548:
662:
am I inferior? we are drawing the obvious conclusion! And nevertheless we remain friends of the German people because we are admirers of the prodigious German culture. We as a people want to be loyal friends of the German people and of other peoples, if and to the extent that they acknowledge our equal rights and equal worth!" Straucher also reacted against the claims of
Viennese politicians that Bukovina was destitute and "semi-asiatic", deeming them "most unfair". His other statements of the time are proof of
511:
German-Austrian domination in the areas of education and administration still played a leading role, the Jews of
Bukovina oriented themselves in this direction. The positions of power of the two large national groups, the Romanians and the Ruthenians, were still too weak to cause a shift in this orientation on the part of the Jews. In their situation as a people living in a Diaspora, the Jews were forced to rely on the protection of the hegemonial powers and this seemed, as before, to emanate from Vienna."
923:, held in Czernowitz between August 31 and September 3, 1908. The initial demand was for the proceedings to be held at the Jewish House, but the Conference was ultimately hosted by a similar institution of the local Ukrainians and the local Music Society. The reason for this failure is disputed: some attribute it to opposition from the "Hebraist" adversaries, others suggest that Straucher was in reality unconvinced about the Conference platform, sabotaging his own Yiddishist campaign.
692:, the Chamber of Commerce, Czernowitz Brewery, and, from 1905, the regional School Board. After years of playing the populist leader, he began courting the political and economic regional elite: the Jewish community was much represented among investors in the city's industry and, according to Straucher's own estimate, provided some 75% of the tax income in Czernowitz and almost 50% in all of Bukovina. After 1903, he was confirmed as president of the Czernowitz
1325:), whom, he assessed, formed 50% of the city's population and 90% of its taxpayers. At the time, the authorities had restructured the secondary education institutions into five high schools, divided by ethnicity, and Straucher's writings attest a significant reduction in attendance numbers for the Jewish Lycée No. 3. Jewish parents were then opting in favor of sending their children to privately run
1196:, who stood as a Jewish candidate on the same platform as Nistor. Hecht's statements, which gave recognition to an unconditional union, were received with consternation by other Jewish activists, who called him a "traitor". By 1923 however, the entire community leadership had come to accept Romania's rule over the region, and Ebner even claimed that there was never any opposition on its part.
31:
1133:". According to Rozenblit, his autonomist-democratic call was similar to the agendas of both mainstream Zionists and the Galician Poale Zion. On January 3, 1919, the Zionists reached an agreement with the Jewish deputies, setting up Austria's National Jewish Council, which was supposed to endorse the agenda submitted by Straucher. It sought to represent Jews as a people at the
1390:. At public meetings, Kissman accused Straucher of being a governmental pawn: "The government allows the community to collect taxes directly from the Jews, even though the government is against cultural autonomy , but prevents the community from being political, surely those politics don't agree with the Liberals, but lets Straucher campaign politically for the Liberals."
967:." The agreement provided for a highly complex electoral reform which provided proportional representation to Bukovinian ethnic groups within the local Diet, but, in accordance with the wishes of mainstream Jews and in an effort to combat antisemitic agitation, did not generally award separate recognition to Jews (apart from a few separate
939:
868:
palace, decorated with his bust. Allegations about "Jewish" corruption in the
Czernowitz local council, targeting Straucher's leadership, resulted in ethnic tensions. During autumn 1910, after the accuser, engineer Woitechowski, was called to order by Straucher, the city's Christians organized vigils
510:
and the preservation of rule from Vienna. One of statements called
Bukovina Jews "followers of the gigantic German culture". According to historians Michael John and Albert Lichtblau: "Since there was no traditionally established, non-German elite to speak of in Bukovina and the hegemonial powers of
1159:
The new group's program was generally suspicious of union with
Romania, where Jewish emancipation had not yet been enacted, and looked into other political alternatives—for this reason, it was placed under close supervision by the new authorities. Major points of contention were the Council's demand
490:
historian Joshua Shanes, who researched the political climate at the time of the election, noted that the result was "not so grand", since the list had also endorsed 19 other candidates throughout
Cisleithania. As parliamentarian, he did not rally with organized factions, but was briefly member of a
661:
Lichtblau and John illustrate the split between the German and Jewish communities with a sample from one of
Straucher's parliamentary speeches, which reads: "Why are the Germans engaged in an economic and political war against the Jews? I as well have been raised and educated only as a German. Why
616:
had been a modern one, for whom religion and tradition retained little significance and for whom German had assumed almost mythological stature as a substitute for the traditional culture they had given up—were shocked by the rise of German
Nationalist anti-Semitism in the western provinces of the
962:
Cultural historians Amy Colin and Peter Rychlo view it as "one of the most progressive accords between ethnic groups in the Austro-Hungarian Empire", and argue: "Growing ethnic tensions necessitated such a treaty to protect peace in
Bukovina by insuring ethnic autonomy in political decisions . The
703:
s representative body), and the following year came to preside over the
Czernowitz city council, where his followers controlled 20 out of 50 seats (giving him a decisive say in the election of a Czernowitz mayor). As a result, Czernowitz twice elected Jewish mayors, and was possibly the only
1013:
was by then Straucher's prime basis of support in parliamentary elections, and, after the 1911 elections (during which he faced no opposition from Ebner's group), he was the only one among the four of his fellow candidates in the 1907 elections to maintain his seat. Of the latter,
1053:, a test of Jewish autonomy and an instrument in combating antisemitism. Speaking in 1916, he offered his full support to the initiative, and argued in favor of replacing the various other representative bodies, but the move was opposed by the non-Zionist lobby (who preferred a
1172:, which, using antisemitic language, spoke about a Jewish danger to the Romanian cause. At the time, other segments of Bukovina's Jewish community began criticizing Straucher for his settlements with Wassilko's Ukrainians, allegedly to the detriment of his own coreligionists.
