town of Lado.
2858:
403:
Roughly 98% of
Belgium's overseas territory was just one colony (about 76 times larger than Belgium itself) – known as the Belgian Congo. The colony was founded in 1908 following the transfer of sovereignty from the
1350:
Report of the proceedings and evidence in the arbitration between the King and
Government of the Hawaiian Islands and Ladd & Co., before Messrs. Stephen H. Williams & James F. B. Marshall, arbitrators under
1280:
2738:
2628:
1011:
257:
2882:
2592:
2753:
2904:
2692:
3127:
2618:
2962:
2892:
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3028:
2942:
2819:
2763:
581:
of
Belgium, frustrated by his nation's lack of international power and prestige, tried to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then-largely unexplored
1111:
for Belgium. The Belgian concession was proclaimed on 7 November 1900 and spanned some 100 hectares (250 acres). Although Belgian companies invested in Tianjin, especially in the city's
2986:
3101:
2957:
2848:
4691:
2899:
2758:
2733:
532:, continuing Belgium's booming industrial trade in South America and Russia, was much more promising. As a result, Leopold pursued his colonial ambitions without the support of the
2824:
2809:
2743:
2585:
1373:
694:
for the period of his lifetime. This area, called the Lado Enclave, linked the Congo with the navigable Nile. The Lado Enclave was important to the Belgian Congo as it included
3038:
3013:
2875:
2853:
2836:
2804:
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1169:
for a year, and became an enclave under the sovereignty of Belgium. After a year, it was returned to the Italian State in 1920. The Consul of Belgium and the president of the
88:
4676:
2932:
2841:
690:. These negotiations resulted in the 1894 British-Congolese Treaty, signed on 12 May, under which the British leased all of the Nile basin south of the 10° north latitude to
105:
3091:
3003:
2998:
2865:
2831:
2180:
3048:
3033:
3018:
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2887:
2814:
2721:
3086:
3043:
2787:
2768:
2578:
2116:
3120:
3063:
2967:
2920:
2610:
2099:
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1153:. The last two administrators (1954-1956) were Belgian, Belgium was also subordinate to the customs and financial administration and the gendarmerie in Tangier.
3096:
3053:
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1232:
621:
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2409:
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2394:
682:
led them to negotiate with the Belgians to exchange the area that became the Lado Enclave for a narrow strip of territory in eastern Congo between Lakes
856:. Poor relations between factions within the Congo, the continued involvement of Belgium in Congolese affairs, and intervention by major parties of the
760:
interests. The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of capital flowed into the Congo and that individual regions became
559:
585:. Their refusal led Leopold to create a state under his own personal rule. With support from a number of Western countries who saw Leopold as a useful
3136:
2870:
827:
programmes aimed at making the territory into a "model colony". One of the results was the development of a new middle class of Europeanised African "
4706:
2000:
926:. After Belgium began administering the colony, it generally maintained the policies established by the Germans, including indirect rule via local
528:
had abated. Successive governments viewed colonial expansion as economically and politically risky and fundamentally unrewarding, and believed that
1724:
4681:
3141:
2519:
2657:
2301:
845:
417:
283:
1964:
2170:
2069:
4478:
3860:
1945:
1923:
1894:
1872:
1846:
930:
rulers, and a policy of ethnic identity cards (later retained in the Republic of Rwanda). Revolts and violence against Tutsi, known as the
816:
2079:
907:
537:
4530:
3530:
1366:
2638:
1217:
607:
568:
3174:
2545:
2343:
2111:
2094:
2064:
2013:
1565:
1464:
911:
479:
2709:
1908:
4701:
4686:
4656:
2601:
915:
357:
4156:
509:, but the deal fell apart when Ladd & Co. ran into financial difficulties. Belgian traders also extended their influence in
2623:
2333:
2216:
1503:
1238:
1042:
was granted the land in perpetuity, the concession did not become a colony in the political sense. Article 4 of the May 1842
987:
gave them the region in exchange for sixteen thousand pesos every year from the government of Guatemala. On 4 May 1843, the
1533:
4594:
2650:
2318:
1244:
1082:
1060:
808:
734:
389:
1250:
4589:
4473:
2270:
2221:
2034:
1993:
1222:
3636:
1001:
4666:
4599:
3318:
2357:
1882:
724:
74:
1149:
on Morocco. Thus, from 1925 to 1940 and from 1945 to 1956, Belgium was one of the nine nations that administered the
1120:
996:
2504:
2265:
2243:
1485:
1456:
1150:
1136:
992:
691:
393:
3269:
1793:
4671:
4557:
3705:
2937:
2275:
2175:
2160:
2084:
824:
574:
432:
4515:
4490:
4340:
3999:
3994:
2311:
2165:
1830:
1705:
600:
and later rubber which was becoming a valuable commodity. With the support of the Free State's military, the
4661:
4582:
4004:
3957:
3900:
3599:
3543:
3291:
2424:
2379:
2226:
2206:
2133:
2106:
1986:
1856:
1142:
976:
