38:
617:
45:
689:
334:
596:(that is, there was only enough gold to provide for a miner's subsistence). However, by 1864 with the advent of sluicing companys' water races, up to 150 miners had pegged out claims along the creek with some yielding 5–15 t oz (155–467 g) a week. Most of the alluvial mining on the Bendigo goldfield took place in Bendigo Creek itself, Aurora Creek (and a tributary of the latter, Swipers Creek), and the upper Rise and Shine Creek. The latter was worked by a group of
390:), but it would not be until 1869 that the Provincial Government was forced to survey and lay out an official town. The town was set out in a simple grid pattern similar to the successful Cromwell Company's Solway Battery. The two primary streets were York and Oxford, the junction of which still remains today with the remainder of the town now being largely covered in vineyards.
991:
mineralised microshears (1-100 μm thick) occur with associated gold. The historical workings (upper Rise and Shine alluvial workings, Jubilee/Eureka, and Come in Time) exploited cross-cutting mineralised quartz veins which are not the target of the modern exploration effort. Instead, the target is the mineralised shear zone, similar to the Hyde-Macraes shear zone which hosts
708:. Poor returns and industrial problems saw the mine close in 1884. A new company drove a 178 m (584 ft)-deep shaft (No.2 Shaft) into a different part of the reef and the battery was reopened in 1886. It closed again because of poor returns in about 1900. Ten stamps were sold and shifted to form the Come in Time Battery, where they remain intact to this day.
930:. Issues were to plague the short-lived operational life of the project, with the dredge being decommissioned a little over a year later with few gold finds. The Mines Department found that the test bores for the initial claim had been miscalculated, and that the ground had been mined several times already. The dredge itself also suffered from a faulty
1928:
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June 1888 that
William Lidston discovered a reef which resulted in serious investment. Lidston formed the Jubilee Syndicate which started with a 2-head battery and a shaft dug 40 ft (12 m) deep before yields dropped to 0.5 t oz (15.5 g) per ton. The Jubilee Syndicate briefly prospected at the head of Thomson Gorge (the Jubilee workings on
739:, but within six months they abandoned the underground workings, and it was decided to sluice the gravels of the neighbouring terrace for gold. In 1872 only two men were tributing at the mine. In September 1874, the company was voluntarily wound up, with the battery being purchased by the Cromwell Company and moved to its main shaft.
954:
The last resident miner at
Bendigo was a World War II veteran, Wattie Thompson, who lived in a hut on the bank of Bendigo Creek near the old town. For three years he laboured single-handed at stacking a huge pile of boulders along the bank of the creek with the aim of getting down to the pay dirt at
564:
Although the first gold to be discovered in
Bendigo was alluvial in origin, the greatest rewards would come from the quartz reefs in the nearby hills. Of all the mining claims and leases that were taken up at Bendigo, only that of the Cromwell Quartz Mining Company (Cromwell Company) was profitable.
703:
In
December 1878, the Solway Battery was moved up the hill to the main shaft of the mine so that the ore could be processed on location. The defunct Aurora Battery in Aurora Creek was purchased to add to a new 20-stamper battery which was christened "Matilda" after George Goodger's daughter. It was
544:
Welshtown was the scene of a bitter dispute between the
Cromwell Company and its employees, the latter of whom went on strike for better pay in 1881. It is the only instance of such action in any industrial conflict in New Zealand's history in which each miner whose house, hut, or cottage was built
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following quartz reef discoveries there. A community hall was erected in 1874 which doubled as a church and, briefly, as a school. In 1878, the school was moved halfway down the hill toward
Bendigo. The site of this building is marked by a remaining concrete chimney. The school was shifted again in
945:
later took possession of the dredge's 30 m (98 ft)-long dredge (bucket) ladder and used it as a footbridge to access an island in the Clutha River. Following the filling of Lake
Dunstan in 1993, the dredge ladder became redundant and was moved to its current resting place overlooking its
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Additional attempts to reinstate the Alta mine were made in 1897, 1902, 1912, and 1919, all with poor results. The attempt in 1902 saw the defunct five-stamper
Jubilee Battery moved next to the claim (where it presently resides) and powered by a diesel engine. Patchy successes resulted in the mine
646:
A more recent revision of events, based on a more balanced review of the available literature, suggests that Logan did not swindle the businessmen. Instead, it is quite possible that the inexperience of the mining company was the reason for the
Dunedin syndicate's demise. In any event, the Bendigo
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newspaper reported that
Logantown consisted of four stores, three hotels, two butchers, a bakery, and a drapery. There was also a blacksmith (two, a year later), a saloon, a restaurant, and (by April 1871) seven hotels. This was in addition to miners' tents and Thomas Logan's own residence. At its
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that worked the gully. They initially sank a shaft 30 ft (9.1 m), but this was deepened to 80 ft (24 m) by the Eureka Company in 1875. A party of Chinese miners, Hop Fong Li & Company, were apparently working the Rise and Shine Reefs in the late 1870s, but it was not until
804:
who had come to Bendigo to prospect. Rumours immediately suggested the reef was fantastically rich, yielding as much as 100 t oz (3.1 kg) to the ton, though the reality was that the first crushings from Colclough's Reef at the Aurora battery were between 2.5 and 3 t oz (78 and 93 g) per ton.
