373:
2126:): "Registration is nationwide, but is subject to the condition that registrant shall use the mark only in conjunction with one or more of the following modifiers; "Nevada Bell", "Pacific Bell", "Pacific Telephone", "Pacific Telesis", or "PacTel". Use of a modifier shall be considered to be in conjunction with the mark if it is used in sufficient proximity to the mark such that a reasonable observer would normally view the mark and the modifier in a single visual impression and would recognize that both the mark and the modifier are used by registrant. Registrant's right to exclusive use of the mark is subject to the rights of the , to which concurrent registrations in the mark have also been issued, to use the mark in conjunction with one or more of the modifiers specified in those registrations"
1208:
488:, the Bell System effectively owned most telephone service in the United States by 1940, from local and long-distance service to the telephones. This allowed Bell to prohibit its customers from connecting equipment not made or sold by Bell to the system without paying fees. For example, if a customer desired a style of telephone not leased by the local Bell company, the customer was required to purchase the instrument at cost, furnish it to the telephone company for rewiring, pay a service charge, and a monthly lease fee for using it.
451:
43:
1431:
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1803:
440:
663:
432:
240:
912:
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an acquisition-related rebranding. The others have only used the marks on rare occasions to maintain their trademark rights, even less now that they have adopted names conceived long after divestiture. Examples include
Verizon, which still used the Bell logo on its trucks and payphones until it updated its own logo in 2015, and Qwest, formerly
567:(NTT) before the 1956 boundaries were emplaced. Before 1956, the Bell System's reach was truly gargantuan. Even during the period from 1956 to 1984, the Bell System's dominant reach into all forms of communications was pervasive within the United States and influential in telecommunication standardization throughout the industrialized world.
469:
The Bell trademark was used from 1921 through 1969 by both the AT&T corporation and the regional operating corporations to co-brand themselves under a single Bell System trademark. For each regional operating company, its name was placed where "name of associated company" appears in this template
287:
thus the head of the Bell System, because regulatory and tax rules were leaner in New York than in Boston, where
American Bell was headquartered. Later, the Bell System and its moniker "Ma Bell" became a term that referred generally to all AT&T companies, of which there were five major divisions:
592:
Before the 1956 break-up, the Bell System included the companies listed below, plus those listed in the pre-1984 section. Northern
Electric and the Caribbean regional operating companies were considered part of the Bell System proper before the break-up. Nippon Electric was considered a more distant
286:
In 1899, American
Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) acquired the assets of its parent, the American Bell Telephone Company. American Bell had created AT&T to provide long-distance calls between New York and Chicago and beyond. AT&T became the parent of American Bell Telephone Company, and
1739:
actively used and promoted the Bell name and logo during its entire history, from the 1984 break-up to its reunion with the new AT&T in 2006. Similarly, cessation of using either the Bell name or logo occurred for many of the other companies more than a decade after the 1984 break-up as part of
1755:
In 1984, each regional Bell operating company was assigned a set list of names it was allowed to use in combination with the Bell marks. By 2022, all these Bell System names had disappeared from the United States business landscape. Cincinnati Bell was the last to use the name, until 2022 when it
1215:
After 1984, multiple mergers occurred of the operating companies and between them, so that some components of the former Bell System are now owned by companies independent of the historic Bell System, including foreign telecommunications firms. The structure of the companies today is as follows.
593:
affiliate of
Western Electric, and through its own research and development adapted the designs of Western Electric's North American telecommunications equipment for use in Japan, which to this day gives much of Japan's telephone equipment and network a closer resemblance to North American
423:
with the
Department of Justice in 1913. AT&T committed to sell its $ 30 million in Western Union capital stock, allow competitors to interconnect with its long-distance telephone network, and not acquire other independent companies without permission from the
574:
brought an end to the affiliation branded as the Bell System. It resulted from another antitrust lawsuit filed by the U.S. Department of
Justice in 1974, alleging illegal practices by the Bell System companies to stifle
391:
When Bell's original patent expired 15 years later in 1894, the telephone market opened to competition and 6,000 new telephone companies started while the Bell
Telephone company took a significant financial downturn.
1537:, a regional LEC that AT&T owned 16.8% of before 1984 and thus was left separate by the 1984 break-up (subsequently acquired by SBC and then sold to Frontier by the new AT&T after the SBC-AT&T merger)
605:
standards. Before the 1956 break-up, Northern
Electric was focused on manufacturing, without significant telecommunication-equipment research & development of its own. The operation of Japan's NTT during the
4218:
2897:
204:
Beginning in the 1910s, American antitrust regulators had been observing and accusing the Bell System of abusing its monopoly power, and had brought legal action multiple times over the decades. In 1974 the
502:
that AT&T and the Bell System operating companies were using their near-monopoly in telecommunications to attempt to establish unfair advantage in related technologies. The outcome was a 1956
4243:
372:
2795:
206:
225:" (known as "The Baby Bells"). This ended the existence of the conglomerate in 1984. The Baby Bells became independent companies and several of them are large corporations today.
2947:
794:
783:
579:
in the telecommunications industry. The parties settled the lawsuit on
January 8, 1982, superseding the former restrictions that AT&T and the DOJ had agreed upon in 1956.
1474:
1791:, still use the Bell name. They used variations of the circled-bell logo until 1977, which until 1976 strongly resembled the 1921 to 1939 Bell System trademark shown above.
