37:
664:
804:, paranoia and increase in body temperature. In 1934, Stauder described a series of acute onset of psychomotor agitation in young people with no history of physical or psychological disturbances. He termed this description as Lethal Catatonia. Other reasons for the manifestation of Bell's Mania, points at the use of stimulant drugs in excessive amounts and also psychiatric diseases like
755:
407:
624:
197:, which impedes the apprehension of this syndrome. Hence at present, there is still no scientific consensus on the clinical features of Bell's mania. Researchers are currently working on varying case studies to derive common clinical characteristics. Some frequent signs and symptoms include acute onset of
1773:
Cipriani, Andrea; Barbui, Corrado; Salanti, Georgia; Rendell, Jennifer; Brown, Rachel; Stockton, Sarah; Purgato, Marianna; Spineli, Loukia M; Goodwin, Guy M; Geddes, John R (October 2011). "Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis".
745:
The first case of Bell's Mania was observed by medical examiners during the cocaine epidemic in countries like the United States of
America and Canada with some other cases being related to police brutality and restraint. The term Bell's Mania was first coined to describe the clinical condition with
824:
and sudden death in individuals with cocaine addiction. Since the law enforcement were often called to contain violent behavior exhibited by these individuals, it was speculated that police brutality might be the underlying cause of the deaths. Upon medical review of the cases related to the use of
815:
In 1985, Bell's Mania was first mentioned in a definitive manner using the term
Excited Delirium (EXD). Prior to that year, most cases of death by cocaine intoxication during the cocaine epidemic that happened in a sudden manner. This involved the exposure to highly toxic amounts of the drug due to
736:
correction. Although more research is needed in correspondence to the cause and consequences of this disease, the significance of the behavioral and physical symptoms need to be given importance to provide medical institutions as well the constabulary the necessary information to respond to Bell's
2859:
Bell, Luther V. (October 1849). "On a Form of
Disease resembling some advanced stages of mania and fever, but so contradistinguished from any ordinarily observed or described combination of symptoms, as to render it probable that it may be an overlooked and hitherto unrecorded malady: by Luther V.
293:
When examined, patients with Bell's mania fail to recall names, recent experiences and are poorly oriented for location, date, and time. Moreover, their blood pressure and respiratory rate are increased. Additionally, mental status examination using questionnaires and three diagnostic tests are
511:
Amplified excitation of the dopaminergic systems can induce extreme fear and magnify both approach and avoidance behaviors. The hyperdopaminergic state triggers aggression, agitation and psychomotor excitement. Additionally, CNS dopamine signaling is active in heart rate, respiration and body
343:
Bell's mania and catatonia are regarded as "overlapping syndromes", making differential diagnosis essential when catatonic signs are observed. Thus, researchers must distinguish between excited catatonia and Bell's mania, and among malignant catatonia, excited catatonia, and
334:
respectively. Diagnostic complications arise as these signs are also often the notable feature of Bell's mania. With the cause undetermined, Bell's mania diagnosis is usually justified with the presence of both mania and delirium regardless of the catatonic symptoms.
688:
Although adult data on the use of
Ketamine on patients isn't readily available, a study by Strayer et al. concluded that the use of ketamine for controlling the hyperactivity was reliable and can further facilitate other management techniques with fewer side effects.
180:
injections have been discussed for medical professionals and individuals with the condition. Bell's mania cases are commonly reported in countries like the United States and Canada and are commonly associated with psychostimulant use and abuse.
355:
Nevertheless, a formal set of diagnostic criteria is required to distinguish between Bell's mania and catatonia. Failure to diagnose Bell's mania appearing as catatonia could lead to deleterious consequences and, in worse cases, death.
82:
Psychostimulant users and abusers, patients with drug withdrawal, undiagnosed/untreated psychiatric patients, people with severe manic episodes, sleep deprived individuals, people with medical history of neurological and physiological
615:
and ultimately death. In light of the clinical findings, some treatments have been described which include effective sedation, followed closely by external cooling, monitoring medical complications and the administration of
2088:
Vilke, Gary M.; DeBard, Mark L.; Chan, Theodore C.; Ho, Jeffrey D.; Dawes, Donald M.; Hall, Christine; Curtis, Michael D.; Costello, Melissa Wysong; Mash, Deborah C.; Coffman, Stewart R.; McMullen, Mary Jo (November 2012).
725:
643:
One management technique is rapid sedation in view of the unpredictable aggressive nature of the patient with Bell's Mania, especially if the symptoms that need to be handled are associated with the causes like
590:
Over the course of time the significance of this syndrome has been increasingly recognized in correspondence to the manner of death, specifically because the anatomic cause of death is hard to define during
799:
The suggestive symptoms of this disorder were first observed in the 19th century, out of which some of the most significant ones are the onset of aggression, bizarre behavior, violence, excessive shouting,
295:
1469:
Cordeiro, Catarina R.; Saraiva, Rodrigo; Côrte-Real, Beatriz; Pestana, Pedro Câmara; Andrade, Gabriela; Fernandes, Elsa; Castanheira, LÃ-gia; Martins, and Paulo (2020-04-09).
