1863:
year: Elam, Amurru, Subartu, and Akkad. The months were divided into groups of three, alternating by four, evenly split among the four lands. The first, fifth, and ninth months belonged to Akkad, the second, sixth, and tenth belonged to Elam, the third, seventh, and eleventh belonged to Amurru, and the fourth, eighth, and twelfth belonged to
Subartu. Days of each month follows the same pattern, beginning with one for Akkad, two for Elam, three for Amurru, four for Subartu, five for Akkad, and so on. As calendars were often created by priests, months that would come with rather unfavorable events were limited, especially prioritizing against eclipses and new moons; this practice also carried over into scheduling the days of each month. The Moon was rather important to Mesopotamian peoples, and often it was what they based their calendar on. Lunar omens were among the most commonplace and, most often, they were based on eclipses rather than simple visibility. Deities of Mesopotamia were associated with certain times, days, and months.
1298:, argues that this ambivalence between a theistic and mechanic worldview defines the Babylonian concept of celestial divination as one which, despite its heavy reliance on magic, remains free of implications of targeted punishment with the purpose of revenge, and so "shares some of the defining traits of modern science: it is objective and value-free, it operates according to known rules, and its data are considered universally valid and can be looked up in written tabulations". Koch-Westenholz also establishes the most important distinction between ancient Babylonian astrology and other divinatory disciplines as being that the former was originally exclusively mundane, being geographically oriented and specifically applied to countries cities and nations, and almost wholly concerned with the welfare of the state and the king as the governing head of the nation.
1321:
is significant to
Babylonian beliefs, because associating the Sun, Moon, and planets with their gods shaped the way the Babylonians lived their lives and viewed the world around them. The parallels between horoscopes and nativity omens from a Seleucid Tablet shows the benefic and malefic natures of the planets in Babylonian astrology. The Babylonians associated and created their beliefs around planets based on the nature of the god associated with it. 'Benefic' means "good-doer". A planet with negative attributes would be classified as Malefic (meaning "bad-doer"). Planets were believed to have influences and provide guidance to humans, as they lived their lives. The planet's nature determines if it is Benefic or Malefic.
1855:
2774:
52:
3164:
862:
3152:
3116:
3104:
3140:
3128:
1312:
The Patron God of
Babylon was Marduk, and this god was recognized in Babylonian astrology as the planet Jupiter. Marduk was recognized as the most powerful god, but not the one and only god. The Babylonians were polytheistic, believing in many gods with different purposes, and they associated certain
1862:
The calendar and astrology were very interconnected. When creating the calendar for the next month or year, it was important to keep in mind where important festivals and other religious activities would fall. It seems that four nearby, surrounding countries contributed to each twelve-month calendar
1475:
On the other hand, the appearance of the new moon earlier than was expected was regarded as unfavourable – prognosticating in one case defeat, in another death among cattle, in a third bad crops – not necessarily because these events actually took place after such a phenomenon, but by an application
1320:
The
Babylonians believed their gods' activities influenced their own lives. These celestial events were viewed by the Babylonians as divine intervention in their lives using the influence the Sun, Moon, and planets, and to communicate when bad or good events were going to occur. Horoscopic astrology
1991:
to the king came into being. Thus, Assurbanipal received swift messengers detailing "all occurrences in heaven and earth" throughout his kingdom and the results of his astrologer's examinations of them. He then used this information as a political weapon, and for the practical day-to-day running of
1263:
was fairly rudimentary. Because of their inability to accurately predict future celestial phenomena and planetary movement very far in advance, interpretations were done as the phenomena occurred or slightly before. By the 4th century BC, however, their mathematical methods had progressed enough to
1958:
In a general way, the reign of law and order in the movements of the heavenly bodies was recognized, and indeed must have exercised an influence at an early period in leading to the rise of a methodical divination that was certainly of a much higher order than the examination of an animal's liver.