782:
and Flondor escalated when the latter used his position in the Diet to reject Straucher's proposal for electoral reform. It peaked when democrats accused Flondor of supporting antisemitism, alleging that he was the anonymous author of some virulently anti-Jewish articles in
946:
Largely as a result of political restructuring at a provincial level, the Austrian authorities granted the "Bukovina Settlement" in stages between 1909 and 1911. This followed an agreement between the three ethnic groups: the Romanians (represented by Onciul and
1397:, but did not receive the vote. According to McCagg, his last years were spent in a dispute with younger Yiddishist activists "who felt that one could only get through to the Jewish masses by using Yiddish." The aging politician died in 1940, one year into
1094:
throughout those years. In 1917, he claimed Jews were "an upholding element unconditionally and without reservations for Austria"; a year later, he pleaded with the Austrians to stop censoring the Yiddishist press of Galicia. According to social historian
568:
For all his electoral disputes with official Zionism, Straucher's ideas were largely compatible with those of his rivals: the shared focus was on fostering "identity, self-confidence and pride"; and, although Zionism campaigned for a Jewish return to the
777:
Onciul, convinced that more reforms were going to benefit his fellow Romanians, negotiated separately with Flondor, hoping to create unified district committees for the Romanian factions, and even a "Unitary Romanian Party". The conflict between the
1049:, as well as the end for a threat to Europe's safety. Soon afterward, he participated in a large political debate regarding the creation of a central democratic institution for Austria-Hungary, which was intended as a replica of the
1344:, with the goal of reforming legislation, and that, together with Straucher, he was "seizing all the land" in Bukovina. Cuza's refusal to substantiate his claim sparked a lively debate in the Chamber, during which Cuza's associate,
1120:
during late autumn 1918, as the Austrian monarchy began to crumble. On October 4, he was among the regional delegates to Vienna who voted in favor of keeping Bukovina in union with the central government. On November 15, days after
2385:
Actes du 57e congrès de la CIHAE: Assemblées et parlements dans le monde, du Moyen-Age à nos jours/Proceedings of the 57th ICHRPI Conference: Representative and Parliamentary Institutions in the World, from Middle Ages to Present
1246:, alongside Nistor, former leader of the Democratic Union Party, Straucher endorsed the National Liberal platform for Bukovina. His activity in Parliament focused on gathering support for a clear emancipation, as promised by the
971:, they were included in the same group as Germans). Lichtblau and John argue that, through this measure, the Austrian monarchy marked "the final demarcation point which linked together the Jews of Bukovina and the Germans."
1129:, Straucher proposed a bill comprising the demands of Jewish Austrians. These included the recognition of a separate, united and politically autonomous Jewish ethnicity, education rights, and support for "the creation of a
749:
and reassign them according to Straucher's own system; all nationalities involved in the project agreed to follow their respective agenda to a greater emancipation. More likely to interpret political events as evidence of
985:
consecrated a split between Straucher's group and Zionists such as Ebner. They accused Straucher of having set up a dictatorship and of having failed to obtain Jewish representation. They moved on to create the separate
980:
in all but name. Nevertheless, the failure to acknowledge Jews a separate group disappointed the Jewish National People's Party leadership, and caused Straucher to express his protests in a series of open letters. The
611:
According to Lichtblau and John, the rise of antisemitism among Austrian German communities was a contributing factor to the rift between German and Jewish liberalism in Bukovina: "Naturally, those secular Jews—whose
1367:. Opposing all alliance with the UER, he formed a Jewish parliamentary club of non-UER Jewish nationalist representatives, and defined Filderman's policy of alliances with groups suspect of antisemitism as immoral.
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
573:, very few Bukovinian Jews actually made the trip. According to Lichtblau and John, Straucher came to stand for "an unusual mixture of German Liberalism and Jewish Nationalism—a sort of half-hearted Zionism."
807:("The Flondor Affair"). Reportedly, Straucher was personally involved in the frame-up, speaking in the Diet against Flondor and his family, and accusing Flondor of having intrigued against his PPNR colleague
1211:(UER). The UER nevertheless failed in rallying to its cause the other representatives of Jewish nationalism, such as the Zionists following Straucher's old rival Ebner. The UER initially supported the
1332:
Straucher did not present his candidature in 1926, but his activities were still monitored by antisemitic adversaries, especially after the minority-language students in Bukovina rebelled against the
1082:, he expressed alarm that Polish nationalists were attributing the events to the Jews, organizing pogroms and planning the eviction of Jews from Galicia. Straucher, like fellow Jewish nationalists
1192:. Ebner voiced the mistrust of his coreligionists for the Romanian electoral law, arguing that it was meant to dilute the Jewish vote in that region. This decision was contested by businessman
514:
However, according to historian William O. McCagg, the "inimitable character" Straucher was elected on this anti-assimilationist platform: a critic of Zionism, he linked Jewish nationhood to a
2772:
Albert Lichtblau, Michael John, "Jewries in Galicia and Bukovina, in Lemberg and Czernowitz. Two Divergent Examples of Jewish Communities in the Far East of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy", in
518:
homeland. As McCagg notes, his public was still "the 'little man' who was overlooked by the elegant elders of the Jewish community"—an outlook he also attributes to the Galician supporters of
576:
By the 1890s, the Jewish leader, whom Lichtblau and John designate "the most important political representative of the Jews of Bukovina", decided to end cooperation between local Jews and
1321:, as well as the state-condoned underfunding of state-run Jewish schools. He contrasted these occurrences with the traditionally elevated status of Jews in Czernowitz (then designated as
2637:
3093:
1318:
803:
to incriminate the PPNR leader. The attempt to defame Flondor, attributed by some to Onciul and Straucher's frustration over Flondor's "anti-democratic" stance, became known locally as
650:) or still invested energy into creating a Bukovina Zionist party. In this context, Ebner reluctantly endorsed Straucher, and, in 1904, founded with him a pan-nationalist group called
3048:
3078:
1402:
437:), whose participation in the move followed a tradition of collaboration between Ukrainian and Jewish activists. Straucher also tightened his contacts with the region's large
3083:
381:
in 1880, and became a practicing attorney (for a while, public prosecutor). Straucher, who made himself known for supporting social policies, was elected leader of the local
926:
The Conference also marked an early confrontation between the liberal mainstream, into which Straucher had been received, and the modern leftist side of Jewish nationalism:
654:("Jewish People's Union"). According to McCagg, Straucher's was by then "a vaguely Zionist platform". Other academics agree: Jess Olson describes Straucher as "the Zionist
474:. In 1907, following the introduction of universal male suffrage, Straucher was one of four deputies for the early Jewish National Party to be elected that year, alongside
1301:
classes, and therefore to a measure of assimilation, while preventing Zionists from reforming the curriculum. In this context, he made himself known for protesting the
467:
3098:
1317:
and Filderman, documenting cases in which Bukovinian schools had been "purged" of Jewish teachers and administrators were being dismissed, pensioned or demoted by the
1219:(despite signs that the group was sympathetic of antisemitic causes). Standing in for the deceased Hecht, Straucher and Ebner became the Jewish Council bids for the
814:
For a while, Benno Straucher was involved with a new union formed by the 1903 "Freethinkers", which was to facilitate the adoption of radical reforms. Called the
561:
2891:
Jess Olson, "A Tale of Two Photographs: Nathan Birnbaum, the Election of 1907, and the 1908 Yiddish Language Conference", in Kalman Weiser, Joshua Fogel (eds.),
904:. However, Straucher did not support education in Yiddish, and favored German-language schools, for which he demanded special Jewish inspectors and teachers.