731:
The company had set up as a water race venture, constructing a race from Devils Creek (south of Bendigo) to the Bendigo Goldfield. The race commenced operations April 1867, and was providing water for miners to hydro-sluice the alluvial gravels at the goldfield. The company was made up of Barnes,
641:
businessmen that the Bendigo Quartz Mining Company was formed in order to mine Logan's finds. The generally held belief at this point is that Logan felt the businessmen were treating him unfairly, and he subsequently led them to poor ground causing them to eventually withdrawal from the project.
632:
he came to Otago and worked as an alluvial miner. In 1863, Logan began to prospect the lower slopes of Bendigo Hill, searching for quartz reefs from which the alluvial gold had been liberated. Logan located several lines of gold-bearing reefs, including the rich Cromwell (or Logan's) Reef. Unlike
607:
The early rush for alluvial mining at Bendigo was short-lived, from 1862 to 1866. It was Logan's discovery of the gold-rich Cromwell Reef that made Bendigo famous. Despite the impending shift toward quartz reef mining, of the 52 claims being worked by mid-1870 only 18 were quartz claims, the rest
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that made Bendigo famous. This discovery, in 1863, eventually resulted in most Bendigo businesses moving up the hill to be closer to the reefs being mined. By December 1869, a thriving town had built up on an area of flat ground midway between Logan's and Colclough's reefs; this became known as
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which made crushing difficult. This eventually forced the mine to close, and the plant was subsequently sold in January 1875 to the Eureka Company who moved the battery to the bottom of the gully (the site where the present Come in Time Battery now resides). Gold recovered from eight crushings
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of the Thomson Gorge Fault trending northwest–southeast, along which the Rise and Shine Creek is confined. In contrast to the east–west trending reefs at Bendigo, the Rise and Shine shear zone is up to 50 m (160 ft) thick and consists of hydrothermally-altered schist within which
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During the depression years in the early 1930s there was considerable activity at the Rise and Shine. Renewed interest with the Eureka shaft resulted in it being deepened a further 9 ft (2.7 m) by the Bendigo Rise and Shine Company. Running a cut along the face of the lode, gold
846:
In June 1908 a new Come in Time Mining Company was formed, and half of the 20-stamp Matilda Battery was moved from nearby Logantown to the site. Like the first, it was named the Come in Time Battery. The crushings were disappointing, and by February 1909 the mine was again abandoned.
241:
Mining continued until 1943, when the government mining subsidy was withdrawn. Renewed interest since then has triggered activity in the 1980s, early in the 21st century, and again in the 2020s. The Bendigo Goldfields region is located 17 kilometres (11 mi) to the northeast of
783:
which lowered the quartz ore to the old Come in Time battery. The final attempt to work the Alta Reef (as well as the Come in Time Reef) was made in 1919 using both the Come in Time battery and the aerial cableway. Results were not encouraging and the reef was finally abandoned.
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With the closure of the Shine Again mine in August 1942, the last quartz mining venture at Bendigo ended. Very little remains in the Rise and Shine area, although several shafts and adits remain in addition to a few prospect pits in the area worked by the alluvial sluicers.
404:
and the huts of men working at the battery. A second hotel, The Solway, was opened in 1870, followed by a bakery and butcher's shop in 1872. Bendigo's popularity was short-lived however; by late 1875, most of the businesses were abandoned in favour of nearby Logantown.
769:
and erected the 5-stamp Eureka Battery on the slope above the Rise and Shine Creek, with a race to drive the battery and a long tramway linking the workings. Problems were encountered in trying to recover the gold from the crushed rock, due to the presence of abundant
809:, and the Colclough Quartz Mining Company was formed. Mining began in earnest in December 1870 but results were poor. September 1871 returns were only 8 dwt (12 g) per ton. The mine persisted on meagre returns for another year before changing hands.
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the bottom, only to have it buried beneath a deep layer of stones in a flash flood. A loner and deeply religious man, he lived close to nature. In 1979 he purchased a ticket with his hard-won earnings for a flight over the Antarctic, only to perish in the
965:
The Rise and Shine reefs have seen a series of modern mineral exploration programs: 1971 (ACI Minerals), 1983 (Placer Pacific), 1985-1989 (BHP), 1989-1991 (Macraes Mining), 1996 (Aurum), 2003-2004 (HPD), 2004-2005 (Oceana JV) and 2005-2008 (Glass Earth).
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Gerrard and Company, who found a quartz lode reef. A 5-stamp battery was bought, with another five stamps added, which opened in February 1870. There were rich early crushings, but the quality subsided, and the battery was then used for public crushing.