720:
The urgency and medical severity of the condition needs to be given impetus in terms of handling patients with Bell's Mania. Due to the homologous nature of this syndrome with
348:(NMS). When catatonic features are prominent, it is diagnosed as excited catatonia and when absent or subtle, it is identified as Bell's mania. Alternatively, the presence of
500:
Dopaminergic transporters dysfunction is caused by acute mania of bipolar disorder, psychostimulant use, and environmental stress. It is suggested to be common mechanism in
72:
Dysfunction of dopaminergic transporters, anomalous activation of the dorsal anterior cingulate, right inferior frontal cortical regions, excited hyperdopaminergic mechanism
221:, delusional and alarmed. They display impulsive, hostile and destructive behavior towards others that can last for hours to days, as well as unexpected physical strength.
445:
Dopamine transporter regulates the reuptake of dopamine to keep the synaptic dopamine levels within normal range. Hence, the elevation of such transporter levels in the
816:
the bursting of cocaine packets being carried within the body by "body stuffers". In the same year a series of observations were made by Welti and
Fishbain regarding
2324:
Green, Steven M; Rothrock, Steven G; Lynch, Elizabeth L; Ho, Matthew; Harris, Troy; Hestdalen, Rodney; Hopkins, G.Alan; Garrett, Wayne; Westcott, Kelli (June 1998).
582:
Whilst the scope of Bell's Mania is extensively studied, there remain some significant challenges that need to be solved with respect to treatment and management.
548:
are susceptible. Furthermore, this syndrome is usually precipitated from prevailing neurological and physiological conditions. Hence, those at risk include
64:
Hyperactivity, hyperthermia, delirium, disruption in psychomotor activities, emotional liability, fear, panic, aggression, violence, sensory dysfunction, death
449:
decreases neurotransmission. Genetic studies have hypothesized a relationship between low transporter protein levels and the gene for dopamine transporter in
352:
is recognized as the discerning factor. A difference between the two is that catatonia is viewed from a movement aspect, whereas delirium from consciousness.
306:. Patients with Bell's mania tend to make obvious mistakes in these tests, for instance drawing a clock-face with incorrect numbering or missing clock hands.
775:
in the 1850s after observing institutionalized psychiatric patients. The first clinical reports and descriptions of people with acute exhaustive mania and
660:
can help. Several studies also point at the increased effectiveness of combination of two or more sedatives in the treatment of hyper agitated patients.
438:
Manic symptoms exacerbate with increasing anterior cingulate activation, which is posited to be associated with escalating dopamine transmission in the
2277:
Battaglia, John; Moss, Sue; Rush, John; Kang, Jasbir; Mendoza, Ricardo; Leedom, Liane; Dubin, William; McGlynn, Charles; Goodman, Lowell (July 1997).
684:
injections are alternative solutions that have been proposed. With an onset time of 30 seconds to 4 minutes ketamine proves to be more effective than
172:
users as well as individuals experiencing severe manic episodes are more prone to the manifestation of this condition. Management solutions such as
1663:
1389:
504:(EXD). EXD is commonly observed in psychostimulant abusers as these drugs directly impact the dopaminergic transporters, increasing the
314:
Upon acute onset of the symptoms, an instant investigation for a toxic or systemic cause is undertaken. Prominence of thought disorder,
431:
746:
a 75% mortality rate. The prevalence of this condition ranges from 15% to 25% in the society and, is not an infrequent occurrence.
1470:
791:) however additional hyperactivity, heightened arousal, and altered sleep cycle was also reported in patients with Bell's Mania.
603:
levels in the victims. Emergency personnel need to recognize these symptoms promptly to avoid the individual from spiraling into
2128:
Richter, Diethelm W.; Mironov, Sergej L.; Büsselberg, Dietrich; Lalley, Peter M.; Bischoff, Anne M.; Wilken, Bernd (June 2000).
2279:"Haloperidol, lorazepam, or both for psychotic agitation? A multicenter, prospective, double-blind, emergency department study"
697:
Along with sedation techniques, a few other prevention and protection measures can decrease fatal outcomes, some of which are:
1091:"Fatal Excited Delirium Following Cocaine Use: Epidemiologic Findings Provide New Evidence for Mechanisms of Cocaine Toxicity"
345:
101:
Rapid sedation, intramuscular ketamine injections, electroconvulsive therapy, blood tests, regulation of body temperature.
1089:
Ruttenber, A. James; Lawler-Heavner, Janet; Yin, Ming; Wetli, Charles V.; Hearn, W. Lee; Mash, Deborah C. (1997-01-01).
825:
batons, pepper sprays and restraint methods did not disclose any autonomic cause behind the death, albeit problems like
426:
and Bell's mania. Hence, studying bipolar patients can provide insight into the pathophysiology of this Bell's mania.
319:
303:
2473:
676:
Patients with Bell's mania may not have optimum time for the sedatives to start showing effect. Due to this fact,
677:
489:
450:
282:
1876:"Differential dose-response effects of dexamphetamine sulphate on hunger, arousal and mood in human volunteers"
596:
1817:
Ashok, A. H.; Marques, T. R.; Jauhar, S.; Nour, M. M.; Goodwin, G. M.; Young, A. H.; Howes, O. D. (May 2017).
