Belle Vue Zoological Gardens

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extended to cover an area of 0.5 acres (0.20 ha). Throughout the summer, music was provided by bands such as the Belle Vue Military, the Belle Vue Quadrille and the Cheetham Hill Brass Band. Open-air dancing continued until the 1940s, but by then the attraction had lost its appeal, and the platform was converted to a roller skating rink. It was destroyed by fire in 1958. The same fire destroyed the Coronation Ballroom, which was replaced by a "huge ballroom complex" known as the New Elizabethan Ballroom in 1959. With room for 4,000 dancers on its two floors,it was described as being "unsurpassed in Great Britain for size, comfort and elegance". Many well-known bands of the time regularly played for the dancers, including

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then again in 1960, when a concert room was added, offering late-night entertainment. After its closure in the 1980s, the hotel was demolished. The Hyde Road Hotel and Restaurant at the main entrance, originally known as Belle Vue House, was renamed the Palm Court Restaurant in 1942, and then Caesar's Palace in 1969. It housed a cabaret bar and a restaurant, which was converted to an amusement arcade in 1976 when it was once again renamed, to Jennison's Ale House. The building was closed after a partial collapse in 1980.

547:. The plan to transport Maharajah from Edinburgh to Manchester by train was abandoned after the elephant destroyed the railway compartment in which he was to travel. It was therefore decided that Maharajah and his trainer, Lorenzo Lawrence, should walk to Manchester, a journey they completed in 10 days with little incident. Lorenzo became the zoo's head elephant keeper, and stayed at Belle Vue for more than 40 years. Maharajah provided elephant rides to the public for ten years, until his death from 1260:

built in a corner of the car park in 1985. All that remained of Belle Vue as of 2010 is the greyhound stadium and the snooker club; the original gardens and amusement park are now an industrial and residential area. A road in the housing estate, Lockhart Close, was named after circus ringmaster George Lockhart. The now mounted skin of the Zoo's tigon Maude is held in the collection of Manchester museum.

732: 834:. In 1979 the amusement park was leased to the main concessionaire, Alf Wadbrooke, although by then it was only open at weekends during the summer season. The long-promised restoration of the Scenic Railway had not happened and the Water Chute had closed. In August 1980, Wadbrooke was given notice to close down the park by 26 October 1980 and to have all his equipment removed by February 1981. 470:

loans totalling £63,000 (equivalent to £3,700,000 in 2023). George Jennison became chairman, secretary, treasurer and joint managing director with John Jennison Jnr, John Jennison Snr's great-grandson. John, William, Angelo and Richard Jennison Jnr were appointed to the board of directors which was reported to be a "very happy board with few meetings and an entire absence of quarrels".

1095: 1110:), which was introduced on 28 July 1928 in the recently built greyhound racing arena. The sport proved to be very popular, and the decision was taken to convert the 1887 athletics ground into a speedway stadium, which opened on 23 March 1929. It was at the time the largest purpose-built speedway stadium in the country, possibly in the world. Eventually it became the first home of the 291: 1000:. Reflecting contemporary events, the theme for the 1915 display was "The Battle of the Marne"; in 1916 it was "The War in Flanders", during which one spectator got so caught up in the action that he waded across the lake to join in with the "fighting". Anticipating the outbreak of the Second World War, the theme for the 1933 display was "Air Raid on London". 956:, close to the hot water rooms, offered lunchtime deals such as a pot of tea, bread and butter, green salad and fruit cake for a shilling. The more expensive restaurants tended to open during the evening. Alcohol was available in the many licensed premises in the gardens, including, until its closure in 1928, beer produced in Belle Vue's on-site brewery. Many 508: 938:

Development Group, and was by then scheduled for demolition to allow the site to be redeveloped. News of the sale had triggered the formation of local action groups, who organised a petition signed by 50,000 people in an unsuccessful effort to save the hall. The exhibition halls were sold to Mullet Ltd. in 1983, but competition from the newly opened

1465:"A circular platform, equipped like the bridge of a ship, is set among scenery painted to represent the waves of an ocean during a high wind. Round the edge of the platform is a line of small yachts. Powerful machinery makes the platform revolve, and at the same time rise and fall, giving the yachts a motion not unlike the ones they have at sea." 335:, in central Manchester, but the last departure time of 6:00 pm coincided with the end of most workers' shifts. The first railway station was opened near Belle Vue in 1842, allowing workers easier access to the gardens and their attractions, and by 1848 complaints began to appear in the press that "roughs" in coarse attire were embarrassing 499:

and destroyed many buildings, including the Coronation Ballroom. Although the zoo was spared, the fire almost reached the lion house, distressing one of the older lionesses so much that she had to be shot. Vandalism and theft also became serious and recurring problems; intruders killed 38 of the zoo's birds, including 9 penguins, in 1960.

1416:. The crux of the argument was the question of what was the appropriate charge for the elephant when there was no entry for elephants on the toll rates chart. Maharajah's answer to the problem was to lift the gate off its hinges. Although the incident is probably apocryphal, it was the subject of a painting called "The Disputed Toll" by 614:

increasing dilapidation. The zoo began to be neglected after the sale of Belle Vue in 1925, but it was rejuvenated by the appointment of Gerald Iles as zoo superintendent in 1933. A new Gibbon Cage and Monkey Mountain were created and the Reptile House was extended. In 1925, a display at the zoo was entitled "Cannibals" and featured

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museum. In 1858 another 8 acres (3.2 ha) were leased, in the triangle between Kirkmanshulme Lane and Hyde Road, from which clay was extracted to make bricks for the gardens' buildings. The result of the excavations was a large hole that Jennison filled with water, creating the Great Lake in 1858. Two paddle steamers, the

626:, 3 other small cats and several bears. Although the zoo's administrators succeeded in convincing the local authorities that any danger from the animals was minimal, primarily because the perimeter walls were so high, the keepers were replaced in their sharp-shooting role by soldiers who patrolled the grounds armed with 319:

had been added. Many other attractions were subsequently added, including a racecourse in 1847. The gardens were an immediate success, but the neighbouring St James's Church was offended that they were open on Sundays, and asked Jennison to close while services were being conducted; he "politely but firmly refused".

578:; he frequently accompanied James Jennison to business meetings. Consul proved to be exceptionally popular, and after his death on 24 November 1894, the Jennisons immediately obtained a replacement, Consul II, who played a violin while riding a tricycle around the gardens, later graduating to a bicycle. 963:

Licensed hotels were built at each of the three entrances to the gardens. The Longsight Hotel, built in 1851 and demolished in 1985, was a part of the entrance. The Lake Hotel, built in 1876, had facilities for the free stabling of horses belonging to Belle Vue's visitors. It was extended in 1929 and

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The gates were opened to visitors between 10:00 am and 10:30 pm. Kiosks around the gardens sold snacks and ice cream, made in Belle Vue's own ice cream factory. Families were catered for at lunchtimes by the hot-water rooms, each of which could accommodate up to 3,000 diners, providing

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sessions were held in the hall. Able to accommodate up to 3,500 players, it was advertised as the "largest bingo club in the world". Many exhibitions were also held in the hall, which with its 100,000 square feet (9,300 m) of floor space was one of the largest venues outside London. It was split

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A 15-year-old elephant, Ellie May, had acquired an undeserved reputation for being dangerous, which made her extremely difficult to sell. Her food costs became difficult to justify, but Grayson refused to have her put down. Although he left the zoo in January 1978, Grayson returned frequently to care

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News that Belle Vue Zoological Gardens would close on 11 September 1977 was announced on BBC Radio at 10:00 am on 4 August 1977. The 24 keepers were informed an hour before the news report went on air. The reason given was that the company could no longer afford to cover losses of