4238:
2690:
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3128:
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403:
This became the company's philosophy for the next 70 years. Under Vail, AT&T began acquiring many of the smaller telephone companies including the
4228:
3028:
506:
limiting AT&T to 85% of the United States' national telephone network and certain government contracts, and from continuing to hold interests in
1677:
according to the parent company name, such as "Bell Atlantic – Delaware, Inc." or "U S WEST Communications, Inc.", to unify their corporate images.
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777:
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2371:
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771:
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4115:
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3033:
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2529:
2176:
2023:
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used both the Bell name and the circled-bell trademark until SBC opted for all of its companies to do business under the "SBC" name in 2002.
1518:
1211:"Blown into eight pieces by an antitrust court in 1984, AT&T, like a self-repairing robot, has slowly put itself back together." - Tim Wu
594:
2587:
2572:
526:
equipment manufacturer. Western Electric divested Northern Electric in 1956, but AT&T did not divest itself of Bell Canada until 1975.
658:, a telecommunications company in Japan that was administered by AT&T as part of General Douglas MacArthur's post-WWII reconstruction
4120:
3966:
2683:
492:
361:
210:
3892:
3067:
1454:
Cincinnati Bell Telephone Company LLC, a LEC of which AT&T owned 27.8% before 1984 and thus was left separate in the 1984 break-up
1787:
was named Northern Telecom, its research and development arm was Bell Northern Research. Bell Canada and its holding-company parent,
399:
returned as President of AT&T. Vail believed in the superiority of one national telephone system and AT&T adopted the slogan
3986:
933:
350:
222:
119:
477:, a wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T Co. Member telephone companies paid a fixed fraction of their revenues as a license fee to
268:
185:(AT&T), that dominated the telephone services industry in North America for over 100 years from its creation in 1877 until its
1579:, a former telecommunications and recording equipment-manufacturing company that ceased to have that name as of the 1984 break-up
3771:
3319:
3121:
3056:
826:
3882:
2633:
925:
320:
201:
in the early 1980s, it had assets of $ 150 billion (equivalent to $ 440 billion in 2023) and employed over one million people.
186:
21:
4213:
3877:
3428:
3095:
2676:
1958:
1897:
1534:
1276:
1158:
892:
654:
564:
425:
295:
294:, providing long lines to interconnect local exchanges and long-distance calling services, and international lines including
1994:
1918:
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and allowing non-competing independent telephone companies to interconnect with its long-distance network. After 1934, the
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3902:
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2539:
2463:
1826:
4187:
4177:
3938:
3835:
3378:
3145:
1304:
1069:
4167:
3674:
3114:
3002:
2972:
1851:
1565:, a research and equipment manufacturing company spun-off in 1995; merged with French company Alcatel in 2006 to form
1460:
998:
3048:
1632:, incorporated in 2000, the former Micro Electronics subsidiary of Lucent; was then spun-off in 2002 and acquired by
986:
1415:, a regional LEC, originally Mountain Bell, includes defunct Malheur Bell, Northwestern Bell, Pacific Northwest Bell
4026:
3948:
3887:
3594:
2987:
2977:
2927:
2821:
2628:
676:
198:
109:
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on March 7, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell formed the Bell Telephone Company in 1877, which in 1885 became AT&T.
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28:
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continued operating in California under that name (or the shortened "PacBell" nickname) until SBC purchased it.
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3399:
3334:
3287:
3173:
2967:
1674:
1602:, the former AT&T-corporate research unit known as Bell Labs: also spun-off to Lucent Technologies, became
1468:
1373:
542:
450:
300:
197:
over telecommunication products and services in most areas of the United States and Canada. At the time of the
1712:, the logo, and other related trademarks, are held by each of the remaining Bell companies, namely AT&T,
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3981:
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3599:
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3158:
2790:
2760:
2755:
2715:
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2534:
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1649:
1511:
576:
571:
456:
357:
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Proliferation of telephone service allowed the company to become the largest corporation in the world until
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1178:
1035:
980:
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Nippon Electric, a former telecommunications equipment-manufacturing company 54% owned by Western Electric
561:
541:. This led to substantial increases in innovation, in particular in the electronics and computer sectors.
252:
178:
155:
345:. Under the commitment, AT&T escaped break-up or nationalization in exchange for divesting itself of
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3624:
3589:
3509:
3489:
3411:
3299:
3220:
2699:
1821:
1063:
699:
329:, the American Telephone and Telegraph company, who led the combined enterprise in planning and finance.
248:
84:
2119:
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2765:
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Northern Electric, a former telecommunications equipment-manufacturing subsidiary of Western Electric
552:
The Bell System also owned various Caribbean regional operating companies, as well as 54% of Japan's
420:
396:
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42:
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752:
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59:
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On January 1, 1984, the former components of the Bell System were structured into the following
291:
234:
217:. In 1982, anticipating that it could not win, AT&T agreed to a Justice Department-mandated
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2019:
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1312:
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485:
431:
239:
194:
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2415:
2315:
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2260:
2059:
2049:
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The Bell System service marks, including the circled-bell logo, especially as redesigned by
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1379:
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1030:
1025:
911:
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523:
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728:
695:
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635:
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519:
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1402:, a holding company acquired in 2011; originally a non-Bell company, acquired and merged
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3714:
3689:
3649:
3619:
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3329:
3215:
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2836:
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in 1969, and the words Bell System in text, were used before January 1, 1984, when the
1566:
1290:
965:
902:
503:
218:
150:
2038:"How Antitrust Enforcement Can Spur Innovation: Bell Labs and the 1956 Consent Decree"
419:
action from government, AT&T entered into an out-of-court agreement, known as the
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used the Bell name and circled-bell trademark until renaming itself Verizon in 2000.
