Bell - Knowledge (XXG)

2135: 730: 1056: 598: 2198: 1926: 2163: 1511: 910:), which has been found empirically to give the most pleasant tone. However, the tone of a bell is mostly due to its shape. A bell is regarded as having a good tone when it's "in tune with itself". In western bell founding, this is known as "harmonic tuning" of a bell, which results in the bell's strongest harmonics being in harmony with each other and the strike note. This produces the brightest and purest sound, which is the attractive sound of a good bell. A huge amount of effort has been expended over the centuries in finding the shape which will produce the harmonically tuned bell. 2099: 518:, which is a musical instrument consisting of at least 23 cast bronze cup-shaped bells, is tuned so that the bells can be played serially to produce a melody, or sounded together to play a chord. A traditional carillon is played by striking a baton keyboard with the fists, and by pressing the keys of a pedal keyboard with the feet. The keys mechanically activate levers and wires that connect to metal clappers that strike the inside of the bells, allowing the performer to vary the intensity of the note according to the force applied to the key. 1032: 244: 492:(the wooden pole seen sticking up when the bells are down) engages a mechanism to allow the bell to rest just past its balance point. The rope is attached to one side of a wheel so that a different amount of rope is wound on and off as it swings to and fro. The bells are controlled by ringers (one to a bell) in a chamber below, who rotate the bell to through a full circle and back, and control the speed of oscillation when the bell is mouth upwards at the balance-point when little effort is required. 863: 441: 1942: 946:

the bell is critical in producing the desired strike note and associated harmonics. Tuning is undertaken by clamping the bell on a large rotating table and using a cutting tool to remove metal. This is an iterative process in which metal is removed from certain parts of the bell to change certain harmonics. This process was made possible historically by the use of tuning forks to find sympathetic resonance on specific parts of a bell for the harmonic being tuned, but today electronic

323: 449: 2008: 1965: 2147: 2120: 3640:(of Canadian Parliament, Ottawa), Percival Price, held at the National Library of Canada (as then named), 12 May to 14 Sept. 1986; some copies come with the guide to the taped dubbings of the recordings played as background music to the displays, as technically prepared by Gilles Saint-Laurent and listed by Stephen Charles Willis, both of the library's Music Division; English and French texts respectively divided into upper and lower portions of each page. 457: 2044: 714: 702: 1984: 2028: 1044: 2072: 687: 1642:, was first used for utilitarian purposes and only later for artistic ones. Konguro'o rang when moving to new places. They were fastened to the horse harnesses and created a very specific "smart" sound background. Konguro'o also hung on the neck of the leader goat, which the sheep herd followed. This led to the association in folk memory between the distinctive sound of konguro'o and the nomadic way of life. 405:, handbells were used in camps and garrisons and by patrols that went around to visit sentinels. Among the Romans, the hour of bathing was announced by a bell. They also used them in the home, as an ornament and emblem, and bells were placed around the necks of cattle and sheep so they could be found if they strayed. As late as the 10th century AD, European bells were no higher than 2 feet in height. 969: 1715: 56: 2087: 960:

Eindhoven, using computer modelling, produced bell profiles which were cast by the Eijsbouts Bellfoundry in the Netherlands. They were described as resembling old Coke bottles in that they had a bulge around the middle; In 1999 a design without the bulge was announced. However, the major bell concept has found little favour; most bells cast today are almost universally minor third bells.

1439: 1626: 864: 2197: 849: 331: 4987: 200:) for its resonant properties, but can also be made from other hard materials. This depends on the function. Some small bells such as ornamental bells or cowbells can be made from cast or pressed metal, glass or ceramic, but large bells such as a church, clock and tower bells are normally cast from bell metal. 950:

are normally used. To tune the strike note, the nominal or the strike note are tuned; the effect is usually the same because the nominal is one of the main partials that determines the tone of the strike note. The thickness of a church bell at its thickest part, called the "sound bow", is usually one

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The outside of the mould is made within a perforated cast-iron case, larger than the finished bell, containing the loam mixture which is shaped, dried and smoothed in the same way as the core. The case is inverted (mouth down), lowered over the core and clamped to the base plate. The clamped mould is

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Swinging bells are sounded by an internal clapper. The clapper may have a longer period of swing than the bell. In this case, the bell will catch up with the clapper and if rung to or near full circle will carry the clapper up on the bell's trailing side. Alternatively, the clapper may have a shorter

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This quest by various founders over centuries of bell founding has resulted in the development of an optimum profile for casting each size of a bell to give true harmonic tuning. Although bells are cast to accurate patterns, variations in casting mean that a final tuning is necessary as the shape of

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or town bell, which is hung within a tower or bell cote. Such bells are either fixed in a static position ("hung dead") or mounted on a beam (the "headstock") so they can swing to and fro. Bells that are hung dead are normally sounded by hitting the sound bow with a hammer or occasionally by pulling

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are unique among all other types of cast bells in several respects and they rank among the highest achievements of Chinese bronze casting technology. However, the remarkable secret of their design and the method of casting—known only to the Chinese in antiquity—was lost in later generations and was

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sites, they are also found as part of the horse-and-chariot gear and as collar-bells of dogs. By the 13th century BC, bells weighing over 150 kilograms (330 pounds) were being cast in China. After 1000 AD, iron became the most commonly used metal for bells instead of bronze. The earliest dated iron

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The bells of Marquis Yi—which were still fully playable after almost 2500 years—cover a range of slightly less than five octaves but thanks to their dual-tone capability, the set can sound a complete 12-tone scale—predating the development of the European 12-tone system by some 2000 years—and can

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in the 17th century reliably cast many bells for carillons of unequalled quality of tuning for the time, but after their death, their guarded trade secrets were lost, and not until the 19th century were bells of comparable tuning quality cast. It was only in modern times that repeatable harmonic

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Where a bell is swung, it can either be swung over a small arc by a rope and lever or by using a rope on a wheel to swing the bell higher. As the bell swings higher the sound is projected outwards rather than downwards. Larger bells may be swung using electric motors. In some places, such as the

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is a traditional folk instrument in Lithuania which consists of wooden bells of various sizes hanging in several vertical rows with one or two wooden or metal small clappers hanging inside them. It is played with two wooden sticks. When the skrabalai is moved a clapper knocks at the wall of the

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Historically, bells have been associated with religious rites, and are still used to call communities together for religious services. Later, bells were made to commemorate important events or people and have been associated with the concepts of peace and freedom. The study of bells is called

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The traditional harmonically tuned bell has a minor third as a main harmonic. On the theory that western music in major keys may sound better on bells with a major third as a harmonic, production of bells with major thirds was attempted in the 1980s. Scientists at the Technical University in

2134: 889: 1187:. The full Korean name means "Sacred Bell of King Seongdeok the Great." It was also known as the Bell of Bongdeoksa Temple, where it was first housed. The bell weighs about 25 tons and was originally cast in 771 CE. It is now stored in the National Museum of Gyeongju. 2392:, p. 92 states "a clearly audible, slow-decaying partial at 347 Hz with a beating component in it. It is a resultant of the various F harmonic series partials that can be clearly seen in the spectrum (5, , 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, etc.) beside the C-related partials". 2162: 481:, the clapper is held against the sound bow with an electric clasp as the bell swings up. The clasp would release the clapper to provide a cleaner start to ringing. To silence the bell, the clasp catches and locks the clapper back in place. 1649:

foremen used copper, bronze, iron and brass. They also decorated it with artistic carving and covered it with silver. Sizes of the instruments might vary within certain limits, what depended on its function. Every bell had its own timbre.

