265:. There he introduced the Bender-Gestalt Test to classes of inducted and commissioned psychologists who in prior years had experience in educational clinics, schools, and mental institutions. In 1945 he published and distributed a mimeographed "Tentative Guide for the Administration and Interpretation of the Bender-Gestalt Test" which had, in the previous three years, been widely adopted and utilized in the U.S. military. The clinicians trained by Hutt and now discharged and continuing the practice and teaching of Clinical Psychology in civilian life made the Bender-Gestalt one of the most widely utilized psychological tests.
301:), developed a scoring system in the 1960s devoted to assessing the maturation of visual-motor skills in children, remaining true to Bender's aim for the test, and popularized its use in the schools. For decades, the Koppitz version, known as the Bender-Gestalt Test for Young Children, was one of the most frequently used scoring systems for the Bender-Gestalt in the United States. After Koppitz's death in the early 1980s, the use of the method held its popularity until the mid-1990s, when it was withdrawn from the market as a result of publishing company consolidations.
297:
figures versus 9 in the original. The new or revised scoring system for the Bender-II was developed based on empirical investigation of numerous scoring systems. The Global
Scoring System was, tangentially related to Bender's original scoring method and a revision of a system devised by Branigan in the 1980s was selected based on reliability and validity studies, as well as its ease of use and construct clarity. Elizabeth Koppitz, a clinical child psychologist and school psychologist (who worked most of her career in
175:) is a psychological test used by mental health practitioners that assesses visual-motor functioning, developmental disorders, and neurological impairments in children ages 3 and older and adults. The test consists of nine index cards picturing different geometric designs. The cards are presented individually and test subjects are asked to copy the design before the next card is shown. Test results are scored based on the accuracy and organization of the reproductions.
36:
239:
of artistic ability, but trying to copy the designs as well as you can" would confront the subject with an ambiguous problem to solve. With no further instructions and the response of "do it in any way you think is best" to any questions, the subject was forced to interpret the task and proceed in a manner that was consistent with the individual's accustomed personality style.
305:
retained Cecil
Reynolds to revise the Koppitz version. It was released under Reynolds' authorship in 2007 by Pro-Ed as the Koppitz-2: The Koppitz Developmental Scoring System for the Bender-Gestalt Test. A portion of the proceeds of all sales of the Koppitz-2 goes to the American Psychological Foundation to support the Koppitz scholarships in child clinical psychology.
238:
Reasoning that providing a test subject with several sheets of blank paper, a pencil, and explaining that "you are going to be shown some cards, one at a time, with a simple design on each of them and you are to copy them as well as you can. Do it any way you think is best for you. This is not a test
287:
The test has been used as a screening device for brain damage. Bender herself said it was "a method of evaluating maturation of gestalt functioning children 4-11's brain functioning by which it responds to a given constellation of stimuli as a whole, the response being a motor process of patterning
257:
and assigned as a consultant in
Psychology to the Surgeon General's Office in Washington. The Army was experiencing a need to quickly train and deploy both Psychiatrists and Psychologists to meet the vastly increased need for professionals to diagnose and treat the emotional problems that develop in
372:
Moreover, this rather unique test has been adapted for multidimensional purposes, such as a neuropsychological screening indicator and as a projective technique. It is for these latter functions that the B-G has garnered much criticism in the clinical literature. The past 2 decades have witnessed a
234:
The impetus for the clinical use of the Bender
Gestalt came in the late 1930s when Max L. Hutt, an Instructor at the Educational Clinic of City College of New York became interested in developing a nonverbal projective personality test. The advantages of such an instrument would eliminate problems
202:
The first version of the Bender-Gestalt test was developed in 1938 by child neuropsychiatrist
Lauretta Bender. The original test consists of nine index cards with different figures on each card. The subject is shown each figure and asked to copy it onto a piece of blank paper. The test typically