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1326:
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952:
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803:
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549:
characterizes the consent decree as important in fostering the open source movement.
404:
346:
133:
1752:
names to Unical Enterprises, who makes telephones under the Northwestern Bell name.
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3709:
3654:
3584:
3549:
3484:
3383:
3373:
3225:
2877:
2872:
2335:
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1409:
Qwest Services Corporation, a holding company within the Qwest corporate structure
1266:
1254:
1191:
1125:
946:
840:
821:
809:
710:
557:
538:
443:
1966:
1889:
1242:(formerly Ameritech Corporation), a current subsidiary, also includes now defunct
1226:
2036:
Watzinger, Martin; Fackler, Thomas A.; Nagler, Markus; Schnitzer, Monika (2020).
2015:
4069:
3719:
3629:
3614:
3574:
3534:
3393:
2952:
2577:
2479:
2250:
1990:
1926:
1780:
1776:
1717:
1272:
1131:
846:
515:
264:
259:
companies were established in every major city in the United States. Use of the
214:
4074:
3781:
3479:
3388:
3344:
3314:
3292:
3282:
3257:
2997:
2867:
1798:
1670:
1553:
1439:
1057:
338:
2073:
4059:
3524:
3339:
2431:
2325:
1757:
1736:
1721:
1701:
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1657:
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1298:
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1239:
1051:
959:
866:
815:
631:
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was considered an administrative adjunct to the North American Bell System.
598:
511:
496:
478:
416:
385:
306:
48:
1855:
1708:
divestiture of its regional operating companies took effect. The word mark
1434:
Cincinnati Bell's alternative logo retained the iconic Bell logo until 2016
4054:
4044:
3961:
3786:
3609:
2054:
2037:
1693:
1665:, formerly known as Telcordia and Bell Communications Research (Bellcore)
898:
527:
376:
1912 Bell System advertisement promoting its slogan for universal service
334:
2668:
2064:
1685:
1582:
Alcatel-Lucent Bell, a subsidiary of Alcatel-Lucent that was founded in
1301:
LLC, a current subsidiary. Its two operating companies merged into one:
681:
Immediately before the 1984 break-up, the Bell System had the following
4049:
4034:
1962:
1765:
1741:
1713:
1705:
1587:
1583:
1500:
1403:
1165:
1142:
499:
326:
310:
221:
that settled the lawsuit and ordered it to break itself up into seven "
2145:
Blue Bell Telephone Sign History — New England Telephone and Telegraph
1499:
Company LLC, a regional LEC created when Verizon New England lines in
1307:, LLC, a regional LEC, includes Southern Bell & South Central Bell
534:, purchased the Bell System's Caribbean regional operating companies.
4079:
4039:
3361:
3153:
3106:
2582:
2144:
2139:
1784:
1725:
1590:
in 1882, by Western Electric; came into Alcatel-Lucent ownership via
852:
625:
Dominion Electric, a former recording equipment-manufacturing company
615:
507:
381:
333:
In 1913, the federal government challenged the Bell System's growing
1438:
The following telephone companies are considered independent of the
870:
1531:, Inc., a regional LEC, formerly C&P Telephone of West Virginia
4064:
4001:
3309:
2898:
Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
1684:
1653:
1612:
1482:
1429:
1399:
1332:
1257:
Telephone Company, Incorporated, a currently existing regional LEC
1206:
1097:
910:
661:
602:
449:
438:
430:
371:
238:
1616:, an equipment manufacturing company spun-off from Lucent in 2000
4006:
2957:
619:, formerly Northern Telecom, an equipment-manufacturing company
435:
Logo style of Bell System affiliated companies from 1921 to 1939
317:; ownership initially equally split between Western and AT&T
3110:
2672:
2613:
2501:
2397:
2271:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia
2232:
2196:
2158:
537:
The consent decree also forced Bell to make all of its patents
460:
as used on the Bell System's directories in the 1930s and 1940s
189:
in 1983. The system of companies was often colloquially called
3252:
2154:
1783:
in 1975) continues to use the Bell name. For the decades that
1760:, though it still has Cincinnati Bell as its corporate name.
1036:
The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia
789:
The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia
2276:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia
2266:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland
473:
Bell system telephones and related equipment were made by
267:
and eventually comprised all telephone companies owned by
247:
In 1877, the American Bell Telephone Company, named after
213:
brought a lawsuit against Bell claiming violations of the
4219:
Defunct telecommunications companies of the United States
1041:
The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia
1031:
The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland
364:
in 1984, at which time the Bell System ceased to exist.
2796:
Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
1548:
The following companies were divested after 1984 from
1471:, an LEC holding company sold to Consolidated in 2017
514:. The Bell System's Canadian operations included the
337:
over the phone system under AT&T ownership in an
20:"Bell Telephone" redirects here. For other uses, see
2948:
Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
1275:
Telephone Company, a regional LEC, omitted from the
795:
Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia
784:
Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland
446:, AT&T headquarters for most of the 20th century
4244:
Telecommunications companies disestablished in 1984
4088:
4025:
3947:
3911:
3868:
3809:
3743:
3452:
3144:
3011:
2860:
2809:
2706:
2555:
2512:
2472:
2456:
2440:
2424:
2408:
2364:
2243:
1475:
Consolidated Communications of Northern New England
915:
A Bell Telephone System telecommunications pedestal
149:
129:
115:
105:
90:
80:
65:
55:
1728:, are held by a joint venture of these companies,
27:"Ma Bell" redirects here. Not to be confused with
263:name initially referred to those early telephone
2122:(example "Bell" registration originally held by
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1724:. International rights to the marks, except for
1673:began to consolidate operations or rename their
855:(equipment manufacturing in Canada) (1914–1956)
873:(research & development), co-owned between
16:American telephone service monopoly (1877-1982)
2261:The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company
2120:USPTO record for trademark serial no. 73727728
1985:
1983:
645:, an equipment-manufacturing company in Japan
522:manufacturing subsidiary of the Bell System's
3122:
2943:Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe
2684:
2170:
1735:Of the various resulting 1984 spinoffs, only
1220:Remaining "Regional Bell Operating Companies"
323:, providing local exchange telephone services
8:
3019:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
2520:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
1026:The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company
35:
4137:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2983:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
2568:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
1519:Frontier Communications ILEC Holdings, Inc.