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Historically, before rail or road transport of large bells was possible, a "bell pit" was often dug in the grounds of the building where the bell was to be installed. Molten bell metal is poured into the mould through a box lined with

420: 349:. Clapper-bells made of pottery have been found in several archaeological sites. The pottery bells later developed into metal bells. In West Asia, the first bells appear in 1000 BC. The earliest metal bells, with one found in the 729: 384:

Bells west of China did not reach the same size until the 2nd millennium AD. Assyrian bells dated to the 7th century BC were around 4 inches high. Roman bells dated to the 1st and 2nd century AD were around 8 inches high. The

536:, the traditional forms of bells are temple and palace bells, small ones being rung by a sharp rap with a stick, and very large ones rung by a blow from the outside by a large swinging beam. (See images of the great bell of 589:, the entire bell never moves, only the clapper. A complex system of ropes is developed and used uniquely for every bell tower. Some ropes (the smaller ones) are played by hand, the bigger ropes are played by foot. 5047: 804:

but large bells are cast mouth downwards by filling the air space in a two-part mould with molten metal. Such a mould has an outer section clamped to a base-plate on which an inner core has been constructed.

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In the case of clock towers and grandfather clocks, a particular sequence of tones may be played to distinguish between the hour, half-hour, quarter-hour, or other intervals. One common pattern is called

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Underwriting Room where it used to be struck when news of an overdue ship arrived—once for the loss of a ship (i.e., bad news, last in 1979), and twice for her return (i.e., good news, last in 1989).

792:. Steel was tried during the busy church-building period of mid-19th-century England, because it was more economical than bronze, but was found not to be durable and manufacture ceased in the 1870s. 870: 566:, are often rung by a server at Mass when the priest holds high up first the host and then the chalice immediately after he has said the words of consecration over them (the moment known as the 1547:(鐘) were used as polyphonic musical instruments and some have been dated at between 2000 and 3600 years old. Tuned bells have been created and used for musical performance in many cultures but 1296:

is the fourth-largest bell in the British Isles, after The Olympic Bell (used at the opening of the 2012 Olympic Games), Great Paul (St Paul's Cathedral, City of London) and Great George (

885:"The bell produces a secondary pitch (f') which lies outside that 'inharmonic series though it is clearly audible when the bell is struck, 'to curiously thrilling and disturbing effect.'" 856:(1497) typical of a harmonically-tuned bell: strike note is E, with hum note an octave below, minor third, fifth, nominal above, and major third and perfect fifth in the second octave. 38: 4498: 424: 427: 426: 422: 421: 1925: 496:

period and catch up with the bell's leading side, travel up with the bell coming to rest on the downhill side. This latter method is used in English style full circle ringing.

428: 2098: 2676: 1157:. The bell itself weighs 66,000 pounds (30,000 kg); with clapper and supports, the total weight which swings when the bell is rung is 89,390 pounds (40,550 kg). 4592: 1482:

in changing ringing may have bells playing for several hours, playing 5,000 or more patterns without a break or repetition. They have also been used in many kinds of

625:, a homophone meaning both "cool" and "refreshing", are spherical bells which contain metal pellets that produce sound from the inside. The hemispherical bell is the 2043: 3636:.: Prepared on the occasion of an exhibition of the same title, based on the collection of bell and carillon related material and documentation, of former Dominion 1253:, which is more like turning than swinging. So, depending on the point of view, the St. Petersglocke may be considered the largest free-swinging bell in the world.) 1446: 185:. The strike may be made by an internal "clapper" or "uvula", an external hammer, or—in small bells—by a small loose sphere enclosed within the body of the bell ( 1245:. It weighs 24 tons and was cast in 1922. It is the largest functioning free-swinging bell in the world that swings from its top. (The Gotenba Bell and the 2119: 1766:

The following organizations promote the ringing, study, music, collection, preservation and restoration of bells. Nation(s) covered are given in parentheses.

1341:. It was cast in 1680 and weighs over 6 tons. Great Tom is still rung 101 times at 21:05 every night to signify the 101 original scholars of the college. 425: 3371: 3102: 1852: 507:

are often used to give a full open sound on one round, and a muffled sound on the alternate round for a distinctive, mournful effect. This was done at the

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The striking technique is employed worldwide for some of the largest tower-borne bells because swinging the bells themselves could damage their towers.

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The Americana: A Universal Reference Library, Comprising the Arts and Sciences, Literature, History, Biography, Geography, Commerce, Etc., of the World

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well mixed with straw and horse manure. This is given a profile corresponding to the inside shape of the finished bell and dried with gentle heat.

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teaching, that Christ is now bodily present in the elements, and that what the priest is holding up for them to look at is Christ himself (see

1983: 5007: 4484: 4431: 3565: 3542: 3515: 3490: 3393: 3349: 3293: 3162: 3129: 3058: 2469: 3667: 1941: 4585: 4209: 3258: 1138: 2027: 1279:, the second largest bell at 16.5 tons in the British Isles. One can hear Great Paul booming out over Ludgate Hill at 1300 every day. 423: 1126:

The Gotenba Bell is the largest functioning swinging bell, weighing 79,900 pounds (36,200 kg). It is located in a tourist resort in

570:). This serves to indicate to the congregation that the bread and wine have just been transformed into the Body and Blood of Christ (see 5042: 5037: 3547: 508: 4451: 2893: 1100:

is the largest bell still in existence. It weighs 160 tonnes (180 tons), but it was never rung and broke in 1737. It is on display in

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can be heard over long distances, which was especially important in the time when clocks were too expensive for widespread ownership.

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Mechanism of a bell hung for English full-circle ringing. The bell can swing through a full circle in alternate directions.

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Bronze bell from the second half of the fourteenth century, depicting Saints Peter, Paul, John the Evangelist, and Thomas.

918: 586: 216: 4977: 713: 503:) strapped around them to quieten the bells when practice ringing to avoid annoying the neighbourhood. Also at funerals, 4944: 4436: 4261: 4204: 4162: 3074: 2411: 1809:

World Carillon Federation (multinational) - an international association of independent national or regional societies,

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Handbell Musicians of America (United States) - formerly known as The American Guild of English Handbell Ringers (AGEHR)

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Further, less-audible, harmonics include the major third and a perfect fifth in the second octave above the named note.