225:
Additional versions were developed by later practitioners, although adaptations designed as projective tests have been heavily criticized in the clinical literature due to their lack of psychometric validity. All versions follow the same general format but differ in how results are evaluated and
193:
In a Delphi poll, using the Bender-Gestalt test for assessing neuropsychological impairment or even personality assessment has been rated by many mental health professionals as one of the top five most discredited psychological tests. It is criticized because of inappropriate administration and
304:
Steve
Mathews and Cecil Reynolds (a friend of Koppitz for some years near the end of her life) were eventually able to locate the publishing rights to the Koppitz version of the Bender-Gestalt, and these rights were subsequently acquired by Pro-Ed Publishing Company of Austin Texas, which then
296:
Originally published by the
American Orthopsychiatric Association, it was purchased in the 1990s by Riverside Publishing Company and released with a revised qualitative scoring system as the Bender-II under the direction of Dr. Gary Brannigan and Dr. Scott L. Decker. The Bender-II contains 16
409:
Five tests rated by at least 25% of the experts in terms of being discredited for a specific purpose received mean scores of 4.0 or higher: LuËťscher Color Test, Szondi Test, handwriting analysis (graphology), Bender Visual Motor
Gestalt Test (for assessment of neuropsychological impairment),
221:
used by mental health practitioners, particularly school psychologists, from the 1960s until the early 1990s when participation in the required training began to decline. It measures perceptual motor skills, and perceptual motor development, and gives an indication of neurological deficits.
276:
Their discussions and exchange of clinical findings led to the decision to bring their joint extensive experience with the Bender
Gestalt in one definitive volume and that led to the publication of "The Clinical use of the Revised Bender-Gestalt Test, N.Y. Grune and Stratton, 1960.
508:
Mosotho, Nathaniel
Lehlohonolo; Timile, Ino; Joubert, Gina (2016), "The use of computed tomography scans and the bender gestalt test in the assessment of competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility in the field of mental health and law",
272:
and who had made considerable use of the Bender-Gestalt during his military service. Briskin had acquired extensive experience with that test in treating and diagnosing brain damage and stress-related psychological and psychiatric disorders.
575:
stands for Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, a tool for classifying personality types. The MBTI is classified into 16 personality types, each of which is determined based on four dimensions: polarity, sensation, thinking, and judgment. 1. The
1133:
468:
The Bender Visual-motor Gestalt test has been an integral part of the standard test battery for the past 50 years. However, the test has been extensively critiqued on issues of inappropriate administration, scoring schemes, and clinical
245:
However, nothing regarding this preliminary work was published and it remained out of the mainstream of educational psychology, which at that time was virtually limited to intelligence, ability, and vocational interest testing.
235:
with language as well as prevent the test subjects from consciously screening their responses and the reproduction of the nine Bender Test Figures by test subjects could be accomplished in as little as ten minutes.
1126:
690:
308:
It is important to note that when the test-taker has a mental age less than 9, brain damage, a nonverbal learning disability, or an emotional problem, an error can occur in the results of the test.
1119:
535:
Although there have been some marked adjustments and changes in the administration and interpretation of BGT, plus some concerns regarding its validity in terms of neuropsychological assessment...
1029:
1181:
993:
958:
998:
647:
203:
takes 7–10 minutes, after which the results are scored based on accuracy and organization. It can be administered to both children and adults ages three and older.
1317:
680:
1067:
1233:
1327:
906:
675:
726:
481:
1171:
1024:
242:
Hutt subsequently developed a series of "test factors" with suggestions as to the personality characteristics with which they might be associated.
1186:
1176:
145:
1062:
721:
864:
849:
53:
731:
640:
332:
978:
1312:
1072:
787:
1389:
1243:
1166:
1019:
373:
steady stream of condescending commentary directed largely on the lack of psychometric credibility of individual projective methods.