1316:
The
Babylonians used horoscopic astrology. By observing the seasonal movement of the sun, moon, and planets, the Babylonians connected their beliefs of divine intervention in their everyday life to space and time. They would forecast their future circumstances by observing space through time and
1982:
was a king of
Assyria who ruled in the seventh century BC from 668 to 625 BC. He was famous for assembling a great library of cuneiform tablets in Nineveh on the subjects of astrology, history, mythology, and science. Some of Assurbanipal's astrologers, such as Rammanu-sumausar and Nabu-musisi,
1680:
Steele acknowledges that it is entirely possible that the practice of astral medicine is nothing more than a theoretical practice, devised by scholars of the time. Since several of the parts would have been expensive or otherwise impossible for the average
Babylonian to obtain, this raises two
1280:
The gods were also believed to present themselves in the celestial images of the planets or stars with whom they were associated. Evil celestial omens attached to any particular planet were therefore seen as indications of dissatisfaction or disturbance of the god that planet represented. Such
1934:
Similarly, the other accomplishments of
Babylonian astronomers, such as their system or rather systems of moon calculations and the drawing up of planetary tablets, belong to this late period, so that the golden age of Babylonian astronomy belongs not to the remote past, as was until recently
1276:
The history of
Babylonian astrology shows the development of astronomical knowledge within the context of divination. A collection of 32 tablets with inscribed liver models, dating from about 1875 BC, are the oldest known detailed texts of Babylonian divination, and these demonstrate the same
1285:
concerning the lunar eclipse of 18 January 672 BC shows how the ritualistic use of substitute kings, or substitute events, combined an unquestioning belief in magic and omens with a purely mechanical view that the astrological event must have some kind of correlate within the natural world:
1324:
The
Babylonians divided the fixed stars into three groups: the stars of Anu, Enlil and Ea. To which group they belonged depended, for most of them, on where they rose on the Eastern horizon. The horizon was divided into the Paths of Anu, Enlil and Ea. This gives reference to which gods the
1946:
From certain expressions used in astrological texts that are earlier than the 7th century BC it would appear, indeed, that the beginnings at least of the calculation of Sun and Moon eclipses belong to the earlier period, but here, too, the chief work accomplished was after 400 BC, and the
1882:
The first limitation was that the movements and position of the heavenly bodies point to such occurrences as are of public import and affect the general welfare. The individual's interests are not in any way involved, and we must descend many centuries and pass beyond the confines of
1290:... In the beginning of the year a flood will come and break the dikes. When the Moon has made the eclipse, the king, my lord, should write to me. As a substitute for the king, I will cut through a dike, here in Babylonia, in the middle of the night. No one will know about it.
1906:
the cult centred largely and indeed almost exclusively in the public welfare and the person of the king, because upon his well-being and favour with the gods the fortunes of the country were dependent, in accordance with the ancient conception of kingship.
1479:
In this way a mass of traditional interpretation of all kinds of observed phenomena was gathered, and once gathered became a guide to the priests for all times. However, not all of these ideas are still used in astrology as it is usually practiced today.
1467:
Thus, if on a certain occasion, the rise of the new moon in a cloudy sky was followed by victory over an enemy or by abundant rain, the sign in question was thus proved to be a favourable one and its recurrence would thenceforth be regarded as a good
1962:
However, the importance that was laid upon the endless variations in the form of the phenomena and the equally numerous apparent deviations from what were regarded as normal conditions, prevented for a long time the rise of any serious study of
1419:
1277:
interpretational format as that employed in celestial omen analysis. Blemishes and marks found on the liver of the sacrificial animal were interpreted as symbolic signs which presented messages from the gods to the king.
1954:
may be gathered from the fact that as late as the 6th century BC an error of almost an entire month was made by the Babylonian astronomers in the attempt to determine through calculation the beginning of a certain year.
1281:
indications were met with attempts to appease the god and find manageable ways by which the god's expression could be realised without significant harm to the king and his nation. An astronomical report to the king
1930:
with a measurement of 30° to each division, is of Babylonian origin, as has now been definitely proved; but it does not appear to have been perfected until after the fall of the Babylonian empire in 539 BC.
1224:
dated to this period are not considered sufficient evidence to demonstrate an integrated theory of astrology. The history of scholarly celestial divination is therefore generally reported to begin with late
1921:
The second limitation was that the astronomical knowledge presupposed and accompanying early Babylonian astrology was, though essentially of an empirical character, limited and flawed. The theory of the
1254:
tablets comprising 7,000 celestial omens. Texts from this time also refer to an oral tradition – the origin and content of which can only be speculated upon. At this time Babylonian astrology was solely
1317:
relating ominous events, such as a lunar eclipses, to social, political, and environmental problems in aspects of their everyday lives, such as giving birth to deformed children.
