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subscribers with lower fees using a different rate plan with a lower number permitted calls per month (its initial rate structure provided unlimited calling). In 1898 the Bell subsidiary contracted with its competitor, SAT, allowing it to operate their facilities, thereby increasing its subscriber base to about 7,000 homes and businesses. Due to government intervention and other reasons, the Bell subsidiaries were eventually legislated out of Sweden and Norway in favour of national firms. Stockholms Bell
Telefonaktiebolag ceased its telephone operations completely in 1908, having acquired 15,285 subscribers by that time, in a regulatory environment which had previously permitted unrestricted telephone business competition.
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171:, of which Bell was also a majority stakeholder. Western Electric, a U.S. company formed during the era of the telegraph, became American Bell's sole telephone supplier the same year. In a share sale to Western Electric, American Bell later disposed of its ownership of BTMC in 1890 to concentrate on telephone system operations, but since American Bell had been Western Electric's majority shareholder since 1881 it maintained an indirect ownership of IBTC.
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army. The company's U.S. managers immediately departed for the United
Kingdom or returned home, while many plant employees had been seconded to the Belgian army, or moved to other unoccupied countries. Western Electric's head office contact and control of the company was lost for the duration of the war and almost all engineering development and manufacturing there stopped for the remainder of the war.
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199:. Its factory was completely rebuilt after a fire in 1882, and by 1885, the Bell Antwerp facility had completed its conversion from importing telephones and switchboards from the U.S., to local manufacturing, with production more than doubling annually as BTMC began to supply their other divisions throughout Europe. By 1900, BTMC was also its new parent's (
378:, and exchanges in a dozen of the other largest cities were started in 1881 by other interests under the auspices of a group of Parisian financiers. By the end of 1886, the Italian division had a total of 8,073 subscribers in twelve cities, plus approximately 12,500 kilometers of telephone lines. The largest exchanges were in
523:) had emerged in the United States that domestic telephone system rates were higher than they needed to be, and that AT&T was using those revenues to subsidize its European operations. Due to that reason and others, and also due to the U.S. Government's regulatory intervention, AT&T president
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After 1883 the Bell subsidiary was forced to reduce its fees due to competition from another newly formed phone company, although it was also able to increase its subscriber base. It later had to restrict its operations to the Ă–stermalm section of the city, where it started a new network for private
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with an
Accelerated bachelor's degree (A.B.) in 1875, and a year later started work as secretary to Enos M. Barton, a co-founder of Western Electric. Barton had earlier sent him to Australia and New Zealand to help with operations there, and Welles was then transferred to Brussels. Welles would lead
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Francis Welles retired from BTMC in 1913 and returned to the United States shortly before the First World War. Welles and was succeeded by Alexis Mois. The Great War inflicted severe damage to BTMC's operations and production facilities, much of which was destroyed or seized by the invading German
166:
The Bell
Telephone Manufacturing Company (BTMC) was founded on 26 April 1882 as the principal manufacturing business to assist International Bell with its growth throughout Europe, where many countries had nationalistic trade policies favouring domestic suppliers. BTMC was owned 45% by the American
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on 1 September 1880, it had 121 subscribers, increasing to 218 later in the year, with the majority of its users belonging to government, business and upper-class homes. The
Swedish subsidiary soon opened more exchanges in the Södermalm and Norrmalm sections of the capital within its first year,
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of
Western Electric helped establish the manufacturing arm, at which point a young university educated, multilingual American, Francis R. Welles, took over its leadership, with the title of "Administrateur Delegue". Francis Raymond Welles (b. Athens, Pa., August 18, 1854 – d. Vernet-Les-Bains,
224:
In its early existence the Bell
Telephone Manufacturing Company of Belgium took on the role of a child of two often squabbling parents, Western Electric and the American Bell Telephone Company (later to become AT&T). Sired by Bell Telephone's Hubbard and Vail it would become the custody of
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IBTC started up subsidiary manufacturing plants in major cities throughout all of Europe, since nationalistic policies favoured local manufacturers. In the year after its founding BTMC employed 35 people, and its workshops were accommodated within a small plant at No. 4 Boudewijnstraat,
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Western
Electric through share purchase, which then nurtured and raised it only to see its Belgian concession reclaimed by a nationalistic government. However even through a succession of owners the BTMC has retained its original name, even to the present day. It is currently a unit of
429:, formed with the assistance of three former Swedish PTT superintendents named Lybeck, Bratt and Recin. The new company established their first exchange in the Skandinaviska Kreditaktiebolag Building on Västerlånggatan Street in Stockholm, originally utilizing equipment designed by
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was manufactured in
Antwerp from about 1913, and was used by several countries around the world including France, the Netherlands, Norway and New Zealand (but not as hoped by the British Post Office). However manufacture was disrupted by the German invasion in Belgium in 1914.