1189:"Excited Delirium and Sudden Death: A Syndromal Disorder at the Extreme End of the Neuropsychiatric Continuum"
2224:"A Double-Blind Study of Lorazepam versus the Combination of Haloperidol and Lorazepam in Managing Agitation"
2552:
1819:"The dopamine hypothesis of bipolar affective disorder: the state of the art and implications for treatment"
631:
1931:"Time course of extracellular dopamine and behavioral sensitization to cocaine. I. Dopamine axon terminals"
1540:
2326:"Intramuscular Ketamine for Pediatric Sedation in the Emergency Department: Safety Profile in 1,022 Cases"
826:
88:
44:
The hypothesized cause of Bell's mania is said to be abnormally elevated levels of extracellular dopamine.
2898:
485:
396:
194:
124:, refers to an acute neurobehavioral syndrome. This is usually characterized by an expeditious onset of
2670:
Pollanen, Michael S; Smith, Charles R; Chiasson, David A; Cairns, James T; Young, James (April 2002).
1416:
492:. This phenomenon is not distinct to drug abuse but also other psychomotor stimulants such as stress.
273:
This condition is currently not recognized as a diagnosable issue by psychiatric journals such as the
783:. The description of the symptoms seemed to be quite similar to that of patients with schizophrenia (
545:
400:
634:
neurotransmitters in the brain. It helps in bringing extreme agitation and catatonia under control.
537:
473:
1987:
843:
617:
2860:
Bell, M. D., Physician and
Superintendent of the McLean Asylum for the Insane, Somerville, Mass".
667:
The use of
Intramuscular Ketamine Injections is a popular method in the treatment of Bell's Mania.
540:
is postulated to be the underlying mechanism of Bell's Mania, people prone to dopamine imbalance,
245:
are additional symptoms that follow. There are shifts from having loud and disorganized speech to
2903:
2652:
2534:
2455:
2259:
2157:
2090:
2023:
1911:
1799:
1498:
1350:
940:
630:
are a type of tranquilizers used in the treatment of Bell's Mania that take effect by acting on
612:
604:
481:
214:
141:
59:
1591:"Delirious Mania: Can We Get Away with This Concept? A Case Report and Review of the Literature"
2222:
Bieniek, Sherrie A.; Ownby, Raymond L.; Penalver, Alberto; Dominguez, Roberto A. (1998-01-02).
2877:
2837:
2798:
2790:
2746:
2738:
2699:
2691:
2644:
2605:
2597:
2578:"Factors associated with sudden death of individuals requiring restraint for excited delirium"
2526:
2518:
2447:
2439:
2400:
2392:
2353:
2345:
2306:
2298:
2251:
2243:
2204:
2196:
2149:
2110:
2070:
2062:
2015:
2007:
1968:
1950:
1903:
1895:
1856:
1838:
1791:
1755:
1747:
1705:
1697:
1659:
1622:
1568:
1560:
1490:
1444:
1436:
1385:
1342:
1334:
1290:
1272:
1228:
1210:
1118:
1110:
1068:
1060:
1014:
996:
908:
900:
805:
480:
like cocaine. These substances provoke behavioral changes similar to mania. In chronic users,
467:
439:
49:
2129:
2042:
2869:
2829:
2782:
2730:
2683:
2636:
2589:
2510:
2431:
2384:
2337:
2290:
2235:
2188:
2141:
2102:
2054:
1999:
1958:
1942:
1887:
1846:
1830:
1783:
1739:
1651:
1612:
1602:
1552:
1482:
1428:
1377:
1326:
1280:
1262:
1251:"Clinical features of delirious mania: a series of five cases and a brief literature review"
1218:
1200:
1102:
1052:
1004:
932:
890:
848:
838:
772:
521:
501:
484:
occurs which induces increased neurotransmission and modified protein expression within the
477:
423:
368:
327:
262:
230:
153:
558:
Patients who are drug withdrawal states or are non-compliant with psychotropic drugs
36:
2418:
Melamed, Eitan; Oron, Yahav; Ben-Avraham, Ron; Blumenfeld, Amir; Lin, Guy (October 2007).
721:
387:
symptoms and other signs, including fluctuations in body temperatures and fear. Increased
380:
372:
209:. Patients with Bell's mania have fluctuating severity of symptoms over time with altered
190:
2576:
Stratton, Samuel J.; Rogers, Christopher; Brickett, Karen; Gruzinski, Ginger (May 2001).
2498:
1743:
2514:
2223:
1930:
1314:
2239:
1963:
1946:
1851:
1818:
1727:
1617:
1590:
1330:
1285:
1250:
1223:
1188:
1009:
984:
821:
780:
685:
653:
627:
608:
565:
376:
165:
2770:
2734:
2687:
2341:
2294:
1787:
2892:
2786:
2027:
1643:
1556:
1502:
1381:
809:
784:
779:
were provided by a few psychiatrists in the United States of
America, France and the
657:
649:
541:
505:
392:
388:
323:
242:
210:
160:
due to the presence of overlapping symptoms. Pathophysiology studies reveal elevated
145:
2656:
2538:
2263:
2161:
1915:
1803:
1655:
1369:
1354:
488:
dopamine neurons. Adaptations in dopamine transporters is further triggered causing
406:
2718:
2671:
2459:
2325:
2278:
2106:
2043:"Psychotropic drugs, summer heat and humidity, and hyperpyrexia: a danger restated"
944:
525:
513:
435:
258:
250:
149:
2419:
241:
are often present. Impaired concentration, memory loss, disorientation, insomnia,
2474:"Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Rare, Dangerous Effect of Antipsychotic Drugs"
2435:
2003:
2372:
2091:"Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS): Defining Based on a Review of the Literature"
758:
Luther Vose Bell (1806-1862) was the first person to coin the term Bell's Mania.