1410:, in preparing the occurrences on Earth. If, therefore, one could correctly read and interpret the activity of these powers, one knew what the gods were aiming to bring about.
2760:
920:
1689:, wherein the names of common ingredients are given names of often unpleasant sounding ones. It is also within the realm of possibility that the ingredients listed in the
1472:, though the prognostication would not necessarily be limited to the one or the other of those occurrences, but might be extended to apply to other circumstances.
1685:
and other such sources were, as previously stated, simply theory and never intended for real use. However, Babylonian medicine contains a tradition known as
1398:
The movements of the Sun, Moon and five planets were regarded as representing the activity of the five gods in question, together with the moon-god/goddess
1220:
There is speculation that astrology of some form appeared in the Sumerian period in the 3rd millennium BC, but the isolated references to ancient celestial
1161:
837:
2678:
1244:
By the 16th century BC, the extensive employment of omen-based astrology can be evidenced in the compilation of a comprehensive reference work known as
2872:
2007:
973:
1496:
priest in the late Babylonian period of Uruk named Iqīšâ, different remedies are created for patients for different days, depending on the date.
1460:
On the recollection or on written records of what in the past had taken place when the phenomenon or phenomena in question had been observed, and
1325:
Babylonian astrologers associated to regions of the sky or space, and is an example of how the gods were associated with the stars and planets.
1854:
2625:
2608:
2591:
1992:
his kingdom. After his death Nineveh fell to the Medes and the Chaldean Babylonians, and Assurbanipal's library was destroyed or dispersed.
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2745:
937:
65:
2642:
2574:
2300:
1476:
of the general principle resting upon association of ideas whereby anything premature would suggest an unfavourable occurrence.
3184:
3066:
3010:
2781:
1988:
1154:
830:
771:
713:
33:
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2649:
Verderame, Lorenzo, "The Primeval Zodiac: Its Social, Religious, and Mythological Background", in J.A. Rubiño-MartĂn et al.,
112:
75:
51:
1433:
accordingly applied themselves to the task of perfecting a system of interpretation of the phenomena to be observed in the
3189:
2695:
1463:
Association of ideas—involving sometimes merely a play upon words—in connection with the phenomenon or phenomena observed.
1332:
five were recognized—Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury and Mars—to name them in the order in which they appear in the older
85:
41:
3094:
2806:
1858:(From right to left) Ashur, Ishtar, Sin, Enlil, Shamash, Adad, and Ishtar of Arbela are flanked by two star-worshippers.
2828:
2002:
2894:
2047:
1866:
In more mythological belief, at the end of each day, the sun god, Shamash, retired to "the lap of heaven" to rest.
1147:
878:
823:
431:
1891:
before we reach that phase which in medieval and modern astrology is almost exclusively dwelt upon—the individual
2855:
2664:
2037:
80:
1226:
107:
102:
3005:
2715:
1097:
1034:
888:
688:
1971:
as "inspectors" of the heavens (as they were also the "inspectors" of the sacrificial livers) had in mind.
2941:
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2012:
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2470:
Al-Rawi, F. N. H.; George, A. R. (1991). "Enūma Anu Enlil XIV and Other Early Astronomical Tables".
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possible situations. It is very possible that the whole concept of astral medicine in terms of the
1307:
1135:
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1488:
Astrology was also incredibly important in a practice known as astral medicine. According to a
2988:
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978:
908:
723:
673:
778:
2993:
2838:
2493:
Heimpel, Wolfgang (1986). "The Sun at Night and the Doors of Heaven in Babylonian Texts".
2362:
2159:
2022:
1984:
1399:
1246:
1077:
1004:
968:
663:
346:
218:
2342:"Mesopotamian astrology: an introduction to Babylonian and Assyrian celestial divination"
2213:
1264:
calculate future planetary positions with reasonable accuracy, at which point extensive
1177:
was the first known organized system of astrology, arising in the second millennium BC.