761:
501:
tentatively supported several proposals to acquire territories overseas. In 1843, he signed a contract with
471:
167:
94:
4056:
3771:
3525:
4604:
4505:
4500:
4188:
4136:
3989:
3893:
3878:
3538:
3492:
3333:
3220:
2231:
2123:
2089:
2039:
1108:
1078:
757:
440:
217:
4535:
4495:
4308:
4183:
3247:
3237:
3196:
3167:
2514:
2399:
2389:
1972:
1721:
1392:
959:
679:
578:
521:
409:
193:
4428:
4423:
1227:
514:
4716:
4628:
4458:
4408:
4303:
4234:
4205:
4124:
4026:
3458:
3296:
3286:
2404:
2384:
2338:
2255:
2250:
2211:
2143:
2054:
2044:
1961:
1146:
1007:
968:
772:
whereby traditional leaders were retained in positions of authority under colonial oversight. During
683:
634:
to quantify the population loss of the period and these figures have been disputed by some who, like
498:
491:
4384:
4320:
4200:
4166:
4068:
4036:
3888:
3883:
3695:
3414:
3350:
3225:
3210:
2429:
2369:
2260:
2194:
2049:
1166:
918:, still under Belgian administration, until 1962, when it developed into the independent states of
899:
841:
341:
229:
205:
174:
4433:
4413:
4396:
4347:
4212:
4021:
3972:
3905:
3823:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3710:
3680:
3572:
3470:
3338:
3313:
2538:
2494:
2447:
2439:
2328:
2306:
2289:
2155:
2074:
2059:
2021:
1614:
1212:
1173:
established a charitable foundation with the goal of building a village for artists and a hotel.
931:
895:
785:
635:
533:
475:
448:
428:
300:
1127:(Hankow). The Belgian claim was never formally recognised and the proposal was dropped in 1908.
4542:
4438:
4374:
4369:
4298:
4195:
3910:
3838:
3833:
3675:
3604:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3377:
3328:
3076:
2457:
2323:
1941:
1919:
1890:
1868:
1842:
1561:
1460:
1300:
972:
935:
776:, Congolese troops participated in offensives against German forces in the area of modern-day
506:
377:
155:
4046:
792:
came from across the social spectrum, but were always treated as superior to black citizens.
4391:
4178:
4173:
4129:
4116:
4014:
4009:
3873:
3868:
3850:
3811:
3744:
3727:
3668:
3658:
3653:
3594:
3550:
3520:
3480:
3463:
3446:
3409:
3160:
2682:
2667:
2633:
2570:
2554:
2509:
2499:
2414:
2374:
1861:
1703:"New Physical, Political, Industrial and Commercial Map of Central America and the Antilles"
1292:
1104:
1014:. Belgian colonizing efforts in Guatemala ceased in 1854, due to lack of financing and high
865:
853:
812:
795:
768:). This was in contrast to the British and the French, who generally favoured the system of
590:
554:
405:
133:
55:
4418:
4609:
4577:
4450:
4401:
4357:
4352:
4330:
4325:
4283:
4276:
4251:
4111:
4106:
3947:
3828:
3722:
3717:
3685:
3510:
3500:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3367:
3323:
3205:
3191:
2952:
2677:
2489:
2472:
2467:
1968:
1728:
1709:
1405:
1100:
882:
849:
687:
639:
529:
337:
80:
4051:
4031:
1887:
The Scramble for Africa: the White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912
482:. By the time this was universally recognized in 1839, most European powers already had
352:
controlled several territories and concessions during the colonial era, principally the
4552:
4547:
4510:
4485:
4468:
4379:
4364:
4335:
4293:
4141:
4101:
4096:
3984:
3977:
3937:
3927:
3917:
3732:
3611:
3505:
3372:
3254:
2559:
2482:
2462:
2452:
2238:
2029:
1938:
China's Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Port Era, 1840–1943
1204:
1190:
1162:
1015:
984:
980:
729:
602:
129:
44:
1905:
A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires
4650:
4633:
4520:
4315:
4288:
4261:
4239:
4217:
4061:
4041:
3967:
3952:
3796:
3749:
3737:
3663:
3555:
3429:
3424:
3399:
3281:
2704:
2699:
2645:
1835:
1170:
877:
769:
719:
502:
436:
424:
361:
353:
333:
270:
971:
arrived in Guatemala; the Belgians observed the natural riches of the department of
951:
4525:
4266:
4256:
4222:
4151:
4146:
4073:
3863:
3845:
3806:
3801:
3781:
3776:
3648:
3641:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3515:
3453:
3434:
3419:
3355:
2662:
2477:
2128:
1933:
1019:
861:
820:
789:
753:
669:
630:
586:
487:
373:
1507:
829:
589:
between rival colonial powers, Leopold achieved international recognition for the
1743:
1556:
1449:
1434:
1348:
1119:
In the late 19th century, Belgian engineers were employed on construction of the
4244:
4229:
4078:
3791:
3700:
3690:
3616:
3264:
3259:
1863:
The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800
1529:
1344:
1070:
903:
834:
788:. The large numbers of white immigrants who moved to the Congo after the end of
773:
615:
582:
525:
510:
444:
381:
17:
596:
The Free State government exploited the Congo for its natural resources, first
4271:
4088:
3962:
3922:
3855:
1296:
1180:
860:
led to a five-year-long period of war and political instability, known as the
749:
564:
1744:
Colonisation dans l'Amérique centrale du District de Santo-Tomas de Guatemala
1490:
Histoire générale du Congo: De l'héritage ancien à la République Démocratique
1304:
4161:
3932:
3816:
3786:
3567:
3441:
3232:
988:
887:
784:
which were placed under Belgian occupation. The Congo had a high degree of
614:
which killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower
540:
show that Leopold investigated possible colonies in dozens of territories.