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bought Belle Vue in 1956, but by 1963 Forte was in sole control. Although he made some improvements to the zoo, Forte's interests lay in developing the gardens' dining and exhibition facilities. Fire became an "ever present hazard" during Belle Vue's later years. The most devastating occurred in 1958

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Many of the acts featured animals, such as Eugene Weidmann's mixed group of tigers and bears, Thorson Kohrmann and his Farmyard Friends, Willi Mullen's Caucasian Cavalry & Ponies, Miss Wendy's Performing Pigeons and Harry Belli's Horse Riding Tiger. As well as the animal acts there was the usual

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of 1851, Jennison's ideas for Belle Vue became more ambitious. He decided to implement large, scheduled "fantastic" firework displays employing a scenic artist, George Danson, to design and create a 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m) canvas backdrop. The displays took place on an island in the middle

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Although the Second World War forced the cancellation of many events, and made it difficult to feed all the zoo's animals, it was nevertheless very lucrative for the gardens. Profits steadily increased, and the company made several compensation claims for the requisitioning of its facilities. It was

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Catering for visitors at Belle Vue was on an industrial scale, ranging from the late 19th century hot water rooms, which accommodated up to 3,000 diners each, providing crockery and hot water for those who brought their own picnics, to more upmarket themed restaurants. Belle Vue became a part of the

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racing chariots at the rate of an inch every few seconds, pulling a garden roller, riding a tricycle and "fencing fleas" scrabbling at pins stuck in pieces of cork in a semblance of a sword fight. The flea circus closed down in the late 1970s as improvements in domestic living conditions made human

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Under the Jennisons, the main priorities for Belle Vue were the zoological and botanical gardens; amusements were provided merely as a distraction. The Jennisons laid out formal gardens in various styles between 1836 and 1898, including mazes, grottoes, an Italian garden, "billiard-table lawns" and

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Stocks were increased by animals transferred from other zoos that had been forced to close. Initially the zoo was given favourable food rationing quotas, but certain foods became unavailable and the price of others increased dramatically. Bananas were impossible to obtain and the supply of fish was

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On 27 November 1924 the Jennisons agreed to sell Belle Vue for £250,000 (equivalent to £18,000,000 in 2023) to Harry George Skipp, but he was acting as an intermediary, and on 6 March 1925 a further contract was signed by the Jennisons, Skipp and a new company called Belle Vue (Manchester)

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of £300 to pay off the £80 mortgage on the Strawberry Gardens and spent the remainder on a trial six-month lease of the Belle Vue property, in June 1836. In December Jennison signed a 99-year lease at a rent of £135 per annum. For an extra £100 a year he leased additional land to extend the western

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weekend. The zoo closed in September 1977 after its owners decided they could no longer afford its losses of £100,000 a year. The amusement park remained open on summer weekends until 1980. The land was sold in 1982, and the site was finally cleared in 1987. All that remains of Belle Vue today is a

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and tennis. The stadium had covered accommodation for 40,000 spectators. As the speedway bikes ran on wood alcohol (known as dope), they were unaffected by fuel rationing during the Second World War and racing was able to continue, although many other attractions in the gardens were forced to

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The first display took place on 2 May 1852, designed by "Signor Pietro". The theme for the early displays was "battle enactment", which proved to be popular with the paying public and resulted in Belle Vue becoming an all-day entertainment venue. The firework displays incorporated real people

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Belle Vue was the first privately financed zoo in England, and grew to become the third-largest in the UK. Jennison's original idea was that the gardens should be primarily a botanical excursion, but it became clear that the public was interested in the animals as an attraction in their own right.

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to administer the gardens since 1895. Most were in agreement except for Richard, John Jennison Snr's youngest son. After his death in 1919, the remaining family members created John Jennison & Co Ltd with a capital of £253,000 (equivalent to £14,700,000 in 2023), comprising investments and

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and other assorted birds. At its opening in 1836, Belle Vue contained an Italian Garden, lakes, mazes and hothouses, as well as the aviary. The family decided that their zoological collection had to be expanded as a matter of priority, and by 1839 elephants, lions, and other exotic African animals

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to the public in 1826, from where he and his wife Maria sold fruit and vegetables. He called his establishment Strawberry Gardens, later Jennison's Gardens. Manchester's increasing urban population encouraged the development of a thriving leisure industry, and public parks were popular. In 1828 or

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alley built on its site, just behind the Lake Hotel. Known as the Belle Vue Granada Bowl, it opened in 1965, advertised as "the north's leading luxury centre". In 1983, after the rest of Belle Vue had closed, it was sold to First Leisure Group, and bowling continued for a time. A snooker club was

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For the 1967–68 season, to celebrate his 39th consecutive year, the circus was temporarily renamed the "George Lockhart Celebration Circus". Lockhart was the ringmaster for 43 years, until his retirement in 1970 at the age of 90. His replacement, Danish-born Nelly Jane, held the job for two

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Open-air cages installed in the Monkey House resulted in a dramatic improvement in the life expectancy of its residents, but the potential for expansion and improvement after the First World War was limited by the post-war economy. Rising labour costs and minimal profits resulted in the gardens'

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track cutting through the land Jennison had leased in December 1836, restricting access to the gardens. Jennison twice tried unsuccessfully to sell Belle Vue, after which his creditors allowed him time to make a success of the gardens; by the end of the 1843 season Jennison was able to repay his

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The last piece of live music played in the hall, on 14 February 1982, was a performance by the Glossop School Band, who were taking part in the North West Amateur Brass Band Championship in front of a crowd of 1,700. The hall had been sold 18 months earlier to a development company, Espley Tyas

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entrance to the gardens. A larger structure, the Music Hall, was built in 1856, underneath the firework viewing stand, capable of accommodating 10,000 people on its 27,000 square feet (2,500 m) of dance floor. A wooden open-air dancing platform was opened in 1852, and by 1855 had been

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An additional 13 acres (5.3 ha) of farmland at the western end of the site was incorporated into the gardens in 1843. One of the ponds was enlarged to form a boating lake, which later became the Firework Lake. An island was created in the middle of the lake, which housed a natural history

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On the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the animal keepers were issued with rifles to deal with any dangerous animals who might escape if the gardens were bombed. A night shift was introduced to watch over the animals 24 hours a day. A list of dangerous animals that was drawn up

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Public reaction to the zoo's closure was one of "relative indifference", with only a few minor protests. The doors remained open to visitors at a discounted admission price until early November, a little beyond the official closing date, by which time most of the animals had been sold for an

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men dancing together, and increasing resentment from working-class patrons about Belle Vue's "forbidding dress requirements, its restricted opening hours, its unwelcoming admission price". In the words of historian David Mayer, Jennison was facing a crisis: "either keep Belle Vue Gardens an

230:'s business empire towards the end of its life in the 1960s. Although he made some improvements to the zoo, Forte's interests lay in developing the gardens' dining and exhibition facilities. The Kings Hall was then the largest exhibition space outside London, but competition from the 740:

constructed Tropical Plant Houses. There were also exotic constructions like the Indian temple and grotto, designed by George Danson, Belle Vue's scenic artist. Built to resemble a ruined temple, it housed snakes and crocodiles as well as flowers. At the end of the 19th century,

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From the late 1920s until the outbreak of the Second World War, Belle Vue was "the boxing Mecca of Europe". Bouts were held in the Kings Hall, and although popularity declined in the years following the war, Belle Vue staged a televised world championship fight in 1964 between

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for a family and 5 shillings for an individual, beyond the means of most workers. Concerts of "genteel music" were staged, and there was dancing to various bands on a large open-air wooden platform. Initially, the only public transport to Belle Vue was by horse-drawn

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Games were suspended during the Second World War, and on their resumption in 1945 the club was renamed Belle Vue Rangers. Belle Vue declined to renew the lease when it expired in 1955 as the arrangement was proving to be a "financial burden", and the team was disbanded.