1111:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
928:(RBOCs), which became known as Baby Bells.
822:The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company
532:International Telephone & Telegraph Co.
4173:
3129:
3115:
3107:
2923:Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2
2691:
2677:
2669:
2621:
2610:
2509:
2498:
2405:
2394:
2256:The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania
2240:
2229:
2204:
2193:
2177:
2163:
2155:
2042:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
1535:The Southern New England Telephone Company
1159:The Southern New England Telephone Company
1021:The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania
893:The Southern New England Telephone Company
401:One Policy, One System, Universal Service.
309:, conducting research and development for
41:
34:
4239:American companies disestablished in 1984
3029:Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes
2063:
2053:
1959:"AT&T Milestones in AT&T History"
1477:Company LLC, a regional LEC created when
901:, Inc. (1963–1972; formed to support the
251:, opened the first telephone exchange in
2212:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
1400:Qwest Communications International, Inc.
975:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
778:Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company
691:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
183:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
3024:Alexander Graham Bell School (Illinois)
1843:
804:Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph
2234:Local telephone companies still extant
1900:from the original on 10 September 2008
1890:"Unnatural Monopoly: Critical Moments"
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1854:. AT&T Corporation. Archived from
1648:Structured Cabling unit, once part of
1577:Western Electric Company, Incorporated
1556:and do not provide telephone service.
1497:Consolidated Communications of Vermont
1396:), an independent LEC holding company
772:Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania
634:regional operating companies, sold to
601:standards than to European-originated
353:(FCC) assumed regulation of AT&T.
3034:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
2933:Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech
2771:Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial
2530:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
1515:, an independent LEC holding company
1465:, an independent LEC holding company
1451:, an independent LEC holding company
7:
4183:
2588:Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company
2578:The Bell Telephone Company of Canada
2573:International Bell Telephone Company
1521:, an LEC holding company created by
1352:Verizon Delaware LLC, a regional LEC
303:, Bell's equipment manufacturing arm
193:(as in "Mother Bell"), as it held a
1997:from the original on 3 October 2008
1991:"AT&T History: The Bell System"
1852:"AT&T History: The Bell System"
1512:Frontier Communications Corporation
1335:LLC, a former RBOC holding company
1045:The Diamond State Telephone Company
799:The Diamond State Telephone Company
666:Manhole cover with Bell System logo
518:regional operating company and the
493:United States Department of Justice
362:United States Department of Justice
3068:The Story of Alexander Graham Bell
2016:Telephone: The First Hundred Years
1681:Present-day usage of the Bell name
1269:Telephone Company, a regional LEC
269:American Telephone & Telegraph
14:
1600:Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
1315:Telephone Company, a regional LEC
1287:Telephone Company, a regional LEC
1263:Telephone Company, a regional LEC
1251:Telephone Company, a regional LEC
1091:Cincinnati Bell Telephone Company
936:Corporation, branded as Ameritech
934:American Information Technologies
926:Regional Bell Operating Companies
867:Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
560:reconstruction relationship with
351:Federal Communications Commission
223:Regional Bell Operating Companies
120:Regional Bell Operating Companies
4229:Companies disestablished in 1984
4182:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4151:
3772:Free-space optical communication
3091:
3090:
3057:IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal
2653:
2251:Bell Telephone Company of Nevada
1801:
1569:which was acquired by Finland's
1426:Other "Bell Operating Companies"
827:Bell Telephone Company of Nevada
2634:Regional Bell Operating Company
1329:Corporation, a holding company
1072:Telephone and Telegraph Company
949:Telephone Company, Incorporated
761:Telephone and Telegraph Company
713:Telephone Company, Incorporated
588:Pre-1956 international holdings
405:Western Union Telegraph Company
22:Bell Telephone (disambiguation)
2372:Southern New England Telephone
1503:were sold to FairPoint in 2008
1469:FairPoint Communications, Inc.
1056:, owned equally by all of the
810:Malheur Home Telephone Company
565:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
426:Interstate Commerce Commission
1:
4234:Telecommunications monopolies
3062:Pioneers, a Volunteer Network
2893:Aerial Experiment Association
2540:Telephone Pioneers of America
2464:Advanced Mobile Phone Service
1827:Independent telephone company
1544:Other "Bell System" companies
415:In response to the threat of
4158:Telecommunication portal
3939:Telecommunications equipment
2097:"The Success of Open Source"
1525:and sold to Frontier in 2010
1322:Verizon Communications, Inc.
1305:BellSouth Telecommunications
1052:Bell Communications Research
987:AT&T Information Systems
608:post-World War II occupation
271:, referred to internally as
3675:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
3003:Volta Laboratory and Bureau
2973:National Geographic Society
2593:AT&T Technologies, Inc.