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in the city of Utrecht, the Netherlands, houses the Salvator, weighing 8.2 tons and cast in 1505 by Geert van Wou.

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English full-circle bells shown in the "down" position, in which they are normally left between ringing sessions.

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tuning using a known scientific basis was achieved. The main partials (or harmonics) of a well-tuned bell are:

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trough. The pitch of the sound depends on the size of the wooden trough. The instrument developed from wooden

1474:, using hand-held bells of varying tones. A "ring of bells" is a set of four to twelve or more bells used in 4014: 3615: 2497: 2403: 1463: 913:

The accompanying musical staves show the series of harmonics which are generated when a bell is struck. The

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in 1497, weighs more than 12,500 kg (13 tons) and is the world's largest medieval free-swinging bell.

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is notable that it although it is an old bell, it is harmonically tuned, but was not typical of its time.

882: 575: 243: 3314: 2234:. This image shows the hanging wooden beam positioned to strike the outer side of the resonating surface. 4849: 4601: 4361: 4074: 3784: 3605: 3570: 2889: 2267: 1334: 1305: 1016: 547: 394: 174: 96: 31: 4398: 4276: 840:. The founder would bring his casting tools to the site, and a furnace would be built next to the pit. 440: 115: 5017: 4774: 4508: 4326: 4321: 4306: 4239: 4191: 3903: 3482: 3187: 3179: 1899: 1886: 1743: 1412: 1287: 1012: 874: 341:

The earliest archaeological evidence of bells dates from the 3rd millennium BC, and is traced to the

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In more recent times, the top of bells in China was usually decorated with a small dragon, known as

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Time and Timekeepers: Including the History, Construction, Care, and Accuracy of Clocks and Watches

2318: 1419: 1297: 736: 567: 485: 322: 3010: 2917: 448: 4903: 4291: 3463: 3444: 3436: 3029: 2461: 2181: 1491: 1455: 1233: 1213: 571: 478: 284: 280: 139: 4351: 3677: 2086: 1662:. Several of these metal tubes which are struck manually with hammers, form an instrument named 1579:, depending on where they are struck. The interval between these notes on each bell is either a 3340:

Roads, Curtis, ed. (1992). "The Music Machine: Selected Readings from Computer Music Journal".

1639: 456: 4939: 4529: 4102: 3949: 3641: 3585: 3561: 3538: 3511: 3501: 3486: 3428: 3399: 3389: 3345: 3328: 3318: 3289: 3283: 3262: 3239: 3192: 3173: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3135: 3125: 3087: 3068: 3054: 3019: 2465: 2153: 1670:. In the case of wind or aeolian chimes, the tubes are blown against one another by the wind. 1361: 1250: 1242: 1169: 1142: 1127: 1048: 821: 602: 579: 262: 3658: 203:

Bells intended to be heard over a wide area can range from a single bell hung in a turret or

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Nordisk Selskap for Campanologi og Klokkespil (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland) -

1386: 1367: 1330: 1322: 1246: 1209: 1150: 947: 801: 762:, and in Europe dates to the 4th or 5th century. The traditional metal for these bells is a 402: 342: 171: 108: 2882: 1560: 621: 4862: 4311: 4266: 4216: 4097: 3692: 3411:

Rostoker, William; Bronson, Bennet; Dvorak, James (1984). "The Cast-Iron Bells of China".

3041: 1829: 1411:, weighs 106 pounds (48 kg) and bears the inscription "ST. JEAN – 1779". It rests in 1371: 1301: 976: 720: 346: 3611: 1176:

on the 11th of November 2016 and has a height of 3,130 mm, thickness of 273 mm.

177:. Most bells have the shape of a hollow cup that when struck vibrates in a single strong 357:

site, are dated to about 2000 BC. With the emergence of other kinds of bells during the

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thirteenth its diameter. If the bell is mounted as cast, it is called a "maiden bell".

853: 386: 378: 271: 224: 5001: 4824: 4669: 4659: 4464: 4408: 4256: 4246: 3990: 3985: 3971: 3809: 3448: 3366: 2292: 2287: 1711:. The bell was used to call the workers from the field at the end of the day's work. 1646: 1568: 1559:

bells was found in a near-perfect state of preservation during the excavation of the

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Why Didn't I Think of That?: 101 Inventions that Changed the World by Hardly Trying

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The Australian and New Zealand Association of Bellringers (Australia, New Zealand)

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notes that small gold bells were worn as ornaments on the hem of the robe of the

17: 4913: 4286: 4157: 3978: 3942: 3908: 3898: 3814: 3794: 3779: 3774: 2333: 2323: 1947: 1735: 1730:, it is recorded that each church and possibly several farms had their specific 1714: 1704: 1584: 1580: 1397: 1198: 1112: 914: 809: 631:

bell, which is struck on the outside. Large suspended temple bells are known as

527: 469: 414: 293: 232: 186: 178: 4476: 1438: 1378:, Poland, cast in 1520. It is rung only on very significant national occasions. 4934: 4814: 4804: 4739: 4674: 4186: 4021: 3845: 3769: 3759: 2642: 2338: 1596: 1564: 1471: 1276: 1004: 907: 772: 563: 258: 220: 204: 193: 55: 3632:. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1986. 34 p., ill. with b&w photos. 3432: 3332: 3243: 3139: 1754:

In Scotland, up until the nineteenth century, it was the tradition to ring a

642: 4794: 4759: 4734: 4679: 4664: 4559: 4554: 4534: 4199: 4038: 3956: 3913: 3888: 3867: 3860: 3824: 3557: 3403: 3375:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 687–691. 3266: 2223: 2078: 1755: 1679: 1540: 1534: 1495: 1326: 1316: 1093: 1036: 551: 398: 310: 182: 42: 3925: 3881: 1994: 1375: 1081:(1484) may have been the largest bell ever made. It was lost in a river in 633: 2856: 1130:, Japan. Hung in a freestanding frame, it is rung by hand. It was cast by 4883: 4829: 4754: 4702: 4692: 4644: 4639: 4570: 4524: 4009: 3937: 3918: 3893: 3855: 3850: 3840: 3749: 2308: 2282: 2272: 2212: 2208: 2177: 2169: 2034: 2018: 1932: 1874: 1806:

Lietuvos kampanologų draugija "Societas campanarum Lituaniae" (Lithuania)