453:(SEKs) per year depending on their locations within Stockholm (less expensive) or outside of the city proper (more expensive). Bell's fee structure was not notably expensive, as rates were higher in most countries at the time and only lower in a few others.
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Significant trade developed between
Belgium and Russia during the Tsarist era, with up to 20,000 Belgians from hundreds of companies working there. However all of the IBTC's Russian investments and plants were subsequently lost during the 1917
254:) was formed in 1882, as the Belgian subsidiary of the International Bell Telephone Company of New York. By the end of 1886, the Belgian division had a total 6,900 kilometers of telephone lines, and 3,532 subscribers in seven cities, including
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Later, as demand for services bloomed, the Bell Telephone Company had insufficient operating funds to quickly increase the telephone exchange network, resulting in Western Electric buying out all 45% of the shares held by Bell in 1890.
124:(Bell Telephone Company of Belgium) in the same year as an operating subsidiary, one of several companies that provided telephone services in the country, the others having evolved principally from telegraph carriers.
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210:. In 1884 the very first European intercity line was created between Antwerp and Brussels, and in 1887 the first international line in Europe was opened between Brussels and Paris.
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The International Bell Telephone Company (IBTC) shortly evolved into a holding company for various telephone service and production divisions. Its major manufacturing unit was the
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203:) main supplier of telephone systems to Asia, the Middle East and South America, and the facility had increased to a staff of 700 operating from a greatly expanded plant.
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their phone companies, and the telephone service concessions of la Compagnie Belge du Téléphone Bell were allowed to expire or were purchased by the Belgian government.
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477:. By the end of 1886, IBTC's Russian division had a total of 3,440 subscribers in six cities, with 9,550 kilometers of telephone lines. Its largest exchanges were in
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operating between 9:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. daily, but in May 1883 moved to around-the-clock operations, charging subscribers between 160 and 280
93:, founded the International Bell Telephone Company for promoting sales of its telephone equipment throughout Europe. During his tour of the continent the
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176:"...the production, sale, purchase and leasing of equipment for telephony and telegraphy and everything directly or indirectly related to electricity"
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in 1879, and others followed. Competition was recognised as unsatisfactory, and the various companies were encouraged to amalgamate. The
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As a result of anti-trust actions in the U.S., AT&T, its parent, sold its entire European division and IBTC's subsidiaries to the
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At the very close of 1899, the American Bell Telephone Company was acquired, for business purposes, by its own subsidiary, the
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The Dynamics of Technological Discontinuities: A Patent Citation Network Analysis Of Telecommunication Switches (thesis)
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The Antwerp facility was largely responsible for introducing the telephone to much of Europe, with its first manual and
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offered him the greatest financial incentives to establish a European subsidiary's headquarters in their country.
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division had a total of 3,700 kilometers of telephone line, plus 2,623 subscribers in eight cities, including
437:, and imported from Bell's supplier in Boston. The first Swedish phones, which had signal coils, ringers and
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The International Bell Telephone Company was also responsible for the introduction of the telephone into
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divested almost all international interests held by the Bell System in 1925, with the exceptions of the
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the overseas BTMC company for the next 30 years assisted by Louis De Groof, a Belgian authorised agent.
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108:, on 26 April 1882. BTMC was created as a joint venture by the International Bell Telephone Company of
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exchange. Fourteen exchanges were in operation at the end of 1883, and twice as many a year later.
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559:, describing advances in telecommunications during the 19th century, and their effects on society
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Francis Raymond Welles, c.1880, who became the head of Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company
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The first telephone exchanges in Belgium were opened in 1878. A company was formed in
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839:, Ericsson historical website, EricssonHistory.com. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
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131:, and also established multiple other divisions as national companies across
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854:, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2009, pg.53.