1656:in 2002 and became part of
1461:Consolidated Communications
1240:AT&T Teleholdings, Inc.
999:Bell Telephone Laboratories
616:Nortel Networks Corporation
368:Formation under Bell patent
243:Logo used from 1889 to 1900
4260:
3379:Telecommunications history
2988:Oriental Telephone Company
2978:National Telephone Company
2928:Canadian Aerodrome Company
2721:Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia
2018:, Harper & Row, 1976,
863:(equipment manufacturing)
861:Western Electric Co., Inc.
677:Breakup of the Bell System
674:
547:The Success of Open Source
470:version of the trademark.
277:regional holding companies
232:
211:U.S. Department of Justice
199:breakup of the Bell System
110:Breakup of the Bell System
18:
4146:
3987:Public Switched Telephone
3799:telecommunication circuit
3760:Fiber-optic communication
3505:Francis Blake (telephone)
3300:Optical telecommunication
3086:
3076:The Sound and the Silence
2650:
2624:
2620:
2609:
2508:
2497:
2404:
2393:
2239:
2228:
2207:
2203:
2192:
1186:Mountain States Telephone
384:for the invention of the
94:January 1, 1984
40:
29:Ma Belle (disambiguation)
3898:Orbital angular-momentum
3335:Satellite communications
3174:Communications satellite
2968:Life Extension Institute
2150:Investopedia: Baby Bells
2101:Harvard University Press
1696:with the Bell logo, 2008
1675:Bell Operating Companies
1650:AT&T Network Systems
1389:Lumen Technologies, Inc.
1374:Verizon Washington, D.C.
321:Bell operating companies
301:Western Electric Company
281:Bell operating companies
3777:Molecular communication
3600:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3429:Undersea telegraph line
3164:Cable protection system
3039:Bell Telephone Memorial
2791:Melville Bell Grosvenor
2761:Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor
2756:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2716:Alexander Melville Bell
2546:Spirit of Communication
2535:Bell Telephone Memorial
2473:Regional Bell companies
2281:Diamond State Telephone
1789:Bell Canada Enterprises
1669:Beginning in 1991, the
981:AT&T Communications
572:Bell System divestiture
457:Spirit of Communication
47:Final logo designed by
3919:Communication protocol
3705:Charles Sumner Tainter
3520:Walter Houser Brattain
3465:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3273:Information revolution
2918:Bell Telephone Company
2852:Walter Seymour Allward
2781:Mabel Gardiner Hubbard
2563:Bell Telephone Company
2331:Pacific Northwest Bell
2095:Weber, Steven (2004).
1781:divested from AT&T
1697:
1529:Frontier West Virginia
1435:
1382:, Inc., a regional LEC
1376:, Inc., a regional LEC
1370:, Inc., a regional LEC
1364:, Inc., a regional LEC
1358:, Inc., a regional LEC
1347:, Inc., a regional LEC
1341:, Inc., a regional LEC
1293:, Inc., a regional LEC
1236:, a current subsidiary
1212:
1192:Malheur Home Telephone
1188:and Telegraph Company
1179:Pacific Northwest Bell
916:
747:Pacific Northwest Bell
667:
461:
447:
436:
377:
253:New Haven, Connecticut
244:
179:Bell Telephone Company
177:companies, led by the
156:Bell Telephone Company
4224:AT&T subsidiaries
4214:Alexander Graham Bell
3893:Polarization-division
3625:Narinder Singh Kapany
3590:Erna Schneider Hoover
3510:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3490:Alexander Graham Bell
3221:online video platform
2726:Bell House (Virginia)
2700:Alexander Graham Bell
2660:Telephones portal
2306:New England Telephone
1822:Bell System Practices
1744:, which licenses the
1688:
1448:Cincinnati Bell, Inc.
1433:
1210:
1064:BellSouth Corporation
993:AT&T Technologies
914:
887:Cincinnati Bell, Inc.
725:and Telegraph Company
723:New England Telephone
700:long-distance carrier
675:Further information:
665:
453:
442:
434:
375:
341:suit, leading to the
255:. Within a few years
249:Alexander Graham Bell
242:
233:Further information:
85:Alexander Graham Bell
3735:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3695:Almon Brown Strowger
3665:Charles Grafton Page
3320:Prepaid mobile phone
3248:Electrical telegraph
2822:Charles Williams Jr.
2766:Gilbert M. Grosvenor
2140:Bell System Memorial
2055:10.1257/pol.20190086
1969:on 28 September 2008
1929:on 12 September 2008
1858:on September 6, 2008
1652:, was spun-off from
1624:, a holding company
1368:Verizon Pennsylvania
1230:, a holding company
484:As a result of this
421:Kingsbury Commitment
411:Kingsbury Commitment
397:Theodore Newton Vail
343:Kingsbury Commitment
273:associated companies
124:AT&T Corporation
3685:Johann Philipp Reis
3444:Wireless revolution
3406:The Telephone Cases
3263:Hydraulic telegraph
2993:Phonograph cylinder
2356:Wisconsin Telephone
1832:The Telephone Cases
1562:Lucent Technologies
1479:Verizon New England
1339:Verizon New England
832:Wisconsin Telephone
683:corporate structure
465:Nationwide monopoly
395:On April 30, 1907,
292:AT&T Long Lines
235:History of AT&T
37:
3883:Frequency-division
3860:Telephone exchange
3730:Charles Wheatstone
3660:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3635:Innocenzo Manzetti
3570:Reginald Fessenden
3305:Optical telegraphy
3138:Telecommunications
3044:Graham Bell Island
2786:Mabel H. Grosvenor
2751:Edwin S. Grosvenor
2399:Other subsidiaries
2341:South Central Bell
2316:New York Telephone
1923:Franklin Institute
1919:"Bell's Telephone"
1698:
1642:Systimax Solutions
1436:
1362:Verizon New Jersey
1213:
1128:Telephone Company
1105:New York Telephone
1076:South Central Bell
917:
753:South Central Bell
735:New York Telephone
668:
462:
448:
437:
378:
245:
207:Antitrust Division
60:Telecommunications
4196:
4195:
3934:Store and forward
3929:Data transmission
3843:Network switching
3794:Transmission line
3640:Guglielmo Marconi
3605:Internet pioneers
3470:Mohamed M. Atalla
3439:Whistled language
3104:
3103:
2963:Hubbard Monoplane
2938:Dictation machine
2666:
2665:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2583:Northern Electric
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2351:Southwestern Bell
2336:Pacific Telephone
2321:Northwestern Bell
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2024:978-0-06-010540-2
1809:Telephones portal
1762:Southwestern Bell
1746:Northwestern Bell
1571:Nokia Corporation
1413:Qwest Corporation
1394:CenturyLink, Inc.