3168:
3108:
2843:
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1130:
421:
416:
2292:
3178:
2867:
2522:
2269:
1927:
3163:
3132:
2914:
2818:
1979:
531:
268:
693:
2086:
2726:
2316:
401:
351:
283:
278:
2401:
2384:
1453:
1282:
764:
757:
614:
599:
541:
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376:
361:
263:
258:
17:
2410:
1926:
as representing the course of the Sun through the year, divided among twelve
2998:
2687:
2283:
Rochberg, F. (2010). "Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology".
1964:
1951:
1948:
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1892:
1884:
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1418:
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853:
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331:
201:
861:
551:
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303:
2924:
2042:
1936:
1923:
718:
683:
619:
589:
536:
491:
396:
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326:
2479:
406:
2514:
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1968:
1903:
1888:
1442:
1430:
1407:
1403:
1371:
1347:
1329:
1234:
1193:
1185:
1181:
703:
668:
648:
624:
604:
556:
486:
451:
366:
321:
298:
253:
248:
2456:
1259:, and prior to the 7th century BC the practitioners' understanding of
860:
3081:
1940:
1657:
Anzu(-bird?)-head, Anzu(-bird?)-wing, Anzu(-bird)-blood, you anoint.
1434:
1391:
1367:
1361:
1351:
1205:
1192:
takes its place as one of the two chief means at the disposal of the
915:
809:
804:
733:
728:
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609:
584:
521:
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213:
158:
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136:
2506:
2253:
3127:
2447:
2430:
2341:
2017:
1967:
beyond what was needed for the purely practical purposes that the
1853:
1417:
1357:
1201:
708:
579:
526:
411:
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381:
371:
341:
273:
243:
191:
163:
149:
2811:
1469:
1446:
1438:
1387:
1381:
1221:
1209:
1200:
or "inspectors") for ascertaining the will and intention of the
653:
643:
561:
436:
196:
140:
2660:
223:
186:
1452:
The interpretations themselves were based (as in the case of
1336:
literature; in later texts Mercury and Saturn change places.
2772:
2656:
2567:
From the Omens of Babylon: Astrology and Ancient Mesopotamia
1987:
from daily movements of the planets that a system of making
50:
1874:
Astrology in its earliest stage was marked by limitations:
1437:, and it was natural that the system was extended from the
2653:, ASP Conference Series 409, San Francisco, 2009, 151–156.
2603:. Volume 19 of CNI publications. Museum Tusculanum Press.
2435:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
1339:
These five planets were identified with the gods of the
1674:-barley-flour, raven-head, and raven-wing, you anoint.
1233:
1800 BC), continuing through the Middle Babylonian and
3092:
1517:
Sheep-blood, sheep-fat, and sheep-hair, you anoint.
3029:
2759:
2736:
2694:
2389:
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
2235:
2233:
1643:Dove-head, blood, swallow-head, blood, you anoint.
1573:Bull-blood, or bull-fat, or bull-hair, you anoint.
2431:"Months and Days in Babylonian-Assyrian Astrology"
1531:Goat-blood, goat-fat, and goat hair, you anoint.
2385:"Astronomy and culture in Late Babylonian Uruk†"
1615:Lion-blood, lion-fat, or lion-hair, you anoint.
1204:, the other being through the inspection of the
1288:
2672:
1445:to the more prominent and recognizable fixed
1155:
831:
8:
2616:Neugebauer, Otto, 1969 (1st edition: 1957).
1697:Animal ingredients for each sign in Iqīšâ's
1188:as a direct offshoot of Babylonian culture,
2240:Sachs, A. (1952). "Babylonian Horoscopes".
2160:"Catalog of Lunar Eclipses: -0699 to -0600"
1629:Rooster-head, blood, and wing, you anoint.
1456:through the liver) chiefly on two factors:
2679:
2665:
2657:
1695:
1498:
1162:
1148:
849:
838:
824:
28:
2446:
2400:
2083:
1587:Eagle-head, wing, and blood, you anoint.
1500:Month IV: First twelve lines of Iqīšâ's
3099:
2873:Astrology in the medieval Islamic world
2098:
2079:
2060:
2008:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
1294:Ulla Koch-Westenholz, in her 1995 book
1120:
1047:
996:
945:
870:
852:
40:
2358:
2347:
2110:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2122:
2067:
1939:period; i.e. after the advent of the
1559:Crab-blood, or crab-fat, you anoint.