119:
268:
In 1959, Hutt met with a former student and recent Army Officer and Psychologist, Dr. Gerald J. Briskin, who had served during the
100:
1088:
72:
1206:
1039:
808:
1358:
1034:
818:
746:
633:
57:
79:
1322:
1211:
1057:
685:
1353:
777:
767:
580:
test helps you identify your personality type, and based on it, identify your strengths and weaknesses, and develop it
261:
Hutt's first assignment was to train Psychologists as clinicians and he established classes at Brooke Army Hospital in
1196:
1191:
1014:
926:
869:
706:
86:
1274:
1261:
1102:
885:
859:
803:
741:
280:
Subsequently, Elizabeth M. Koppitz adopted several of the Hutt and Briskin scoring factors in her subsequent work,
1343:
1290:
911:
68:
1379:
963:
942:
813:
152:
1304:
973:
968:
656:
46:
190:
validity. All versions follow the same general format but differ in how results are evaluated and scored.
1384:
1348:
1158:
1150:
1049:
988:
833:
772:
362:
Piotrowski, Chris (2016), "Bender-Gestalt Test Usage Worldwide: A Review of 30 Practice-based Studies",
1111:
1285:
916:
890:
711:
182:. Additional versions were developed by other later practitioners, although adaptations designed as
1238:
983:
854:
736:
459:
262:
218:
211:
93:
1201:
921:
526:
451:
443:
140:
1221:
823:
518:
435:
394:
298:
1253:
716:
183:
179:
1270:
214:
1373:
1266:
1142:
463:
782:
250:
187:
158:
1280:
1146:
1096:
439:
206:
Bender first described her Visual-Motor Gestalt Test in a 1938 monograph titled
35:
619:
Koppitz-2: The Koppitz Developmental Scoring System for the Bender-Gestalt Test
522:
178:
The Bender-Gestalt test was originally developed in 1938 by child psychiatrist
828:
269:
17:
447:
186:
have been heavily criticized in the clinical literature due to their lack of
670:
254:
625:
530:
423:
455:
612:(Seventh ed.), Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 299
386:
590:
Bender, L. (1938), "A visual-motor Gestalt test and its clinical use",
398:
424:"A review of the clinical and research use of the Bender-Gestalt Test"
1082:
691:
Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
385:
Norcross, John C.; Koocher, Gerald P.; Garofalo, Ariele (2006).
1115:
629:
29:
592:
American Orthopsychiatric Association Monograph Series No. 3
387:"Discredited Psychological Treatments and Tests Delphi Poll"
610:
Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues
577:
572:
562:
Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues
194:
issues with scoring schemes and clinical interpretation.
364:
SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health
1030:
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
1336:
1303:
1252:
1220:
1157:
1095:
1081:
1048:
1007:
951:
935:
899:
878:
842:
796:
755:
699:
663:
603:(Second ed.), Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing
151:
139:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
994:Pediatric Attention Disorders Diagnostic Screener
959:British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory
999:Rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire
550:. New York: Grune and Stratton. ASIN B009NOJJ5G.
210:. The figures were derived from the work of the
208:A Visual Motor Gestalt Test and Its Clinical Use
1328:Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)
608:Kaplan, Robert M.; Saccuzzo, Dennis P. (2009),
560:Kaplan, Robert M.; Saccuzzo, Dennis P. (2009),
1182:Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities
1127:
641:
8:
1068:General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition
357:
355:
353:
1234:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
594:, NY: American Orthopsychiatric Association
511:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
1226:
1134:
1120:
1112:
676:Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
648:
634:
626:
548:The Bender-Gestalt Test for Young Children
282:The Bender-Gestalt Test for Young Children
217:. It ranked in the top five most popular
1318:Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
681:Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
503:
501:
249:However, with the United States entering
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1172:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
1025:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
482:"Bender-gestalt Test | Encyclopedia.com"
1187:Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
317:
907:Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System
722:Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test
599:Brannigan, G.G.; Decker, S.L. (2003),
327:
325:
323:
321:
253:in 1941, Hutt was commissioned in the
131:
865:Controlled Oral Word Association Test
850:Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
727:Morningness–eveningness questionnaire
410:eneagrams, and Lowenfeld Mosaic Test.