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The Telephone And Telephone Exchanges: Their Invention And Development
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The Telephone And Telephone Exchanges: Their Invention And Development
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By the end of the nineteenth century European governments moved to
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Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
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BTMC came under majority ownership by the telephone manufacturer
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633:, StowgerNet Telephone Museum website. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
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The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia
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Bell Telephone Company, and 55% by Bell's major U.S. supplier,
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and manufacturer, with major operations in several countries.
509:(AT&T), which then became the head of the monolithic and
779:. Retrieved from BobsOldPhones.net website, March 31, 2012.
777:
The Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company of Antwerp, Belgium
538:
The European division and its subsidiaries were sold to the
565:, a precursor to the Internet organized in Brussels in 1910
143:, returning control of BTMC back to the Bell organization.
139:. Western Electric was itself later majority-owned by the
982:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia
972:
The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland
3525:
Defunct telecommunications companies of the United States
1293:
731:
Manufacturing The Future: A History Of Western Electric
651:, Bob's Old Phones website. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
1502:
Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
444:
When Bell's Swedish phone exchange formally opened in
831:
829:
827:
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797:
National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Volume 37
588:
This article incorporates text from John Kingsbury, "
73:
in 1925, ending a 46-year presence on the continent.
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Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
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Telecommunications companies disestablished in 1925
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425:IBTC established Sweden's first telephone company,
676:, Longmans, Green, and Co., New York/London, 1915.
3540:Telecommunications companies established in 1879
668:
666:
664:
624:BTMC And ATEA—Antwerp's Twin Telephone Companies
540:International Telephone & Telegraph Company
366:, the company quickly established exchanges in
71:International Telephone & Telegraph Company
967:The Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company
795:White, James Terry. "Francis Raymond Welles",
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1649:Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe
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465:The Bell Company introduced the telephone to
8:
1725:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
1226:Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site
819:, University of Michigan, Volume 19, pg.241.
618:
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1689:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
1274:New England Telephone and Telegraph Company
687:The Worldwide History Of Telecommunications
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962:The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania
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507:American Telephone & Telegraph Company
186:France, December 14, 1936), graduated the
3555:American companies disestablished in 1925
1735:Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes
649:European Bell and Western Electric Phones
410:. In 1881, exchanges were established in
2243:Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company
918:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
324:Nederlandsche Bell Telefoon Maatschappij
45:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
3520:Telecommunications companies of Belgium
2268:Standard Telecommunication Laboratories
1730:Alexander Graham Bell School (Illinois)
598:
47:(AT&T), initially to sell imported
3550:American companies established in 1879
940:Local telephone companies still extant
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1740:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
1639:Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech
1477:Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial
1236:Bell Homestead National Historic Site
729:Stephen B. Adams, Orville R. Butler.
519:Significant criticism of AT&T (a
62:IBTC evolved into a notable European
7:
3515:Defunct telecommunications companies
3479:
2168:Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company
2163:American Cable and Radio Corporation
1294:Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company
1284:The Bell Telephone Company of Canada
1279:International Bell Telephone Company
147:Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company
102:Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company
29:International Bell Telephone Company
18:Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company
2208:Exelis Visual Information Solutions
2358:ITT: The Management of Opportunity
1995:American Telephone & Telegraph
1774:The Story of Alexander Graham Bell
817:The Telephone Statistics Of Europe
25:
3505:1925 disestablishments in Belgium
481:(1,080 subscribers), followed by
427:Stockholms Bell Telefonaktiebolag
334:in 1881. By the end of 1886, the
252:Bell Telephone Company of Belgium
248:Compagnie Belge du Téléphone Bell
122:Compagnie belge du téléphone Bell
3478:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3447:
3068:Free-space optical communication
2193:Commercial Pacific Cable Company
1797:
1796:
1763:IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal
1359:
957:Bell Telephone Company of Nevada
837:Sweden's First Telephone Company
569:
529:Bell Telephone Company of Canada
1340:Regional Bell Operating Company
775:Estreich, Bob; Verhelst, Jan.
592:", a work in the public domain.