663:
517:
315:
279:
International
Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
254:
137:
77:
2388:
2145:
1986:
Penders, Thomas M.; Gestring, Richard E.; Vilensky, Dmitry A. (November 2012).
1686:"The face-hand test: a useful addition to the psychiatric physical examination"
1875:
1432:
895:
878:
729:
707:
238:
226:
106:
2881:
2794:
2742:
2695:
2648:
2601:
2577:
2522:
2443:
2396:
2349:
2302:
2247:
2200:
2153:
2066:
2011:
1954:
1899:
1842:
1751:
1701:
1564:
1440:
1338:
1276:
1214:
1205:
1114:
1064:
1000:
904:
2817:
2593:
1267:
817:
754:
552:
427:
384:
331:
234:
222:
206:
169:
157:
133:
2703:
2609:
2530:
2451:
2404:
2373:"Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults"
2208:
2114:
2058:
2019:
1860:
1795:
1759:
1685:
1626:
1572:
1494:
1448:
1346:
1313:
JACOBOWSKI, NATALIE L.; HECKERS, STEPHAN; BOBO, WILLIAM V. (January 2013).
1294:
1232:
1018:
912:
299:
2841:
2818:"Cocaine-Induced Psychosis and Sudden Death in Recreational Cocaine Users"
2802:
2750:
2420:"The combative multitrauma patient: a protocol for prehospital management"
2357:
2310:
2255:
2176:
1972:
1907:
1709:
1607:
1249:
Lee, Bo-Shyan; Huang, Si-Sheng; Hsu, Wen-Yu; Chiu, Nan-Ying (2012-06-21).
1122:
1072:
1041:"Cocaine-Induced Psychosis and Sudden Death in Recreational Cocaine Users"
410:
Sagittal cross-section of the brain illustrating the dopaminergic pathway.
391:
dopamine levels can be caused by low levels of dopaminergic transporters,
111:
Benzodiazepines, antipsychotic medication, ketamine injections, dantrolene
2192:
1486:
788:
776:
768:
733:
681:
645:
600:
446:
364:
349:
218:
198:
177:
173:
161:
125:
2624:
2074:
1988:"Intoxication Delirium following Use of Synthetic Cathinone Derivatives"
573:
People with medical history of neurological and physiological conditions
570:
Sleep deprivation which can trigger and even worsen acute manic episodes
2873:
2640:
1891:
1834:
1090:
1040:
983:
Takeuchi, Asia; Ahern, Terence L.; Henderson, Sean O. (February 2011).
592:
2833:
1874:
Silverstone, Trevor; Wells, Brian; Trenchard, Esther (February 1983).
1106:
1056:
877:
Bobo, William V.; Murphy, Michael J.; Heckers, Stephan H. (May 2009).
652:
cascade and rapidly sedating the patient using several sedatives like
2553:"The Crack Epidemic - The History of Crack Cocaine - Drug-Free World"
595:. Recent studies have elicited neurochemical imbalances resulting in
277:
by the
American Psychiatric Association or the tenth revision of the
246:
926:
623:
2228:
Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy
2175:
Seitz, Dallas P.; Gill, Sudeep S.; van Zyl, Louis T. (2007-01-15).
1728:"Figure-Ground Discrimination After Induced Altered Brain Function"
936:
879:"Recurring episodes of Bell's mania after cerebrovascular accident"
1415:
Karmacharya, Rakesh; England, Mary Lou; Öngür, Dost (2008-08-01).
801:
419:
202:
129:
2130:"Respiratory Rhythm Generation: Plasticity of a Neuronal Network"
512:
temperature regulation. Dopamine imbalance can hence result in
152:, and in extreme cases, death. It is sometimes misdiagnosed as
2719:"Cocaine intoxication, delirium, and death in a body packer"
189:
The majority of Bell's mania cases studied are triggered by
1417:"Delirious mania: Clinical features and treatment response"
93:
Bipolar disorder, acute schizophrenia, catatonia, delirium
430:
of manic patients illustrate anomalous activation of the
275:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
2775:
The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
1726:
KAHN, ROBERT L.; POLLACK, MAX; FINK, MAX (1960-05-01).
829:
and trauma was excluded from the extensive evaluation.
322:, and catatonic signs indicates the diagnosis of acute
2717:
Fishbain, David A.; Wetli, Charles V. (October 1981).
2371:
Strayer, Reuben J.; Nelson, Lewis S. (November 2008).
732:
is also a probable treatment route owing to its swift
2816:
Wetli, Charles V.; Fishbain, David A. (1985-07-01).
1039:
Wetli, Charles V.; Fishbain, David A. (1985-07-01).
462:
Sensitization of postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors
771:which was first explained by American psychiatrist
383:are postulated to be responsible for the manic and
105:
97:
87:
76:
68:
58:
48:
26:
21:
1589:Bipeta, Rajshekhar; Khan, Majeed A. (2012-11-12).