1367:"Early Belgian Colonial Efforts: The Long and Fateful Shadow of Leopold I"
1318:
741:
control of the country, which it did in 1908, creating the Belgian Congo.
3562:
3345:
3303:
3242:
2419:
1123:, leading the Belgian government to unsuccessfully claim a concession in
857:
800:
648:
611:
119:
110:
Map of Belgium's colonies at their maximum extent in the interwar period.
3475:
3404:
3360:
3276:
3215:
2009:
1066:
1027:
1023:
923:
781:
656:
467:
452:
397:
369:
349:
3308:
3183:
1452:
The Cambridge History of Africa: From the earliest times to c. 500 BC
1124:
1090:
919:
777:
652:
483:
456:
365:
296:
1012:
Eastern Coast of Central America Commercial and Agricultural Company
1978:
3942:
2672:
1712:, Library of Congress, World Digital Library, accessed 27 May 2013
1702:
1074:
958:
950:
927:
881:
794:
723:
703:
695:
620:
597:
558:
1112:
840:
In 1960, as the result of a widespread and increasingly radical
699:
3156:
2574:
1982:
914:
allotted to Belgium, from 1924 to 1945. It was designated as a
744:
Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the "colonial trinity" (
1823:
King Leopold's Legacy: The Congo under Belgian Rule 1908–1960
864:, from 1960 to 1965. This ended with the seizure of power by
1418:
1416:
3152:
1907:(Edinburgh UP, 2008), "Belgium and its colonies" pp 6–57.
1674:
1672:
1281:"Church, State, and "Native Liberty" in the Belgian Congo"
837:
force twice as large as that in any other African colony.
813:
in forcing the Italians out of their East African colonies
606:, the territory was divided into private concessions. The
1006:, a private Belgian company under the protection of King
629:
A sharp reduction of the population of the Congo through
517:
of 1849 and growing Anglo-French rivalry in the region.
1647:
1645:
392:
in China (1902–1931) and was a co-administrator of the
385:
1347:; Williams, Stephen H.; Marshall, James F. B. (1846).
819:. During the 1940s and 1950s, the Congo had extensive
423:
Of Belgium's other colonies, the most significant was
1354:. C.E. Hitchcock, printer, Hawaiian Government press.
910:
had removed the Germans from the colony. It became a
408:, which was the personal property of Belgium's king,
1837:
The Congo From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History
890:
with "German East Africa: Belgian Occupation" (1916)
642:
are speculative estimates based on little evidence.
4618:
4570:
4449:
4087:
3491:
3190:
3062:
2985:
2919:
2786:
2720:
2609:
2438:
2356:
2288:
2193:
2142:
2020:
384:) from 1884 to 1910. It also had small concessions
329:
319:
314:
293:
280:
267:
254:
242:
223:
211:
199:
187:
173:
163:
151:
125:
115:
34:
1860:
1834:
991:parliament issued a decree giving the district of
710:Belgians handed over Lado to the British in 1910.
1867:(2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.
1141:In 1880 and 1905, Belgium was a signatory to the
844:, the Congo achieved independence, becoming the
823:, and the colonial administration began various
625:African troops recruited by the Congo Free State
451:, the mandate became the independent states of
1047:the settlers would become Guatemalan natives (
963:View of the Belgian settlement of Santo Thomas
833:" in the cities. By the 1950s the Congo had a
4692:States and territories disestablished in 1962
3168:
2586:
1994:
538:Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
8:
4625:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
1530:"King Leopold's legacy of DR Congo violence"
1916:The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality
325:2,430,270 km (938,330 sq mi)
4677:States and territories established in 1841
4446:
3175:
3161:
3153:
2991:
2925:
2792:
2726:
2593:
2579:
2571:
2362:
2294:
2199:
2148:
2001:
1987:
1979:
1285:Comparative Studies in Society and History
698:, which was the terminus for boats on the
132:served as the main colonial language, but
104:
31:
1940:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
1636:
1422:
1971:at "Tianjin under Nine Flags" Project (
1271:
318:
313:
1690:
1678:
1663:
1651:
1401:
1390:
1131:Tangier International Zone (1925–1956)
902:from 1916 to 1924 in the aftermath of
706:fort guns installed in November 1906.