1516:
Map illustrating mining relics from the Bendigo goldfields. Locations of miners huts are accurate unless stated otherwise. Mine shafts are generally only approximate as many shaft locations are sourced from Park (1908) and may not longer exist at the
545:
on the 16½ acres of the Cromwell Company lease (half of Bendigo's Welshtown) had their homes destroyed. Some of the remains of houses demolished by the Cromwell Company bear testament to this dark period of Bendigo's history, reminiscent of the Irish
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Remains of the Alta Reef include the stamper battery, several adits and shafts, and the tramway (though the rails are long-since removed) from the Alta mine to the aerial cableway winder unit on the Come in Time side of Rise and Shine Creek.
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The first crushing of 350 tons of ore yielded only 120 t oz (3.7 kg) of gold (10.6 g/ton) and the second was equally disappointing. By August 1881 operations ceased, and in 1882 the battery was sold and moved to the Carrick Range.
683:...undoubtedly the richest quartz reef in Otago. Some parts of it yielded as much as six ounces of gold to the ton, and as the stone was generally friable, great quantities of it could be extracted and put through the stamper daily.
879:), but this too had poor returns. Despite this, the Jubilee Syndicate bought and moved the 5-stamp Young Elephant battery from Thomson Gorge and continued to work their original claim. By June 1890 they had abandoned the mine.
839:. Kane went into business with William Cameron to mine the quartz reef, purchasing the abandoned Eureka Battery on the slope above and shifting it to its current location. It was renamed the Come in Time Gold Stamper Battery.
301:
goldminers on the lower reaches of Bendigo Creek (near Goodall's Hotel), Aurora Creek, and the upper Rise and Shine Creek. Logantown and Welshtown would eventually become part of the wider Bendigo site of alluvial mining when
234:. These miners brought with them a rich diversity of cultures from England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Sweden, China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. The area was named after the goldfield by the same name in
981:
Unlike the quartz reefs in Bendigo which typically exist as discrete mineralised veins of quartz ranging in width between 1 and 8 ft (0.30 and 2.44 m), the Rise and Shine reefs are located in a mineralised
540:
miners. Welshtown was essentially a cluster of miners' huts, stables, and gardens with the notable exception being William Pengelly's hotel across the gully of Swipers Creek (the western tributary of Aurora Creek).
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peak, Logantown and the wider area of Bendigo may have had a population of 400. The rapid growth of Logantown businesses far surpassed the population, and by September 1871 many businesses had started to move to
850:
From 1912 to 1920 different parties attempted to obtain better results from various ore sources in the vicinity. All met with meagre results, and the battery and workings were finally abandoned in the 1920s.
711:
In all, the Cromwell Reef was said to have produced gold to the value of £500,000 by 1887. All that remains of the Matilda Battery today are the stone and wooden footings and some corrugated iron scraps.
313:
Within the Bendigo Scenic Reserve there are several walks with a number of interpretative panels, ranging from short wanders to a 5-hour loop trail. Several stone building ruins, vertical shafts,
765:
Alta Reef lies south of the present Come in Time battery, onb the other side of a ridge. The Alta Company, formed to work the reef, purchased a battery from the Ida Valley Company in
393:
At its peak, Bendigo supported a population of 130 and by 1869 consisted of the Solway Battery, Goodall's Bendigo Reef Hotel, Mitchinson and Harrison's General Store, a blacksmith, a
899:
were purchased, but returns were also modest and nothing like the gold assays suggested. Greater returns were to follow, but the lode was lost and operations ceased in April 1937.
408:
Little remains of Bendigo today. York and Oxford Street form part of the Bendigo Loop Road, while all that is left of the town are the stone remains of the bakery, some mature
962:
Since this point, minor forays have been made in the reprocessing of alluvial gravels at Bendigo, including the Hopgood brothers in 1985 and Alluvial Processing Ltd in 1986.
978:
of Rise and Shine Creek has led to an indicated resource of 0.3 million troy ounces (9.3 tonnes) and an inferred resource of 2.9 million troy ounces (90 tonnes) of gold.
344:
was first discovered in Bendigo Creek as a result of the rush to the Dunstan area in September 1862. The initial prospectors arrived in Bendigo Creek, a tributary of the
573:
Alluvial gold was first discovered in Bendigo Creek as a result of the rush to the Dunstan area in September 1862. A party of miners used Thomson's Saddle, an old Māori
720:
The Aurora Company (Edward Barnes and John Perriam) discovered a reef in May 1869 in the area now known as Aurora Gully. They sank two shafts and extracted ten tons of
2495:
2436:
MacKenzie, D. J.; Craw, D. (2007). "Contrasting hydrothermal alteration mineralogy and geochemistry in the auriferous Rise and Shine Shear Zone, Otago, New Zealand".
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The Cromwell Company's battery at Bendigo started crushing in March 1869 and it was the success of these first crushings that spurred the rush to the Bendigo reefs.
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trail over the Dunstan Mountains, in order to take the ferry across the Clutha River at Wakefield (now known as Crippletown) near Rocky Point, on their way to the
1718:
816:(February 1877). This too did not last, coming to an end in March 1878. In December 1885, tenders were called to shift the Lucknow battery to White's Reef near
277:. Visitors are freely able to wander at will, but care should be taken due the nature of the country and deep mine shafts. Children should be well supervised.