7:
3062:Astrology and the classical elements
2920:Classical planets in Western alchemy
2317:"Benefic - The Astrology Dictionary"
1422:Detail of the Ishtar Gate in Babylon
2200:
2188:
2172:
2146:
2134:
2637:. American Philosophical Society.
66:Religions of the ancient Near East
25:
2584:A History of Horoscopic Astrology
2383:Steele, John M. (July 26, 2011).
2293:10.1163/ej.9789004183896.i-445.23
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3067:Cultural influence of astrology
3011:Sidereal and tropical astrology
2618:The Exact Sciences in Antiquity
1250:. Its contents consisted of 70
772:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
2824:Astrology in Hellenistic Egypt
2620:(2nd ed.) Dover Publications.
2582:Holden, James Herschel, 1996.
2175:p.12. Tablet source given as:
1693:are following this tradition.
921:Traditions, types, and systems
1:
2599:Koch-Westenholz, Ulla, 1995.
2537:The Early History of Kingship
1238:
1230:
2807:Christian views on astrology
2495:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
2242:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
1983:became so adept at deducing
1208:of sacrificial animals (see
2829:Hamburg School of Astrology
2287:. Brill. pp. 135–142.
2003:Astrology in medieval Islam
1601:"Empty place", you anoint.
1545:"Empty place", you anoint.
1492:discovered, belonging to a
3206:
2746:Astrologers by nationality
2633:Rochberg, Francesa, 1998.
2472:Archiv fĂĽr Orientforschung
2048:Worship of heavenly bodies
1914:
1850:Astrology and the calendar
1305:
938:Astrological organizations
879:Worship of heavenly bodies
2856:Jewish views on astrology
2651:Cosmology Across Cultures
2402:10.1017/s1743921311012774
2177:State Archives of Assyria
2038:Jewish views on astrology
1943:in the Euphrates Valley.
1870:Limits of early knowledge
1313:gods to certain planets.
55:Chaos Monster and Sun God
2565:Baigent, Michael, 1994.
2547:Derek and Julia Parker,
2429:Jastrow, Morris (1910).
2321:The Astrology Dictionary
1414:System of interpretation
3006:Psychological astrology
2716:Astrology and astronomy
2549:New Compleat Astrologer
2285:In the Path of the Moon
1947:defectiveness of early
1708:Normal Babylonian Name
889:Astrology and astronomy
3185:Astrology by tradition
2942:Heliocentric astrology
2925:Geomancy and astrology
2900:Agricultural astrology
2878:Astrology in Sri Lanka
2782:Astrology by tradition
2777:
2601:Mesopotamian astrology
2357:Cite journal requires
2201:Koch-Westenholz (1995)
2189:Koch-Westenholz (1995)
2173:Koch-Westenholz (1995)
2147:Koch-Westenholz (1995)
2135:Koch-Westenholz (1995)
1911:Astronomical expertise
1859:
1423:
1296:Mesopotamian Astrology
1292:
865:
56:
3037:Astrology and science
2834:Hellenistic astrology
2797:Early Irish astrology
2776:
2711:Astrology and science
2635:Babylonian Horoscopes
2033:Hellenistic astrology
1935:supposed, but to the
1857:
1730:The Stars (Pleiades)
1421:
1343:pantheon as follows:
1306:Further information:
926:Astrology and science
864:
176:Seven gods who decree
54:
44:Mesopotamian religion
3190:Babylonian astronomy
3077:Planets in astrology
3057:Astrological symbols
3021:Synoptical astrology
2972:Locational astrology
2952:Horoscopic astrology
2910:Electional astrology
2787:Babylonian astrology
2706:History of astrology
2218:oracc.iaas.upenn.edu
2013:Babylonian astronomy
1917:Babylonian astronomy
1777:Barley-flour, Raven
1175:Babylonian astrology
884:History of astrology
699:Seven-headed serpent
638:Spirits and monsters
3052:Astrological aspect
2967:Katarchic astrology
2937:Financial astrology
2751:List of astrologers
1701:
1504:
1308:Babylonian calendar
574:Demigods and heroes
238:Other major deities
3016:Sun sign astrology
2957:Judicial astrology
2930:Tarot card reading
2915:Esoteric astrology
2778:
2721:Musica universalis
2018:Egyptian astrology
1989:periodical reports
1860:
1696:
1499:
1424:
1049:Astrological signs
866:
57:
3090:
3089:
2989:Mundane astrology
2984:Medical astrology
2895:Astrology by type
2888:Western astrology
2883:Tibetan astrology
2802:Chinese astrology
2626:978-0-486-22332-2
2609:978-87-7289-287-0
2592:978-0-86690-463-6
2395:(S278): 331–341.