472:External sources contributing to the hypothesized
375:of Bell's mania. Elevated dopamine levels in the
339:Distinguishing between Bell's mania and catatonia
249:. Some typical physiological signs include
1690:Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa
1684:Patten, S. B.; Lamarre, C. J. (November 1989).
2499:"Cocaine-excited delirium and severe acidosis"
1992:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
2177:"Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Delirium"
704:basic medical monitoring of bodily functions,
8:
2629:Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten
2041:Mann, S. C.; Boger, W. P. (September 1978).
1650:, Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2003,
1475:The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders
767:Bell's Mania is a syndrome with unexplained
1374:Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine
561:Undiagnosed/ untreated psychiatric patients
2582:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
2377:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
2283:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
35:
18:
2672:"Fatal child abuse-maltreatment syndrome"
1962:
1850:
1616:
1606:
1284:
1266:
1222:
1204:
1008:
894:
1648:Quick Cognitive Screening for Clinicians
753:
662:
622:
436:right inferior frontal cortical regions.
405:
860:
415:Role of genetics and signaling pathways
2497:Allam, S.; Noble, J. S. (April 2001).
2424:European Journal of Emergency Medicine
1638:
1636:
1584:
1582:
1534:
1532:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
978:
976:
974:
716:rapid cooling of the body temperature.
2764:
2762:
2760:
1721:
1719:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1244:
1242:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1084:
1082:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
989:Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
496:Dopaminergic transporters dysfunction
217:. They tend to be excited, agitated,
193:drug usage or preexisting medical or
7:
1929:Kalivas, PW; Duffy, P (1993-01-01).
1744:10.1001/archneur.1960.03840110061007
1308:
1306:
1304:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
795:First Appearance of Related Symptoms
726:neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
701:management of catecholamine cascade,
2515:10.1046/j.1365-2044.2001.01976-24.x
397:postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors
338:
2240:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1998.tb03827.x
2181:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1947:10.1523/jneurosci.13-01-00266.1993
1331:10.1097/01.pra.0000426324.67322.06
243:auditory and visual hallucinations
14:
2095:The Journal of Emergency Medicine
672:Intramuscular Ketamine Injections
648:regulation. Turning off the
2787:10.1097/00000433-198703000-00001
2769:Wetli, Charles V. (March 1987).
2623:Stauder, K. H. (December 1934).
2557:Foundation for a Drug-Free World
1557:10.1034/j.1399-5618.1999.10112.x
528:and sleep disturbance symptoms.
54:Behavioral neurology, psychiatry
1656:10.4324/9780203427170_chapter_4
1319:Journal of Psychiatric Practice
422:is a prominent symptom of both
2862:American Journal of Psychiatry
2676:Forensic Science International
2107:10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.02.017
2047:American Journal of Psychiatry
1421:Journal of Affective Disorders
1382:10.1016/b0-12-369399-3/00311-6
1376:, Elsevier, pp. 276–281,
599:hyperactivity and increase in
346:neuroleptic malignant syndrome
1:
2735:10.1016/s0196-0644(81)80010-8
2688:10.1016/s0379-0738(02)00008-7
2342:10.1016/s0196-0644(98)70226-4
2295:10.1016/s0735-6757(97)90119-4
1788:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8
763:First mention of Bell's Mania
168:as the underlying mechanism.
2822:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2771:"Fatal Cocaine Intoxication"
2723:Annals of Emergency Medicine
2436:10.1097/mej.0b013e32823a3c9b
2330:Annals of Emergency Medicine
2004:10.3109/00952990.2012.694535
1095:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1045:Journal of Forensic Sciences
457:Stimulant elicited responses
1935:The Journal of Neuroscience
722:malignant hyperthermia (MH)
693:Other Preventative Measures
2920:
2389:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.12.005
2146:10.1177/107385840000600309
1595:Case Reports in Psychiatry
465:
451:bipolar affective patients
381:neuropsychiatric disorders
1433:10.1016/j.jad.2007.12.001
1187:Mash, Deborah C. (2016).
928:Emergency Medical Service
896:10.1176/appi.psy.50.3.285
678:electroconvulsive therapy
432:dorsal anterior cingulate
283:World Health Organization
43:
34:
2625:"Die tödliche Katatonie"
1644:"The Clock Drawing Test"
1206:10.3389/fphys.2016.00435
822:cardiorespiratory arrest
713:physical examination and
578:Treatment and Management
490:behavioral sensitization
225:such as grimacing,
2594:10.1053/ajem.2001.22665
1268:10.1186/1471-244X-12-65
1193:Frontiers in Physiology
618:intravenous (IV) fluids
538:hyperdopaminergic state
195:neurological conditions
2059:10.1176/ajp.135.9.1097
759:
668:
635:
411:
310:Differential diagnosis
89:Differential diagnosis
1732:Archives of Neurology
1471:"When the Bell Rings"
762:
757:
737:Mania appropriately.
666:
626:
546:dopamine transporters
466:Further information:
409:
401:dopamine transporters
2193:10.4088/jcp.v68n0102
1823:Molecular Psychiatry
1487:10.4088/PCC.19l02511
1368:Wetli, C.V. (2005),
304:Hidden figures tests
296:drawing a clock-face
289:Physical examination
1782:(9799): 1306–1315.