524:, was crowned, Belgian enthusiasm for
513:but this too fell apart following the
1903:Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds.,
1779:
1767:
1755:
1536:from the original on 21 February 2018
955:Belgian settlement in Guatemala, 1845
490:outside Europe and had begun to form
292:
279:
266:
253:
249:
222:
210:
198:
186:
182:
172:
27:Former colonies of Belgium, 1908–1962
7:
1319:"Belgium's role in Rwandan genocide"
934:, occurred in the events leading to
463:Background in the early 19th century
4712:Historical transcontinental empires
1918:(2nd ed.). London: Zed Books.
1079:nine foreign-controlled concessions
520:By the time Belgium's second king,
1825:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1435:Religious Tolerance Organisation:
1279:Kenny, Gale; Wenger, Tisa (2020).
1218:Atrocities in the Congo Free State
1030:diseases of the tropical climate.
947:Santo Tomás, Guatemala (1843–1854)
638:, claim that the figures cited by
608:Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company
431:, which was given to Belgium as a
258:Annexation of the Congo Free State
25:
4697:1962 disestablishments in Belgium
2693:Transitional Government (2003–06)
2065:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1889:(13th ed.). London: Abacus.
1379:from the original on 4 March 2016
1365:Ansiaux, Robert (December 2006).
1233:Société Belge d'Études Coloniales
1010:. It replaced the failed British
912:League of Nations Class B mandate
480:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
2602:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2302:2008–2009 financial crisis
1794:"Enclave-Hunting in Switzerland"
1560:. Pearson Education. pp. 98–99.
1197:
1183:
577:began in the late 19th century.
136:was also used to a lesser extent
87:
73:
4707:History of European colonialism
1040:Compagnie belge de colonisation
997:Compagnie belge de colonisation
692:King Leopold II of the Belgians
4682:1841 establishments in Belgium
2629:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
1239:Colonial University of Belgium
1099:). In the years following the
1095:
1086:
1055:Tianjin Concession (1900–1931)
916:United Nations trust territory
846:Republic of Congo-Léopoldville
799:Belgian colonial officials in
418:Republic of Congo-Léopoldville
1:
1792:Jacobs, Frank (15 May 2012).
1504:"Congo Free State, 1885–1908"
1437:The Congo Free State Genocide
1245:Institut Royal Colonial Belge
1061:Belgian concession of Tianjin
967:In 1842, a ship sent by King
735:Belgian Congo in World War II
567:posing with a victim of the
390:Belgian concession of Tianjin
2710:M23 offensive (2022–present)
2683:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
2658:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
2634:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
1223:Foreign relations of Belgium
894:Ruanda-Urundi was a part of
809:participated in World War II
549:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
2825:Foreign policy under Mobutu
1544:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
4733:
2668:State of Katanga (1960–63)
1554:Rubinstein, W. D. (2004).
1457:Cambridge University Press
1151:Tangier International Zone
1137:Tangier International Zone
1134:
1058:
875:
717:
667:
552:
497:During the 1840s and 50s,
394:Tangier International Zone
3114:
2994:
2928:
2795:
2729:
2678:First Congo War (1996–98)
2532:
2365:
2297:
2202:
2151:
2035:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
1831:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges
1618:, 30 November 1906, p. 5.
1297:10.1017/S0010417519000446
975:and decided to settle in
842:pro-independence movement
714:Belgian Congo (1908–1960)
575:Colonization of the Congo
433:League of Nations Mandate
372:) from 1922 to 1962, and
310:
250:
238:
183:
103:
69:
64:
2800:Administrative divisions
1746:, Paris, 1843, p. 32–36.
1722:"Santo Tomas de Castilla
1486:Ndaywel è Nziem, Isidore
1440:. Retrieved 14 May 2007.
1251:Belgium–Mexico relations
664:Lado Enclave (1884–1910)
4702:20th century in Belgium
4687:Former Belgian colonies
4657:Belgian colonial empire
2705:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
2646:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
2070:Long nineteenth century
1914:Turner, Thomas (2007).
1733:Britannica Encyclopedia
1165:was bequeathed to King
1161:In 1919, the island of
995:"in perpetuity" to the
977:Santo Tomas de Castilla
472:constitutional monarchy
295:• Independence of
282:• Independence of
168:Constitutional monarchy
36:Belgian colonial empire
2663:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
2624:Colonization (1867–85)
2344:Science and technology
2040:Burgundian Netherlands
1967:15 August 2018 at the
1821:Anstey, Roger (1966).
1594:Pakenham, pp. 525-526.
1400:Cite journal requires
1241:(est. 1920 in Antwerp)
1121:Beijing–Hankou Railway
1049:indigènes de Guatemala
964:
956:
891:
811:and were instrumental
804:
737:
626:
571:
536:. The archives of the
4595:Medieval great powers
1973:University of Bristol
1841:. London: Zed Books.