2084:Neugebauer (1969)
1847:
1846:
1678:
1677:
1360:with the goddess
1268:began to appear.
1196:(who were called
1172:
1171:
848:
847:
786:Epic of Gilgamesh
131:Primordial beings
16:(Redirected from
3197:
3167:
3166:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3047:Astrological age
3042:Archaeoastronomy
2977:Astrocartography
2962:Karmic astrology
2947:Horary astrology
2905:Astrometeorology
2861:Hebrew astronomy
2851:Jewish astrology
2681:
2674:
2667:
2658:
2646:
2629:
2612:
2595:
2578:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2474:. 38/39: 52–73.
2467:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2426:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2082:p.ix. See also,
2077:
2071:
2065:
2028:Hebrew astronomy
1774:The Barleystalk
1702:
1505:
1406:and the Sun-god
1302:Planets and gods
1272:Divinatory basis
1240:
1232:
1164:
1157:
1150:
850:
840:
833:
826:
679:Kuli-ana/Mermaid
68:
29:
21:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3025:
2994:Natal astrology
2839:Hindu astrology
2766:
2764:
2762:
2755:
2732:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2632:
2615:
2598:
2581:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2507:10.2307/1359796
2492:
2491:
2487:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2356:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2254:10.2307/1359035
2239:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2099:Rochberg (1998)
2097:
2093:
2080:Rochberg (1998)
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2023:Enuma Anu Enlil
1998:
1977:
1919:
1913:
1880:
1872:
1852:
1486:
1484:Astral medicine
1441:, Sun and five
1416:
1310:
1304:
1274:
1247:Enuma Anu Enlil
1235:Middle Assyrian
1218:
1168:
844:
815:
814:
800:
792:
791:
747:
739:
738:
639:
631:
630:
575:
567:
566:
317:
309:
308:
239:
231:
230:
177:
169:
168:
132:
124:
71:
64:
43:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3203:
3201:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3030:Related topics
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2844:Nadi astrology
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Burmese zodiac
2789:
2784:
2771:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2630:
2613:
2596:
2579:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:, 1990, p.198.
2540:
2535:J. G. Frazer,
2528:
2501:(2): 127–151.
2485:
2462:
2448:10.1086/369641
2441:(3): 151–155.
2416:
2368:
2359:|journal=
2332:
2308:
2301:
2275:
2229:
2214:"Marduk (god)"
2205:
2193:
2181:
2165:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2111:Baigent (1994)
2103:
2091:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1976:
1973:
1928:constellations
1912:
1909:
1879:
1878:General nature
1876:
1871:
1868:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:Dove, Swallow
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:The Great One
1827:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:The Goat-fish
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:The Hired Man
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:Zodiacal Sign
1676:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1485:
1482:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1415:
1412:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1303:
1300:
1273:
1270:
1227:Old Babylonian
1217:
1214:
1184:as well as in
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1040:Meteorological
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
999:
998:
994:
993:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
948:
947:
943:
942:
941:
940:
935:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
912:
911:
906:
896:
891:
886:
881:
873:
872:
868:
867:
857:
856:
846:
845:
843:
842:
835:
828:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
807:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
227:
226:
221:
216:
209:Three sky gods
206:
205:
204:
199:
194:
189:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
152:
143:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
120:
115:
105:
100:
99:
98:
93:
83:
78:
72:
70:
69:
59:
58:
47:
46:
38:
37:
24:
18:Benefic planet
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3202:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3100:
3096:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Maya calendar
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2765:branches and
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:0-87169-881-1
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2575:0-14-019480-0
2572:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2351:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2302:9789004183896
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2123:Holden (1996)
2119:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:Holden (1996)
2064:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:The Scorpion
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:kalendartexte
1694:
1692:
1691:kalendartexte
1688:
1687:Dreckapotheke
1684:
1683:kalendartexte
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:kalendartexte
1497:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1216:Early origins
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:Psychological
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
874:
869:
863:
859:
858:
855:
851:
841:
836:
834:
829:
827:
822:
821:
819:
818:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
796:
795:
788:
787:
783:
781:
780:
776:
774:
773:
769:
767:
766:
762:
760:
759:
755:
753:
750:
749:
743:
742:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
649:Lamassu/Shedu
647:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
627:(seven sages)
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
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328:
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323:
320:
319:
316:Minor deities
313:
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305:
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225:
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217:
215:
214:Inanna/Ishtar
212:
211:
210:
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195:
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97:
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88:
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81:Ancient Egypt
79:
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67:
63:
62:
61:
60:
53:
49:
48:
45:
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3157:Solar System
2819:Cosmobiology
2786:
2761:Traditions,
2725:
2650:
2634:
2617:
2600:
2583:
2566:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2471:
2465:
2438:
2434:
2392:
2388:
2350:cite journal
2340:Koch, Ulla.