258:the stress of wartime military duty.
7:
1313:Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1063:Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination
732:Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
1177:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
979:Florida Cognitive Activities Scale
25:
1244:Revised NEO Personality Inventory
1167:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
1020:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
1089:Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale
601:Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
169:Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
34:
809:California Verbal Learning Test
45:needs additional citations for
1359:Vineland Social Maturity Scale
1035:Wechsler Test of Adult Reading
819:Digit symbol substitution test
747:Test of Variables of Attention
546:Koppitz, Elizabeth M. (1964).
1:
1323:Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure
1212:Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
1073:Mini–mental state examination
1058:Abbreviated mental test score
788:Rey–Osterrieth complex figure
686:Montreal Cognitive Assessment
337:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine
1354:Benton Visual Retention Test
1207:Raven's Progressive Matrices
1040:Raven's Progressive Matrices
778:Judgment of Line Orientation
768:Benton Visual Retention Test
1197:Differential Ability Scales
1192:Cognitive Assessment System
1015:National Adult Reading Test
927:Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
870:Thurstone Word Fluency Test
707:Continuous performance task
440:10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1272
428:Perceptual and Motor Skills
1406:
1262:Thematic apperception test
1103:Test of Memory Malingering
886:Compensatory tracking task
860:Comprehensive aphasia test
804:1-2-AX working memory task
742:Test of everyday attention
523:10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.05.009
1344:Mental status examination
1291:Sentence completion tests
1229:
912:Hayling and Brixton tests
621:, Austin, TX: Pro-Ed Inc.
1390:Neuropsychological tests
964:Clinical Dementia Rating
943:Epworth Sleepiness Scale
814:Corsi block-tapping test
657:Neuropsychological tests
288:the perceived gestalt."
1305:Neuropsychological test
974:Disability Rating Scale
969:Digit Cancellation Test
617:Reynolds, C.R. (2007),
422:Piotrowski, C. (1995).
1349:Wechsler Memory Scale
1275:Holtzman inkblot test
989:Glasgow Outcome Scale
834:Wechsler Memory Scale
773:Dot cancellation test
434:(3 Pt 2): 1272–1274.
333:"Bender-Gestalt Test"
69:"Bender-Gestalt Test"
1286:Animal Metaphor Test
952:Specific impairments
917:Tower of London test
891:Purdue Pegboard Test
756:Sensation/Perception
712:D2 Test of Attention
486:www.encyclopedia.com
212:Gestalt psychologist
54:improve this article
763:Bender-Gestalt Test
219:psychological tests
173:Bender-Gestalt test
135:Bender-Gestalt Test
1239:16PF Questionnaire
1159:Intelligence tests
984:Glasgow Coma Scale
855:Boston Naming Test
737:Posner cueing task
399:10.1037/t24920-000
263:San Antonio, Texas
27:Psychological test
1367:
1366:
1299:
1298:
1222:Personality tests
1202:Ammons Quick Test
1109:
1108:
922:Trail Making Test
700:Arousal/Attention
391:PsycTESTS Dataset
165:
164:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1397:
1254:Projective tests
1227:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1113:
824:Doors and People
650:
643:
636:
627:
622:
613:
604:
595:
565:
564:
557:
551:
544:
538:
537:
505:
496:
495:
493:
492:
478:
472:
471:
419:
413:
412:
406:
405:
382:
376:
375:
359:
348:
347:
346:
344:
329:
184:projective tests
171:(abbreviated as
161:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1380:Cognitive tests
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1332:
1295:
1248:
1216:
1153:
1149:evaluation and
1140:
1110:
1105:
1091:
1077:
1044:
1003:
947:
931:
900:Problem-solving
895:
874:
838:
792:
751:
717:Four boxes test
695:
659:
654:
616:
607:
598:
589:
586:
584:Further reading
581:
569:
568:
559:
558:
554:
545:
541:
507:
506:
499:
490:
488:
480:
479:
475:
469:interpretation.