1313:Southwestern Bell
1181:Telephone Company
1175:Telephone Company
1173:Northwestern Bell
1152:Telephone Company
1150:Southwestern Bell
1143:Southwestern Bell
1134:Telephone Company
1078:Telephone Company
1017:Telephone Company
962:Telephone Company
955:Telephone Company
943:Telephone Company
853:Northern Electric
818:Telephone Company
767:Telephone Company
765:Southwestern Bell
755:Telephone Company
749:Telephone Company
743:Telephone Company
741:Northwestern Bell
731:Telephone Company
719:Telephone Company
707:Telephone Company
520:Northern Electric
486:vertical monopoly
380:Receiving a U.S.
195:vertical monopoly
187:antitrust breakup
181:and later by the
175:telecommunication
167:
166:
4251:
4186:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4027:Notable networks
4017:Wireless network
3957:Cellular network
3949:Types of network
3924:Computer network
3811:Network topology
3725:Thomas A. Watson
3580:Oliver Heaviside
3565:Philo Farnsworth
3540:Daniel Davis Jr.
3515:Charles Bourseul
3475:John Logie Baird
3184:Data compression
3179:Computer network
3131:
3124:
3117:
3108:
3094:
3093:
2847:Thomas A. Watson
2842:Thomas Selfridge
2832:Marcellus Bailey
2746:Graham Fairchild
2693:
2686:
2679:
2670:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2622:
2611:
2510:
2499:
2416:Western Electric
2406:
2395:
2241:
2230:
2205:
2194:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2067:
2057:
2033:
2027:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1965:. Archived from
1955:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1925:. Archived from
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1886:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1848:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1730:Bell IP Holdings
1646:Western Electric
1380:Verizon Virginia
1356:Verizon Maryland
1345:Verizon New York
879:Western Electric
671:Pre-1984 breakup
530:, then known as
524:Western Electric
475:Western Electric
315:Western Electric
296:submarine cables
173:was a system of
101:
99:
76:
74:
45:
38:
32:
25:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4152:
4150:
4142:
4084:
4021:
3943:
3907:
3864:
3813:
3805:
3746:
3739:
3645:Robert Metcalfe
3500:Tim Berners-Lee
3448:
3268:Information Age
3140:
3135:
3105:
3100:
3082:
3007:
2883:AEA Silver Dart
2856:
2805:
2801:Telephone Cases
2741:David Fairchild
2736:Chichester Bell
2708:
2702:
2697:
2667:
2662:
2654:
2652:
2638:
2616:
2597:
2551:
2504:
2485:
2468:
2452:
2436:
2420:
2400:
2381:
2377:Cincinnati Bell
2365:Partially owned
2360:
2311:New Jersey Bell
2235:
2216:
2199:
2188:
2183:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2124:Pacific Telesis
2118:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1683:
1621:LSI Corporation
1604:Nokia Bell Labs
1244:Pacific Telesis
1222:
1205:
1119:Pacific Telesis
1085:Cincinnati Bell
1015:New Jersey Bell
922:
729:New Jersey Bell
696:holding company
679:
673:
630:Various former
590:
585:
467:
413:
370:
358:its dismantling
237:
231:
159:
145:
141:
122:
97:
95:
72:
70:
51:
33:
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4170:
4160:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:Space-division
3874:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3828:
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3817:
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3807:
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3801:
3791:
3790:
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3767:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Camille Tissot
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Claude Shannon
3687:
3682:
3680:Tivadar Puskás
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:Antonio Meucci
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3620:Charles K. Kao
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3595:Harold Hopkins
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3495:Emile Berliner
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Videotelephony
3431:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3330:Radiotelephone
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Internet video
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
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3156:
3150:
3148:
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3136:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3102:
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3087:
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3081:
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3072:
3064:
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3054:
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3036:
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3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:AEA White Wing
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:Thomas Cowherd
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Anthony Pollok
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2731:Bras d'Or Lake
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2615:Related topics
2614:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
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2226:
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2222:
2221:
2218:
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2215:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2198:Parent company
2197:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2134:External links
2132:
2129:
2128:
2112:
2087:
2048:(4): 328–359.
2028:
2014:Brooks, John.
2007:
1979:
1939:
1910:
1894:Cato Institute
1868:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
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1609:
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1607:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1567:Alcatel-Lucent
1550:AT&T Corp.
1546:
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1540:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
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1463:Holdings, Inc.