1323:Le Monde Diplomatique
1157:Isola Comacina (1919)
1077:(1860–1945) included
962:
954:
908:a military expedition
885:
817:East African Campaign
798:
727:
680:Cape to Cairo railway
678:British desire for a
624:
562:
360:) from 1908 to 1960,
269:• Annexation of
126:Common languages
4605:European colonialism
4590:Ancient great powers
2520:World Heritage Sites
2055:Austrian Netherlands
2045:Southern Netherlands
1708:24 June 2013 at the
1612:"The Lado Enclave",
1532:. 24 February 2004.
1257:Notes and references
1147:Algeciras Conference
1008:Leopold I of Belgium
969:Leopold I of Belgium
886:Belgian Congo stamp
866:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
492:spheres of influence
4600:Modern great powers
2050:Spanish Netherlands
1727:5 June 2008 at the
1627:Christopher, p. 89.
1557:Genocide: a history
1167:Albert I of Belgium
900:military occupation
342:Ruanda-Urundi franc
4667:History of Belgium
2963:Telecommunications
2810:Court of Cassation
2774:Former place names
2075:Belgian Revolution
2060:Brabant Revolution
1962:Belgian Concession
1510:on 7 December 2013
1228:Rio Nuñez incident
1213:History of Belgium
1044:Acte de concession
965:
957:
932:Rwandan Revolution
896:German East Africa
892:
805:
786:racial segregation
766:politique indigène
738:
733:soldiers from the
636:William Rubinstein
627:
572:
534:Belgian government
515:Rio Nuñez Incident
449:Rwandan Revolution
429:German East Africa
51:Belgische koloniën
4644:
4643:
4566:
4565:
4531:Polish–Lithuanian
3706:Gurjara-Pratihara
3150:
3149:
3110:
3109:
3029:Human trafficking
2981:
2980:
2915:
2914:
2883:Political parties
2876:National Assembly
2820:Foreign relations
2782:
2781:
2568:
2567:
2528:
2527:
2352:
2351:
2284:
2283:
2271:Political parties
2222:Foreign relations
2189:
2188:
1947:978-988-8139-28-6
1925:978-1-84277-688-9
1896:978-0-349-10449-2
1874:978-0-333-69872-3
1848:978-1-84277-052-8
1770:, pp. 248–9.
1681:, pp. 198–9.
1639:, pp. 588–9.
1425:, pp. 253–5.
1143:Madrid Convention
942:Minor possessions
807:Congolese troops
746:trinité coloniale
507:Kingdom of Hawaii
478:in 1830 from the
414:trinité coloniale
378:Central Equatoria
347:
346:
225:• 1951–1962
213:• 1934–1951
201:• 1909–1934
189:• 1908-1909
156:Roman Catholicism
16:(Redirected from
4724:
4672:Overseas empires
4447:
4112:Austro-Hungarian
3812:Chagatai Khanate
3177:
3170:
3163:
3154:
3130:
3123:
2992:
2953:Franc (currency)
2926:
2793:
2727:
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2572:
2548:
2541:
2363:
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2003:
1996:
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1951:
1929:
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1883:Pakenham, Thomas
1878:
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1595:
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1583:
1577:
1576:Stenger, p. 277.
1574:
1568:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1506:. Archived from
1500:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1459:, 1982, p. 748.
1447:
1441:
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1193:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1105:Maurice Joostens
1097:
1088:
1005:
854:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
660:
591:Congo Free State
569:Congo atrocities
555:Congo Free State
505:to colonize the
447:. Following the
439:lost all of its
406:Congo Free State
388:(1843–1854) and
234:
108:
91:
77:
59:
48:
32:
21:
18:Belgian diaspora
4732:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4629:American Empire
4614:
4610:African empires
4562:
4445:
4137:Central African
4083:
3901:Romano-Germanic
3487:
3221:Middle Assyrian
3194:
3186:
3181:
3151:
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3133:
3126:
3119:
3106:
3102:Public holidays
3058:
2977:
2911:
2849:Law enforcement
2778:
2716:
2673:Zaire (1965–97)
2605:
2599:
2569:
2564:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2524:
2505:Public holidays
2434:
2410:Life expectancy
2348:
2280:
2185:
2138:
2016:
2007:
1969:Wayback Machine
1958:
1948:
1932:
1926:
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1881:
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1103:, the diplomat
1101:Boxer Rebellion
1063:
1057:
1036:
999:
983:in the region.
949:
944:
880:
874:
850:Patrice Lumumba
758:private company
722:
716:
672:
666:
645:
640:Adam Hochschild
579:King Leopold II
557:
551:
546:
530:informal empire
465:
427:, a portion of
338:Congolese franc
322:
303:
286:
273:
260:
232:
226:
214:
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190:
158:
147:
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137:
111:
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40:Colonies belges
37:
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15:
12:
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5:
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3493:Post-classical
3489:
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3473:
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3451:
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3306:
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3299:
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3292:Middle Kingdom
3289:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3248:Neo-Babylonian
3245:
3240:
3238:Old Babylonian
3230:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3188:
3187:
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3139:
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3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:Child marriage
2995:
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2900:Prime Minister
2897:
2896:
2895:
2885:
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2878:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2859:Chief of Staff
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2613:
2607:
2606:
2604: articles
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2590:
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2319:Communications
2316:
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2276:Prime Minister
2273:
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2263:
2258:
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2246:
2236:
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2234:
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2190:
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2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:Extreme points
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:Royal Question
2121:
2120:
2119:
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2080:Crisis of 1870
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2030:Gallia Belgica
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1957:
1956:External links
1954:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1930:
1924:
1911:
1901:
1895:
1879:
1873:
1853:
1847:
1827:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1798:New York Times
1784:
1782:, p. 106.