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The first wrestling contest took place in the Kings Hall on 15 December 1930, and proved to be a popular attraction. Except for a break during the Second World War, events continued to be held until 1981, watched by up to 5,000 spectators. Popular performers included

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When it closed, Belle Vue left a gaping hole in the heart of the region that has never been completely replaced. It gave people a focal point, something to be proud of, a place where they could take their families and be sure of a great day out at a reasonable cost.

42: 1030:, known as "the prince of ringmasters". Lockhart became synonymous with the Belle Vue Circus, and his face was used on many advertising posters. Zoo superintendent Gerald Iles included some of the zoo's animals in the circus, in a feature called Noah's Ark. 642:. Although they seemed to thrive on this diet, their digestive systems were unable to cope with the unusual food, and they eventually died of stomach ulcers. The lions' new diet was green-coloured horsemeat, and the monkeys were fed on boiled potatoes. The 189:

and the Scenic Railway. Other entertainments included grand firework displays from 1852 and an annual Christmas circus from 1922. Music and dancing were popular attractions in Belle Vue's various ballrooms. The Kings Hall, which opened in 1910, housed

846:. Attended by a crowd of more than 16,000, it was the first of what became an annual event until 1981. A revival occurred in the popularity of brass band contests during the 1970s; competitions between local bands could attract crowds of up to 5,000. 814:

When the zoo closed in 1977, it was announced that the gardens and amusement park would be expanded with "new active leisure pursuits". By 1978 the site had been renamed Belle Vue Leisure Park, and the Tropical River House had been converted to a

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hot water for drinks and crockery for visitors who brought their own picnics. The price was 2d per person, according to the 1892 guide book, and cakes and jams made in the gardens' bakery and on-site kitchens were also available, at extra cost.

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Wartime interruptions in the supply of gas for heating resulted in the deaths of all the zoo's tropical fish and several other animals, including a lioness called Pearl and her litter of cubs. Although Manchester was heavily bombed during the

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The initial collection had consisted of domestic birds and a few exotic parrots, but Jennison probably also acquired those animals that could not be sold after the Manchester Zoological Gardens closed in 1842. By 1856, the Jennisons had added

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Jennison set out a small amusements area in Belle Vue during the 1870s, which was expanded in the early 20th century to become what was advertised as the "showground of the world". Popular rides included the 60 mph (97 km/h) Bobs

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Food for the animals became difficult to obtain during the First World War, but for the most part the gardens carried on as usual. Following the declaration of peace, several monkeys originally destined for government experiments with

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The last circus to take place in the Kings Hall before its sale was in 1981. For a few years afterwards the circus continued in the car park, then in a marquee on wasteland directly opposite the gardens' main gates on Hyde Road.

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race, held on 14 November 1987, shortly before the stadium was demolished after having been sold to the British Car Auction Group. The Belle Vue Aces returned to their first home, the greyhound stadium, where they had begun in

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and designed by Fredrick Church, who had to develop a series of engineering innovations to make the ride possible. The Bobs' distinctive white-painted wooden superstructure became an imposing element of the Belle Vue skyline.

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The Jennisons set out a small amusements area near the main entrance to the gardens in Hyde Road during the 1870s. comprising steam-driven attractions such as the Ocean Wave, installed in 1894, which simulated a storm at sea.

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exhibition and conference centre in central Manchester led directly to their closure. The site was sold to the British Car Auction Group in 1987, and the buildings demolished to make way for a large car auction centre.

878:, enlarged in 1928 and reconstructed as a "saucer like arena" capable of seating 7,000 people. The name "Kings" was chosen in reference to the two kings who reigned during the six-week period of its construction: 783:, Jack & Jill, and the Flying Sea Planes. The Scenic Railway, purchased in 1925 but not fully operational until two years later, proved to be one of Belle Vue's most popular rides, and remained in use until 1975. 654:(lack of fish), were unable to adapt to their make-do diet and also succumbed. Vegetables were not in short supply however, as the garden staff grew lettuce, cabbage and carrots in the kitchen gardens. 348:

and the middle class – who would arrive and depart in their own carriages through the Hyde Road gate – or open the gardens to a popular crowd who would arrive by train at the Stockport Road (

181:. Before moving to Belle Vue, Jennison, a part-time gardener, had run a small aviary at his home, the beginnings of the zoo that over the years grew to become the third-largest in the United Kingdom. 1615: 1267:

bid in 2008, local groups began to lobby for the construction of a "linear park" in the area, building on "the legacy of Belle Vue". It would have comprised a new zoo, deer park and amusement park.

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arena in an attempt to cash in on the new craze from America. The arena turned out to be poor investment however, as there was virtually no demand after the first few months. The 1977 closure of the

445:. The gardens were allowed to re-open on 15 September 1939, and remained open throughout the rest of war, although parts of the site were requisitioned by Manchester Corporation and converted into 687:, which proved to be very popular. The zoo's last superintendent, Peter Grayson, took over in 1971, but by then the owners of Belle Vue had lost interest in the zoo, and closure seemed imminent. 298:

In 1835 Jennison was approached by businessman George Gill, who suggested that he lease Belle Vue – a public house in 35.75 acres (14.47 ha) of open land between Kirkmanshulme Lane and

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in 1882. His skeleton was preserved and added to the gardens' natural history museum. When the museum was decommissioned in 1941, the skeleton, along with other exhibits, was transferred to the

4026: 760:, also held a meeting there, in September 1934. One contemporary commentator observed that "perhaps the Ku Klux Klan will be found in session there one day, for Belle Vue is nothing if not 4051: 4036: 4021: 775:

John Henry Iles, who took over control of Belle Vue in 1925, believed that expansion of the rides and the fun aspect of the park was the way forward, and added attractions such as

1196:. When the club was taken over by Belle Vue in 1933 Broughton were given a 21-year lease for use of the stadium, at a rent to be based on attendances. The first Anglo-Australian 1223:

ground in 1920, the club considered a move to the Belle Vue athletics stadium, but it was deemed too small. At the behest of Belle Vue director John Henry Iles and John Ayrton,

1038:, the last ringmaster. Another of the circus stalwarts was resident band leader and Belle Vue's musical director Fred Bonelli, who started his career as a trumpet player for 977:

of the Firework Lake, which also housed a small natural history museum. In keeping with Jennison's desire for self-sufficiency, the fireworks were made on-site at Belle Vue.

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Belle Vue enjoyed a brief post-war boom between the end of the Second World War and the early 1950s. During the early 1960s, it could still attract 150,000 visitors on

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Ltd. The agreement was for the new company to take over from 1 January 1925, but the transfer did not take place until 28 March. Under the new managing director,

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granted £4,000 in 1941 (equivalent to £250,000 in 2023) and £7,242 in 1942 (equivalent to £426,000 in 2023); in gratitude for the latter, the company presented the

886:. The hall was designed to stage "Demonstrations, Exhibitions, Social Gatherings, etc", and was a popular concert venue until the 1970s, with appearances by artists such 4046: 402:(equivalent to £0.53 in 2023). By 1905 Belle Vue consisted of 68 acres (28 ha) of walled gardens, with an additional 97 acres (39 ha) outside its walls. 691:

about £100,000 per year. Shortly before the closure, a number of non-poisonous reptiles were stolen from the Reptile House, only one of which, a 10-foot (3.0 m)

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for admission. It had an 80-foot (24 m) drop at a 45 degree angle, down which the cars travelled at 60 miles per hour (97 km/h). It was built by

1086:, who was also the chairman of Belle Vue (Manchester) Ltd. The site was sold to the GRA in 1937, with the proviso that it had to be used for greyhound racing. 1015:

The first Belle Vue Circus took place in 1922, but it was not considered a success. The next was staged in 1929, after the company negotiated a deal with the