1608:10.1155/2012/720354
844:Stimulant Psychosis
564:People with severe
2874:10.1176/ajp.6.2.97
2641:10.1007/bf01813829
2134:The Neuroscientist
1892:10.1007/BF00427820
1880:Psychopharmacology
1835:10.1038/mp.2017.16
1539:Fink, Max (1999).
1370:"Excited Delirium"
985:"Excited Delirium"
760:
680:and Intramuscular
669:
636:
613:multiorgan failure
605:metabolic acidosis
544:and low levels of
482:drug sensitization
476:mechanism include
412:
223:Catatonic symptoms
215:emotional lability
142:emotional lability
2834:10.1520/JFS11020J
1665:978-0-203-44696-6
1545:Bipolar Disorders
1541:"Delirious mania"
1391:978-0-12-369399-0
1315:"Delirious Mania"
1107:10.1520/jfs14064j
1057:10.1520/jfs11020j
555:users and abusers
508:dopamine levels.
474:hyperdopaminergic
468:Reverse tolerance
440:nucleus accumbens
294:taken, including
185:Clinical features
115:
114:
16:Medical condition
2911:
2885:
2846:
2845:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2766:
2755:
2754:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2053:(9): 1097–1100.
2038:
2032:
2031:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1886:(2–3): 242–245.
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1536:
1507:
1506:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1412:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1310:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1270:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1208:
1184:
1127:
1126:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1012:
980:
949:
948:
923:
917:
916:
898:
874:
849:Adrenergic storm
839:Excited Delirium
827:cardiac diseases
686:Benzodiazepines.
522:hyperventilation
502:excited delirium
478:psychostimulants
424:bipolar disorder
371:involved in the
369:neurotransmitter
328:bipolar disorder
263:hyperventilation
154:excited delirium
120:, also known as
39:
19:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2889:
2888:
2858:
2855:
2853:Further reading
2850:
2849:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2768:
2767:
2758:
2729:(10): 531–532.
2716:
2715:
2711:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2383:(9): 985–1028.
2370:
2369:
2365:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2040:
2039:
2035:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1538:
1537:
1510:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1186:
1185:
1130:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1038:
1037:
1026:
982:
981:
952:
925:
924:
920:
876:
875:
862:
857:
835:
797:
765:
752:
743:
695:
674:
654:Benzodiazepines
641:
628:Benzodiazepines
588:
580:
553:Psychostimulant
534:
498:
470:
464:
459:
417:
379:concerned with
373:pathophysiology
367:is the primary
362:
360:Pathophysiology
341:
318:and delusional
312:
291:
271:
191:psychostimulant
187:
170:Psychostimulant
122:delirious mania
30:Delirious mania
17:
12:
11:
5:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2828:(3): 873–880.
2808:
2756:
2709:
2682:(2): 101–104.
2662:
2635:(1): 614–634.
2615:
2588:(3): 187–191.
2568:
2544:
2509:(4): 385–386.
2489:
2465:
2430:(5): 265–268.
2410:
2363:
2336:(6): 688–697.
2316:
2289:(4): 335–340.
2269:
2214:
2167:
2140:(3): 181–198.
2120:
2101:(5): 897–905.
2080:
2033:
1998:(6): 616–617.
1978:
1941:(1): 266–275.
1921:
1866:
1829:(5): 666–679.
1809:
1765:
1738:(5): 547–551.
1715:
1696:(4): 554–556.
1676:
1664:
1632:
1578:
1508:
1454:
1427:(3): 312–316.
1402:
1390:
1360:
1300:
1255:BMC Psychiatry
1238:
1128:
1078:
1051:(3): 873–880.
1024:
950:
937:10.36740/emems
918:
889:(3): 285–288.
883:Psychosomatics
859:
858:
856:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
834:
831:
796:
793:
785:hallucinations
781:United Kingdom
764:
761:
751:
748:
742:
739:
718:
717:
714:
711:
705:
702:
694:
691:
673:
670:
640:
639:Rapid Sedation
637:
609:rhabdomyolysis
587:
584:
579:
576:
575:
574:
571:
568:
566:manic episodes
562:
559:
556:
533:
530:
497:
494:
463:
460:
458:
455:
416:
413:
403:dysfunction.
377:neural circuit
361:
358:
340:
337:
311:
308:
300:Face-Hand test
290:
287:
270:
267:
186:
183:
166:neural circuit
164:levels in the
136:, followed by
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
85:
84:
80:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
62:
56:
55:
52:
46:
45:
41:
40:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2916:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:(2): 97–127.
2867:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
922:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
861:
854:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
832:
830:
828:
823:
819:
813:
811:
810:schizophrenia
807:
803:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
756:
749:
747:
740:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
699:
698:
692:
690:
687:
683:
679:
671:
665:
661:
659:
655:
651:
650:catecholamine
647:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
585:
583:
577:
572:
569:
567:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
550:
549:
547:
543:
542:sensitization
539:
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
509:
507:
506:extracellular
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
469:
461:
456:
454:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
414:
408:
404:
402:
398:
394:
393:sensitization
390:
389:extracellular
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
359:
357:
353:
351:
347:
336:
333:
329:
325:
324:schizophrenia
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
288:
286:
284:
280:
276:
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:consciousness
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
184:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:consciousness
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
53:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
29:
25:
20:
2899:Neuroscience
2865:
2861:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2778:
2774:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2560:. Retrieved
2556:
2547:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2481:. Retrieved
2477:
2468:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2234:(1): 57–62.