2335:
2324:. Retrieved
2320:
2311:
2284:
2278:
2248:(2): 49–75.
2245:
2241:
2221:. Retrieved
2217:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2075:
2063:
1980:Ashurbanipal
1978:
1975:Ashurbanipal
1961:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1920:
1897:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1804:Sagittarius
1785:The Balance
1698:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1671:
1651:Sagittarius
1501:
1493:
1490:kalendartext
1489:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1451:
1425:
1397:
1338:
1327:
1323:
1319:
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1289:
1279:
1275:
1245:
1243:
1219:
1197:
1179:
1174:
1173:
953:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
532:PaniÄťinÄťarra
208:
182:Four primary
181:
26:
3145:Outer space
2738:Astrologers
2727:Tetrabiblos
2696:History of
1711:Ingredient
1266:ephemerides
1098:Sagittarius
964:Hellenistic
933:Astrologers
674:Ušum/Dragon
417:Lugala'abba
352:Dumuzi-abzu
279:Geshtinanna
224:Utu/Shamash
86:Mesopotamia
3179:Categories
2569:. Arkana.
2326:2017-10-19
2223:2018-05-09
2055:References
1949:Babylonian
1915:See also:
1840:The Tails
1815:Capricorn
1810:Anzu-bird
1525:Capricorn
1454:divination
1428:Babylonian
1341:Babylonian
1283:Esarhaddon
1241:1200 BC).
1030:Locational
1010:Electional
954:Babylonian
946:Traditions
871:Background
779:Enūma Eliš
765:Atra-Hasis
615:Atra-Hasis
600:Lugalbanda
542:Shul-utula
422:Mami/Nintu
377:Hendursaga
264:Ereshkigal
259:Enmesharra
3121:Astronomy
2999:Horoscope
2698:astrology
2688:Astrology
2523:163771300
2411:1743-9221
2270:224830063
1965:astronomy
1952:astronomy
1900:Babylonia
1893:horoscope
1885:Babylonia
1826:Aquarius
1807:Pabilsag
1763:The Lion
1752:The Crab
1741:The Twin
1581:Aquarius
1334:cuneiform
1261:astronomy
1252:cuneiform
1237:periods (
1190:astrology
1103:Capricorn
1025:Financial
909:Classical
854:Astrology
758:An = Anum
752:Mythology
694:Ušumgallu
595:Gilgamesh
512:Ninsikila
482:Ningirima
477:Ningirida
332:Asaruludu
219:Nanna/Sin
202:Ninhursag
91:Babylonia
3072:Glossary
2480:41670052
2087:pp.29–30
2043:MUL.APIN
1996:See also
1937:Seleucid
1924:ecliptic
1799:"empty"
1793:Scorpio
1788:"empty"
1744:Rooster
1595:Scorpio
1494:mašmaššu
1374:(Ninib),
1108:Aquarius
997:Branches
904:Behenian
894:Glossary
719:Lamashtu
689:Mušmaḫḫū
620:Ziusudra
590:Enmerkar
537:Sarpanit
517:Ninšubur
492:Ninkilim
457:Ninmarki
432:Maštabba
397:Kajamanu
357:Enbilulu
327:Anunnaki
76:Anatolia
34:a series
32:Part of
3169:Science
3109:History
3095:Portals
2767:systems
2586:. AFA.