3053:
3033:
1071:
930:
groups. According to the Bundistn, Yiddish should have been declared not just "a" Jewish national language, but rather the sole language of Jewishness.
848:. At an imperial level, he joined up with Austrian Zionists to set up a new Jewish National Party, which adopted the "work in the present" ideology of
927:
892:. The Yiddishist view, which placed him among the first Jewish intellectuals to identify with what had been hitherto viewed as a regional dialect of
2714:
1806:
712:
617:
Monarchy, since it endangered their perspective of their own identity." Antisemitism was more latent in other local communities, but exacerbated in
3163:
982:
916:
455:
3168:
3148:
3143:
1239:
1149:
584:
representing a common German-Jewish vote. Another significant part of Benno Straucher's pre-1918 political activity was dedicated to combating
333:
3158:
3103:
2904:
2886:
2863:
2650:
2621:
1383:
991:
1382:
as an "organ of the Jewish National People's Party", and still pressuring officials into intervening to curb fascist violence. A revival of
832:). The Fellowship tacitly approved Straucher's goal of a separate Jewish communal representation, and poured it into legislation proposals.
3153:
3138:
3088:
3028:
2731:
1355:. He had extended his agreement with the National Liberals and, remarkably, ran against a bloc of minorities formed nationally around the
1212:
329:
1070:
tribune for condemning the antisemitic violence linked with the various political changes. In spring 1918, soon after Austria signed the
3133:
3128:
3108:
3043:
1516:
Adunka, p.372; Hausleitner, p.75, 76; Lichtblau & John, p.51; McCagg, p.173; Rozenblit, p.37; Stourzh, p.183; Weitzmann, p.144-145
1270:. On both occasions, Straucher insistently urged the governing majority to take special measures against the "shameful disturbances".
580:, and concentrated on advancing the interests of his community—a gesture which broke with the tradition of Jewish politicians such as
2990:
Walter R. Weitzmann, "The Politics of the Viennese Jewish Community, 1890–1914", in Ivar Oxaal, Michael Pollak, Gerhard Botz (eds.),
1929:
3003:
2985:
2951:
2925:
2842:
2828:
2810:
2789:
2753:
2739:
2686:
2570:
1491:
1169:
845:
274:
201:
409:
From early on, Straucher campaigned intensely for the Austrian authorities to recognize a separate Jewish community in the entire
1199:
In later years, Benno Straucher stood for a platform advocating the preservation of Jewish rights in Bukovina and throughout the
434:
430:
819:
443:
1374:, with renewed support from Nistor, Straucher retook his parliamentary seat—one of 6 Jewish deputies, including Filderman and
626:
1394:
1371:
1352:
1274:
1243:
1235:, founder of a Jewish Democratic Party. Straucher was the only one elected to the Chamber, effectively on Averescu's ticket.
1220:
1200:
1185:
1130:
901:
588:: himself exposed to antisemitic allegations voiced by his colleagues in parliament, Straucher was among those who dismissed
76:
1075:
952:
2851:
1254:. As noted by researcher Alina Cozma, Straucher did so not just out of Jewish nationalism, but also because he believed in
2383:, in Jean Garrigues, Éric Anceau, Frédéric Attal, Noëlline Castagnez, Noëlle Dauphin, Sabine Jansen, Olivier Tort (eds.),
1406:
1046:
956:
815:
767:
547:
266:
196:
2781:
2642:
1341:
1251:
1224:
1134:
707:
Also in 1903, Straucher built on his friendship with intellectuals from Bukovina's other main communities, the Romanian
337:
2106:
Hausleitner, p.77, 94, 190–191, 100, 140, 174, 187, 299; Mendelsohn, p.191. See also Hrenciuc, p.162; Stambrook, p.9-11
3113:
2977:
2389:
1496:
1038:
733:
414:
1364:
789:. The matter was investigated by a special Diet commission, who found in favor of Flondor, and who reported that the
2669:
Amy Colin, Peter Rychlo, "Czernowitz/Cernăuți/Chernovtsy/Chernivtsi/Czernowcze: A Testing Ground for Pluralism", in
963:
fruitful cooperation proved that peaceful ethnic interaction was still possible five years before the outbreak of
808:
535:
3123:
3118:
2917:
1937:
1501:
258:
45:
1223:, with additional support from the German Council; Straucher ran in the "Cernăuți-city" circumscription, for both
861:
658:"; Emanuel S. Goldmith calls him "the only nationally inclined Jewish representative" in the Viennese Parliament.
2700:
2663:
2545:
951:), the Ukrainians (Georg Wassilko) and the Jews (Straucher himself), who subsequently negotiated the matter with
670:
987:
286:
2820:
2802:
1050:
589:
448:
2557:
Ileana-Stanca Desa, Dulciu Morărescu, Ioana Patriche, Cornelia Luminița Radu, Adriana Raliade, Iliana Sulică,
1273:
In contrast with Straucher, Ebner and his Zionist faction had entered an alliance with Averescu, and, in the
1144:
and Ukrainians opted for the Ukrainian People's Republic. These tensions flared into riots, quelled when the
974:
The formal regulation was subverted by other provisions, which, in time, separated the German and the Jewish
2963:
2380:
1348:, was heard shouting at Ebner: "Anti-Semitism will disappear when you Jews are cleared out of the country!"
1255:
2974:
From Vienna to Chicago and Back: Essays on Intellectual History and Political Thought in Europe and America
2940:
Nationalism, Zionism and Ethnic Mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and Beyond. IJS Studies in Judaica, Vol. 2
1336:
commission. In December 1926, his name was brought up in parliamentary controversy: the antisemitic deputy
3038:
2852:"Dinamica electorală a candidaților minoritari din Bucovina la alegerile generale din România interbelică"
1360:
1356:
1333:
1247:
1208:
1110:
823:
799:
716:
622:
556:
499:
325:
191:
2909:
1156:
in founding another, regional, National Jewish Council, which stood for the defense of community rights.