744:, but by 1931 the formalism had entirely disappeared. The gardens were also used to stage large political rallies for a wide spectrum of opinion, such as the 1039: 4001: 58: 1201: 3996: 433:

on Sunday, 3 September 1939, forcing the cancellation of an "open rehearsal" by the Gorton Philharmonic Orchestra. The nation's armed forces immediately

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proceedings were initiated. Jennison's problems were caused by his failure to sell the Strawberry Gardens property, competition from the recently opened

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At its peak Belle Vue occupied 165 acres (0.67 km) and attracted more than two million visitors a year, up to 250,000 of whom visited over the

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Pussard, Helen (2005), Walton, John K. (ed.), "50 Places Rolled into 1: The Development of Domestic Tourism at Pleasure Grounds in Inter-war England",

494:, but by the end of the decade that figure had dropped to about 30,000, as the competition from rival amusement parks increased. Sir Leslie Joseph and 3405: 4061: 4056: 3991: 1623: 703:

agreed to take her, and plans were made to transport the elephant to the Netherlands. Ellie May refused to budge however, and overnight developed

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Iles remained as superintendent until 1957, and proved to be a good publicist for the zoo, taking part in radio and television programmes such as

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the Exhibition Hall, the restaurants and most of the top floor of the administrative offices. They also took over the sports ground to use as a

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passengers, but he also abandoned the idea of subscription tickets, settling instead on a general admission price of 4d, rising to 6d in 1851.

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Except for their belongings, which fitted on a handcart, all the Jennisons took with them to Belle Vue was two or three birdcages containing

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Pussard, Helen (2003), Gottlieb, Julie V.; Linehan (eds.), "The Blackshirts at Belle Vue: Fascist Theatre at a North-West Pleasure Ground",

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to provide acts and equipment for what subsequently became a regular Christmas event held in the Kings Hall. One of the first arrivals from

1227:, was formed, and played its home matches at the speedway stadium. One of Manchester Central's first matches at Belle Vue was a visit by 3956: 3769: 3385: 2828: 1968: 177:, with formal gardens and dancing on open-air platforms during the summer, but they soon became one of the most popular attractions in 173:, England, opened in 1836. The brainchild of John Jennison, the gardens were initially intended to be an entertainment for the genteel 3832: 2939: 1047: 3749: 3602: 3189:

Mayer, David (1992), MacKenzie, John M. (ed.), "The World on Fire ... Pyrodramas at Belle Vue, Manchester, c. 1850–1950",

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was purchased from another of Wombwell's Travelling Menageries in London. The four-year-old chimpanzee, Consul, was dressed in a

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Although the gardens thrived in their early years, by 1842 Jennison was in financial difficulties, and on 13 December

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Admission to the gardens, which were open until 9 pm during the summer, was by subscription ticket priced at 10

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handler, Phil Fernandez. Phil and Lil provided entertainment, advertising, and elephant rides for 35 years. Frank, a

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The displays continued throughout the First World War, except that the use of rockets was prohibited under the

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Other attractions that closed at about the same time as the zoo included the boating on Firework Lake, and the

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became casualties of the food shortage when their keepers attempted to feed them strips of beef soaked in

575: 235: 311:, where he made a second entrance. To finance further expansion Jennison re-mortgaged the site for £800. 3791: 3744: 3724: 3577: 3468: 3428: 1232: 849:

Belle Vue contained several ballrooms, the first of which was constructed in 1851, above a hotel at the

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Sporting events became a permanent feature at Belle Vue after an athletics stadium was built in 1887.

610:, arrived in 1922. By the time of his death, 40 years later, he was known as the "Father of the Zoo". 275:'29 Jennison purchased an adjacent 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) of land on which he and his wife built an 4011: 3928: 3827: 3597: 3562: 1217: 973: 930: 855: 3943: 1236: 1126:

Belle Vue sold the stadium in 1982, but speedway continued there until 1987; the final event was a

1103: 1024: 700: 543:; the following year an elephant, Maharajah, was bought for £680 from Wombwell's Menagerie No.1 in 426: 415: 166: 1204:

was played at Belle Vue, with the home side's victory attracting approximately 34,000 spectators.

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ladies on the dancing platform by attempting to dance with them. There were also complaints about

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and real weapons, some of which, 1866-vintage Snyder rifles, were issued to members of the local

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addressed a crowd of 50,000, the first political meeting at which loudspeakers were used. The

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was re-sited closer to Belle Vue in 1842, making it easier for visitors to reach the gardens.

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debts. The railway that had been a thorn in his side eventually proved to be an asset when

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Histories of Tourism: Representation, Identity and Conflict (Tourism and Cultural Change)

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into three separate halls in 1956, to allow three exhibitions to be run simultaneously.

926:; the orchestra continued to perform concerts at Belle Vue for more than 30 years. 3893: 3536: 1412:

There was a story of an incident on the walk where it seems there was an argument at a

1294: 1114:, but it was also used for many other events, such as football, cricket, rugby league ( 1111: 1083: 820: 787: 603: 571: 479: 398:, each capable of accommodating 100 passengers, offered trips around the lake for 186: 162: 1074:

Greyhound racing was introduced to Belle Vue in 1926, in the UK's first purpose-built

3985: 3938: 3903: 3775: 3719: 3582: 3503: 3463: 3395: 2800: 1417: 1388: 1380: 1367: 1341: 903: 895: 708: 639: 598:. In 1921 and 1922 the zoo obtained two animals who became great favourites. Lil, an 491: 340: 303: 280: 211: 203: 2940:"Belle Vue Zoo tigon goes on display at Manchester Museum after 65 years in storage" 1255:

In 1963 the Top Lake, formerly known as the Great Lake, was filled in and a 32-lane

1078:, constructed at a cost of £22,000. It was built on land leased by Belle Vue to the 3961: 3873: 3759: 3694: 3664: 3607: 3017: 1360: 1347: 1173: 1161: 1141: 911: 887: 863: 802:

During the 1960s and 1970s "Professor" Len Tomlinson operated one of the UK's last

795: 731: 587: 430: 352:) gate". For a time, Jennison sent carriages to the railway station to collect the 336: 263: 219: 195: 174: 3354: 1284: 915: 191: 3933: 3883: 3868: 3754: 3674: 3654: 3529: 3483: 2078: 1433:

An obituary was printed for Consul, to which Ben Brierley contributed this poem:

1353: 1309: 1189: 907: 803: 776: 757: 742:"the resort relied almost entirely for its attraction on its delightful gardens" 507: 215: 1094: 622:

included 13 lions, 6 tigers, 2 leopards, 1 cheetah, 2

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for drilling, and a munitions factory complete with railway sidings was built.

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and part-time gardener John Jennison. He opened the grounds around his home in

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in a small booth on the amusement park. The attraction consisted of harnessed

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in 1930 and in 1931; with momentum lost, the club faded, and folded in 1934.

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involving 25 men, 300 rockets, 25 "large shells", and 50

73: 60: 17: 3714: 3493: 2321: 1185: 1020: 862:. During the 1960s and 1970s the ballroom also hosted discothèques, such as 850: 824: 780: 761: 704: 662:, the gardens sustained only minor damage. The Scenic Railway was hit by an 591: 548: 544: 349: 271: 290: 1413: 1153: 879: 875: 859: 791: 735:

Plan of the gardens from the official guide published for the 1892 season

635: 517: 323: 299: 715:, felt that she would not recover, and decided to call in a marksman to 3306:

The Ape in the Tree: An Intellectual & Natural History of Proconsul

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circus band, and led various Belle Vue circus bands for 40 years.

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during the Second World War. The first display, a re-enactment of the

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was arguably the most popular ride of all, so named because it cost a

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problematic. As a result, the keepers were forced to experiment. The

623: 345: 315: 279:, to which they charged admission; its first occupant was a captured 276: 242: 141: 2049: 2047: 1003:

The last grand firework display took place in 1956, on the theme of

302: – as a more suitable site for his aviary. Jennison took out a 2783: 2781: 3332:

Played in Manchester: The architectural heritage of a city at play

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were also opened in the area immediately surrounding the gardens.