906:. A tramway was installed to transport ore, but throughout the life of the mine returns were disappointing, averaging about 3 dwt (4.7 g) per ton.
974:
The Rise and Shine area has seen much continued activity up to the present day. Exploration drilling by Santana Minerals on the crest of the hill above the
835:
John Kane discovered a gold-bearing quartz reef in a small tributary to the east of the Rise and Shine Creek in June 1880, while on a delivery run from
1897:
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Like Logantown and Bendigo before it, the remains of Welshtown have been reduced to the stone walls of several miners cottages and the Pengelly Hotel.
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A newly formed Shine Again Gold Mining Company worked the reef from January 1938 onward using a 5-stamp battery originally from the Stoneburn near
37:
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Diagram showing the transfers of batteries around the Bendigo goldfields region. Adapted from Hamel (1993, Fig. 8a) and Carpenter (2013, Fig. 9)
918:
The Bendigo Gold Light Company began working the lower reaches of Bendigo Creek on 18 May 1935, having procured and moved — at great cost — a
420:
The early phase of alluvial mining at Bendigo was short-lived, from 1862 to 1866. Prospectors were driven to the source of the gold bound in
755:, in December 1869. Although he discovered it, Williams played little part in the subsequent development of the mine, instead moving to the
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alluvial mining, quartz mining was a costly enterprise and a lack of capital prevented Logan from developing his reefs. It was not until
2917:
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at the time indicated between 9 t oz (280 g) per ton and a staggering 26 t oz (809 g) per ton. A modest plant consisting of a crusher,
650:
It was not until July 1868 that Logan was able to find appropriate investment to restart work on the reefs he had found. Together with
1989:
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1682:
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This version of events is largely based on the limited data sources that were available to J. C. Parcell, as documented in his book
262:
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Today, Logantown contains the walls of numerous stone buildings and a wooden dray outside the former residence of Thomas Logan.
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that was sent to Solway Battery to be crushed. The company later purchased a battery from the defunct Criterion Company at
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412:, and remains of other stone walls. Extensive vineyards now cover the terraces and lower slopes surrounding this area.
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in the 1860s who, in 1867, brought a water race a considerable distance across the Thomson Range to provide water for
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855:
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Map illustrating open workings on quartz reefs in bendigo and Mt Moka. Open workings are derived from aerial imagery
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Logantown continued as a much smaller settlement through the remainder of the 1870s and by 1878 was reported by the
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2011:
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Map illustrating adits (horizontal drives) associated with quartz reef mining in Bendigo. As mapped by Park (1908)
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1929:"A Petty and Spiteful Spirit on the Part of the Company": The 1881 Cromwell Company Strike at Bendigo, Otago"
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2012:"Reviled in the Record: Thomas Logan, and origins of the Cromwell Quartz Mining Company, Bendigo, Otago"
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2138:"Report on the Geology and Goldfields of Otago: Appendix 6 - Auriferous Reefs of the Bendigo District"
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developed new prosperity. Thomas Logan sold his shares in the Cromwell Company for £15,000 in 1875.
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Further up the road from Logantown, on the crest of Bendigo Hill, was the settlement of Welshtown (
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674:. The initial returns were a substantial 238 oz (6.7 kg) from the first ten days work.
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2412:"Santana Minerals delivers 'high-grade' gold results from Rise and Shine deposit, New Zealand"
1985:
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driven by a water turbine and by an eighteen-horsepower steam engine, fuelled with coal from
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Quartz Mining Company was only to last a brief four months, ceasing operations in mid-1866.
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closing by 1906. A third attempt to reopen the mine in 1912 resulted in the erection of an
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223:
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These returns were encouraging enough for the company to purchase a stamper battery from
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Numerous shafts, adits and open quartz reef workings running from Logantown to Welshtown
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2107:"Aurora Mine, Bendigo, Central Otago District, Otago Region, South Island, New Zealand"
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Remains of Eureka stamp battery (footings) on the slope above the Come in Time battery
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2057:"Specimens Liberally Studded With Gold': The Mining History of a Remote Otago Valley"
1847:"Rich in Myth, Gold and Narrative: Aspects of the Central Otago Gold Rush, 1862-2012"
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Similarly poor returns were experienced for the next six years when the mine went on
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Adits in the creek below the Aurora Mine. Stamper sold in 1885 to Whites Mine near
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original Bendigo working area in July 2012. The dredge is accessible to the public.
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Limited remnants of workings (adits) and mountings for Jubilee Battery (1888-1891)
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is an historic area comprising several former mining settlements in the southern
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goldfields. Gold in the gravels of Bendigo Gully was poor and referred to as a
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The Bendigo Goldfields region covers three former settlements: the township of
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Open workings from aerial imagery are consistent with quartz reef orientations
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that occurred during the 1860s, leading to an influx of miners from rushes in
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Map illustrating quartz reefs trends (approximate) as mapped by Park (1908).
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realised a grade between 3.5–19 dwt (5.4–29.5 g) of gold per ton.