283:Rotary machine switching system
208:rotary dial telephone exchanges
141:American Bell Telephone Company
89:and the first president of the
2273:Standard Telephones and Cables
1078:Southern New England Telephone
799:, University Microfilms, 1967.
229:by the name of Nokia Bell NV.
1:
1768:Pioneers, a Volunteer Network
1599:Aerial Experiment Association
1246:Telephone Pioneers of America
1170:Advanced Mobile Phone Service
398:Sweden and Norway (1881–1908)
104:(BTMC), which was founded in
35:, was created in 1879 by the
3454:Telecommunication portal
3235:Telecommunications equipment
328:Dutch Bell Telephone Company
43:, a precursor entity to the
2971:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2263:Sheraton Hotels and Resorts
1709:Volta Laboratory and Bureau
1679:National Geographic Society
1299:AT&T Technologies, Inc.
3576:
2675:Telecommunications history
1694:Oriental Telephone Company
1684:National Telephone Company
1634:Canadian Aerodrome Company
1427:Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia
735:Cambridge University Press
350:, Groningen, Haarlem, and
64:telephone service provider
3442:
3283:Public Switched Telephone
3095:telecommunication circuit
3056:Fiber-optic communication
2801:Francis Blake (telephone)
2596:Optical telecommunication
2213:Federal Telegraph Company
1792:
1782:The Sound and the Silence
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1214:
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909:
898:
783:January 20, 2011, at the
174:The IBTC was created for
3194:Orbital angular-momentum
2631:Satellite communications
2470:Communications satellite
2188:Commercial Cable Company
1674:Life Extension Institute
815:The Electrical Journal.
233:Early European expansion
120:. BTMC then established
114:Western Electric Company
3073:Molecular communication
2896:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2725:Undersea telegraph line
2460:Cable protection system
2238:ITT Technical Institute
1745:Bell Telephone Memorial
1497:Melville Bell Grosvenor
1467:Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor
1462:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1422:Alexander Melville Bell
1252:Spirit of Communication
1241:Bell Telephone Memorial
1179:Regional Bell companies
987:Diamond State Telephone
188:University of Rochester
3215:Communication protocol
3001:Charles Sumner Tainter
2816:Walter Houser Brattain
2761:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2569:Information revolution
2314:William Henry Harrison
1915:Design Line telephones
1624:Bell Telephone Company
1558:Walter Seymour Allward
1487:Mabel Gardiner Hubbard
1269:Bell Telephone Company
1037:Pacific Northwest Bell
655:July 31, 2010, at the
552:Bell Telephone Company
294:The first exchange in
163:
155:
91:Bell Telephone Company
37:Bell Telephone Company
3535:Alexander Graham Bell
3530:AT&T subsidiaries
3189:Polarization-division
2921:Narinder Singh Kapany
2886:Erna Schneider Hoover
2806:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2786:Alexander Graham Bell
2517:online video platform
2087:Bell System Practices
2000:AT&T Technologies
1974:Orthophonic recording
1432:Bell House (Virginia)
1406:Alexander Graham Bell
1366:Telephones portal
1012:New England Telephone
848:Martinelli, Arianna.
576:Telephones portal
431:Alexander Graham Bell
382:(2,022 subscribers),
161:
154:
87:Alexander Graham Bell
41:Boston, Massachusetts
3031:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2991:Almon Brown Strowger
2961:Charles Grafton Page
2616:Prepaid mobile phone
2544:Electrical telegraph
1528:Charles Williams Jr.
1472:Gilbert M. Grosvenor
689:, Wiley-IEEE, 2003,
685:Huurdeman, Anton A.
330:) was formed in the
2981:Johann Philipp Reis
2740:Wireless revolution
2702:The Telephone Cases
2559:Hydraulic telegraph
2351:The Sovereign State
2324:John William Mackay
2198:Creed & Company
2025:Lucent Technologies
1699:Phonograph cylinder
1062:Wisconsin Telephone
672:Kingsbury, John E.
622:StowgerNet Museum.
473:(or Petrograd) and
85:, father-in-law of
3179:Frequency-division
3156:Telephone exchange
3026:Charles Wheatstone
2956:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2931:Innocenzo Manzetti
2866:Reginald Fessenden
2601:Optical telegraphy
2434:Telecommunications
2051:Automatic Electric
1750:Graham Bell Island
1492:Mabel H. Grosvenor
1457:Edwin S. Grosvenor
1105:Other subsidiaries
1047:South Central Bell
1022:New York Telephone
835:Tahvanainen, K.V.