1096:
2872:
2670:
1345:
1189:
920:
785:
644:
embraced Zionism. Their clubs were thereafter divided between those who supported immediate emigration (
503:
378:
278:
2878:
2762:
2659:
1314:
1232:
685:
418:
3023:
3018:
1310:
1258:
as a universal prerequisite. In 1923, and again in 1925, the Romanian antisemitic and (increasingly)
1091:
1083:
663:
552:
370:
246:
1387:
1164:, whom the Romanians regarded as aliens, be readmitted into Bukovina. The Council also clashed with
634:
475:
2995:
1042:
948:
853:
849:
581:
369:), the stepson of a merchant, Straucher graduated from the Czernowitz Gymnasium. He studied law at
341:
630:
241:
lawyer, politician and Jewish community representative, who spent the final part of his career in
1278:
1216:
1193:
1141:
1033:
968:
841:
667:
641:
621:
quarters. German-Jewish tensions first surfaced in the early 1890s, when German students adopted
605:
530:
290:
1375:
1105:
526:
395:). Although he became involved in Jewish nationalist circles, Straucher remained an independent
2559:
Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. IV: Catalog alfabetic 1925–1930
1393:
With additional backing from the National Liberals, Straucher became a Senate candidate in the
1148:
entered the region and brought it into Romania (a union internationally sanctioned by the 1919
1099:, Straucher's loyalism should be contrasted with those of his Jewish political partners in the
2999:
2981:
2947:
2935:
2921:
2900:
2882:
2859:
2838:
2824:
2806:
2785:
2749:
2735:
2682:
2646:
2617:
2566:
2562:
2541:
2381:"Parlementaires juifs dans les assemblées législatives de la Roumanie de l'entre-deux-guerres"
2055:
Lichtblau & John, p.54; Stourzh, p.184-186. See also Hausleitner, p.76; Stambrook, p.13-14
1326:
1298:
1294:
1228:
1204:
519:
507:
471:
410:
309:
301:
135:
2710:
1546:
Adunka, p.372; Hausleitner, p.76; Lichtblau & John, p.51; McCagg, p.186; Weitzmann, p.144
1140:
At home, the situation was degenerating, as Romanians openly demanded incorporation into the
470:, kept this office for the following decades, throughout World War I and down the end of the
2943:
2773:
1363:
and Zionist organizations. Ebner, also reconfirmed as deputy, subsequently rallied with the
1282:
990:. Together, the two competing parties won 10 seats, one more than secretly predicted by the
877:
742:
688:, and kept his seat to 1918. He was also trusted with directorial positions by the Bukovina
618:
400:
383:
297:
2006:
Lichtblau & John, p.56-57. See also Goldsmith, p.183-221; Hausleitner, p.77-78; Olson,
1802:
2896:
2794:
1302:
1181:
1087:
908:
893:
828:
345:
321:
238:
170:
1231:. At the time, those Jewish voters who did not agree with such maneuvers rallied behind
1137:, and negotiated with other local governments over the safety of their Jewish citizens.
2969:
2678:
2613:
1770:
Adunka, p.372; Lichtblau & John, p.51-52; Stourzh, p.183. McCagg (p.174) says 1900.
1277:, the move got Ebner elected to the Chamber. Straucher ran against Ebner's colleagues (
1153:
1122:
1027:
889:
751:
601:
593:
577:
570:
523:
515:
317:
175:
2711:"Aurel Onciul – Repères de l'activité politique des premières années du XX-ème siècle"
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for complete educational autonomy and its request that the wartime Jewish refugees in
826:, taking the majority vote in 1904 elections for the Diet (when Georg Wassilko became
3012:
1442:
Adunka, p.372. See also Hausleitner, p.75; Lichtblau & John, p.51; Stambrook, p.5
1145:
1079:
1018:
left the Jewish nationalist movement and returned to his career as an art historian.
1015:
873:
771:
728:
613:
487:
479:
282:
160:
273:
seat throughout the remainder of Austria-Hungary's existence. From 1906, he led the
2914:
Reconstructing a National Identity: The Jews of Habsburg Austria during World War I
1398:
1386:
activity was taking place at the time, sparked by the campaigns of unionist leader
900:"), brought him into conflict with Jewish traditionalists, who supported instead a
759:
708:
689:
585:
463:
374:
2893:
Czernowitz at 100: The First Yiddish Language Conference in Historical Perspective
2877:, Editura Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităților Naționale &
2610:
Aux confins de l'Europe de l'Est (volume 2): Des crêtes carpatiques à la mer Noire
539:), who insisted that Jews had to prove themselves to be modern Austrian citizens.
1952:
Lichtblau & John, p.56-57; Mendelsohn, p.191; Stambrook, p.10; Stourzh, p.194
2691:"Debate on Jewish Question Leads to Violent Scenes in Roumanian Parliament", in
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1100:
964:
885:
865:
724:
529:. He also believes that Straucher's role was similar to that of assimilationist
483:
403:
313:
2957:
2696:
1908:
Stourzh, p.193sqq. See also Adunka, p.372; Hausleitner, p.75; Stambrook, p. 11
1337:
1313:. During the mid-1920s, he was in correspondence with National Liberal leader
1165:
1126:
1006:
881:
794:
763:
737:), noted for condemning the spread of antisemitism. The unifying idea of this
426:
422:
305:
254:
68:
30:
1555:
Lichtblau & John, p.50sqq. See also Hausleitner, p.75-76; Stambrook, p.10
880:
as a national Jewish language. Reportedly, his advocacy of both autonomy and
1683:
Lichtblau & John, p.53sqq; Stourzh, p.183. See also Hausleitner, p.75-76
1306:
1026:
During World War I, Straucher supported Austria-Hungary's commitment to the
1002:
498:
In this context, Straucher represented the movement identifying itself with
438:
1293:
Taking precautions against the Ebner's goal of propagating Zionism through
1262:
youth rebelled against the citizenship law and attacked Jewish students in
896:(reportedly, Straucher himself had earlier designated Yiddish as merely a "
852:, that is the focus on autonomy for the more sizable Jewish communities of
2763:"Integrarea minorităților naționale din Bucovina în Regatul României Mari"
1203:. In the early 1920s, he and his followers began a close cooperation with
406:" in political actions against the city's more assimilated Jewish elites.
1059:
396:
234:
257:
city. After 1897, he was one of the noted Jewish representatives in the
2874:
Antisemitismul universitar în România (1919–1939). Mărturii documentare
1267:
1259:
1161:
366:
362:
250:
242:
230:
180:
2959:
The Golden Age of the Jews of Bukovina, 1880–1914. Working Paper 03-2
2718:
1810:
1005:
Jews, including not just with the Bundistn, but also sympathizers of
912:
897:
872:
By that moment, Straucher's option in favor of Jewish secularism and
646:
597:
492:
1405:. He lies buried in the modern-style Straucher family crypt, at the
1001:("People's Defense"), was soon drawn into a fierce competition with
919:. Together with Diamant and Birnbaum, Straucher organized the first
296:
Straucher supported maintaining tight connections between Jews and
2856:
Partide politice și minorități naționale din România în secolul XX
2728:
Modern Yiddish Culture: The Story of the Yiddish Language Movement
2536:"Appendices II. Appointments, Honors and Elections: Roumania", in
997:
The liberal group, rallied from 1909 around Straucher's newspaper
976:
746:
1041:
victories against the Russian Empire would signify the effective
836:
Jewish National People's Party creation and Yiddishist Conference
745:, that is the attempt to reduce the number of seats allocated to
938:
1940:
1504:
818:, it was presided over by him and Onciul, together with Skedl,
441:
community: as early as 1883, he spoke at a cultural meeting of
774:(whose platform was linked to the Romanian national revival).