1603: 1592: 1467: 1459: 1257: 1190: 1097: 1086: 898: 817: 661: 657: 616: 555: 537: 515: 433: 212: 154: 3683:'Bells in Aragón: a traditional means of communication' thesis (Spanish) 2630: 1758:, a form of handbell, at the death of an individual and at the funeral. 1544: 848: 4779: 4712: 4697: 4654: 4544: 4112: 3440: 2277: 2257: 1719: 1684: 1523: 1293: 1272: 1238: 1217: 1202: 1141:

was the largest functioning swinging bell until 2006. It is located in

972: 672:(IAST: Ghaṇṭā) in Sanskrit, are used in religious ceremonies. See also 653: 559: 354: 223:. Many public or institutional buildings house bells, most commonly as 3467: 1821:

British Carillon Society (Great Britain, Ireland, Northern Ireland) -

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is the largest free-swinging church bell in the world, surpassing the

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are swung through just over a complete circle from mouth uppermost. A

330: 122:(Bells: Percussion vessels with the vibration weakest near the vertex) 4789: 4784: 4764: 4749: 4744: 4549: 3932: 3662: 3191: 2215: 2173: 1998: 1610: 1338: 1268: 1194: 1154: 1116: 1101: 781: 763: 667: 612: 197: 146: 41:, "Bell #9801" redirects here. For the memorial with that title, see 3630:

Les Cloches à travers les siècles: provenant du fonds Percival Price

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in 1608. It is reported to have weighed about 300 tonnes (330 tons).

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Koninklijke Nederlandse Klokkenspel-Vereniging (The Netherlands) -

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The core is built on the base-plate using porous materials such as

638: 296:. It is popularly but not certainly related to the former sense of 4809: 4799: 4769: 4707: 4519: 3693:

Videos of the London Olympic bell being cast, tuned and installed.

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Cubberly, William H. (1989). "Metals". In Bakerjian, Ramon (ed.).

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https://web.archive.org/web/20171101132723/http://www.carillon.pl/

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https://web.archive.org/web/20180911185748/http://www.carillon.lt/

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Guilde des Carillonneurs et Campanologues Suisses (Switzerland) -

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Confraria de Campaners i Carillonistes de Catalunya (Catalonia) -

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This copper bell was made by pre-Columbian North American natives.

1624: 1622:; the figure of the dragon served as a hook for hanging the bell. 1527: 1509: 1487: 1437: 1184: 1120: 1082: 1054: 1042: 1030: 992: 984: 967: 847: 785: 740: 693: 609: 596: 455: 447: 439: 418: 390: 350: 329: 321: 242: 2540: 2538: 987:, indicating the hour by the striking of bells. Indeed, the word 4819: 3804: 1951: 1734:

connected to the sound of the specific bells. An example is the

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Suspended Music: Chime-Bells in the Culture of Bronze Age China

3288:. Physics and physical technology. Cambridge University Press. 2799:, p. 685: Cites Schoofs et al., 1987 for major-third bell. 1880: 1873:

Associazione Suonatori di Campane a Sistema Veronese (Italy) -

1862: 1785:(worldwide) - promotes English style full circle change ringing 1835: 1552:

not fully rediscovered and understood until the 20th century.

767: 372:), they were relegated to subservient functions; at Shang and 3234:

Huang, Houming (2002). "Prehistoric Music Culture of China".

1847: 1602:

Another related ancient Chinese musical instrument is called

1587:, equivalent to a distance of four or five notes on a piano. 3070:

The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge

2807: 2805: 3360: 3277:. Vol. III. London: Charles Knight. 1847. p. 126. 3210:

Sanctus Bells: Their History and Use in the Catholic Church

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A bell out of bronze with its principal tone at 1133 Hertz

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Bells through the Ages: from the Percival Price Collection

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Jonathan Harvey : Song offerings and White as jasmine

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Association Campanaire Wallonne asbl (Belgium/Wallonia) -

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Beratungsausschuss für das Deutsche Glockenwesen (Germany)

30:

This article is about the instrument. For other uses, see

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Percussion instruments used as both pitched and unpitched

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usually had a small bell-tower resting on the top of the

906:

Large bells are generally around 80% copper and 20% tin (

784:. Other materials sometimes used for large bells include 3697: 2756: 2754: 1893: 1575:. Their special shape gives them the ability to produce 1856: 1841: 832:

to bear the weight of metal and to allow even cooling.

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Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland

2823: 1478:, a particular method of ringing bells in patterns. A 1300:). Big Ben is the hour bell of the Great Clock in the 1290:, is the largest harmonically-tuned bell in the world. 308:, 'to roar, to make a loud noise') which gave rise to 4975: 3879: 3865: 2592: 2531:(1st ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1887 1422:

at Liverpool Cathedral is the heaviest bell hung for

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English full-circle bells shown in the "up" position.

219:

which are tuned to a common scale and installed in a

3053:. Dearborn, MI: Society of Manufacturing Engineers. 499:

Occasionally the clappers have leather pads (called

4922: 4876: 4848: 4725: 4630: 4621: 4417: 4225: 4085: 3999: 3833: 3735: 138: 126: 114: 102: 95: 2644:Salzburg (Austria) The bells of Salzburg cathedral 1803:Verband Deutscher Glockengießereien e.V. (Germany) 1791:Handbell Ringers of Great Britain (United Kingdom) 1703:for more secular signalling. The greater farms in 1115:is the largest functioning bell. It is located in 3086:. Princes Risborough, England: Shire. p. 8. 2128:from Ireland, 7th-8th Century AD (British Museum) 1613:qìng) but it was made of stone instead of metal. 1172:. Weighing more than 25 tons, it was cast by the 680:and is rung at the moment one enters the temple. 601:Wind-powered bell under temple eaves,. Banna-ji. 60:Parts of a typical tower bell hung for swinging: 2580: 2568: 2544: 2376:, p. 615 notes the strike note shown on C. 1908:Vlaamse Beiaard Vereniging (Belgium/Flanders) - 1797:Associazione Italiana di Campanologia (Italy) - 1352:bell of great historic significance, located in 929:strike tone (also called tap note or named note) 3456:Starmer, W. W. (1902). "Bells and Bell Tones". 3202:. Vol. 3 (9th ed.). pp. 536–539. 2796: 2784: 2380:appears to be the first to propose this tuning. 2373: 824:are applied to form the final, smooth surface. 415:Church bell § Design and ringing technique 287: 3419:(4). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 750. 1898:Polskie Stowarzyszenie Carillonowe (Poland) - 1861:Guilde des Carillonneurs de France (France) - 1846:Deutsche Glockenspiel Vereinigung (Germany) - 1695:Whereas the church and temple bells called to 1539:The ancient Chinese bronze chime bells called 4586: 4492: 4019: 3713: 3582:"And round me rings": bell tales and folklore 2941: 2631:National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge 1874 2033:Bronze jingyun bell cast in the year 711 AD, 8: 4172: 3556:London: Paul, Trech, Trubner. [re-issued by 3275:The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge 3124:. Farnham, England: Burlington, VT Ashgate. 1834:Carillon Society of Australia (Australia) - 1222: 1019:which popularized it as the measure used by 692:Japanese temple bell of the Ryōanji Temple, 48: 3478:Man on the Rim: The Peopling of the Pacific 1885:Lithuanian Carillonist Guild (Lithuania) - 1853:The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America 1771:The American Bell Association International 274: 207:, to a musical ensemble such as an English 4627: 4593: 4579: 4571: 4499: 4485: 4477: 3720: 3706: 3698: 3575:Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869. 2811: 1794:Société Française de Campanologie (France) 1638:Konguro'o is a small bell which, like the 1015:," a sixteen-note pattern named after the 800:Small bells were originally made with the 3175:Grove's dictionary of music and musicians 3051:Tool and manufacturing engineers handbook 2401:Examples of carillons can be found here: 1699:or religious service, bells were used on 1687:that shepherds would tie to cows' necks. 1304:(formerly called the Clock Tower) at the 1256:Maria Dolens, the bell for the Fallen in 1085:after being removed from a temple by the 926:hum note (an octave below the named note) 326:Chinese bronze bell, 18th-16th century BC 4930:Classification of percussion instruments 3688:Animation of English Full-circle ringing 3216:, San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium, 3172:Fuller-Maitland, John Alexander (1910). 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 1555:In 1978 a complete ceremonial set of 65 828:supported, usually by being buried in a 619:bells are used in religious ceremonies. 377:bell was manufactured in 1079, found in 4982: 2975: 2869: 2835: 2760: 2659: 2607: 2434: 2366: 2253:American Bell Association International 2180:Buddhist temple up Hei-zan Mountain. – 2168:The bell as depicted in fine art: This 1921: 1470:, or ensembles of bell-players, called 932:tierce (a minor third above named note) 758:The process of casting bells is called 682: 649:Bells in Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism 4615:List of percussion instruments by type 3459:Proceedings of the Musical Association 3037: 3027: 2772: 2697: 2510: 2483: 2481: 1875:https://www.campanesistemaveronese.it/ 1783:Central Council of Church Bell Ringers 1232: 473:an internal clapper against the bell. 181:, with its sides forming an efficient 47: 4432:Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg 3678:Bell recordings of the Basque Country 3577:Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society. 2571:, pp. 132, 329, 342, Appendix I. 2556: 2389: 1773:(United States with foreign chapters) 7: 4426:Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers 3147:Fletcher, N.H.; Rossing, T. (2008). 2987: 2441: 1905:Russian Carillon Foundation (Russia) 1762:Bell study and ringing organisations 938:nominal (an octave above named note) 3668:What Do Bells Symbolize Spiritually 2673:"Why do Hindus ring bell in temple" 2593:Rostoker, Bronson & Dvorak 1984 1205:and the fifth largest in the world. 780:for the finest Turkish and Chinese 676:. A bell hangs at the gate of many 509:Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales 3150:The Physics of Musical Instruments 3075:Encyclopedia Americana Corporation 2955:"Bronze Chime Bells of Marquis Yi" 2679:from the original on 12 March 2015 1855:(Canada, Mexico, United States) - 1123:, and weighs 90 tonnes (100 tons). 436:-operated hammers in a bell-gable. 279:but not appearing among the other 25: 3382:Science of percussion instruments 3285:Science and Civilisation in China 3018:Beach, F.C.; Rines, G.E. (1907). 1418:The tenor (heaviest bell) of the 227:to sound the hours and quarters. 4985: 4960:List of vibraphone manufacturers 3475:Thorne, A.; Raymond, R. (1989). 3251:Milham, Willis Isbister (1944). 3236:Cultural Relics of Central China 2196: 2161: 2145: 2133: 2118: 2097: 2085: 2070: 2042: 2026: 2006: 1993:(Sigismund) Bell (from 1520) in 1982: 1963: 1940: 1924: 1823:https://www.britishcarillons.org 1522:(钲) bell from Baoshan 2 Tomb in 1443: 1348:is a 2,080 pounds (940 kg) 1286:, commissioned and cast for the 935:quint (a fifth above named note) 862: 728: 712: 707:"Bell house at Shimoda" in Japan 700: 685: 558:, small hand-held bells, called 54: 5028:European percussion instruments 3311:Cloches de France et d'ailleurs 3223:from the original on 2011-06-04 3101:Douglas, Marietta (June 2002). 2899:from the original on 2010-11-30 2049:Chinese bells from the ancient 983:Bells are also associated with 901:, the hum tone an octave below. 852:The principal harmonics of the 735:Bell of Taleju Bhawani temple ( 468:, the common form of bell is a 335:Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng 116:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 4611:List of percussion instruments 3601:Annales des empereurs du Japon 3508:University of California Press 2454:Rubino, Anthony (2010-03-18). 2207:(三井寺の晩鐘), the evening bell at 1260:(Italy) weighs 22.6 tons. 1183:is the largest extant bell in 873:Spectrum of the tenor bell of 1: 4965:List of timpani manufacturers 4955:List of marimba manufacturers 4458:Freedom Bell, American Legion 4034:Russian Orthodox bell ringing 3535:Fadul's Encyclopedia of Bells 3500:von Falkenhausen, L. (1994). 