647:Bob's Old Phones.
629:2013-07-09 at the
557:Victorian Internet
495:Russian Revolution
433:and his assistant
164:
156:
133:Continental Europe
95:Belgian government
57:Continental Europe
3492:
3491:
3230:Store and forward
3225:Data transmission
3139:Network switching
3090:Transmission line
2936:Guglielmo Marconi
2901:Internet pioneers
2766:Mohamed M. Atalla
2735:Whistled language
2400:
2399:
2183:Claro Puerto Rico
2151:Related companies
2110:
2109:
2092:Eastland disaster
2071:Stromberg-Carlson
2035:Northern Electric
1988:Related companies
1925:Switching systems
1810:
1809:
1669:Hubbard Monoplane
1644:Dictation machine
1372:
1371:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1289:Northern Electric
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1057:Southwestern Bell
1042:Pacific Telephone
1027:Northwestern Bell
930:
929:
926:
925:
751:978-0-521-65118-9
703:978-0-471-20505-0
533:Northern Electric
439:Blake microphones
227:Nokia Corporation
33:Brussels, Belgium
16:(Redirected from
3567:
3482:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3323:Notable networks
3313:Wireless network
3253:Cellular network
3245:Types of network
3220:Computer network
3107:Network topology
3021:Thomas A. Watson
2876:Oliver Heaviside
2861:Philo Farnsworth
2836:Daniel Davis Jr.
2811:Charles Bourseul
2771:John Logie Baird
2480:Data compression
2475:Computer network
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2253:Mix & Genest
2137:
2130:
2123:
2114:
1962:Other technology
1844:Western Electric
1837:
1830:
1823:
1814:
1800:
1799:
1553:Thomas A. Watson
1548:Thomas Selfridge
1538:Marcellus Bailey
1452:Graham Fairchild
1399:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1328:
1317:
1216:
1205:
1122:Western Electric
1112:
1101:
947:
936:
911:
900:
885:
878:
871:
862:
855:
846:
840:
833:
820:
813:
800:
793:
787:
773:
754:
727:
706:
683:
677:
670:
659:
645:
634:
620:
574:
573:
572:
169:Western Electric
129:Western Electric
106:Antwerp, Belgium
83:Gardiner Hubbard
21:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3380:
3317:
3239:
3203:
3160:
3109:
3101:
3042:
3035:
2941:Robert Metcalfe
2796:Tim Berners-Lee
2744:
2564:Information Age
2436:
2431:
2401:
2396:
2370:
2338:
2334:Ellery W. Stone
2292:
2248:Kolster-Brandes
2203:EDO Corporation
2146:
2144:ITT Corporation
2141:
2111:
2106:
2097:Hawthorne Works
2075:
2039:
2030:Nippon Electric
1983:
1957:
1919:
1846:
1841:
1811:
1806:
1788:
1713:
1589:AEA Silver Dart
1562:
1511:
1507:Telephone Cases
1447:David Fairchild
1442:Chichester Bell
1414:
1408:
1403:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1344:
1322:
1303:
1257:
1210:
1191:
1174:
1158:
1142:
1126:
1106:
1087:
1083:Cincinnati Bell
1071:Partially owned
1066:
1017:New Jersey Bell
941:
922:
905:
894:
889:
859:
858:
847:
843:
834:
823:
814:
803:
794:
790:
785:Wayback Machine
774:
757:
737:, 1999, pg.49,
728:
709:
684:
680:
671:
662:
657:Wayback Machine
646:
637:
631:Wayback Machine
621:
600:
584:
570:
568:
548:
503:
463:
400:
360:
320:
292:
240:
235:
149:
79:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3497:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3466:
3456:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Space-division
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:Camille Tissot
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Claude Shannon
2983:
2978:
2976:Tivadar Puskás
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2946:Antonio Meucci
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:Charles K. Kao
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2891:Harold Hopkins
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:Emile Berliner
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2730:Videotelephony
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2628:
2626:Radiotelephone
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2512:Internet video
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:Sosthenes Behn
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2102:Henry Dreyfuss
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1594:AEA White Wing
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1543:Thomas Cowherd
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1523:Anthony Pollok
1519:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:Bras d'Or Lake
1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1321:Related topics
1320:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
951:
943:
942:
939:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
921:
920:
914:
907:
906:
904:Parent company
903:
896:
895:
890:
888:
887:
880:
873:
865:
857:
856:
841:
821:
801:
788:
755:
707:
678:
660:
635:
597:
596:
595:
594:
583:
580:
579:
578:
566:
560:
554:
547:
544:
525:Walter Gifford
502:
499:
479:St. Petersburg
471:St. Petersburg
462:
459:
451:Swedish kronor
399:
396:
359:
356:
319:
316:
298:was opened in
291:
288:
239:
236:
234:
231:
183:Ezra Gilliland
148:
145:
78:
75:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3572:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3485:
3477:
3475:
3467:
3465:
3457:
3455:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3199:Code-division
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Time-division
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:and switching
3108:
3104:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:optical fiber
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Coaxial cable
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:Radia Perlman
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Lee de Forest
2854:
2852:
2851:Thomas Edison
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Donald Davies
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Claude Chappe
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:Smoke signals
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:Semiconductor
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:Digital media
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:ITT System 12
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Harold Geneen
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
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1900:500/1500/2500
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1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Bell Oionus I
1612:
1610:
1609:Bell Boatyard
1607:
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1600:
1597:
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1533:Glenn Curtiss
1531:
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1508:
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1500:
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1482:Kendall Myers
1480:
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1234:
1232:
1231:Bell Boatyard
1229:
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1219:Commemorative
1217:
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1206:
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1187:
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1147:Long distance
1145:
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1119:
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1115:Manufacturing
1113:
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1076:
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1052:Southern Bell
1050:
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1038:
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1023:
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1015:
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1007:Mountain Bell
1005:
1003:
1002:Michigan Bell
1000:
998:
995:
993:
992:Illinois Bell
990:
988:
985:
983:
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766:
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748:
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743:0-521-65118-2
740:
736:
732:
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724:
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718:
716:
714:
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708:
704:
700:
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695:0-471-20505-2
692:
688:
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679:
675:
669:
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619:
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484:
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476:
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468:
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454:
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447:
442:
440:
436:
435:Thomas Watson
432:
428:
423:
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417:
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397:
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389:
385:
381:
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146:
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138:
134:
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125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:New York City
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
76:
74:
72:
67:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3166:Multiplexing
3041:Transmission
3006:Nikola Tesla
2996:Henry Sutton
2951:Samuel Morse
2881:Robert Hooke
2846:Amos Dolbear
2781:John Bardeen
2700:
2680:Telautograph
2584:Mobile phone
2539:Edholm's law
2522:social media
2455:Broadcasting
2365:The ITT Wars
2363:
2356:
2349:
2329:Rand Araskog
2278:The Hartford
2228:Goulds Pumps
2019:
1933:Panel switch
1780:
1772:
1756:
1584:AEA Red Wing
1579:AEA June Bug
1278:
1250:
997:Indiana Bell
950:Wholly owned
850:
844:
796:
791:
681:
591:
587:
537:
518:
511:monopolistic
504:
491:
464:
455:
443:
426:
424:
401:
361:
327:
323:
321:
293:
280:
251:
247:
241:
223:
219:
212:
205:
193:
181:
175:
173:
165:
126:
121:
101:
99:
80:
77:Organization
68:
61:
53:switchboards
28:
26:
3510:Bell System
3366:NPL network
3078:Radio waves
3016:Alfred Vail
2926:Hedy Lamarr
2911:Dawon Kahng
2871:Elisha Gray
2831:Yogen Dalal
2756:Nasir Ahmed
2690:Teleprinter
2554:Heliographs
2309:Hernán Behn
2044:Competitors
2010:Bell System
1860:Candlestick
1785:(1992 film)
1777:(1939 film)
1659:Graphophone
1619:Bell System
1335:Divestiture
1188:(1880-1975)
1186:Bell Canada
892:Bell System
514:Bell System
501:Divestiture
469:in 1883 in
336:Netherlands
332:Netherlands
318:Netherlands
296:Switzerland
290:Switzerland
215:nationalize
3499:Categories
3412:Antarctica
3371:Toasternet
3293:Television
2776:Paul Baran
2708:Television
2692:(teletype)
2685:Telegraphy
2663:transistor
2641:Phryctoria
2611:Photophone
2589:Smartphone
2579:Mass media
2297:Key people
2288:Xylem Inc.