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One of the activities that became synonymous with Belle Vue was

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Orchestra and Chorus (conducted by John Barbirolli) performed

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in September 1928. The club attempted unsuccessfully to join

478:, the gardens expanded to include what became a world-famous 3416:

Google Earth view of former site of Belle Vue Zoo and around

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The North Will Rise Again. Manchester Music City (1977-1996)

2096: 2094: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1767: 1765: 3227:

The Culture of Fascism: Visions of the Far Right in Britain

1616:"Belle Vue Zoological Gardens, Manchester, England History" 1542: 1540: 1510: 1508: 1046:

collection of acrobats, strongmen and clowns, two of whom,

699:

for Ellie May, the last animal left at the zoo. Eventually

764:". In contrast to this, the centenary celebrations of the 666:

and the Reptile House was damaged by shell splinters from

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for several years and hosted concerts by artists such as

3411:

Chetham's Library's digital archive of Belle Vue Gardens

1713: 1711: 287:, the Adam and Eve, which he and his wife ran together. 2320:, British Open Brass Band Championships, archived from 1557: 1555: 2505: 2503: 294:

John Jennison, founder of Belle Vue Zoological Gardens

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exclusive, class-specific, genteel preserve for the

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Cover of the official guidebook for the 1906 season

262:Belle Vue Zoological Gardens was the brainchild of 137: 104: 89: 34: 2663: 2661: 2648: 2646: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2388: 2386: 4027:Demolished buildings and structures in Manchester 3193:, Manchester University Press, pp. 179–197, 1445:'Tis God alone who knows where the "Missing Link" 4052:Educational organizations disestablished in 1977 2801:"Kngaroos. The second Test. Prospects Discussed" 1437:"Hadst thou a soul?" I've pondered o'er thy fate 1180:, who recruited international players including 842:In 1853 Belle Vue staged the first British open 465:The Jennisons had been considering setting up a 3247:, Channel View Publications, pp. 195–210, 3191:Popular Imperialism and the Military: 1850–1950 2787: 2757: 2703: 2691: 2679: 2637: 2625: 2601: 2509: 2494: 2458: 2443: 2353: 2341: 2226: 2211: 2112: 2053: 1939: 1937: 1928: 1878: 1866: 1702: 1531: 1487: 1434: 1247: 3274:, Manchester at Heart, First Edition Limited ( 2835:. Shawn Dollin, Andrew Ferguson and Bill Bates 2431: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 874:Opened in 1910 the Kings Hall was a converted 4037:Educational organizations established in 1836 4022:Former buildings and structures in Manchester 3436: 3308:, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 3263:British Zoos: A Study of Animals in Captivity 2067:An Introduction to Zoo Biology and Management 2026: 683:. A new attraction was introduced in 1963, a 8: 2925: 2853: 2772: 2745: 2730: 2715: 2667: 2652: 2613: 2574: 2562: 2538: 2526: 2482: 2470: 2419: 2404: 2392: 2377: 2365: 2199: 2187: 2151: 1854: 1756: 1744: 1729: 1514: 1499: 1379:1949 (20 October): Comedy Concert including 3360:Belle Vue Zoo at the Rollercoaster Database 3270:Stackhouse, Heather; Hyams, Daniel (2005), 1447:Is hidden from our sight; but, on the brink 1318:and The All-Stars played at the King's Hall 1054:, performed at Belle Vue for thirty years. 46:Main entrance on Hyde Road, rebuilt in 1957 27:Former establishment in Manchester, England 3443: 3429: 3421: 425:the gardens were closed at noon following 31: 2123: 2121: 1890: 1356:played first of 3 shows at the Kings Hall 993:, was watched by 18,000 spectators. 618:depicted wearing alleged "native" dress. 3451:Zoological gardens in the United Kingdom 2589: 2304: 2289: 2274: 2139: 2127: 2100: 2038: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1842: 1830: 1811: 1796: 1771: 1717: 1643: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1597: 1585: 1561: 1263:In the aftermath of Manchester's failed 1172:The speedway stadium became the home of 670:, which also caused the death of a bull 429:announcing that Britain was at war with 4047:Zoos disestablished in the 20th century 3334:, Played in Britain, English Heritage, 3012: 3010: 2585: 2583: 2550: 2318:"British Open Brass Band Championships" 2262: 2175: 2163: 1477: 1449:Of that Eternal line where we must part 1441:In many things like ours. Then who says 1405: 3899:Leeds Zoological and Botanical Gardens 3628:International Centre for Birds of Prey 3046:"The Music of Manchester in the 1950s" 3040: 3038: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 1546: 1202:1933–34 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain 768:in 1968 also took place at Belle Vue. 254:hall built in the stadium's car park. 3499:Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park 2913: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2865: 1690: 1655: 1422:The Elephant Who Walked to Manchester 918:in 1942, when its previous base, the 602:, arrived in 1921 accompanied by her 427:Neville Chamberlain's radio broadcast 238:led directly to its closure in 1987. 7: 4042:Zoos established in the 19th century 3396:Aerial photograph of the entire site 3117:Cronin, Jill; Rhodes, Frank (1999), 1573: 1451:For ever, sundering heart from heart 1439:Full many a time ... Thou hadst ways 922:, was damaged by bombing during the 914:. The Kings Hall became home to the 234:exhibition and conference centre in 3770:Wetheriggs Zoo and Animal Sanctuary 3304:Walker, Alan; Shipman, Pat (2005), 3272:Belle Vue – Manchester's Playground 3074:. London: Aurum Press. p. 21. 307:boundary to Redgate Lane, close to 4002:Defunct amusement parks in England 3833:Longleat Safari and Adventure Park 3401:Belle Vue Zoo Manchester Archives+ 3297:The English Circus and Fair Ground 711:. Grayson and veterinary surgeon, 283:. Jennison turned his home into a 25: 3997:1977 disestablishments in England 3603:Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo 2938:Walters, Sarah (11 August 2015). 1970:The Moth, the Mummy and Maharajah 1184:(who also worked in the zoo as a 374:Manchester and Birmingham Railway 3924:Rare Species Conservation Centre 3376:Belle Vue Zoo 8mm Film from 1968 1947:The Disputed Toll, Heywood Hardy 1453:The truth shall be revealed ... 1082:(GRA), a company chaired by Sir 972:After a trip to London to visit 811:fleas more difficult to obtain. 