2231:
2227:
2217:
2187:(1): 11–21.
2184:
2180:
2170:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2098:
2094:
2083:
2050:
2046:
2036:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1735:
1731:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1669:, retrieved
1647:
1598:
1594:
1551:(1): 54–60.
1548:
1544:
1478:
1474:
1424:
1420:
1395:, retrieved
1373:
1363:
1325:(1): 15–28.
1322:
1318:
1258:
1254:
1196:
1192:
1101:(1): 25–31.
1098:
1094:
1048:
1044:
995:(1): 77–83.
992:
988:
927:
921:
886:
882:
814:
798:
766:
744:
741:Epidemiology
719:
696:
675:
658:Neuroleptics
642:
589:
581:
535:
532:Risk Factors
526:hypertension
514:hyperthermia
510:
499:
471:
444:
418:
363:
354:
342:
313:
292:
278:
274:
272:
259:hypertension
251:hyperthermia
188:
150:hyperthermia
121:
118:Bell's mania
117:
116:
78:Risk factors
22:Bell's mania
2503:Anaesthesia
773:Luther Bell
708:blood tests
586:Recognition
536:Given that
518:tachycardia
316:grandiosity
255:tachycardia
138:grandiosity
27:Other names
2893:Categories
2781:(1): 1–2.
2562:2021-05-24
2483:2021-04-10
1776:The Lancet
1671:2021-04-01
1601:: 720354.
1397:2021-04-01
855:References
806:depression
730:Dantrolene
486:mesolimbic
239:stereotypy
231:negativism
227:echopraxia
144:, altered
107:Medication
83:conditions
2904:Neurology
2882:0002-953X
2795:0195-7910
2743:0196-0644
2696:0379-0738
2649:0003-9373
2602:0735-6757
2523:0003-2409
2444:0969-9546
2397:0735-6757
2350:0196-0644
2303:0735-6757
2248:0277-0008
2201:0160-6689
2154:1073-8584
2067:0002-953X
2028:207428569
2012:0095-2990
1955:0270-6474
1900:0033-3158
1843:1476-5578
1752:0375-8540
1702:0702-8466
1565:1399-5618
1503:215758935
1441:0165-0327
1339:1538-1145
1277:1471-244X
1215:1664-042X
1115:0022-1198
1065:0022-1198
1001:1936-900X
931:. ALUNA.
905:1545-7206
818:psychosis
597:autonomic
428:PET scans
385:psychosis
332:catatonia
269:Diagnosis
235:echolalia
207:psychosis
158:catatonia
156:(EXD) or
134:psychosis
98:Treatment
50:Specialty
2704:12084484
2657:38213417
2610:11326341
2539:35080299
2531:11284850
2452:17823561
2405:19091264
2264:24505811
2209:17284125
2162:85237863
2115:21440403
2020:22783894
1916:22272809
1861:28289283
1804:25512763
1796:21851976
1760:14404003
1627:23198239
1573:11256658
1495:32286746
1449:18191210
1355:10286031
1347:23334676
1295:22716018
1233:27790150
1019:21691475
913:19567770
833:See also
789:delirium
777:delirium
769:etiology
734:acidosis
682:Ketamine
656:or
646:dopamine
601:dopamine
447:striatum
365:Dopamine
350:delirium
320:ideation
219:paranoid
199:delirium
178:ketamine
174:sedation
162:dopamine
126:delirium
60:Symptoms
2842:4031813
2803:3578198
2751:7283219
2460:1197543
2358:9624307
2311:9217519
2256:9469682
1973:8423473
1964:6576317
1908:6405435
1852:5401767
1710:2813636
1618:3502817
1286:3503657
1224:5061757
1199:: 435.
1123:8988571
1073:4031813
1010:3088378
945:7546377
750:History
593:autopsy
285:(WHO).
2880:
2840:
2801:
2793:
2749:
2741:
2702:
2694:
2655:
2647:
2608:
2600:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2403:
2395:
2356:
2348:
2309:
2301:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2207:
2199:
2160:
2152:
2113:
2073:
2065:
2026:
2018:
2010:
1971:
1961:
1953:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1859:
1849:
1841:
1802:
1794:
1758:
1750:
1708:
1700:
1662:
1625:
1615:
1571:
1563:
1501:
1493:
1447:
1439:
1388:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1293:
1283:
1275:
1261:: 65.
1231:
1221:
1213:
1121:
1113:
1071:
1063:
1017:
1007:
999:
943:
911:
903:
399:, and
298:, The
261:, and
247:mutism
69:Causes
2653:S2CID
2535:S2CID
2478:WebMD
2456:S2CID
2260:S2CID
2158:S2CID
2075:29501
2024:S2CID
1912:S2CID
1800:S2CID
1499:S2CID
1481:(2).