1772:
1760:
1758:, p. 248.
1748:
1736:
1714:
1695:
1693:, p. 198.
1683:
1668:
1656:
1641:
1629:
1620:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1585:Taylor, p. 53.
1578:
1569:
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1521:
1495:
1477:
1468:
1450:John D. Fage,
1442:
1427:
1412:
1402:|journal=
1357:
1336:
1310:
1291:(1): 156–185.
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1205:History portal
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1191:Belgium portal
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1069:(Tientsin), a
1056:
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985:Rafael Carrera
981:infrastructure
948:
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940:
898:under Belgian
876:Main article:
873:
870:
730:Force Publique
718:Main article:
715:
712:
668:Main article:
665:
662:
603:Force Publique
553:Main article:
550:
547:
545:
542:
503:Ladd & Co.
499:King Leopold I
464:
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443:at the end of
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93:
86:
85:
79:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
62:
61:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4729:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4635:
4634:Soviet empire
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:Miscellaneous
4617:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:German Empire
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3958:Turco-Persian
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Social issues
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
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2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2906:
2903:
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2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Deforestation
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:Kivu conflict
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Early history
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2464:
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2454:
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2423:
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2418:
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2413:
2411:
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2398:
2396:
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2391:
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2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
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2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
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2291:
2287:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
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2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:Neild, Robert
1931:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1884:
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1711:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:, p. 29.
1665:
1660:
1657:
1654:, p. 28.
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:Pakenham 1992
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1603:Hill, p. 330.
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1566:0-582-50601-8
1563:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:0-521-22803-4
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:Pakenham 1992
1419:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1394:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1325:. 1 June 2021
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1266:
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1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
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1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1195:
1192:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1171:Brera Academy
1168:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:negotiated a
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
961:
953:
946:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
889:
884:
879:
878:Ruanda-Urundi
872:Ruanda-Urundi
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:indirect rule
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
736:
732:
731:
726:
721:
720:Belgian Congo
713:
711:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
671:
663:
661:
658:
654:
650:
643:
641:
637:
632:
631:excess deaths
623:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
570:
566:
561:
556:
548:
543:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
488:protectorates
485:
481:
477:
474:, gained its
473:
469:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:Ruanda-Urundi
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Ruanda-Urundi
359:
355:
354:Belgian Congo
351:
343:
339:
335:
334:Belgian franc
332:
328:
324:
309:
305:
302:
298:
288:
285:
275:
272:
271:Ruanda-Urundi
262:
259:
245:
241:
237:
231:
228:
219:
216:
207:
204:
195:
192:
178:
176:
169:
166:
162:
157:
154:
150:
142:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
107:
102:
96:
90:
82:
76:
68:
63:
57:
52:
46:
41:
33:
30:
19:
4463:
4385:Contemporary
4235:Indo-Persian
4223:Nazi Germany
4167:Contemporary
4069:Vijayanagara
3968:Great Seljuk
3879:Thessalonica
3807:Golden Horde
3447:Carthaginian
3226:Neo-Assyrian
3211:Neo-Sumerian
3039:Prostitution
3014:Demographics
2938:Central Bank
2837:Human rights
2805:Constitution
2739:Conservation
2651:World War II
2448:Architecture
2425:Prostitution
2380:Demographics
2334:Trade unions
2312:Central bank
2227:Human rights
2207:Constitution
2181:Subdivisions
2134:State reform
2129:Congo Crisis
2107:World War II
1937:
1915:
1904:
1886:
1862:
1857:Freund, Bill
1836:
1822:
1815:Bibliography
1801:. Retrieved
1797:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1732:
1717:
1698:
1686:
1659:
1632:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1555:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1451:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1393:cite journal
1381:. Retrieved
1360:
1349:
1345:Ricord, John
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1322:
1313:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1160:
1140:
1118:
1094:
1065:The city of
1064:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1020:yellow fever
966:
936:independence
893:
862:Congo Crisis
839:
828:
821:urbanization
806:
801:Léopoldville
790:World War II
765:
745:
743:
739:
728:
708:
677:
673:
670:Lado Enclave
644:
628:
601:
595:
573:
519:
496:
476:independence
466:
422:
413:
402:
386:in Guatemala
380:province in
374:Lado Enclave
348:
321:• Total
140:
95:Coat of arms
50:
39:
29:
4717:Imperialism
3973:Khwarezmian
3906:Carolingian
3711:Rashtrakuta
3415:Shaishunaga
3314:Hellenistic
3297:New Kingdom
3287:Old Kingdom
2933:Agriculture
2244:enforcement
2090:World War I
1691:Freund 1998
1679:Freund 1998
1664:Turner 2007
1652:Turner 2007
1615:The Mercury
1475:Hochschild.