2233:ITT Exelis
2223:Focke-Wulf
2158:Abbey Life
1979:Touch-Tone
1852:Telephones
1704:Photophone
1574:AEA Cygnet
1209:Historical
1154:Long Lines
582:References
485:(690) and
416:Gothenburg
390:(950) and
49:telephones
31:(IBTC) of
3396:Americas
3385:Locations
3356:Internet2
3117:Bandwidth
2821:Vint Cerf
2718:streaming
2696:Telephone
2636:Semaphore
2527:streaming
2173:C. Lorenz
2005:Bell Labs
1969:Vitaphone
1757:Bras d'Or
1138:Bell Labs
1032:Ohio Bell
705:, pg.179.
563:Mundaneum
446:Stockholm
412:Stockholm
386:(1,089),
348:The Hague
344:Rotterdam
340:Amsterdam
264:Charleroi
3464:Category
3351:Internet
3341:CYCLADES
3258:Ethernet
3208:Concepts
3132:terminal
3083:wireless
2906:Bob Kahn
2749:Pioneers
2574:Internet
2465:Cable TV
2392:ITT 2020
2382:GeoEye-1
2375:Products
2258:Rayonier
2080:See also
1910:Trimline
1905:Princess
1802:Category
1718:Tributes
1413:Life and
1163:Wireless
1131:Research
781:Archived
653:Archived
627:Archived
546:See also
521:monopoly
308:Lausanne
272:Verviers
256:Brussels
244:Brussels
201:AT&T
112:and the
81:In 1879
3484:Commons
3474:Outline
3427:Oceania
3346:FidoNet
3331:ARPANET
3144:circuit
2713:digital
2442:History
2283:WPXN-TV
2066:Kellogg
2015:Graybar
1262:Defunct
489:(533).
394:(873).
260:Antwerp
238:Belgium
197:Antwerp
118:Chicago
3422:Europe
3392:Africa
3376:Usenet
3336:BITNET
3273:Mobile
3149:packet
2658:MOSFET
2653:device
2450:Beacon
2178:Cannon
1516:People
1415:family
749:
741:
701:
693:
487:Warsaw
483:Moscow
475:Moscow
467:Russia
461:Russia
418:, and
408:Sweden
406:, and
404:Norway
392:Naples
374:, and
352:Arnhem
312:Zurich
304:Geneva
300:Zurich
274:, and
137:Russia
3405:South
3400:North
3361:JANET
3298:Telex
3288:Radio
3127:Nodes
3122:Links
3043:media
2621:Radio
2606:Pager
2534:Drums
2500:video
2495:image
2485:audio
2343:Media
2218:Flygt
1755:HMCS
1567:Works
420:Malmö
388:Genoa
384:Milan
376:Genoa
372:Turin
368:Milan
364:Italy
358:Italy
276:Liège
268:Ghent
250:(the
3417:Asia
3303:UUCP
3263:ISDN
2020:IBTC
1953:5ESS
1948:1ESS
1895:5302
1664:HD-4
747:ISBN
739:ISBN
699:ISBN
691:ISBN
531:and
380:Rome
322:The
281:The
135:and
51:and
27:The
3308:WAN
3278:NGN
3268:LAN
2549:Fax
2490:DCT
2061:ITT
2056:GTE
1943:5XB
1938:1XB
1890:302
1885:202
1880:102
362:In
116:of
55:in
39:of
3501::
1875:D1
1870:B1
1865:A1
824:^
804:^
758:^
745:,
733:,
710:^
697:,
663:^
638:^
601:^
535:.
516:.
497:.
422:.
414:,
370:,
354:.
346:,
342:,
306:,
278:.
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
59:.
3435:)
3431:(
2426:e
2419:t
2412:v
2136:e
2129:t
2122:v
1836:e
1829:t
1822:v
1398:e
1391:t
1384:v
884:e
877:t
870:v
753:.
326:(
20:)
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