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1310:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:Wisconsin Bell
1288:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1237:
1234:AT&T Corp.
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1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1060:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1004:
1003:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
971:
970:
969:
966:Wisconsin Bell
963:
956:
950:
944:
921:
918:
909:
908:
907:
906:
903:Apollo program
896:
890:
884:
883:
882:
858:
857:
856:
837:
836:
835:
829:
824:
819:
812:
807:
800:
797:
791:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
672:
669:
660:
659:
651:
650:
649:
638:
628:
627:
626:
623:
589:
586:
584:
581:
504:consent decree
495:alleged in an
466:
463:
412:
409:
369:
366:
331:
330:
324:
318:
304:
298:
257:local exchange
230:
227:
219:consent decree
165:
164:
153:
147:
146:
143:
137:
131:
127:
126:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
46:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4256:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4189:
4181:
4179:
4171:
4169:
4161:
4159:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3903:Code-division
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3888:Time-division
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:and switching
3812:
3808:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3765:optical fiber
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Coaxial cable
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:Radia Perlman
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Lee de Forest
3558:
3556:
3555:Thomas Edison
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Donald Davies
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Claude Chappe
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:Smoke signals
3372:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3352:Semiconductor
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:Digital media
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Bell Oionus I
2906:
2904:
2903:Bell Boatyard
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Glenn Curtiss
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Kendall Myers
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2661:
2649:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:Bell Boatyard
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:Commemorative
2511:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:Long distance
2439:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:Manufacturing
2407:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Southern Bell
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Mountain Bell
2299:
2297:
2296:Michigan Bell
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Illinois Bell
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Bell Memorial
1815:
1814:
1810:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:Bell Atlantic
1763:
1759:
1756:rebranded to
1753:
1751:
1750:Mountain Bell
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1629:Agere Systems
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:were sold to
1488:
1487:New Hampshire
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:Bell Atlantic
1324:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:Michigan Bell
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:Illinois Bell
1247:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1227:AT&T Inc.
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1202:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:Southern Bell
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:Bell Atlantic
1005:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
978:
977:
976:
972:
967:
964:
961:
957:
954:
953:Michigan Bell
951:
948:
945:
942:
941:Illinois Bell
939:
938:
937:
935:
931:
930:
929:
927:
919:
913:
904:
900:
897:
895:(16.8% owned)
894:
891:
889:(22.7% owned)
888:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
864:
862:
859:
854:
851:
850:
848:
845:
844:
842:
838:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
817:
813:
811:
808:
805:
801:
798:
796:
792:
790:
787:
785:
781:
779:
775:
773:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:Southern Bell
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
717:Michigan Bell
715:
712:
709:
706:
705:Illinois Bell
703:
702:
701:
697:
693:
692:
688:
687:
686:
684:
678:
670:
664:
657:
656:
652:
647:
646:
644:
643:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
621:
620:
618:
617:
613:
612:
611:
609:
604:
600:
596:
587:
582:
580:
578:
573:
568:
566:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:
494:
491:In 1949, the
489:
487:
482:
480:
476:
471:
464:
459:
458:
452:
445:
441:
433:
429:
427:
422:
418:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
389:
387:
383:
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
347:Western Union
344:
340:
336:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
312:
308:
305:
302:
299:
297:
293:
290:
289:
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
241:
236:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
162:
157:
154:
152:
148:
140:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
30:
23:
3870:Multiplexing
3745:Transmission
3710:Nikola Tesla
3700:Henry Sutton
3655:Samuel Morse
3585:Robert Hooke
3550:Amos Dolbear
3485:John Bardeen
3404:
3384:Telautograph
3288:Mobile phone
3243:Edholm's law
3226:social media
3159:Broadcasting
3074:
3066:
3050:
2912:
2878:AEA Red Wing
2873:AEA June Bug
2544:
2291:Indiana Bell
2244:Wholly owned
2185:
2115:
2104:. Retrieved
2100:
2090:
2065:10419/155593
2045:
2041:
2031:
2010:
1999:. Retrieved
1993:. AT&T.
1971:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1931:. Retrieved
1927:the original
1913:
1902:. Retrieved
1860:. Retrieved
1856:the original
1846:
1774:
1770:Pacific Bell
1754:
1734:
1709:
1699:
1668:
1641:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1599:
1560:
1547:
1510:
1459:
1446:
1437:
1393:
1387:
1320:
1267:Pacific Bell
1255:Indiana Bell
1225:
1214:
1164:
1157:
1141:
1126:Pacific Bell
1117:
1096:
1083:
1062:
1050:
1006:
973:
947:Indiana Bell
932:
923:
849:(1880–1975)
841:subsidiaries
711:Indiana Bell
689:
680:
653:
640:
614:
591:
583:Subsidiaries
569:
558:World War II
551:
546:
543:Steven Weber
539:royalty-free
536:
531:
490:
483:
472:
468:
455:
444:195 Broadway
414:
400:
394:
390:
379:
355:
332:
285:
280:
276:
272:
260:
246:
203:
190:
170:
168:
130:Headquarters
4209:Bell System
4070:NPL network
3782:Radio waves
3720:Alfred Vail
3630:Hedy Lamarr
3615:Dawon Kahng
3575:Elisha Gray
3535:Yogen Dalal
3460:Nasir Ahmed
3394:Teleprinter
3258:Heliographs
3079:(1992 film)
3071:(1939 film)
2953:Graphophone
2913:Bell System
2629:Divestiture
2482:(1880-1975)
2480:Bell Canada
2186:Bell System
1777:Bell Canada
1775:In Canada,
1718:CenturyLink
1613:Avaya, Inc.