1351:S2CID
941:S2CID
802:panic
420:Mania
203:mania
130:mania
2878:ISSN
2838:PMID
2799:PMID
2791:ISSN
2747:PMID
2739:ISSN
2700:PMID
2692:ISSN
2645:ISSN
2606:PMID
2598:ISSN
2527:PMID
2519:ISSN
2448:PMID
2440:ISSN
2401:PMID
2393:ISSN
2354:PMID
2346:ISSN
2307:PMID
2299:ISSN
2252:PMID
2244:ISSN
2205:PMID
2197:ISSN
2150:ISSN
2111:PMID
2071:PMID
2063:ISSN
2016:PMID
2008:ISSN
1969:PMID
1951:ISSN
1904:PMID
1896:ISSN
1857:PMID
1839:ISSN
1792:PMID
1756:PMID
1748:ISSN
1706:PMID
1698:ISSN
1660:ISBN
1623:PMID
1599:2012
1569:PMID
1561:ISSN
1491:PMID
1445:PMID
1437:ISSN
1386:ISBN
1343:PMID
1335:ISSN
1291:PMID
1273:ISSN
1229:PMID
1211:ISSN
1119:PMID
1111:ISSN
1069:PMID
1061:ISSN
1015:PMID
997:ISSN
909:PMID
901:ISSN
787:and
724:and
632:GABA
330:and
302:and
237:and
213:and
176:and
2870:doi
2830:doi
2783:doi
2731:doi
2684:doi
2680:126
2637:doi
2633:102
2590:doi
2511:doi
2432:doi
2385:doi
2338:doi
2291:doi
2236:doi
2189:doi
2142:doi
2103:doi
2055:doi
2051:135
2000:doi
1959:PMC
1943:doi
1888:doi
1847:PMC
1831:doi
1784:doi
1780:378
1740:doi
1652:doi
1613:PMC
1603:doi
1553:doi
1483:doi
1429:doi
1425:109
1378:doi
1327:doi
1281:PMC
1263:doi
1219:PMC
1201:doi
1103:doi
1053:doi
1005:PMC
933:doi
891:doi
808:or
395:of
281:by
205:or
2895::
2876:.
2864:.
2836:.
2826:30
2824:.
2820:.
2797:.
2789:.
2777:.
2773:.
2759:^
2745:.
2737:.
2727:10
2725:.
2721:.
2698:.
2690:.
2678:.
2674:.
2651:.
2643:.
2631:.
2627:.
2604:.
2596:.
2586:19
2584:.
2580:.
2555:.
2533:.
2525:.
2517:.
2507:56
2505:.
2501:.
2476:.
2454:.
2446:.
2438:.
2428:14
2426:.
2422:.
2399:.
2391:.
2381:26
2379:.
2375:.
2352:.
2344:.
2334:31
2332:.
2328:.
2305:.
2297:.
2287:15
2285:.
2281:.
2258:.
2250:.
2242:.
2232:18
2230:.
2226:.
2203:.
2195:.
2185:68
2183:.
2179:.
2156:.
2148:.
2136:.
2132:.
2109:.
2099:43
2097:.
2093:.
2069:.
2061:.
2049:.
2045:.
2022:.
2014:.
2006:.
1996:38
1994:.
1990:.
1967:.
1957:.
1949:.
1939:13
1937:.
1933:.
1910:.
1902:.
1894:.
1884:79
1882:.
1878:.
1855:.
1845:.
1837:.
1827:22
1825:.
1821:.
1798:.
1790:.
1778:.
1754:.
1746:.
1734:.
1730:.
1718:^
1704:.
1694:14
1692:.
1688:.
1658:,
1646:,
1635:^
1621:.
1611:.
1597:.
1593:.
1581:^
1567:.
1559:.
1547:.
1543:.
1511:^
1497:.
1489:.
1479:22
1477:.
1473:.
1457:^
1443:.
1435:.
1423:.
1419:.
1405:^
1384:,
1372:,
1349:.
1341:.
1333:.
1323:19
1321:.
1317:.
1303:^
1289:.
1279:.
1271:.
1259:12
1257:.
1253:.
1241:^
1227:.
1217:.
1209:.
1195:.
1191:.
1131:^
1117:.
1109:.
1099:42
1097:.
1093:.
1081:^
1067:.
1059:.
1049:30
1047:.
1043:.
1027:^
1013:.
1003:.
993:12
991:.
987:.
953:^
939:.
907:.
899:.
887:50
885:.
881:.
863:^
820:,
812:.
728:,
611:,
607:,
524:,
520:,
516:,
453:.
442:.
434:,
326:,
265:.
257:,
253:,
233:,
229:,
201:,
148:,
140:,
132:,
128:,
2884:.
2872::
2866:6
2844:.
2832::
2805:.
2785::
2779:8
2753:.
2733::
2706:.
2686::
2659:.
2639::
2612:.
2592::
2565:.
2541:.
2513::
2486:.
2462:.
2434::
2407:.
2387::
2360:.
2340::
2313:.
2293::
2266:.
2238::
2211:.
2191::
2164:.
2144::
2138:6
2117:.
2105::
2077:.
2057::
2030:.
2002::
1975:.
1945::
1918:.
1890::
1863:.
1833::
1806:.
1786::
1762:.
1742::
1736:2
1712:.
1654::
1629:.
1605::
1575:.
1555::
1549:1
1505:.
1485::
1451:.
1431::
1380::
1357:.
1329::
1297:.
1265::
1235:.
1203::
1197:7
1125:.
1105::
1075:.
1055::
1021:.
947:.
935::
915:.
893::
710:,
620:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