1247:(est. 1928)
1235:(est. 1894)
1071:treaty port
1000: [
993:Santo Tomás
904:World War I
888:overstamped
835:wage labour
825:development
815:during the
774:World War I
762:specialised
616:Congo River
583:Congo Basin
526:colonialism
511:West Africa
445:World War I
382:South Sudan
306:1 July 1962
218:Leopold III
4651:Categories
4543:Portuguese
4424:Revival Le
4414:Vietnamese
4057:Later Tran
4027:Vietnamese
3923:Singhasari
3911:Holy Roman
3535:Bulgarian
3471:Satavahana
3442:Phoenician
3378:Achaemenid
3339:Indo-Greek
3319:Macedonian
3233:Babylonian
3004:Corruption
2866:Parliament
2832:Government
2749:Ecoregions
2639:Atrocities
2515:Television
2495:Literature
2400:Irreligion
2390:Healthcare
2266:Parliament
2117:occupation
2100:occupation
1780:Neild 2015
1768:Neild 2015
1756:Neild 2015
1329:20 January
1267:References
1135:See also:
1109:concession
1059:See also:
1038:While the
989:Guatemalan
979:and build
754:missionary
688:Tanganyika
565:missionary
522:Leopold II
410:Leopold II
194:Leopold II
164:Government
159:(Official)
4536:Couronian
4174:Ethiopian
4162:Manchukuo
4117:Brazilian
3963:Ghaznavid
3933:Srivijaya
3884:Trebizond
3869:Byzantine
3851:North Sea
3846:Norwegian
3834:Almoravid
3817:Ilkhanate
3787:Majapahit
3760:Muromachi
3669:Solomonic
3654:Ethiopian
3568:Caliphate
3501:Aragonese
3329:Ptolemaic
3034:Languages
3019:Education
2973:Transport
2943:Companies
2888:President
2815:Elections
2764:Volcanoes
2754:Mountains
2722:Geography
2405:Languages
2385:Education
2339:Transport
2251:Judiciary
2217:Executive
2212:Elections
2171:Mountains
2144:Geography
1514:6 October
1305:0010-4175
1262:Footnotes
1016:mortality
593:in 1885.
544:The Congo
459:in 1962.
420:in 1960.
152:Religion
65:1908–1962
4516:Japanese
4479:Scottish
4459:American
4451:Colonial
4380:Imperial
4348:Moroccan
4284:Japanese
4262:Afsharid
4121:Burmese
4107:Austrian
4062:Later Le
4037:Early Le
4022:Venetian
3948:Tiwanaku
3861:Hellenic
3824:Moroccan
3755:Kamakura
3745:Japanese
3728:Saffarid
3681:Georgian
3595:Chalukya
3573:Rashidun
3563:Calakmul
3531:Bruneian
3410:Haryanka
3388:Sasanian
3383:Parthian
3334:Bactrian
3324:Seleucid
3304:Goguryeo
3282:Egyptian
3216:Assyrian
3206:Akkadian
3197:Colonies
3137:Category
3087:Football
3044:Religion
2854:Military
2788:Politics
2769:Wildlife
2555:Category
2430:Religion
2370:Abortion
2261:Monarchy
2256:Military
2195:Politics
2112:invasion
2095:invasion
2014:articles
1965:Archived
1936:(2015).
1885:(1992).
1859:(1998).
1833:(2002).
1725:Archived
1706:Archived
1534:Archived
1383:7 August
1374:Archived
1177:See also
1163:Comacina
1145:and the
858:Cold War
649:Brussels
612:smallpox
484:colonies
441:colonies
376:(modern
364:(modern
358:DR Congo
356:(modern
330:Currency
230:Baudouin
206:Albert I
120:Brussels
4583:largest
4578:Empires
4558:Swedish
4553:Spanish
4548:Russian
4511:Italian
4486:Chinese
4474:English
4469:British
4464:Belgian
4439:Vietnam
4429:Tay son
4375:Tsarist
4370:Russian
4365:Ottoman
4331:Dzungar
4326:Khoshut
4299:Mexican
4294:Maratha
4277:Pahlavi
4257:Safavid
4252:Iranian
4179:Haitian
4142:Chinese
4102:Ashanti
4074:Wagadou
4000:Eastern
3995:Western
3978:Timurid
3938:Tibetan
3928:Songhai
3918:Serbian
3839:Almohad
3829:Idrisid
3733:Samanid
3723:Tahirid
3718:Iranian
3696:Kannauj
3676:Genoese
3612:Chinese
3605:Eastern
3600:Western
3588:Fatimid
3583:Abbasid
3578:Umayyad
3551:Burmese
3511:Ayyubid
3506:Angevin
3476:Xianbei
3464:Eastern
3459:Western
3405:Magadha
3368:Iranian