596:
of 1899. He gave similar speeches about the growing threat of
466:. Straucher, who was reelected with a large margin during the
387:
in 1882 and, in 1884, deputy to the Czernowitz local council (
1152:). In this context, Straucher joined Ebner and the socialist
265:). Straucher, who was instrumental in creating the reformist
1701:
Adunka, p.372; Hausleitner, p.75; Lichtblau & John, p.53
907:
Notably, Straucher received support from Yiddishist scholar
340:. Despite such moves, and although he endorsed a version of
233:: בענאָ שטרױכער; August 11, 1854 – November 5, 1940) was a
2778:
Jewries at the Frontier: Accommodation, Identity, Conflict
1674:
Lichtblau & John, p.53. See also Hausleitner, p.69-72
1803:"Iancu Flondor (1865–1924). O viață în slujba dreptății"
1537:
Rozenblit, p.37; Shanes, p.174-178; Weitzmann, p.144-145
835:
2675:
History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe
1238:
The entire UER eventually threw its support behind the
2835:
The Jews of East Central Europe between the World Wars
2410:
Hausleitner, p.190; Mihai, p.86, 88; Mendelsohn, p.195
1692:
Lichtblau & John, p.53. See also Hausleitner, p.76
1630:
Lichtblau & John, p.52. See also Adunka, p.372-373
1285:), which marked his split with the Bukovina Zionists.
1090:, continued to express his support for Habsburg ruler
1037:) he, like other Jewish leaders, expressed hopes that
3074:
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1911–1918)
3069:
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1907–1911)
3064:
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1901–1907)
3059:
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1897–1900)
2858:, Vol. V, TechnoMedia, Sibiu, 2010, p. 77–102.
2681:, Amsterdam & Philadelphia, 2004, p. 57–77.
2037:
Stourzh, p.184-187. See also Colin & Rychlo, p.59
1188:, thus refusing to send its representatives into the
856:. Some of his efforts were dedicated to building the
344:, Straucher made himself known as a strong critic of
285:
with several other groups, most notably the Zionist
208:
187:
166:
141:
121:
116:
93:
74:
64:
44:
21:
2518:Mendelsohn, p.196-197. See also Hausleitner, p.190
2401:Nastasă, p.9, 108, 112, 133, 137, 230–231, 329–330
1030:. Before Bukovina was turned into a battleground (
911:, who spoke in his favor at Jewish National Party
413:, as part of a process to grant all ethnic groups
336:, he also served two non-consecutive terms in the
2638:Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950
2455:Livezeanu, p.68, 69. See also Hrenciuc, p.165-166
1469:Adunka, p.373; Stambrook, p.10; Shanes, p.171-174
1297:, Straucher gave his approval to the teaching of
762:groups (who generally sought to stump Bukovina's
316:, and then supported Bukovina's attachment to a "
2748:, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich, 2001.
2310:Hausleitner, p.187; Hrenciuc, p.162; Mihai, p.83
562:May our eyes behold your return in mercy to Zion
3094:Romanian politicians of ethnic minority parties
2837:, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1987.
2250:Hrenciuc, p.162. See also Hausleitner p.187-188
942:Ethnic map of Bukovina in 1930 (Jews in yellow)
2934:Jewish Nationalists Engage Mass Politics", in
2328:Hausleitner, p.188, 296–297; Mendelsohn, p.195
2241:Colin & Rychlo, p.66; Hausleitner, p.83sqq
1340:alleged that Ebner was bribing the opposition
277:locally and helped establish the pan-Austrian
1109:journal group, which was more mindful of the
447:, a student club, offering his praise to the
8:
3079:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
2437:Livezeanu, p.70. See also Hausleitner, p.188
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
640:In reaction, young Jewish activists such as
491:"Jewish Club", formed by representatives in
365:(later incorporated into Czernowitz, now in
2199:Colin & Rychlo, p.66; Hausleitner, p.90
1936:, Nr. 11/1910, p.352-353 (digitized by the
1022:World War I and the National Jewish Council
684:In 1900, Straucher was also elected to the
281:. He vied for political direction over the
3084:People of World War I from Austria-Hungary
3049:Jewish National People's Party politicians
1640:
1638:
1636:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1351:Straucher was reelected to Chamber in the
18:
2992:Jews, Antisemitism, and Culture in Vienna
2063:
2061:
1730:
1728:
1709:
1707:
1652:
1650:
1617:
1615:
1451:Hausleitner, p.75. See also Adunka, p.372
462:, which represented the Duchy as part of
35:Straucher, photographed in or before 1907
2854:, in Vasile Ciobanu, Sorin Radu (eds.),
2345:
2343:
2279:
2277:
2220:Rozenblit, p.123. See also McCagg, p.174
1305:policies promoted by the governments in
937:
627:Society of Christian Germans in Bukovina
551:Engraving by the Austrian Jewish artist
546:
328:. Forming successive alliances with the
320:". Upon the region's incorporation into
3099:Leaders of political parties in Romania
2093:
2091:
1778:
1776:
1524:
1522:
1500:, Nr. 50/1883, p.606 (digitized by the
1417:
934:"Bukovina Settlement" and 1911 election
840:In 1906, Straucher and lawyer-activist
754:rather than national emancipation, the
486:(all of whom were elected in Galicia).
324:, he began cooperating with the larger
2635:Evelyn Adunka, "Straucher, Benno", in
1403:Soviet occupation of Northern Bukovina
953:Oktavian Freiherr Regner von Bleyleben
357:Early career and 1897 election victory
300:while endorsing a personal version of
2962:, Center for Austrian Studies at the
2817:A History of Habsburg Jews, 1670–1918
2715:Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava
2509:Mendelsohn, p.195-197; Mihai, p.91-93
1807:Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava
1131:Jewish national homeland in Palestine
1078:, granting it territories claimed by
555:, released as propaganda for the 5th
253:, he first held political offices in
245:. A Jewish nationalist influenced by
7:
2799:Cultural Politics in Greater Romania
2732:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
704:"Austrian capital" to have done so.
680:and Progressive Peasants' Fellowship
361:Born in the village of Rohozna near
2695:, December 29, 1926, p. 1, 3;
2491:"Debate on Jewish Question...", p.3
2482:"Debate on Jewish Question...", p.1
2259:Hausleitner, p.187; Hrenciuc, p.162
1168:'s nationalist Romanian group, the
921:Conference for the Yiddish Language
888:" ideology of Jewish groups in the
458:, Straucher became a member of the
312:loyalist up to the final stages of
2645:, Vienna, 2010, p. 372–373.