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in the nearby hills. It was the discovery of the gold-rich Cromwell Reef by
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The first Rise and Shine Reef was discovered in 1872 by the Rise and Shine
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Mineral deposits of New Zealand–exploration and research. AusIMM Monograph
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Stone ruins, unrestored 5 stamp battery and mine workings including shaft
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662:, he formed the Cromwell Quartz Mining Company. They purchased a 12-head
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A new gold rush began, with Bendigo and Logantown at its centre, while
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2241:"Tenders for the Conveyance of the Whole Plant of the Lucknow Battery"
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1575:"Rise and Shine Orogenic Gold Prospect, Otago – Exploration Summary"
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With reports of significant quartz finds people flocked to Bendigo (
1905:. Dunedin, NZ: Unpublished report to the Department of Conservation
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could not get down deep enough to process potential virgin ground.
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elevator, a lack of water to float the dredge, and critically, the
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678:, Warden of the goldfields, later described the Cromwell Reef as:
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sites, water races, pipelines, and the remains of several wooden
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mining company, and erected it at the mouth of Bendigo Gorge as
322:
314:
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The Geology of the Cromwell Subdivision, Western Otago Division
1677:(4 ed.). Dunedin, NZ: Dunedin City Council. p. 443.
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The dredge ladder from the former Bendigo Gold Light Company
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newspaper to consist of a hotel, a butchery, and a few huts.
1600:"Bendigo, Central Otago District, Otago Region, New Zealand"
1719:"A Brief History of Mining at the Bendigo Historic Reserve"
2386:"Santana Minerals Extends Rise And Shine Gold Zones In NZ"
1982:
Southern People: A Dictionary of Otago Southland Biography
728:, and in September 1869 they erected it at the mine site.
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265:. A bonus for visitors is the magnificent view of the
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The Come in Time battery was restored in 2006 by the
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Bendigo Reefs longitudinal cross section (east-west)
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253:Much of the Bendigo Goldfields are managed by the
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1625:"Discover the Bendigo area. Information Brochure"
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2466:. Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Geological Survey.
2360:"Santana Minerals keen to up Tarras gold search"
2178:. Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust. February 2007
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1004:Bendigo Goldfields Accessible Mining Era Relics
2144:. Provincial Council of Otago. pp. 210–210
2095:. Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Mines Department.
796:Colclough's reef was discovered in May 1869 by
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1806:
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2438:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
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1856:. Christchurch, NZ: University of Canterbury
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999:Notable Bendigo Goldfields mining-era relics
483:1909 to a site near Crippletown, now beside
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1767:Goldfields of Otago: An Illustrated History
18:Mine in Bendigo, Central Otago, New Zealand
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2247:. No. 868. 1 December 1885. p. 2
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612:Cromwell Reef (Logan's Reef / Solway Reef)
44:
20:
2142:Victoria University of Wellington Library
637:reported the reefs in 1865 to a group of
273:, and north towards the mountains beyond
2136:Hutton, F. W.; Ulrich, G. H. F. (1875).
1938:(105): 187–210 – via ResearchGate.
1509:
348:, by traversing Thomson's Saddle in the
1951:"District's gold rush to be celebrated"
1675:The Cyclopedia of Otago & Southland
1558:
800:, one of a small number of miners from
536:), so-named due to the predominance of
297:. Bendigo initially serviced the early
2384:Sandell-Hay, Colin (27 January 2022).
2229:. No. 420. 6 May 1870. p. 2.
2064:Journal of Australasian Mining History
2019:Journal of Australasian Mining History
1769:(2 ed.). Craig Printing Co. Ltd.
337:Location map of the Bendigo Goldfields
289:, and the two unofficial townships of
2327:
2325:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1984:. Dunedin City Council. p. 587.
1975:
1973:
1971:
1922:
1920:
1854:University of Canterbury. PhD Thesis
1819:. Dunedin, NZ: Whitcombe & Tombs.
624:Thomas Logan (1836-1897) was born in
7:
2198:"Colchough's Mine (Lucknow Company)"
1649:"Bendigo-Ophir Project, New Zealand"
1643:
1641:
1573:Martin, A.P.; MacKenzie, D. (2016).
1949:Marquet, Sarah (15 November 2012).
1588:: 149–156 – via ResearchGate.
1418:Remains of stamper battery platform
1223:). Named after the red waste rock (
914:Bendigo Gold Light Company dredging
759:as a principal share holder in the
611:
14:
2333:"The Last Miner: Wattie Thompson"
2092:The Handbook of New Zealand Mines
1071:Shafts, miners stone hut remains
747:The Alta reef was discovered by
43:
36:
2358:Cook, Marjorie (25 July 2022).
2279:Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust
2176:Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust
986:. The shear zone occurs in the
856:Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust
792:Lucknow Reef (Colclough's Reef)
666:and water wheel from a defunct
569:Initial alluvial gold discovery
57:Bendigo Goldfields, New Zealand
2410:Rogan, Aaliyah (2 June 2023).
2303:Sarah Marquet (14 July 2012).