3384:. Singapore River Edge, N.J: 2246:Index of campanology articles 2185: 2104:A bell in Chang Chun Temple, 1658:A variant on the bell is the 812:or brick and then covered in 587:Russian Orthodox bell ringing 362: 5008:Asian percussion instruments 4945:List of cymbal manufacturers 4437:Liberty Bell Memorial Museum 4163:Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris 3207:Herrera, Matthew D. (2004), 1889:last archived on 11 Sep 2018 1881:https://www.klokkenspel.org/ 1863:http://www.carillonneurs.fr/ 1434:Usage as musical instruments 1162:People's Salvation Cathedral 192:Bells are usually cast from 4372:Saarlouiser Glockengießerei 3977: 3948: 3924: 3880: 3866: 3005:Adamson, Archibald (1875). 2824:Encyclopedia Americana 1918 2797:Fletcher & Rossing 2008 2176:carrying the giant bell of 1902:last archived on 1 Nov 2017 1836:http://www.carillon.org.au/ 1722:'Dead or Deid bell' of 1642 1577:two different musical tones 1201:is the most famous bell in 1039:with humans for perspective 1003:. Bells in clock towers or 5064: 5043:Kyrgyz musical instruments 5038:Idiophones struck directly 4950:List of drum manufacturers 4899:Indoor percussion ensemble 4297:Pieter and François Hemony 2243: 1848:https://glockenspieler.de/ 1532: 1370:is a 12 tonne bell in the 1325:is the bell that hangs in 1069: 979:of the British parliament. 919:Pieter and François Hemony 751: 593:Bells in Japanese religion 574:), or, in the alternative 525: 412: 292:which was a loanword from 134:From very high to very low 62:1. Bell yoke or headstock, 36: 29: 4688: 4608: 4515: 4133:Ivan the Great Bell Tower 3624:Willis, Stephen Charles. 3359:Ross, Hugh Munro (1911). 3082:Jennings, Trevor (1988). 2942:Thorne & Raymond 1989 2529:Oxford English Dictionary 2494:Oxford English Dictionary 2412:Université Paris-Sorbonne 1931:Temple bell and clapper. 1645:To make this instrument, 1288:2012 London Olympic Games 776:, this alloy is also the 172:directly struck idiophone 145: 133: 53: 4367:John and William Rufford 4123:Great Bell of Dhammazedi 3584:. Toronto: Tundra, 2003 3573:, Richard A. B. (1956). 3380:Rossing, Thomas (2000). 3120:Downes, Michael (2009). 3007:Rambles Round Kilmarnock 2496:(1st ed.), Oxford: 2349:Whitechapel Bell Foundry 2344:Veronese bellringing art 2319:John Taylor Bellfounders 1910:https://www.beiaard.org/ 1811:https://www.carillon.org 1799:http://campanologia.org/ 1360:. It previously hung in 1263:The South West tower of 1230:Colognian pronunciation: 1160:The largest Bell of the 1079:Great Bell of Dhammazedi 1064:Gyeongju National Museum 257:is a word common to the 3462:. 28th Session: 25–44. 3372:Encyclopædia Britannica 3199:Encyclopædia Britannica 2498:Oxford University Press 1869:http://www.campanae.ch/ 1500:For Whom the Bell Tolls 1454:Some bells are used as 1223: 522:Church and temple bells 432:Static bells struck by 305: 266: 261:dialects, cognate with 4602:Percussion instruments 4447:National Bell Festival 4277:Gillett & Johnston 4173: 4108:Bell of King Seongdeok 4093:List of heaviest bells 4070:Bolognese bell ringing 4020: 3770:Bell tower / Campanile 3413:Technology and Culture 3342:Computer Music Journal 2812:Beach & Rines 1907 2314:National Bell Festival 1817:http://www.campano.be/ 1723: 1630: 1530: 1451: 1389:, Germany was cast by 1181:Bell of King Seongdeok 1174:Grassmayr Bell Foundry 1149:, and was cast by the 1072:List of heaviest bells 1067: 1060:Bell of King Seongdeok 1052: 1040: 980: 857: 606: 461: 453: 445: 437: 338: 327: 288: 275: 251: 4850:Electronic percussion 4509:percussion idiophones 4452:Ringing organizations 4075:Veronese bell ringing 3483:Angus & Robertson 3188:Haweis, Hugh Reginald 3103:"What is a Carillon?" 2890:National Park Service 2581:von Falkenhausen 1994 2569:von Falkenhausen 1994 2545:von Falkenhausen 1994 2268:Bermuda carriage bell 2244:Further information: 1894:https://www.nsck.org/ 1717: 1628: 1513: 1506:Ancient Chinese bells 1441: 1306:Palace of Westminster 1234:[ˌdekəˈpitˑɐ] 1104:, Russia, inside the 1058: 1051:with person for scale 1046: 1034: 1017:Palace of Westminster 971: 851: 600: 548:Roman Catholic Church 459: 451: 443: 431: 353:site and four in the 333: 325: 246: 175:percussion instrument 97:Percussion instrument 32:Bell (disambiguation) 27:Percussion instrument 4877:Percussion groupings 4727:Unpitched percussion 4342:Glockengießerei Otto 4307:Franciscus Illenfeld 3617:Nipon o daï itsi ran 3537:. 2015. Lulu Press. 3313:(in French). Paris: 3282:Needham, J. (1962). 2785:Fuller-Maitland 1910 2374:Fuller-Maitland 1910 2300:, used to tune bells 2203:This bell is called 1857:https://www.gcna.org 1842:http://campanes.cat/ 1744:The Bells of Rhymney 1098:Motorin Bellfounders 1013:Westminster Quarters 875:Winchester Cathedral 550:and among some High 4909:Percussion ensemble 4889:Marching percussion 4632:Keyboard percussion 4442:Liberty Bell Museum 4352:Petit & Fritsen 4138:Japanese Peace Bell 4048:Full circle ringing 4029:Ellacombe apparatus 3553:A History of Japan. 3315:Le Temps apprivoise 2990:, pp. 229–230. 2944:, pp. 166–167. 2922:Sacred destinations 2700:, pp. 313–318. 2444:, pp. 687–691. 2057:Provincial Museum, 1456:musical instruments 1424:full-circle ringing 1420:change-ringing peal 1298:Liverpool Cathedral 1265:St Paul's Cathedral 1249:swing around their 964:Use in clock chimes 897:The strike tone is 737:Patan Durbar Square 486:full circle ringing 140:Related instruments 50: 5023:Chinese inventions 5013:Bells (percussion) 4904:Percussion section 4623:Pitched percussion 4302:Christopher Hodson 3612:Siyun-sai Rin-siyo 2918:"Erfurt Cathedral" 2883:"The Liberty Bell" 2849:"Major third bell" 2675:. 6 January 2014. 2462:Simon and Schuster 2408:Musiconis Database 2205:Mii-dera no Bansho 2182:Chikanobu Toyohara 2126:St Cuileain's Bell 1828:2021-03-06 at the 1724: 1631: 1531: 1452: 1068: 1053: 1041: 981: 891:Play approximation 858: 607: 572:transubstantiation 479:Salzburg Cathedral 462: 454: 446: 438: 339: 328: 281:Germanic languages 252: 4973: 4972: 4940:Percussion mallet 4721: 4720: 4568: 4567: 4474: 4473: 4205:World Peace Bells 4103:Bell of Good Luck 3566:978-0-415-15416-1 3550:, James. (1903). 3543:978-131-260-110-9 3517:978-0-520-91107-9 3492:978-0-207-16246-6 3395:978-981-02-4158-2 3351:978-0-262-68078-3 3295:978-0-521-05802-5 3164:978-0-387-98374-5 3155:Springer New York 3131:978-0-7546-6022-4 3060:978-0-87263-351-3 2736:, pp. 3, 10. 2712:, pp. 15–38. 2559:, pp. 20–27. 2471:978-1-4405-0698-7 2298:Electronic tuners 2108:, hanging on its 1591:play melodies in 1448: 1413:Lloyd's of London 1362:Independence Hall 1251:center of gravity 1243:Cologne Cathedral 1170:Cologne Cathedral 1049:Cologne Cathedral 778:traditional alloy 603:Ashikaga, Tochigi 580:consubstantiation 429: 409:Styles of ringing 263:Middle Low German 247:13th c. BC bell, 164: 163: 39:technical reasons 18:Bell (instrument) 16:(Redirected from 5055: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4981: 4628: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4572: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4478: 4385: 4243: 4178: 4025: 3982: 3953: 3929: 3885: 3871: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3699: 3621: 3609: 3560:, London, 1996. 