2367:Hausleitner, p.188; Mihai, p.86-88
876:possibly became a reevaluation of
108:June 14, 1927 – June 1931
14:
3054:Jewish National Party politicians
3034:People from the Duchy of Bukovina
2946:, Leiden, 2004, p. 153–178.
2899:, Boulder, 2010, p. 23–44.
629:(also joined by parliamentarians
417:. Their request was supported by
293:, who became his personal rival.
89:May 27, 1920 – June 1926
2769:, Nr. 12 (2006), p. 159–177
2723:, Nr. 15 (2009), p. 155–174
2581:Nastasă, p.10, 116, 141, 394–395
1066:Straucher subsequently used the
816:Progressive Peasants' Fellowship
768:Romanian National People's Party
758:notably criticized the regional
435:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
399:, who could rally the "majority
267:Progressive Peasants' Fellowship
197:Progressive Peasants' Fellowship
29:
2784:, Urbana, 1999, p. 29–66.
1401:, and several months after the
1250:and ultimately passed into the
1150:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
820:Georg Graf Wassilko von Serecki
600:on the Austrian border, in the
3164:Activists against antisemitism
2980:, Chicago & London, 2007.
2746:Die Rumänisierung der Bukowina
2703:; retrieved February 20, 2014.
2666:; retrieved February 20, 2014.
2656:American Jewish Year Book 5674
2538:American Jewish Year Book 5689
2269:American Jewish Year Book 5679
2230:American Jewish Year Book 5679
2209:American Jewish Year Book 5679
2179:American Jewish Year Book 5679
1180:Shortly after the creation of
846:Jewish National People's Party
536:Oesterreichische Wochenschrift
275:Jewish National People's Party
202:Jewish National People's Party
77:Chamber of Deputies of Romania
1:
3169:Zionists from Austria-Hungary
3149:19th-century Austrian lawyers
3144:20th-century Austrian lawyers
1979:Lichtblau & John, p.56-57
1941:Transsylvanica Online Library
1761:Lichtblau & John, p.48-50
1505:Transsylvanica Online Library
1407:Chernivtsi Israelite Cemetery
719:. The three of them set up a
666:, loyalism and reverence for
3159:Chernivtsi University alumni
3104:European liberal politicians
2782:University of Illinois Press
2643:Austrian Academy of Sciences
2565:, Bucharest, 2003, p.1035.
2319:Hrenciuc, p.162; Mihai, p.83
1252:1923 Constitution of Romania
1184:, the Council boycotted the
844:together created Bukovina's
456:legislative election of 1897
444:Societatea Academică Junimea
338:Romanian Chamber of Deputies
97:Czernowitz ("Cernăuți-city")
3154:University of Vienna alumni
3139:Romanian newspaper founders
3089:Jewish Romanian politicians
3029:Politicians from Chernivtsi
2978:University of Chicago Press
2390:National Assembly of France
1116:Straucher was still at the
1111:local independence movement
1076:Ukrainian People's Republic
884:was largely shaped by the "
559:(1901). The caption reads:
415:proportional representation
3185:
3134:Romanian newspaper editors
3129:Austrian newspaper editors
3109:Yiddish culture in Romania
2918:Oxford University Press US
2067:Lichtblau & John, p.54
2019:Lichtblau & John, p.57
1815:, Nr. 10 (2004), p.263-264
1752:Lichtblau & John, p.55
1743:Lichtblau & John, p.65
1656:Lichtblau & John, p.52
1621:Lichtblau & John, p.51
1573:Lichtblau & John, p.50
1564:Lichtblau & John, p.41
1378:. He was still publishing
1176:Debut in Romanian politics
713:Democratic Peasants' Party
454:Presenting himself in the
421:, a representative of the
3044:Jews from Austria-Hungary
2701:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
2664:American Jewish Committee
2548:; retrieved July 20, 2014
2546:American Jewish Committee
1201:Jewish-Romanian community
676:
216:
112:
101:
82:
53:
40:
28:
2821:Indiana University Press
2803:Cornell University Press
2673:, John Neubauer (eds.),
2392:, Paris, 2010, p.277-278
2046:Colin & Rychlo, p.59
1930:"Scrisoare din Bucovina"
1365:National Peasants' Party
1051:American Jewish Congress
766:) and the newly founded
504:Austro–German liberalism
2964:University of Minnesota
2932:Fort mit den Hausjuden!
2920:, New York etc., 2004.
2776:, Milton Shain (eds.),
2616:, Paris, 2009, p.356.
1938:Babeș-Bolyai University
1600:McCagg, p.184, 193, 194
1502:Babeș-Bolyai University
1492:"Scrisori din Bucovina"
1309:, in particular in the
1256:equality before the law
1072:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
917:1907 Austrian elections
862:Jewish House of Culture
592:claims made during the
2881:, Cluj-Napoca, 2011.
2726:Emanuel S. Goldsmith,
2428:Hausleitner, p.189-190
1890:Gafița, p.167-169, 174
1872:Gafița, p.164-166, 169
1863:Gafița, p.166-167, 170
1854:Gafița, p.164-166, 170
1824:Gafița, p.161, 162–163
1490:Dionisiu O. Olinescu,
1388:Joseph "Iosif" Kissman
1240:National Liberal Party
1209:Union of Romanian Jews
1170:Democratic Union Party
1135:Paris Peace Conference
988:People's Council Party
943:
822:and "Young Ukrainian"
623:religious antisemitism
565:
557:World Zionist Congress
500:German-speaking Europe
334:National Liberal Party
326:Union of Romanian Jews
287:People's Council Party
194:(1882–1904, 1918–1940)
2998:, London etc., 1987.
2850:Florin-Răzvan Mihai,
2823:, Bloomington, 1988.
2744:Mariana Hausleitner,
2734:, New Jersey, 2000.
2693:Jewish Daily Bulletin
2151:Rozenblit, p.116, 125
1460:Stambrook, p.5, 9, 10
1319:Ministry of Education
1190:Parliament of Romania
1186:1919 general election
941:
652:Jüdischer Volksverein
550:
379:Czernowitz Law School
279:Jewish National Party
2996:Taylor & Francis
2142:Rozenblit, p.115-116
2115:Weitzmann, p.144-145
1057:-based structure of
824:Stepan Smal-Stotskyi
797:had been paid 1,000
780:Freisinnigen Verband
717:Nikolai von Wassilko
715:, and the Ukrainian
553:Ephraim Moses Lilien
522:, as well as to the
247:classical liberalism
2910:Marsha L. Rozenblit
2815:William O. McCagg,
1899:Stambrook, p.11, 13
1097:Marsha L. Rozenblit
994:cabinet in Vienna.