40: 3971:contain more than 5000 animals 3879:Cricket St Thomas Wildlife Park 3797:Woodside Farm and Wildfowl Park 3155:Manchester – A Football History 1034:years before being replaced by 114:Amusement park: 26 October 1980 4062:Amusement parks closed in 1980 4057:Amusement parks opened in 1836 3992:1836 establishments in England 2073:, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 562:Consul, from his 1894 obituary 539:In 1871 the zoo acquired four 165:, exhibition hall complex and 120:Exhibition halls: October 1987 1: 3909:Manchester Zoological Gardens 2788:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2758:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2704:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2692:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2680:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2638:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2626:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2602:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2495:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2459:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2444:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2354:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2342:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2227:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2212:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2113:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 2054:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 1929:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 1879:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 1867:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 1703:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 1532:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 1488:Stackhouse & Hyams (2005) 414:the gardens were used by the 370:Manchester Zoological Gardens 4007:Botanical gardens in England 3864:Belle Vue Zoological Gardens 3838:Port Lympne Wild Animal Park 3261:Schomberg, Geoffrey (1957), 2964:Osuh, Chris (7 April 2008), 1080:Greyhound Racing Association 155:Belle Vue Zoological Gardens 123:Speedway: November 1987 35:Belle Vue Zoological Gardens 3618:Heythrop Zoological Gardens 3365:Bobs: George Drew Remembers 3293:Tyrwhitt-Drake, Sir Garrard 2829:"1933 Ashes series, Game 1" 2809:. Fairfax. 10 November 1933 2510:Stackhouse & Hyams 2005 2027:Walker & Shipman (2005) 746:Great Liberal Demonstration 457:with a new mobile canteen. 4078: 3818:Blair Drummond Safari Park 3730:Seaview Wildlife Encounter 3690:Northumberland College Zoo 3175:, Keele University Press, 3101:The life that lives on man 2926:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2854:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2773:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2746:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2731:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2716:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2614:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2575:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2563:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2539:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2483:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2471:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2405:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2378:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2366:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2200:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2188:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 2152:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 1855:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 1757:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 1745:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 1730:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 1515:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 1500:Cronin & Rhodes (1999) 727:Gardens and amusement park 3952: 3843:West Midlands Safari Park 3650:Manor House Wildlife Park 3623:Howletts Wild Animal Park 3509:Borth Wild Animal Kingdom 3489:Birdland Park and Gardens 3207:Nicholls, Robert (1992), 3099:Andrews, Michael (1976), 2806:The Sydney Morning Herald 1443:Thou'rt not immortal? ... 1374:Other events at Belle Vue 856:Geraldo and his Orchestra 756:, popularly known as the 754:British Union of Fascists 379:Longsight railway station 55: 51: 39: 3670:New Forest Wildlife Park 3558:Dartmoor Zoological Park 2668:Cronin & Rhodes 1999 2653:Cronin & Rhodes 1999 2527:Cronin & Rhodes 1999 2420:Cronin & Rhodes 1999 2393:Cronin & Rhodes 1999 1950:, Manchester Art Gallery 1325:played at the Kings Hall 998:Defence of the Realm Act 954:"One shilling tea rooms" 844:brass band championships 586:were acquired, as was a 574:and cap and puffed on a 248:greyhound racing stadium 3919:Penscynor Wildlife Park 3802:Yorkshire Wildlife Park 3782:Wildwood Discovery Park 3700:Paradise Park, Cornwall 3638:Lakeland Wildlife Oasis 3548:Crocodiles of the World 3519:Calderglen Country Park 3514:British Wildlife Centre 3276:Manchester Evening News 3229:, I B Tauris & Co, 3137:A History of Manchester 3135:Hylton, Stuart (2003), 3018:"Concerts at Belle Vue" 2970:Manchester Evening News 2944:Manchester Evening News 1098:Speedway racing in 1963 1052:"Little Billy" Merchant 1017:Blackpool Tower Company 821:London Festival Gardens 779:, the Caterpillar, the 3823:Highland Wildlife Park 3740:Tropical World (Leeds) 3735:South Lakes Safari Zoo 3705:Paradise Wildlife Park 3613:Hawk Conservancy Trust 3553:Curraghs Wildlife Park 3543:Cotswold Wildlife Park 3330:Inglis, Simon (2004), 2966:"Bring Back Belle Vue" 2833:rugbyleagueproject.org 2244:Rollercoaster Database 2240:"Bobs, Belle Vue Park" 1456: 1420:, and a book entitled 1299:Liverpool Philharmonic 1252: 1106:(known at the time as 1099: 987:Bombardment of Algiers 929:From 1961 until 1966, 736: 563: 512: 441:base, and dug several 360:Financial difficulties 295: 117:Gardens: February 1982 111:Zoo: 11 September 1977 4017:History of Manchester 3792:Wingham Wildlife Park 3745:The Living Rainforest 3725:Screech Owl Sanctuary 3578:Durrell Wildlife Park 3469:Amazon World Zoo Park 3406:1944 map of Belle Vue 3391:BBC Vue from the past 3386:BBC Manchester Places 3370:BBC Belle Vue Feature 3173:Manchester: A History 3139:, Phillimore and Co, 3022:Manchesterhistory.net 2432:Tyrwhitt-Drake (1946) 1097: 766:Trades Union Congress 734: 561: 510: 455:Civil Defence Service 293: 226:caterer and hotelier 171:Belle Vue, Manchester 3929:Royal Surrey Gardens 3828:Knowsley Safari Park 3598:Flamingo Land Resort 3171:Kidd, Alan (2006) , 3153:James, Gary (2008), 1905:Belle Vue Rendezvous 1620:Parks and Gardens UK 1363:played at Kings Hall 1359:1971 (30 November): 1340:1966 (11 December): 1334:1966 (4 September): 1135:Boxing and wrestling 1007:and His Merrie Men. 974:The Great Exhibition 876:teahouse or tea room 723:estimated £100,000. 461:Changes in ownership 421:At the start of the 74:53.46361°N 2.18750°W 3944:Windsor Safari Park 3680:Noah's Ark Zoo Farm 3355:Belle Vue Revisited 3211:, Neil Richardson, 3209:The Belle Vue Story 3070:Robb, John (2010). 1673:, BBC, 7 April 2008 1283:1946 (3 February): 1237:The Football League 1040:Barnum and Bailey's 416:Manchester Regiment 192:the Hallé Orchestra 70: / 3848:Woburn Safari Park 3787:Wild Place Project 3765:Welsh Mountain Zoo 3710:Peak Wildlife Park 3685:Northumberland Zoo 3568:Drusillas Zoo Park 2553:, pp. 200–201 2178:, pp. 119–120 1693:, pp. 180–181 1626:on 18 January 2012 1549:, pp. 118–119 1352:1971 (17 August): 1293:1949 (2 October): 1271:Music at Belle Vue 1225:Manchester Central 1100: 900:The Rolling Stones 860:Joe Loss Orchestra 748:of 1924, at which 737: 564: 513: 296: 258:Commercial history 236:central Manchester 208:The Rolling Stones 79:53.46361; -2.18750 3977: 3976: 3894:Lambton Lion Park 3889:Knaresborough Zoo 3750:Tropical Birdland 3633:Isle of Wight Zoo 3563:Drayton Manor Zoo 3341:978-1-873592-78-6 3315:978-0-674-01675-0 3285:978-1-84547-092-0 3254:978-1-84541-031-5 3236:978-1-86064-798-7 3218:978-1-85936-128-3 3200:978-0-7190-3358-2 3182:978-1-85331-028-7 3164:978-0-9558127-0-5 3146:978-1-86077-240-5 3128:978-0-7524-1571-0 3110:978-0-09-916500-2 3081:978-1-84513-534-8 2324:on 13 August 2010 2087:978-1-4051-9349-8 2056:, pp. 12, 18 1670:Vue from the past 1321:1964 (29 March): 1308:1956 (November): 1280:played 4 concerts 1278:Maurice Chevalier 1276:1930 (November): 1218:Manchester City's 1194:James Cumberbatch 1178:Broughton Rangers 1116:Belle Vue Rangers 1108:dirt track racing 1076:greyhound stadium 1062:Sports facilities 968:Firework displays 866:'s Top Ten Club. 838:Music and dancing 832:miniature railway 695:, was recovered. 