970:Current gold mining activities
1:
2169:"Thomson Gorge Road Brochure"
2603:Earnscleugh-Manuherikia Ward
2735:Roxburgh-Teviot Valley Ward
2305:"Bucket ladder back 'home'"
656:Brian 'Charcoal Joe' Hebden
652:William John 'Jack' Garrett
2944:
2918:Gold mining in New Zealand
2818:Alexandra Blossom Festival
2806:Facilities and attractions
2089:Larnack, W. J. M. (1887).
1980:Thompson, J., ed. (1998).
1899:The Rich Fields of Bendigo
1726:Department of Conservation
1632:Department of Conservation
1268:Come in Time Stamp Battery
255:Department of Conservation
2838:Highlands Motorsport Park
2833:Central Otago wine region
2515:
761:Young Australian Company.
628:. After the gold rush in
325:may be seen in the area.
31:
1653:Santana Minerals Limited
735:By 1871 the mine was on
157:>28,700 t oz (893 kg)
1815:Parcell, J. C. (1951).
1765:Hall-Jones, J. (2005).
1717:Bristow, Peter (2007).
1214:Come in Time Red Tunnel
2928:Central Otago District
2828:Deadman's Point Bridge
2505:Central Otago District
2272:"Come in Time Battery"
2055:Carpenter, L. (2013).
2010:Carpenter, L. (2011).
1927:Carpenter, L. (2013).
1845:Carpenter, L. (2013).
1487:44.94548°S 169.42396°E
1441:44.93748°S 169.36380°E
1395:44.93748°S 169.36380°E
1349:44.93756°S 169.40815°E
1303:44.93599°S 169.41013°E
1250:44.93535°S 169.41190°E
1196:44.93606°S 169.37731°E
1143:44.92602°S 169.34470°E
1048:44.93964°S 169.40706°E
751:, a quartz miner from
693:
686:
621:
608:still being alluvial.
524:44.94028°S 169.36944°E
448:44.93472°S 169.36806°E
378:44.92500°S 169.34444°E
338:
119:44.92500°S 169.34167°E
1896:Hamel, G. E. (1993).
1094:44.93763°S 169.3786°E
957:Mount Erebus disaster
791:
691:
680:
619:
336:
222:. It was part of the
2913:Ghost towns in Otago
1492:-44.94548; 169.42396
1446:-44.93748; 169.36380
1400:-44.93748; 169.36380
1354:-44.93756; 169.40815
1321:Eureka Stamp Battery
1308:-44.93599; 169.41013
1255:-44.93535; 169.41190
1201:-44.93606; 169.37731
1148:-44.92602; 169.34470
1053:-44.93964; 169.40706
644:Heart of the Desert.
529:-44.94028; 169.36944
453:-44.93472; 169.36806
383:-44.92500; 169.34444
200:1862-1913, 1933-1942
124:-44.92500; 169.34167
2892:Dunstan High School
2813:Alexandra Aerodrome
2775:Geographic features
1817:Heart of the Desert
1673:Sorrel, P. (1999).
1511:
1483: /
1459:Rise and Shine Mine
1437: /
1391: /
1345: /
1299: /
1246: /
1192: /
1139: /
1099:-44.93763; 169.3786
1090: /
1044: /
1011:Details of Remains
1005:
866:Rise and Shine Reef
626:St Bees, Cumberland
551:Highland Clearances
520: /
444: /
374: /
232:Victoria, Australia
115: /
23:
2886:The Cromwell Argus
1510:
1020:Alta Stamp Battery
1003:
694:
672:The Solway Battery
622:
352:and dropping into
339:
208:Bendigo Goldfields
51:Bendigo Goldfields
22:Bendigo Goldfields
2900:
2899:
2823:Alexandra bridges
2770:
2769:
2460:Park, J. (1908).
2364:Otago Daily Times
2309:Otago Daily Times
1955:Otago Daily Times
1550:
1549:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1523:
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1407:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1281:
1269:
1262:
1228:
1227:) at its entrance
1215:
1208:
1174:
1162:
1155:
1121:
1113:
1112:Dredge Bucket Arm
1106:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1026:
1021:
828:Come in Time Reef
798:Charles Colclough
350:Dunstan Mountains
269:across the upper
246:, at the head of
204:
203:
2935:
2869:Regional Council
2859:District Council
2792:Lake Manuherikia
2533:
2529:Populated places
2498:
2491:
2484:
2475:
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2016:
2007:
1996:
1995:
1977:
1966:
1965:
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1961:
1946:
1940:
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1933:
1924:
1915:
1914:
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1422:
1417:
1413:Mathilda Battery
1412:
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1401:
1396:
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389:
388:
386:
385:
384:
379:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
310:into the hills.