992:Bienerth-Schmerling
969:electoral districts
949:Alexandru Hurmuzaki
882:Yiddishist identity
854:East-Central Europe
727:' Alliance", as in
721:Freisinnige Verband
678:Freisinnige Verband
664:Austrian patriotism
342:Jewish assimilation
259:Austrian Parliament
16:Romanian politician
3114:Austrian Hebraists
2671:Marcel Cornis-Pope
2527:Hausleitner, p.296
2419:Mihai, p.86-87, 88
2358:Hausleitner, p.188
2133:Rozenblit, p.51-52
1665:Stambrook, p.12-13
1346:Ion Zelea Codreanu
1315:Ion I. C. Brătianu
1295:Jewish day schools
1217:Alexandru Averescu
1034:Brusilov Offensive
944:
805:Die Flondor Affair
791:Bukowinaer Journal
786:Bukowinaer Journal
734:Freisinnige Partei
656:Reichsabgeordneter
606:Kingdom of Romania
566:
531:Josef Samuel Bloch
261:'s upper chamber (
212:Lawyer, journalist
47:Reichsabgeordneter
3124:Romanian Zionists
3119:Austrian Zionists
2936:Michael Berkowitz
2905:978-0-7391-4069-7
2887:978-606-92744-5-3
2879:Editura Kriterion
2864:978-973-739-261-9
2833:Ezra Mendelsohn,
2767:Codrul Cosminului
2761:Daniel Hrenciuc,
2720:Codrul Cosminului
2651:978-3-7001-6963-5
2622:978-2-296-10884-4
2563:Editura Academiei
2337:Mendelsohn, p.195
2097:Hausleitner, p.76
1988:Hausleitner, p.78
1961:Mendelsohn, p.191
1845:Gafița, p.161-165
1812:Codrul Cosminului
1782:Hausleitner, p.75
1582:McCagg, p.173-174
1384:Romanian Bundistn
1311:educational field
1299:Romanian-language
1205:Wilhelm Filderman
809:Gheorghe Popovici
625:, setting up the
543:Anti-antisemitism
520:Jewish autonomism
472:Habsburg monarchy
449:Romanian Orthodox
411:Duchy of Bukovina
371:Vienna University
302:Jewish autonomism
269:, maintained his
220:
219:
136:Duchy of Bukovina
3176:
2956:Fred Stambrook,
2944:Brill Publishers
2930:Joshua Shanes, "
2871:Lucian Nastasă,
2870:
2849:
2805:, Ithaca, 2000.
2774:Sander L. Gilman
2760:
2708:
2624:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2573:
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2549:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2501:
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2489:
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2465:
2462:
2456:
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2447:
2444:
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2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2378:
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2368:
2365:
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2356:
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2347:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2326:
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2317:
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2308:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2232:, p.211-212, 219
2227:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2190:Rozenblit, p.124
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2169:Rozenblit, p.121
2167:
2161:
2160:Rozenblit, p.112
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2124:Weitzmann, p.145
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2010:; Stourzh, p.194
2004:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1800:
1796:
1783:
1780:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1734:Goldsmith, p.108
1732:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
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1601:
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1580:
1574:
1571:
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1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1478:Shanes, p.172sqq
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1289:Final activities
1283:Henric Streitman
1233:Friedrich Billig
1142:Romanian Kingdom
1118:Abgeordnetenhaus
1068:Abgeordnetenhaus
850:Ze'ev Jabotinsky
770:(PPNR) of boyar
743:electoral reform
702:
686:Diet of Bukovina
668:Habsburg Emperor
516:Central European
460:Abgeordnetenhaus
419:Yulian Romanchuk
298:Bukovina Germans
271:Abgeordnetenhaus
263:Abgeordnetenhaus
239:Austro-Hungarian
171:Austro-Hungarian
148:
145:November 5, 1940
131:
129:
117:Personal details
106:
87:
58:
33:
19:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3009:
3008:
2897:Lexington Books
2868:
2847:
2795:Irina Livezeanu
2758:
2706:
2632:
2627:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2556:
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2535:
2531:
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2522:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:Hrenciuc, p.165
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:Livezeanu, p.70
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2400:
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2341:
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2332:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:Mihai, p.85, 86
2291:
2287:
2283:Hrenciuc, p.162
2282:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
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2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
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2076:Stambrook, p.13
2075:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:Olson, p.34, 42
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1997:Olson, p.29, 42
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1801:Ștefan Purici,
1798:
1797:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1644:Stambrook, p.11
1643:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1609:Stambrook, p.10
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1419:
1415:
1342:Peasants' Party
1303:Romanianization
1291:
1248:Treaty of Paris
1182:Greater Romania
1178:
1088:Robert Stricker
1084:Hermann Kadisch
1024:
936:
909:Nathan Birnbaum
838:
829:Landeshauptmann
700:
682:
619:Bukovina German
545:
533:(editor of the
527:Vilmos Vázsonyi
524:Transleithanian
439:ethnic Romanian
359:
354:
346:Romanianization
322:Greater Romania
200:
195:
188:Political party
179:
176:German Austrian
174:
150:
146:
133:
132:August 11, 1854
127:
125:
107:
102:
88:
83:
59:
54:
36:
24:
23:Benno Straucher
17:
12:
11:
5:
3182:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2988:
2970:Gerald Stourzh
2967:
2954:
2928:
2907:
2889:
2866:
2845:
2831:
2813:
2792:
2770:
2756:
2742:
2724:
2704:
2689:
2679:John Benjamins
2667:
2653:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2601:
2599:Mihai, p.94-95
2592:
2590:Nastasă, p.395
2583:
2574:
2550:
2540:, 1920, p.75;
2529:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2473:Mihai, p.88-90
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2222:
2213:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2087:
2085:Stourzh, p.186
2078:
2069:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1826:
1817:
1784:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1724:
1715:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1646:
1632:
1623:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1518:
1509:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1290:
1287:
1213:People's Party
1207:'s nationwide
1177:
1174:
1154:Iacob Pistiner
1123:German Austria
1028:Central Powers
1023:
1020:
1011:Kultusgemeinde
935:
932:
902:Hebrew revival
890:Russian Empire
837:
834:
752:class conflict
694:Kultusgemeinde
681:
675:
671:Franz Joseph I
635:Michael Kipper
602:Russian Empire
594:Hilsner Affair
578:ethnic Germans
571:Land of Israel
544:
541:
476:Heinrich Gabel
358:
355:
353:
350:
330:People's Party
318:German Austria
227:Beno Straucher
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
189:
185:
184:
168:
164:
163:
149:(aged 86)
143:
139:
138:
123:
119:
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
80:
79:
75:Member of the
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3181:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Bukovina Jews
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3005:
3004:0-7102-0899-5
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2986:0-226-77636-0
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2952:90-04-13184-1
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:0-19-517630-8
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2869:(in Romanian)
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:(in Romanian)
2846:
2844:
2843:0-253-20418-6
2840:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:0-253-20649-9
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:0-8014-8688-2
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:0-252-06792-4
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2759:(in Romanian)
2757:
2755:
2754:3-486-56585-0
2751:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:0-8232-1695-0
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2709:Vlad Gafița,
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:90-272-3453-1
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:Witt Raczka,
2605:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2571:973-27-0980-4
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2379:Alina Cozma,
2373:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1970:McCagg, p.186
1967:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:(in Romanian)
1923:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1881:Gafița, p.166
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1799:(in Romanian)
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1713:McCagg, p.174
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1591:McCagg, p.193
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1528:Shanes, p.174
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:(in Romanian)
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1433:Adunka, p.372
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:1932 election
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:Die Volkswehr
1377:
1373:
1372:1928 election
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:baccalaureate
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:1922 election
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:1920 election
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Romanian Army
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:emerged as a
1124:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Eastern Front
1036:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1016:Arthur Mahler
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Die Volkswehr
995:
993:
989:
984:
983:1911 election
979:
978:
972:
970:
966:
960:
958:
955:, Bukovina's
954:
950:
940:
933:
931:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:modernization
870:
869:and strikes.