685:chimps' tea party 644:birds-of-paradise 553:Manchester Museum 443:air-raid shelters 331:from what is now 152: 151: 16:(Redirected from 4069: 3967:Those listed in 3660:Monkey Sanctuary 3593:Five Sisters Zoo 3445: 3438: 3431: 3422: 3377: 3344: 3318: 3300: 3288: 3266: 3257: 3239: 3221: 3203: 3185: 3167: 3149: 3131: 3113: 3086: 3085: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3042: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3014: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2976:on 21 April 2013 2972:, archived from 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2797: 2791: 2790:, pp. 89–95 2785: 2776: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2734: 2728: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2682:, pp. 56–63 2677: 2671: 2665: 2656: 2650: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2513: 2507: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2344:, pp. 84–85 2339: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2293: 2287: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2250: 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racing 1070:Greyhound racing 1050:and his partner 924:Manchester Blitz 423:Second World War 179:Northern England 130: 128: 100: 98: 85: 84: 82: 81: 80: 75: 71: 68: 67: 66: 63: 44: 32: 21: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4032:Zoos in England 3982: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3948: 3852: 3806: 3524:Chessington Zoo 3452: 3449: 3375: 3351: 3342: 3329: 3326: 3324:Further reading 3321: 3316: 3303: 3291: 3286: 3269: 3265:, Allen Wingate 3260: 3255: 3242: 3237: 3224: 3219: 3206: 3201: 3188: 3183: 3170: 3165: 3152: 3147: 3134: 3129: 3116: 3111: 3103:, Arrow books, 3098: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3043: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3016: 3015: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2779: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2737: 2729: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2659: 2651: 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680:Children's Hour 664:incendiary bomb 604:British Malayan 600:Indian elephant 505: 488: 476:John Henry Iles 467:limited company 463: 439:barrage balloon 412:First World War 408: 387: 362: 260: 133: 126: 124: 96: 94: 78: 76: 72: 69: 64: 61: 59: 57: 56: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3537:Colchester Zoo 3533: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3350: 3349:External links 3347: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3301: 3289: 3284: 3267: 3258: 3253: 3240: 3235: 3222: 3217: 3204: 3199: 3186: 3181: 3168: 3163: 3157:, James Ward, 3150: 3145: 3132: 3127: 3114: 3109: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3062: 3034: 2986: 2956: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2820: 2792: 2777: 2762: 2750: 2735: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2657: 2642: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2551:Pussard (2005) 2543: 2531: 2514: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2463: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2409: 2397: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2309: 2294: 2279: 2267: 2263:Andrews (1976) 2255: 2231: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2176:Pussard (2003) 2168: 2164:Pussard (2003) 2156: 2144: 2132: 2117: 2105: 2090: 2065:Paul A. Rees, 2058: 2043: 2031: 2029:, pp. 2–3 2019: 2007: 1995: 1983: 1960: 1933: 1918: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1859: 1847: 1835: 1816: 1801: 1776: 1761: 1749: 1734: 1722: 1707: 1695: 1683: 1660: 1648: 1636: 1602: 1600:, pp. 4–5 1590: 1588:, pp. 3–4 1578: 1566: 1551: 1536: 1519: 1504: 1492: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1458: 1435: 1426: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1357: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1319: 1312: 1306: 1301:(conducted by 1295:Yehudi Menuhin 1291: 1281: 1272: 1269: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1213: 1210: 1169: 1166: 1136: 1133: 1112:Belle Vue Aces 1091: 1088: 1084:William Gentle 1071: 1068: 1063: 1060: 1036:Norman Barrett 1012: 1009: 969: 966: 948: 945: 871: 868: 839: 836: 728: 725: 616:black Africans 572:smoking jacket 504: 501: 487: 484: 480:amusement park 462: 459: 407: 404: 396:Little Britain 392:Little Eastern 386: 383: 361: 358: 309:Stockport Road 259: 256: 187:roller coaster 175:middle classes 163:amusement park 150: 149: 139: 135: 134: 132: 131: 121: 118: 115: 112: 108: 106: 102: 101: 93:June 1836 91: 87: 86: 53: 52: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4074: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3939:Southport Zoo 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3904:Living Coasts 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3776:Whipsnade Zoo 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3720:Ponderosa Zoo 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3583:Edinburgh Zoo 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3504:Blackpool Zoo 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3464:Africa Alive! 3462: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3063: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2928:, p. 119 2927: 2922: 2919: 2916:, p. 165 2915: 2910: 2907: 2904:, p. 157 2903: 2898: 2895: 2892:, p. 155 2891: 2886: 2883: 2880:, p. 381 2879: 2874: 2871: 2868:, p. 150 2867: 2862: 2859: 2856:, p. 120 2855: 2850: 2847: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2775:, p. 123 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2760:, p. 106 2759: 2754: 2751: 2748:, p. 117 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2733:, p. 114 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2718:, p. 118 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2590:Nicholls 1992 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2512:, p. 124 2511: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2485:, p. 124 2484: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2422:, p. 122 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2265:, p. 93. 2264: 2259: 2256: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2166:, p. 118 2165: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2128:Nicholls 1992 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1972: 1971: 1964: 1961: 1949: 1948: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1860: 1857:, p. 125 1856: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1831:Nicholls 1992 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1684: 1672: 1671: 1664: 1661: 1658:, p. 180 1657: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1637: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547:Hylton (2003) 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1490:, p. 125 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1418:Heywood Hardy 1415: 1409: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1389:Kenneth Horne 1386: 1382: 1381:Peter Sellers 1378: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366:1972 (July): 1365: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1251: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1118:), baseball, 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1096: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1069: 1067: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1001: 999: 994: 992: 991:Roman candles 988: 