3361:Xiongnu
3346:Hittite
3255:Chinese
3243:Kassite
3192:Ancient
3184:Empires
3121:Outline
3077:Cuisine
3064:Culture
2987:Society
2968:Tourism
2921:Economy
2611:History
2539:Outline
2468:Cuisine
2440:Culture
2395:Honours
2358:Society
2329:Tourism
2307:Banking
2290:Economy
2156:Climate
2022:History
2010:Belgium
1909:excerpt
1351:compact
1083:Chinese
1067:Tianjin
1028:endemic
1024:malaria
1018:due to
924:Burundi
906:, when
830:évolués
782:Burundi
657:Antwerp
468:Belgium
453:Burundi
437:Germany
435:, when
398:Morocco
370:Burundi
350:Belgium
301:Burundi
256:•
243:History
145:various
116:Capital
4521:Mongol
4506:German
4501:French
4491:Danish
4434:Dainam
4409:Tongan
4397:Somali
4392:Sokoto
4358:'Alawi
4336:Kalmyk
4316:Mongol
4309:Second
4289:Korean
4240:Mughal
4230:Indian
4213:German
4206:Second
4196:French
4189:Second
4125:Second
4097:Afghan
4089:Modern
4015:Kyrgyz
4010:Uighur
4005:Second
3985:Turkic
3953:Toltec
3889:Epirus
3874:Nicaea
3797:Mongol
3750:Yamato
3686:Huetar
3544:Second
3481:Rouran
3430:Shunga
3425:Maurya
3400:Kushan
3373:Median
3351:Hunnic
3309:Harsha
3142:Portal
3072:Cinema
3024:Health
2958:Mining
2948:Energy
2871:Senate
2759:Rivers
2734:Cities
2560:Portal
2483:waffle
2463:Comics
2458:Cinema
2420:People
2324:Energy
2176:Rivers
2085:Empire
2012:
1944:
1922:
1893:
1871:
1845:
1803:19 May
1564:
1463:
1303:
1125:Hankou
1093::
1091:pinyin
1085::
1034:Status
973:Izabal
920:Rwanda
848:under
803:, 1938
778:Rwanda
684:Albert
653:Ostend
587:buffer
457:Rwanda
366:Rwanda
297:Rwanda
246:
233:(last)
179:
141:Local:
130:French
45:French
4571:Lists
4526:Omani
4496:Dutch
4402:Isaaq
4353:Saadi
4321:Oirat
4304:First
4272:Qajar
4201:First
4184:First
4157:China
4130:Third
3990:First
3943:Tikal
3894:Morea
3864:Roman
3782:Latin
3777:Khmer
3772:Kanem
3738:Buyid
3664:Zagwe
3659:Aksum
3649:Chola
3556:First
3539:First
3526:Bornu
3521:Benin
3516:Aztec
3454:Roman
3435:Gupta
3420:Nanda
3356:White
3128:Index
3097:Music
3092:Media
3054:Women
3009:Crime
2688:2000s
2546:Index
2510:Sport
2500:Music
2415:Media
2375:Crime
2166:Lakes
1540:9 May
1377:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
1096:zūjiè
1075:China
1004:]
928:Tutsi
750:state
748:) of
704:Krupp
696:Rejaf
598:ivory
284:Congo
134:Dutch
56:Dutch
4341:Bogd
4267:Zand
4245:Sikh
4152:Qing
4147:Ming
4079:Wari
4047:Tran
4032:Dinh
3802:Yuan
3792:Mali
3701:Pala
3691:Inca
3642:Yuan
3632:Song
3627:Liao
3622:Tang
3395:Kush
3277:Dʿmt
3082:Flag
2905:List
2893:List
2842:LGBT
2490:Flag
2478:wine
2473:Beer
2232:LGBT
1942:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1805:2012
1562:ISBN
1542:2018
1516:2013
1461:ISBN
1406:help
1385:2015
1331:2022
1301:ISSN
1113:tram
1022:and
922:and
852:and
780:and
756:and
700:Nile
686:and
655:and
486:and
470:, a
455:and
368:and
340:and
315:Area
299:and
289:1960
276:1916
263:1908
175:King
81:Flag
4419:Mac
3856:Oyo
3765:Edo
3637:Jīn
3617:Sui
3270:Jin
3265:Han
3260:Qin
2453:Art
2239:Law
1293:doi
1073:in
396:in
4653::
4052:Ho
4042:Ly
1796:.
1731:,
1671:^
1644:^
1488:.
1455:,
1415:^
1397::
1395:}}
1391:{{
1372:.
1321:.
1299:.
1289:62
1287:.
1283:.
1089:;
1087:租界
1026:,
1002:fr
938:.
868:.
752:,
651:,
618:.
563:A
494:.
400:.
336:,
3199:)
3195:(
3176:e
3169:t
3162:v
2594:e
2587:t
2580:v
2002:e
1995:t
1988:v
1975:)
1950:.
1928:.
1899:.
1877:.
1851:.
1807:.
1518:.
1492:.
1408:)
1404:(
1387:.
1333:.
1307:.
1295::
1081:(
659:.
58:)
54:(
47:)
43:(
20:)
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