306:drove dozens of
263:Historic Reserve
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
47:
46:
40:
24:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2923:Otago gold rush
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2873:
2847:
2801:
2797:Maniototo Plain
2766:
2730:
2664:
2598:
2547:
2524:
2511:
2502:
2472:
2471:
2459:
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2449:
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2284:
2282:
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2270:
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2260:
2250:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2223:"Bendigo Gully"
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2196:
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2191:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2166:
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2100:
2088:
2087:
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2073:
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2059:
2054:
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2038:
2028:
2026:
2014:
2009:
2008:
1999:
1992:
1979:
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1969:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1947:
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1334:
1332:
1331:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1277:and associated
1254:
1252:
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1245:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1001:
972:
952:
916:
868:
830:
794:
781:aerial cableway
749:Samuel Williams
745:
718:
664:stamper battery
614:
571:
562:
528:
526:
522:
519:
514:
511:
509:
507:
506:
503:
485:State Highway 8
452:
450:
446:
443:
438:
435:
433:
431:
430:
418:
382:
380:
376:
373:
368:
365:
363:
361:
360:
331:
283:
224:Otago gold rush
123:
121:
117:
114:
109:
106:
104:
102:
101:
61:
60:
59:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2941:
2939:
2931:
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2915:
2905:
2904:
2898:
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2874:
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2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
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2846:
2845:
2840:
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2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Cromwell Gorge
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2669:Maniototo Ward
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2536:Alexandra Ward
2530:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2447:
2428:
2402:
2376:
2350:
2337:The Wānaka App
2321:
2292:
2258:
2245:Cromwell Argus
2232:
2214:
2189:
2155:
2123:
2098:
2081:
2036:
1997:
1990:
1967:
1941:
1936:Labour History
1916:
1867:
1822:
1782:
1775:
1738:
1690:
1683:
1665:
1637:
1616:
1591:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
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1541:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1282:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1229:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1175:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1000:
997:
971:
968:
951:
948:
915:
912:
867:
864:
829:
826:
793:
790:
744:
741:
717:
714:
660:George Goodger
613:
610:
570:
567:
561:
560:Mining history
558:
502:
499:
466:Cromwell Argus
417:
414:
330:
327:
282:
279:
259:Scenic Reserve
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
141:
137:
136:
132:
131:
99:
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85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
56:
50:
49:
42:
41:
35:
34:
33:
32:
29:
28:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2940:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2843:Molyneux Park
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Raes Junction
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:Lake Roxburgh
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2660:Saint Bathans
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Pisa Moorings
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Kawarau Gorge
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:Cromwell Ward
2550:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
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2476:
2465:
2464:
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2429:
2417:
2416:Mining.com.au
2413:
2406:
2403:
2391:
2387:
2380:
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2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2339:. 1 July 2018
2338:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
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1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:60 m tunnel (
1217:
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1205:
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1173:
1172:Old Man Range
1169:
1164:
1159:
1158:
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1123:
1120:
1115:
1110:
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1074:
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936:bucket ladder
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822:Old Man Range
819:
815:
810:
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789:
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757:Carrick Range
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549:and Scottish
548:
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492:Dunstan Times
488:
486:
481:
480:Carrick Range
477:
473:
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461:
457:
427:
423:
415:
413:
411:
406:
403:
400:
396:
391:
387:
357:
355:
354:Thomson Gorge
351:
347:
343:
342:Alluvial gold
335:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
304:quartz miners
300:
296:
292:
288:
280:
278:
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272:
271:Clutha Valley
268:
264:
260:
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212:Central Otago
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100:
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83:
82:Central Otago
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
39:
30:
25:
16:
2884:
2787:Lake Dunstan
2752:Millers Flat
2676:Danseys Pass
2462:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:
2405:
2393:. Retrieved
2389:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2363:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2336:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:
2283:. Retrieved
2278:
2249:. Retrieved
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2201:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2175:
2146:. Retrieved
2141:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:
2101:
2091:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2067:
2063:
2027:. Retrieved
2022:
2018:
1981:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:
1944:
1935:
1907:. Retrieved
1898:
1858:. Retrieved
1853:
1816:
1766:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:
1674:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:
1634:. June 2020.