984: 978: 975: 967: 965: 961: 959: 958:public houses 955: 946: 944: 941: 935: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 904:Leonard Cohen 901: 897: 896:Nat King Cole 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 869: 867: 865: 861: 857: 852: 847: 845: 837: 835: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 812: 809: 805: 804:flea circuses 800: 797: 793: 789: 788:rollercoaster 784: 782: 778: 773: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 733: 726: 724: 720: 718: 714: 710: 709:heart failure 706: 702: 701:Rotterdam Zoo 696: 694: 688: 686: 682: 681: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:cod liver oil 637: 631: 629: 625: 619: 617: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 579: 577: 573: 569: 560: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 509: 502: 500: 497: 496:Charles Forte 493: 492:Easter Monday 485: 483: 481: 477: 471: 468: 460: 458: 456: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 417: 413: 405: 403: 401: 397: 393: 384: 382: 380: 375: 371: 367: 359: 357: 355: 351: 347: 342: 341:working-class 338: 334: 330: 325: 320: 317: 312: 310: 305: 301: 292: 288: 286: 282: 278: 273: 269: 265: 257: 255: 253: 249: 244: 239: 237: 233: 229: 228:Charles Forte 223: 221: 217: 213: 212:Leonard Cohen 209: 205: 204:Nat King Cole 201: 197: 193: 188: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 147: 143: 140: 136: 122: 119: 116: 113: 110: 109: 107: 103: 92: 88: 83: 54: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 18:Belle Vue zoo 3979: 3968: 3966: 3874:Coventry Zoo 3863: 3811:Safari parks 3774: 3760:Twycross Zoo 3695:Paignton Zoo 3665:Monkey World 3642: 3608:Hamerton Zoo 3535: 3528: 3331: 3305: 3296: 3271: 3262: 3244: 3226: 3208: 3190: 3172: 3154: 3136: 3118: 3100: 3092:Bibliography 3071: 3065: 3053:. Retrieved 3049: 3025:. Retrieved 3021: 2978:, retrieved 2974:the original 2969: 2959: 2947:. Retrieved 2943: 2933: 2921: 2914:James (2008) 2909: 2902:James (2008) 2897: 2890:James (2008) 2885: 2878:James (2008) 2873: 2866:James (2008) 2861: 2849: 2837:. Retrieved 2832: 2823: 2811:. Retrieved 2804: 2795: 2753: 2711: 2706:, p. 87 2699: 2694:, p. 56 2687: 2675: 2670:, p. 30 2655:, p. 39 2640:, p. 12 2633: 2628:, p. 55 2621: 2616:, p. 98 2609: 2597: 2592:, p. 12 2577:, p. 94 2570: 2565:, p. 95 2558: 2546: 2541:, p. 82 2534: 2529:, p. 96 2497:, p. 86 2490: 2478: 2473:, p. 36 2466: 2461:, p. 72 2446:, p. 73 2439: 2434:, p. 60 2427: 2407:, p. 32 2400: 2395:, p. 38 2380:, p. 31 2373: 2368:, p. 29 2361: 2356:, p. 71 2349: 2337: 2326:, retrieved 2322:the original 2312: 2307:, p. 78 2292:, p. 77 2277:, p. 76 2270: 2258: 2247:, retrieved 2243: 2234: 2229:, p. 36 2207: 2202:, p. 23 2195: 2190:, p. 49 2183: 2171: 2159: 2154:, p. 20 2147: 2142:, p. 75 2135: 2130:, p. 74 2108: 2066: 2061: 2034: 2022: 2017:, p. 38 2010: 2005:, p. 23 1998: 1993:, p. 82 1986: 1975:, retrieved 1969: 1963: 1952:, retrieved 1946: 1931:, p. 11 1910:, retrieved 1904: 1898: 1893:, p. 64 1886: 1881:, p. 22 1874: 1869:, p. 45 1862: 1850: 1845:, p. 30 1838: 1833:, p. 29 1814:, p. 45 1752: 1747:, p. 22 1732:, p. 21 1725: 1698: 1691:Mayer (1992) 1686: 1675:, retrieved 1669: 1663: 1656:Mayer (1992) 1651: 1639: 1628:, retrieved 1624:the original 1619: 1593: 1581: 1576:, p. 46 1569: 1502:, p. 17 1495: 1461: 1436: 1429: 1421: 1408: 1361:Led Zeppelin 1348:Jimi Hendrix 1262: 1254: 1248: 1215: 1206: 1174:rugby league 1171: 1168:Rugby league 1150: 1142:Terry Downes 1138: 1125: 1101: 1073: 1065: 1056: 1044: 1032: 1014: 1002: 995: 979: 971: 962: 953: 950: 936: 928: 912:Led Zeppelin 888:Jimi Hendrix 873: 864:Jimmy Savile 848: 841: 829: 813: 801: 796:Harry Traver 785: 774: 770: 750:Lloyd George 745: 741: 738: 721: 713:David Taylor 697: 689: 678: 676: 668:ack-ack guns 656: 632: 620: 612: 580: 565: 538: 514: 489: 472: 464: 451: 420: 409: 395: 391: 388: 363: 337:middle-class 321: 313: 297: 285:public house 264:entrepreneur 261: 240: 224: 220:Led Zeppelin 196:Jimi Hendrix 183: 157:was a large 154: 153: 29: 4012:Former zoos 3934:Southam Zoo 3884:Glasgow Zoo 3869:Bristol Zoo 3755:Tropiquaria 3675:Newquay Zoo 3655:Marwell Zoo 3530:Chester Zoo 3484:Belfast Zoo 2604:, p. 4 2249:22 November 2079:West Sussex 1759:, p. 7 1720:, p. 7 1705:, p. 3 1646:, p. 5 1574:Kidd (2006) 1564:, p. 3 1534:, p. 5 1517:, p. 8 1354:Johnny Cash 1330:Jethro Tull 1310:Johnnie Ray 1265:supercasino 1243:Present day 1190:Billy Stott 908:Johnny Cash 808:human fleas 781:Ghost Train 758:Blackshirts 650:), and the 486:Later years 435:sequestered 410:During the 354:first-class 216:Johnny Cash 169:stadium in 105:Date closed 90:Date opened 77: / 3986:Categories 3914:Oxford Zoo 3644:London Zoo 3588:Exmoor Zoo 3573:Dudley Zoo 3479:Beale Park 3474:Banham Zoo 3121:, Tempus, 3050:iNostalgia 2075:Chichester 1954:12 January 1395:References 1198:Test match 1025:ringmaster 1005:Robin Hood 983:Home Guard 884:Edward VII 870:Kings Hall 817:skateboard 628:tommy guns 608:brown bear 584:poison gas 568:chimpanzee 566:In 1893 a 447:allotments 372:, and the 366:bankruptcy 333:Piccadilly 146:Manchester 62:53°27′49″N 3715:Plantasia 3494:Birdworld 3299:, Methuen 3119:Belle Vue 1473:Citations 1285:The Hallé 1221:Hyde Road 1186:zookeeper 1158:Big Daddy 1128:stock car 1021:Blackpool 851:Longsight 825:Battersea 786:The Bobs 717:euthanise 705:pneumonia 646:(lack of 592:dromedary 549:pneumonia 545:Edinburgh 518:kangaroos 406:War years 394:and the 385:Expansion 350:Longsight 324:shillings 300:Hyde Road 272:Stockport 148:, England 65:2°11′15″W 3957:Category 3295:(1946), 1414:tollgate 1297:and the 1231:holders 1212:Football 1154:Jack Pye 1104:speedway 1090:Speedway 947:Catering 880:George V 858:and the 792:shilling 762:catholic 652:penguins 636:sealions 576:cob pipe 541:giraffes 534:gazelles 304:mortgage 167:speedway 138:Location 3969:italics 3381:YouTube 3055:11 July 3027:18 July 2980:28 July 2328:21 July 1977:28 July 1912:26 July 1677:21 July 1630:20 July 1336:The Who 1200:of the 1123:close. 892:The Who 777:dodgems 431:Germany 329:omnibus 316:parrots 268:Adswood 252:snooker 200:The Who 127:1987-11 125: ( 97:1836-06 95: ( 3857:Former 3338: 3312: 3282: 3251: 3233: 3215: 3197: 3179: 3161: 3143: 3125: 3107: 3078: 2949:7 June 2839:23 May 2813:23 May 2085: 1368:T. Rex 1342:Family 1229:FA Cup 1192:, and 1176:club, 1160:, and 1011:Circus 693:python 648:millet 624:tigons 594:and a 522:rhinos 346:gentry 281:thrush 277:aviary 250:and a 243:Easter 142:Gorton 1973:, BBC 1908:, BBC 1400:Notes 1131:1929. 940:G-Mex 931:bingo 719:her. 672:bison 660:Blitz 596:zebra 588:hippo 530:bears 526:lions 232:G-Mex 3962:List 3457:Zoos 3336:ISBN 3310:ISBN 3280:ISBN 3249:ISBN 3231:ISBN 3213:ISBN 3195:ISBN 3177:ISBN 3159:ISBN 3141:ISBN 3123:ISBN 3105:ISBN 3076:ISBN 3057:2022 3029:2022 2982:2010 2951:2023 2841:2016 2815:2016 2330:2010 2251:2007 2083:ISBN 1979:2010 1956:2010 1914:2010 1679:2010 1632:2010 1387:and 1289:Aida 1144:and 1023:was 910:and 882:and 707:and 590:, a 532:and 218:and 3379:on 3278:), 1188:), 823:in 503:Zoo 159:zoo 3988:: 3048:. 3037:^ 3020:. 2989:^ 2968:, 2942:. 2831:. 2803:. 2780:^ 2765:^ 2738:^ 2723:^ 2660:^ 2645:^ 2582:^ 2517:^ 2502:^ 2451:^ 2412:^ 2385:^ 2297:^ 2282:^ 2242:, 2219:^ 2120:^ 2093:^ 2069:, 2046:^ 1936:^ 1921:^ 1819:^ 1804:^ 1779:^ 1764:^ 1737:^ 1710:^ 1618:, 1605:^ 1554:^ 1539:^ 1522:^ 1507:^ 1480:^ 1383:, 1164:. 1156:, 1148:. 906:, 902:, 898:, 894:, 890:, 674:. 630:. 555:. 536:. 528:, 524:, 520:, 482:. 449:. 400:1d 270:, 222:. 214:, 210:, 206:, 202:, 198:, 161:, 144:, 3444:e 3437:t 3430:v 3084:. 3059:. 3031:. 2953:. 2843:. 2817:. 2077:( 1424:. 1305:) 129:) 99:) 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

Belle Vue Zoological Gardens

Index