3521: 3496: 3471: 3452: 3407: 3386:World Scientific 3376: 3364: 3355: 3336: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3278: 3270: 3247: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3222: 3215: 3203: 3195: 3183: 3168: 3143: 3116: 3114: 3108:. Archived from 3107: 3097: 3078: 3064: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3025: 3014: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2961:. Archived from 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2898: 2887: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2855:. Archived from 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2371: 2228:Shiga Prefecture 2222:, which is near 2200: 2190: 2187: 2165: 2149: 2137: 2122: 2101: 2089: 2074: 2046: 2030: 2015:World Peace Bell 2010: 1986: 1967: 1944: 1928: 1450: 1449: 1387:Erfurt Cathedral 1331:Christopher Wren 1308:, the Houses of 1247:World Peace Bell 1237:), is a bell in 1236: 1231: 1226: 1210:St. Petersglocke 1139:World Peace Bell 955:Major third bell 896: 895: 894: 892: 866: 802:lost wax process 732: 716: 704: 689: 430: 371: 367: 364: 343:Yangshao culture 291: 278: 269: 109:Struck idiophone 90: 87: 84: 81: 78: 75: 72: 69: 66: 63: 58: 51: 21: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5033:Hand percussion 4998: 4997: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4918: 4872: 4863:Electronic drum 4844: 4717: 4684: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4599: 4569: 4564: 4511: 4505: 4475: 4470: 4413: 4379: 4267:Kashpir Ganusov 4262:Royal Eijsbouts 4237: 4227: 4221: 4217:Yongle Big Bell 4098:Balangiga bells 4081: 3995: 3829: 3737: 3736:Background and 3731: 3726: 3655: 3650: 3610: 3596:Titsingh, Isaac 3594: 3533:Fadul, Jose A. 3529: 3527:Further reading 3524: 3518: 3499: 3493: 3474: 3455: 3425:10.2307/3104621 3410: 3396: 3379: 3358: 3352: 3339: 3325: 3308: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3281: 3273: 3250: 3233: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3186: 3171: 3165: 3146: 3132: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3081: 3073:. Vol. 3. 3067: 3061: 3048: 3036: 3026: 3017: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2620:Exodus 28:33–34 2618: 2614: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2536: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2472: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2248: 2242: 2235: 2201: 2192: 2188: 2166: 2157: 2150: 2141: 2138: 2129: 2123: 2114: 2102: 2093: 2090: 2081: 2075: 2066: 2047: 2038: 2031: 2022: 2011: 2002: 1987: 1978: 1968: 1959: 1945: 1936: 1929: 1920: 1830:Wayback Machine 1764: 1752: 1693: 1676: 1656: 1636: 1633: 1537: 1508: 1444: 1436: 1430: 1404:of the wrecked 1372:Wawel Cathedral 1302:Elizabeth Tower 1229: 1224:dä Dicke Pitter 1151:Paccard Foundry 1074: 1029: 991:comes from the 977:Elizabeth Tower 966: 957: 904: 903: 902: 890: 888: 887: 886: 879:Jonathan Harvey 877:as analyzed by 872: 867: 846: 798: 756: 750: 743: 733: 724: 719:Buddhist bell, 717: 708: 705: 696: 690: 651: 595: 530: 524: 484:Bells hung for 419: 417: 411: 369: 365: 347:Neolithic China 337:, dated 433 BC. 320: 241: 121: 91: 88: 85: 82: 79: 76: 73: 70: 67: 64: 61: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5061: 5059: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4894:Front ensemble 4891: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4540:Bock-a-da-bock 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4357:Richard Phelps 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4252:Andrey Chokhov 4249: 4244: 4231: 4229: 4226:Bell founders 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4202: 4197: 4189: 4184: 4182:Sigismund Bell 4179: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4153:Maria Gloriosa 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4063:Method ringing 4060: 4053:Change ringing 4045: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4031: 4026: 4017: 4012: 4003: 4001: 4000:Ringing styles 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3877: 3872: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3820:Striking clock 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3717: 3710: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3654: 3653:External links 3651: 3649: 3648: 3622: 3592: 3578: 3568: 3545: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3516: 3497: 3491: 3472: 3453: 3408: 3394: 3377: 3367:Chisholm, Hugh 3356: 3350: 3337: 3323: 3306: 3294: 3279: 3271: 3248: 3231: 3204: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3144: 3130: 3117: 3115:on 2016-05-04. 3098: 3092: 3079: 3065: 3059: 3046: 3015: 3009:. Kilmarnock: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2980: 2978:, p. 189. 2968: 2965:on 2011-02-03. 2959:Cultural China 2946: 2934: 2909: 2874: 2872:, p. 139. 2862: 2859:on 2007-10-18. 2840: 2828: 2826:, p. 477. 2816: 2814:, p. 602. 2801: 2789: 2787:, p. 615. 2777: 2765: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2664: 2652: 2635: 2623: 2612: 2610:, p. 195. 2597: 2595:, p. 750. 2585: 2583:, p. 134. 2573: 2561: 2549: 2547:, p. 132. 2534: 2515: 2513:, p. 536. 2503: 2477: 2470: 2446: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2394: 2382: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2202: 2195: 2193: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2103: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2051:Warring States 2048: 2041: 2039: 2032: 2025: 2023: 2012: 2005: 2003: 1988: 1981: 1979: 1969: 1962: 1960: 1950:weighs 55,555 1946: 1939: 1937: 1930: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1896: 1890: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1819: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1763: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1728:folk tradition 1692: 1689: 1675: 1672: 1655: 1652: 1635: 1632: 1573:Warring States 1533:Main article: 1516:Warring States 1507: 1504: 1476:change ringing 1435: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1416: 1394: 1383:Maria Gloriosa 1379: 1365: 1342: 1320: 1313: 1291: 1280: 1261: 1254: 1228:("fat Peter", 1206: 1188: 1177: 1158: 1135: 1124: 1109: 1090: 1047:Petersglocke, 1028: 1025: 965: 962: 956: 953: 940: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 869: 868: 861: 860: 859: 845: 842: 797: 794: 752:Main article: 749: 746: 745: 744: 734: 727: 725: 718: 711: 709: 706: 699: 697: 691: 684: 664:bells, called 650: 647: 594: 591: 526:Main article: 523: 520: 410: 407: 403:ancient Greeks 387:book of Exodus 379:Hubei Province 370: 1050 BC 319: 316: 240: 237: 162: 161: 143: 142: 136: 135: 131: 130: 124: 123: 118: 112: 111: 106: 104:Classification 100: 99: 93: 92: 59: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5060: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 4993: 4983: 4979: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4825:Temple blocks 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4670:Tubular bells 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4660:Tubular bells 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4467: 4466: 4465:All the Bells 4462: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4409:Geert van Wou 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4247:Bilbie family 4245: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228:and foundries 4224: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086:Notable bells 4084: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3991:Tubular bells 3989: 3987: 3986:Tintinnabulum 3984: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3972:Standing bell 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810:Ring of bells 3808: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3646:0-662-54295-9 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3591: 3590:0-88776-597-1 3587: 3583: 3580:Spencer, Ann 3579: 3576: 3572: 3571:Ponsonby-Fane 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3324:2-283-58158-3 3320: 3316: 3312: 3309:Rama (1993). 