2559:Sources
2515:1359796
2262:1359035
1969:priests
1904:Assyria
1889:Assyria
1837:Pisces
1749:Cancer
1738:Gemini
1727:Taurus
1637:Pisces
1623:Gemini
1567:Taurus
1553:Cancer
1443:planets
1435:heavens
1431:priests
1408:Shamash
1404:Selardi
1384:(Nebo),
1378:Mercury
1372:Ninurta
1348:Jupiter
1330:planets
1328:Of the
1257:mundane
1229:texts (
1194:priests
1186:Assyria
1182:Babylon
1122:Symbols
1093:Scorpio
1020:Medical
989:Western
984:Tibetan
974:Islamic
959:Chinese
899:Planets
704:Humbaba
625:Apkallu
605:Shamhat
487:Ninkasi
452:Nindara
367:Erragal
322:Agasaya
299:Ninurta
254:Enkimdu
249:Dumuzid
108:Semitic
103:Iranian
42:Ancient
3082:Zodiac
2763:types,
2641:
2624:
2607:
2590:
2573:
2521:
2513:
2478:
2457:527815
2455:
2409:
2299:
2268:
2260:
2179:8 250.
1941:Greeks
1832:Eagle
1782:Libra
1771:Virgo
1722:Sheep
1716:Aries
1672:šigušu
1665:Virgo
1539:Libra
1511:Aries
1392:Nergal
1368:Saturn
1362:Ishtar
1352:Marduk
1206:livers
1136:Metals
1131:Planet
1113:Pisces
1073:Cancer
1068:Gemini
1063:Taurus
1015:Horary
979:Jewish
916:Zodiac
810:Sukkal
805:Dingir
734:Rabisu
729:Pazuzu
659:Edimmu
610:Siduri
585:Enkidu
557:Tišpak
552:Ĺ ulpae
547:Ĺ ubula
522:Ninsun
507:Ninšar
502:Ninmug
497:Ninlil
472:Ningal
467:Ninazu
462:Nisaba
447:Nanshe
442:Namtar
427:Mamitu
387:Isimud
337:Ashnan
304:Ĺ ulpae
294:Nergal
289:Marduk
159:Anshar
155:Kishar
146:Lahamu
137:Tiamat
118:Canaan
113:Arabia
3133:Stars
2519:S2CID
2511:JSTOR
2476:JSTOR
2453:JSTOR
2266:S2CID
2258:JSTOR
2203:p.19.
2191:p.13.
2149:p.11.
2137:p.16.
2113:p.71.
1985:omens
1821:Goat
1766:Lion
1755:Crab
1733:Bull
1447:stars
1390:with
1380:with
1370:with
1358:Venus
1350:with
1222:omens
1088:Libra
1083:Virgo
1058:Aries
1005:Natal
969:Hindu
799:Terms
746:Tales
709:Hanbi
684:Bašmu
664:Siris
580:Adapa
527:Nuska
412:Lisin
402:Lahar
382:Igigi
372:Gibil
342:Ashgi
284:Lahar
274:Kingu
192:Enlil
164:Mummu
150:Lahmu
96:Sumer
2812:Magi
2639:ISBN
2622:ISBN
2605:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2407:ISSN
2363:help
2297:ISBN
2125:p.9.
2101:p.x.
2070:p.1.
1902:and
1887:and
1760:Leo
1609:Leo
1470:omen
1439:Moon
1426:The
1388:Mars
1382:Nabu
1210:omen
1202:gods
1198:bare
724:Lilu
669:AnzĂ»
654:Asag
644:Udug
562:Uttu
437:Nabu
392:Išum
362:Erra
244:Adad
197:Enki
157:and
148:and
141:Abzu
139:and
2503:doi
2443:doi
2397:doi
2289:doi
2250:doi
1898:In
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1662:12
1654:17
1648:11
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1078:Leo
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