1594:and Alcatel
1325:, formerly
1273:Nevada Bell
1145:Corporation
1132:Nevada Bell
1100:Corporation
1010:Corporation
847:Bell Canada
577:competition
562:state-owned
556:and a post-
516:Bell Canada
279:, or later
261:Bell System
215:Sherman Act
171:Bell System
163:(1885–1983)
158:(1877–1885)
36:Bell System
4203:Categories
4116:Antarctica
4075:Toasternet
3997:Television
3480:Paul Baran
3412:Television
3396:(teletype)
3389:Telegraphy
3367:transistor
3345:Phryctoria
3315:Photophone
3293:Smartphone
3283:Mass media
2998:Photophone
2868:AEA Cygnet
2503:Historical
2448:Long Lines
2106:2021-01-04
2001:2008-09-17
1973:2008-09-17
1933:2008-09-17
1904:2008-09-17
1862:2008-12-22
1838:References
1671:Baby Bells
1554:Baby Bells
1440:Baby Bells
1392:(formerly
1058:Baby Bells
339:anti-trust
265:franchises
116:Successors
98:1984-01-01
4100:Americas
4089:Locations
4060:Internet2
3821:Bandwidth
3525:Vint Cerf
3422:streaming
3400:Telephone
3340:Semaphore
3231:streaming
3051:Bras d'Or
2432:Bell Labs
2326:Ohio Bell
2082:229080411
2074:1945-7731
1758:Altafiber
1737:BellSouth
1722:Altafiber
1702:Saul Bass
1663:iconectiv
1658:CommScope
1491:FairPoint
1481:lines in
1406:in 2000.
1299:BellSouth
1285:Ohio Bell
960:Ohio Bell
816:Ohio Bell
632:Caribbean
599:iconectiv
570:The 1984
512:Caribbean
497:antitrust
479:Bell Labs
417:antitrust
386:telephone
307:Bell Labs
49:Saul Bass
4168:Category
4055:Internet
4045:CYCLADES
3962:Ethernet
3912:Concepts
3836:terminal
3787:wireless
3610:Bob Kahn
3453:Pioneers
3278:Internet
3169:Cable TV
3096:Category
3012:Tributes
2707:Life and
2457:Wireless
2425:Research
1995:Archived
1963:AT&T
1898:Archived
1795:See also
1706:AT&T
1694:payphone
1573:in 2016
1404:U S WEST
1166:U S WEST
899:Bellcomm
875:AT&T
528:ITT Inc.
510:and the
335:monopoly
327:AT&T
311:AT&T
283:(BOCs).
161:AT&T
139:New York
134:New York
56:Industry
4188:Commons
4178:Outline
4131:Oceania
4050:FidoNet
4035:ARPANET
3848:circuit
3417:digital
3146:History
2556:Defunct
1742:US West
1714:Verizon
1691:Verizon
1636:in 2007
1606:in 2016
1588:Belgium
1584:Antwerp
1552:or the
1523:Verizon
1501:Vermont
1493:in 2008
1194:Company
1107:Company
871:R&D
834:Company
806:Company
737:Company
500:lawsuit
360:by the
229:History
209:of the
191:Ma Bell
96: (
91:Defunct
81:Founder
71: (
66:Founded
4126:Europe
4096:Africa
4080:Usenet
4040:BITNET
3977:Mobile
3853:packet
3362:MOSFET
3357:device
3154:Beacon
2810:People
2709:family
2080:
2072:
2022:
1785:Nortel
1726:Canada
1720:, and
1644:, the
1168:, Inc.
1087:, Inc.
1054:, Inc.
1001:, Inc.
995:, Inc.
989:, Inc.
983:, Inc.
968:, Inc.
839:Other
508:Canada
382:patent
151:Parent
4109:South
4104:North
4065:JANET
4002:Telex
3992:Radio
3831:Nodes
3826:Links
3747:media
3325:Radio
3310:Pager
3238:Drums
3204:video
3199:image
3189:audio
3049:HMCS
2861:Works
2078:S2CID
1654:Avaya
1483:Maine
1333:NYNEX
1203:Today
1121:Group
1098:NYNEX
603:ITU-T
4121:Asia
4007:UUCP
3967:ISDN
2958:HD-4
2070:ISSN
2020:ISBN
1748:and
1710:Bell
1485:and
1283:The
1184:The
958:The
920:1984
877:and
814:The
802:The
793:The
782:The
776:The
770:The
698:and
694:, a
597:and
595:ANSI
454:The
313:and
169:The
144:U.S.
106:Fate
73:1877
69:1877
4012:WAN
3982:NGN
3972:LAN
3253:Fax
3194:DCT
2060:hdl
2050:doi
1634:LSI
1592:ITT
1277:MFJ
655:NTT
642:NEC
636:ITT
554:NEC
545:'s
4205::
2099:.
2076:.
2068:.
2058:.
2046:12
2044:.
2040:.
1982:^
1961:.
1942:^
1921:.
1896:.
1892:.
1871:^
1732:.
1716:,
1689:A
1586:,
1442::
843::
685::
481:.
428:.
407:.
275:,
142:,
136:,
4139:)
4135:(
3130:e
3123:t
3116:v
2692:e
2685:t
2678:v
2178:e
2171:t
2164:v
2109:.
2084:.
2062::
2052::
2026:.
2004:.
1976:.
1936:.
1907:.
1865:.
1779:(
905:)
881:)
869:(
100:)
75:)
31:.
24:.
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