1631:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1279:Pelton wheel
1273:Restored 10
1161:Lucknow Mine
1014:Coordinates
993:Macraes Mine
980:
973:
964:
961:
953:
940:
917:
908:
901:
881:
869:
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:Coal carrier
831:
811:
807:Macraes Flat
795:
786:
777:
764:
746:
734:
730:
719:
710:
702:
695:
682:
681:
676:Vincent Pyke
671:
649:
643:
623:
606:
590:
572:
563:
555:
543:
504:
496:
491:
489:
464:
463:In 1869 the
462:
426:Thomas Logan
422:quartz reefs
419:
410:poplar trees
407:
392:
358:
346:Clutha River
340:
312:
284:
252:
248:Lake Dunstan
240:
216:South Island
207:
205:
15:
2625:Earnscleugh
2579:Lindis Pass
2559:Bannockburn
2509:New Zealand
2281:. July 2012
1490: /
1478:169°25′26″E
1444: /
1432:169°21′50″E
1398: /
1386:169°21′50″E
1352: /
1340:169°24′29″E
1306: /
1294:169°24′36″E
1253: /
1241:169°24′43″E
1199: /
1187:169°22′38″E
1146: /
1134:169°20′41″E
1097: /
1085:169°22′43″E
1066:Aurora Mine
1051: /
1039:169°24′25″E
950:Recent past
920:gold dredge
837:Bannockburn
767:Rough Ridge
726:Arrow River
716:Aurora Reef
706:Bannockburn
527: /
515:169°22′10″E
476:Carricktown
472:Quartzville
451: /
429:Logantown (
381: /
369:169°20′40″E
317:, numerous
220:New Zealand
170:underground
122: /
110:169°20′30″E
98:Coordinates
92:New Zealand
2907:Categories
2852:Government
2726:Wedderburn
2686:Ida Valley
2681:Gimmerburn
2630:Fruitlands
2202:mindat.org
2111:MinDat.org
1604:mindat.org
1553:References
1475:44°56′44″S
1429:44°56′15″S
1383:44°56′15″S
1337:44°56′15″S
1291:44°56′10″S
1238:44°56′07″S
1184:44°56′10″S
1168:Fruitlands
1131:44°55′34″S
1082:44°56′15″S
1036:44°56′23″S
984:shear zone
976:right bank
943:Lions Club
897:Berdan pan
877:Mount Moka
818:Fruitlands
575:greenstone
512:44°56′25″S
439:169°22′5″E
366:44°55′30″S
275:Lake Hāwea
267:Pisa Range
257:as both a
228:California
210:region of
181:Discovered
154:Production
135:Production
107:44°55′30″S
2615:Cambrians
2543:Alexandra
2522:Alexandra
2390:The Assay
928:Southland
889:ball mill
772:scheelite
743:Alta Reef
547:Land Wars
501:Welshtown
436:44°56′5″S
416:Logantown
399:billiards
295:Welshtown
291:Logantown
281:Geography
148:scheelite
2762:Roxburgh
2721:Waipiata
2716:Ranfurly
2711:Patearoa
2701:Oturehua
2655:Poolburn
2635:Galloway
2569:Cromwell
2444:: 67–79.
1517:surface.
988:footwall
932:tailings
872:sluicers
802:Cardrona
753:Victoria
698:Cromwell
630:Victoria
602:sluicing
587:Cardrona
579:Shotover
299:alluvial
244:Cromwell
236:Victoria
166:alluvial
146:, minor
140:Products
66:Location
27:Location
2742:Ettrick
2691:Kyeburn
2584:Lowburn
2564:Bendigo
2421:15 July
2395:15 July
2369:29 June
2343:11 July
2314:28 June
2285:29 June
2207:11 July
2182:29 June
2148:23 June
2074:10 July
2029:29 June
2025:: 36–53
1960:11 July
1731:21 June
1658:21 June
1609:20 June
1225:Mullock
1170:on the
924:Waikaka
904:Dunback
820:on the
814:tribute
737:tribute
639:Dunedin
478:in the
395:drapers
329:Bendigo
319:battery
287:Bendigo
176:History
88:Country
70:Bendigo
2706:Paerau
2696:Naseby
2645:Omakau
2640:Lauder
2594:Tarras
2251:3 July
2116:2 July
2070:: 1–23
1988:
1909:7 July
1860:1 July
1773:
1681:
1119:dredge
895:, and
885:assays
668:Hindon
598:Swedes
592:tucker
585:, and
402:saloon
308:shafts
197:Active
189:Opened
77:Region
2878:Other
2864:Mayor
2650:Ophir
2620:Clyde
2610:Becks
2275:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
2060:(PDF)
2015:(PDF)
1932:(PDF)
1903:(PDF)
1850:(PDF)
1722:(PDF)
1628:(PDF)
1578:(PDF)
922:from
594:field
583:Arrow
538:Welsh
323:drays
315:adits
2518:Seat
2423:2023
2397:2023
2371:2023
2345:2023
2316:2023
2287:2023
2253:2023
2209:2023
2184:2023
2150:2023
2118:2023
2076:2023
2031:2023
1986:ISBN
1962:2023
1911:2023
1862:2023
1771:ISBN
1733:2023
1679:ISBN
1660:2023
1611:2023
1506:Maps
1221:adit
858:and
658:and
474:and
397:, a
293:and
261:and
230:and
206:The
192:1862
184:1862
162:Type
144:Gold
860:DOC
722:ore
460:).
218:of
2909::
2520::
2507:,
2450:^
2442:50
2440:.
2414:.
2388:.
2362:.
2335:.
2324:^
2307:.
2295:^
2277:.
2261:^
2243:.
2225:.
2200:.
2174:.
2158:^
2140:.
2126:^
2109:.
2068:11
2066:.
2062:.
2039:^
2021:.
2017:.
2000:^
1970:^
1953:.
1934:.
1919:^
1870:^
1852:.
1825:^
1785:^
1741:^
1724:.
1693:^
1651:.
1640:^
1630:.
1602:.
1586:31
1584:.
1580:.
1561:^
995:.
959:.
926:,
891:,
862:.
824:.
654:,
604:.
581:,
553:.
487:.
356:.
250:.
238:.
168:,
2497:e
2490:t
2483:v
2425:.
2399:.
2373:.
2347:.
2318:.
2289:.
2255:.
2211:.
2186:.
2152:.
2120:.
2078:.
2033:.
2023:9
1994:.
1964:.
1913:.
1864:.
1779:.
1735:.
1687:.
1662:.
1613:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