421:
420:
416:
403:
401:
384:
383:
379:
361:
360:
351:
342:
340:
331:
330:
319:
314:
294:
232:
200:
180:Lauretta Bender
157:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1271:Rorschach test
1264:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
955:
953:
949:
948:
946:
945:
939:
937:
933:
932:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
903:
901:
897:
896:
894:
893:
888:
882:
880:
876:
875:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
846:
844:
840:
839:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
800:
798:
794:
793:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
759:
757:
753:
752:
750:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
703:
701:
697:
696:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
667:
665:
661:
660:
655:
653:
652:
645:
638:
630:
624:
623:
614:
605:
596:
585:
582:
570:
567:
566:
552:
539:
497:
473:
414:
377:
349:
339:(3rd ed.)
316:
315:
313:
310:
293:
290:
231:
228:
215:Max Wertheimer
199:
196:
163:
162:
155:
149:
148:
143:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Bender-Gestalt
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1402:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:Ink blot test
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:Psychological
1137:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
954:
950:
944:
941:
940:
938:
934:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
898:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
881:
877:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
845:
841:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
799:
795:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
758:
754:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
702:
698:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
666:
662:
658:
651:
646:
644:
639:
637:
632:
631:
628:
620:
615:
611:
606:
602:
597:
593:
588:
587:
583:
579:
574:
563:
556:
553:
549:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
504:
502:
498:
487:
483:
477:
474:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
418:
415:
411:
400:
396:
392:
388:
381:
378:
374:
369:
365:
358:
356:
354:
350:
338:
334:
328:
326:
324:
322:
318:
311:
309:
306:
302:
300:
291:
289:
285:
283:
278:
274:
271:
266:
264:
259:
256:
252:
247:
243:
240:
236:
229:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:
209:
204:
197:
195:
191:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
160:
156:
154:
150:
147:
144:
142:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1385:Memory tests
1008:Intelligence
783:Navon figure
762:
618:
609:
600:
591:
561:
555:
547:
542:
534:
514:
510:
489:. Retrieved
485:
476:
467:
431:
427:
417:
408:
402:. Retrieved
390:
380:
371:
370:(2): 73–81,
367:
363:
341:, retrieved
336:
307:
303:
295:
286:
281:
279:
275:
267:
260:
251:World War II
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
224:
207:
205:
201:
192:
188:psychometric
177:
172:
168:
166:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1337:Other tests
1281:Szondi test
1147:psychiatric
1097:Malingering
343:October 26,
1374:Categories
829:MCI Screen
491:2023-03-23
404:2021-02-06
312:References
270:Korean War
198:Background
110:March 2008
80:newspapers
671:Cognistat
517:: 68–75,
448:0031-5125
292:Bender-II
255:U.S. Army
1050:Bed-side
843:Language
531:27289503
464:32755202
299:New York
226:scored.
141:ICD-9-CM
1151:testing
664:Battery
456:8684924
230:History
159:D001538
94:scholar
1083:Social
797:Memory
529:
462:
454:
446:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
936:Sleep
879:Motor
460:S2CID
146:94.02
101:JSTOR
87:books
1145:and
578:MBTI
573:MBTI
527:PMID
452:PMID
444:ISSN
345:2016
167:The
153:MeSH
73:news
571:9.
519:doi
436:doi
395:doi
56:by
1376::
1273:,
533:,
525:,
515:50
513:,
500:^
484:.
466:.
458:.
450:.
442:.
432:81
430:.
426:.
407:.
393:.
389:.
368:23
366:,
352:^
335:,
320:^
284:.
1277:)
1269:(
1135:e
1128:t
1121:v
649:e
642:t
635:v
521::
494:.
438::
397::
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