3307: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3219: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3093:0-85263-911-2 3089: 3085: 3084:Bell Founding 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3031: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2775:, p. 22. 2774: 2769: 2766: 2763:, p. 32. 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2748:, p. 11. 2747: 2746:Jennings 1988 2742: 2739: 2735: 2734:Jennings 1988 2730: 2727: 2723: 2722:Jennings 1988 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710:Cubberly 1989 2706: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2428: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2293:Electric bell 2291: 2289: 2288:Division bell 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2239: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2194: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2143: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2100: 2095: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1664:tubular bells 1661: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1571:, one of the 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486:, such as in 1485: 1484:popular music 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1440: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1391:Geert van Wou 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1335:Christ Church 1332: 1329:(designed by 1328: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1227: 1225: 1219: 1215: 1214:local dialect 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:United States 1144: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1066:, South Korea 1065: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1045: 1038: 1033: 1027:Notable bells 1026: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 978: 974: 970: 963: 961: 954: 952: 949: 948:strobe tuners 943: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 924: 923: 920: 916: 911: 909: 900: 893: 884: 880: 876: 871: 865: 855: 850: 843: 841: 839: 833: 831: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 803: 795: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 774: 769: 766:of about 23% 765: 761: 755: 747: 742: 738: 731: 726: 722: 715: 710: 703: 698: 695: 688: 683: 681: 679: 678:Hindu temples 675: 674:singing bowls 671: 669: 663: 659: 655: 648: 646: 644: 640: 636: 635: 630: 629: 624: 623: 618: 614: 611: 604: 599: 592: 590: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 564:sacring bells 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 541: 539: 535: 534:Eastern world 529: 521: 519: 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 497: 493: 491: 487: 482: 480: 474: 471: 467: 466:western world 458: 450: 442: 435: 416: 408: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 382: 380: 375: 360: 359:Shang dynasty 356: 352: 348: 344: 336: 332: 324: 317: 315: 313: 312: 307: 303: 299: 295: 290: 286: 282: 277: 273: 268: 264: 260: 256: 250: 249:Shang dynasty 245: 238: 236: 234: 228: 226: 222: 218: 215:or a Russian 214: 210: 209:ring of bells 206: 201: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 173: 169: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 141: 137: 132: 129: 128:Playing range 125: 119: 117: 113: 110: 107: 105: 101: 98: 94: 89:10. bead line 77:6. sound bow, 57: 52: 44: 40: 33: 19: 4858:Drum machine 4650:Glockenspiel 4463: 4456: 4424: 4272:Vanden Gheyn 4192: 4175:Petersglocke 4168:Olympic Bell 4148:Liberty Bell 4143:Justice Bell 4118:Freedom Bell 4058:Call changes 3967:Servant bell 3875:Bicycle bell 3765:Bell pattern 3755:Bellfounding 3744: 3728: 3638:Carillonneur 3633: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3600: 3581: 3574: 3552: 3534: 3502: 3477: 3457: 3416: 3412: 3381: 3370: 3362:"Bell" 3341: 3310: 3299:. Retrieved 3284: 3274: 3257:. New York: 3253: 3238:(3): 18–27. 3235: 3225:, retrieved 3209: 3197: 3193:"Bell" 3174: 3149: 3121: 3110:the original 3083: 3069: 3050: 3020: 3011:T. Stevenson 3006: 2983: 2976:Adamson 1875 2971: 2963:the original 2958: 2949: 2937: 2925:. Retrieved 2921: 2912: 2901:. Retrieved 2877: 2870:Rossing 2000 2865: 2857:the original 2853:Andrelehr.nl 2852: 2843: 2836:Douglas 2002 2831: 2819: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2761:Starmer 1902 2741: 2729: 2724:, p. 8. 2717: 2705: 2693: 2681:. Retrieved 2667: 2660:Herrera 2004 2655: 2638: 2626: 2615: 2608:Needham 1962 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2506: 2493: 2489: 2456: 2449: 2437: 2415:. Retrieved 2407: 2397: 2385: 2369: 2304:Glockenspiel 2263:Bicycle bell 2204: 2109: 2077:St. Ulrich, 1975:Liberty Bell 1971:Philadelphia 1765: 1753: 1740:Idris Davies 1725: 1694: 1677: 1667: 1663: 1660:tubular bell 1657: 1644: 1637: 1617: 1615: 1601: 1589: 1556: 1554: 1548: 1545:zhong / zeng 1538: 1519: 1453: 1429: 1407: 1358:Pennsylvania 1354:Philadelphia 1346:Liberty Bell 1284:Olympic Bell 1221: 1220:also called 1166:Petersglocke 1145:, Kentucky, 1009: 1000: 996: 988: 982: 958: 944: 941: 912: 905: 838:foundry sand 834: 829: 826: 807: 799: 771: 760:bellfounding 757: 754:Bellfounding 748:Bellfounding 665: 652: 637:. (See also 632: 626: 620: 608: 584: 545: 542: 531: 513: 505:half-muffles 504: 500: 498: 494: 489: 483: 475: 463: 401:. Among the 383: 340: 309: 297: 254: 253: 229: 202: 191: 167: 165: 71:4. shoulder, 5018:Campanology 4914:Drum circle 4404:Whitechapel 4380: [ 4337:Olsen Nauen 4332:John Murphy 4287:Miles Graye 4238: [ 4193:Temple Bell 4158:Mingun Bell 3962:Ship's bell 3943:Jingle bell 3909:Crotal bell 3899:Church bell 3815:Strike tone 3795:Campanology 3780:Bell shrine 3775:Bell-ringer 3738:terminology 3673:Tower Bells 3038:|work= 2773:Downes 2009 2698:Milham 1944 2511:Haweis 1878 2329:Ship's bell 2324:School bell 2189: 1890 2152:Fire Bell, 2092:Yongle Bell 1948:Mingun Bell 1736:Pete Seeger 1705:Scandinavia 1585:minor third 1567:, ruler of 1492:Hells Bells 1472:bell choirs 1402:ship's bell 1398:Lutine Bell 1199:Stephansdom 1113:Mingun Bell 1005:bell towers 915:Erfurt bell 854:Erfurt bell 844:Bell tuning 830:casting pit 770:. 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