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
833:
831:
830:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
801:
796:
792:
788:
787:
781:
775:
773:
772:Iancu Flondor
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
699:
695:
691:
687:
679:
674:
672:
669:
665:
659:
657:
653:
649:
648:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
614:acculturation
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:Josef Fechner
579:
574:
572:
564:
563:
558:
554:
549:
542:
540:
538:
537:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
512:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
489:
485:
481:
480:Arthur Mahler
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
356:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
283:Bukovina Jews
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
193:
190:
186:
182:
177:
172:
169:
165:
162:
161:Ukrainian SSR
158:
154:
144:
140:
137:
124:
120:
115:
111:
105:
100:
96:
92:
86:
81:
78:
73:
70:
67:
63:
57:
52:
49:
48:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2991:
2973:
2958:
2939:
2931:
2913:
2892:
2873:
2855:
2834:
2816:
2798:
2777:
2766:
2745:
2727:
2719:
2692:
2674:
2655:
2636:
2609:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2558:
2553:
2537:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2384:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2181:, p.251, 252
2178:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2081:
2072:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1933:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1718:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1626:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1512:
1495:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1399:World War II
1392:
1379:
1369:
1361:German Party
1357:Magyar Party
1350:
1331:
1322:
1292:
1272:
1237:
1198:
1179:
1158:
1139:
1117:
1115:
1104:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1047:Russian Jews
1043:emancipation
1031:
1025:
1010:
998:
996:
975:
973:
961:
945:
925:
906:
871:
857:
839:
827:
813:
804:
798:
790:
784:
779:
776:
760:conservative
755:
738:
732:
725:Freethinkers
720:
709:Aurel Onciul
706:
697:
693:
690:savings bank
683:
677:
660:
655:
651:
645:
639:
631:Arthur Skedl
610:
586:antisemitism
575:
567:
560:
534:
513:
497:
464:Cisleithania
459:
453:
442:
408:
392:
388:
382:
360:
295:
270:
262:
226:
222:
221:
156:
152:
151:Chernivtsi (
147:(1940-11-05)
103:
94:Constituency
84:
65:Constituency
55:
46:
3024:1940 deaths
3019:1854 births
2707:(in French)
2697:online copy
2660:online copy
2641:, Vol. 13,
2614:L'Harmattan
2542:online copy
2500:Mihai, p.90
2377:(in French)
2349:Mihai, p.85
2301:Mihai, p.81
2271:, p.212-213
1917:Olson, p.42
1722:Olson, p.34
1327:day schools
1279:Karl Klüger
1194:Jakob Hecht
1101:Czech lands
965:World War I
915:during the
866:Art Nouveau
842:Max Diamant
642:Mayer Ebner
590:blood libel
506:, favoring
484:Adolf Stand
404:proletariat
393:Gemeinderat
373:, took his
314:World War I
308:. He was a
291:Mayer Ebner
204:(1906–1918)
192:Independent
183:(from 1920)
178:(1918–1919)
167:Nationality
3013:Categories
2677:, Vol. 2,
2630:References
1376:Horia Carp
1338:A. C. Cuza
1166:Ion Nistor
1127:rump state
1106:Selbstwehr
1060:shtadlanim
1007:Poale Zion
864:, a major
795:Max Reiner
764:devolution
508:secularism
427:Ukrainians
423:Ruthenians
348:measures.
306:Yiddishism
255:Czernowitz
209:Profession
153:Czernowitz
128:1854-08-11
69:Czernowitz
2713:, in the
1805:, in the
1353:1927 vote
1307:Bucharest
1275:1926 race
1242:: in the
1092:Charles I
1074:with the
1003:socialist
711:, of the
468:next race
375:doctorate
352:Biography
173:(to 1918)
134:Rohozna,
104:In office
85:In office
60:1897–1919
56:In office
2658:, 1920,
1833:Gafița,
1323:Cernăuți
957:Governor
928:Bundistn
913:caucuses
604:and the
488:American
451:clergy.
401:Orthodox
397:populist
389:Stadtrat
363:Sadagóra
332:and the
310:Habsburg
235:Bukovina
181:Romanian
157:Cernăuți
2966:, 2003.
2938:(ed.),
2699:at the
2662:at the
2544:at the
2211:, p.210
1934:Răvașul
1497:Familia
1370:In the
1260:fascist
1225:Chamber
1162:Bohemia
1055:Kehilla
886:Folkist
878:Yiddish
858:Kehilla
793:editor
756:Verband
739:Verband
729:Germany
698:Kehilla
598:pogroms
431:Galicia
384:Kehilla
367:Ukraine
251:Zionism
243:Romania
231:Yiddish
3002:
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2008:passim
1835:passim
1359:, the
1229:Senate
1009:. The
977:curiae
898:jargon
894:German
800:Kronen
747:boyars
647:Aliyah
493:Vienna
237:-born
199:(1904)
2765:, in
2386:Times
1932:, in
1494:, in
1413:Notes
1103:(the
1080:Poles
860:-run
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696:(the
433:(the
429:) in
377:from
223:Benno
3000:ISBN
2982:ISBN
2948:ISBN
2922:ISBN
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2860:ISBN
2839:ISBN
2825:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2683:ISBN
2647:ISBN
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2567:ISBN
1268:Iași
1266:and
1264:Cluj
1227:and
1086:and
1032:see
741:was
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