518:) made several recommendations: ICS officers should receive increased and more comprehensive levels of compensation, future batches of ICS officers should be composed of 40% Europeans and 40% Indians with the remaining 20% of appointments to be filled by direct promotion of Indians from the Provincial Civil Services (PCS), and the examinations in Delhi and London were to produce an equal number of ICS probationers. In addition, under-representation of candidates from Indian minority groups (Muslims, Burmese and so on) would be corrected by direct appointments of qualified candidates from those groups, while British candidates would continue to have priority over Indians for ICS appointments. While initially successful, the expansion of the Indian independence movement from the late 1920s resulted in a hardening of Indian attitudes against European officers, and furthered distrust of Indian ICS appointments amongst Indians. This resulted in a declining recruitment base in terms of quality and quantity.
287:
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269:
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following year, the final London-nominated ICS candidates, both of whom were Indian, entered the service. Examinations continued to be held in Delhi for Indian candidates until 1943, when the last seven ICS officers (seven examinees, two nominated) joined. By this time, the
British government felt it could no longer rely unambiguously on the complete loyalty of its Indian officers. During the period of the
587:" (CSP). In 1947, there were 980 ICS officers. 468 were Europeans, 352 Hindus, 101 Muslims, two depressed classes/Scheduled Castes, five domiciled Europeans and Anglo-Indians, 25 Indian Christians, 13 Parsis, 10 Sikhs and four other communities. Many Hindus and Muslims went to India and Pakistan respectively. This sudden loss of officer cadre caused major challenges in administering the nascent states.
3214:
373:, pay scales were drawn up. Assistant Commissioners started out in their early twenties on around £300 a year. The governorship of a British province was the highest post an ICS officer could aspire to. The governors at the top of the pyramid got £6,000 a year plus allowances. All ICS officers retired on the same pension of £1,000. This sum was paid as an
618:(ICS 1932), a district and sessions judge at the time of independence in 1947, remained in Indian government service as a judge. Having married an Indian, Swarup Kumari Gaur, in 1937, with whom he raised a family, he eventually renounced his British citizenship in 1958 and became an Indian citizen with the personal intervention of Prime Minister
360:
The civil services were divided into two categories – covenanted and uncovenanted. The covenanted civil service consisted of
British civil servants occupying the higher posts in the government. The uncovenanted civil service was introduced to facilitate the entry of Indians at the lower rung of
330:
The only civilians allowed a dress uniform by regulations were those who had distinct duties of a political kind to perform, and who are thereby brought into frequent and direct personal contact with native princes. This uniform included a blue coat with gold embroidery, a black velvet lining, collar
705:
often ridiculed the ICS for its support of
British policies. He noted that someone had once defined the Indian Civil Service, "with which we are unfortunately still afflicted in this country, as neither Indian, nor civil, nor a service". As Prime Minister, Nehru retained the organisation and its top
693:
Dewey has commented that "in their heyday they were mostly run by
Englishmen with a few notable sons of Hindus and even a fewer Muslims were the most powerful officials in the Empire, if not the world. A tiny cadre, a little over a thousand strong, ruled more than 300 million Indians. Each Civilian
254:
By 1920, there were five methods of entry into the higher civil service: firstly, the open competitive examinations in London; secondly, separate competitive examinations in India; thirdly, nomination in India to satisfy provincial and communal representation; fourthly, promotion from the
Provincial
185:
An appointment to the civil service of the
Company will not be a matter of favour but a matter of right. He who obtains such an appointment will owe it solely to his own abilities and industry. It is undoubtedly desirable that the civil servants of the Company should have received the best, the most
542:
The finances of India under
British rule depended largely on land taxes, and these became problematic in the 1930s. Epstein argues that after 1919 it became harder and harder to collect the land revenue. The suppression of civil disobedience by the British after 1934 temporarily increased the power
590:
Despite offers from the new Indian and
Pakistani governments, virtually all of the European former ICS officers left following partition, with the majority of those who did not opt for retirement continuing their careers either in the British Home Civil Service or in another British colonial civil
554:
The outbreak of war in 1939 had immediate consequences for recruitment to the ICS. The examinations in London were suspended after that year's batch (12 British and eight Indian examinees) had qualified. In 1940 and 1941, 12 and four
British candidates, respectively, were nominated to the ICS; the
506:
Before the First World War, 95% of ICS officers were
Europeans; after the war, the British government faced growing difficulties in recruiting British candidates to the service. With fewer young British men interested in joining, mainly due to the decreased levels of compensation compared to other
380:
In the first decades of the twentieth century, the imbalance in salaries and emoluments was so great that 8,000 British officers together earned a total of £13,930,554, while 130,000 Indians in government service (not just those in the Indian Civil Service proper) were collectively paid a total of
471:
If a responsible government is to be established in India, there will be a far greater need than is even dreamt of at present for persons to take part in public affairs in the legislative assemblies and elsewhere and for this reason the more Indians we can employ in the public service the better.
673:
If you take that steel frame out of the fabric, it would collapse. There is one institution we will not cripple, there is one institution we will not deprive of its functions or of its privileges; and that is the institution which built up the British Raj – the British Civil Service of
391:
and also were given fifty percent of the judgeships in the state high court (the rest were generally elevated from the high court bar). The tenure of ICS officers serving as judges of the high court and Supreme Court was determined by the retirement age fixed for judges.
507:
careers, and confronted with numerous vacancies, the government resorted to direct appointments; between 1915 and 1924, 80% of new British ICS appointees entered the service in this way. During the same period, 44% of new appointments to the ICS were filled by Indians.
533:
as early as 1924. From 1924 to 1934, Administration in India consisted of "ten" All India Services and five central departments, all under the control of Secretary of State for India, and three central departments under joint Provincial and Imperial Control.
607:(ICS 1939), the last former ICS officer holding British nationality and the last to serve in an executive capacity under the Indian government, ended his Indian service in 1968 as Second Member of the Board of Revenue, but continued to serve in the British
591:
service. A few British ex-ICS officers stayed on over the ensuing quarter-century, notably those who had selected the "judicial side" of the ICS. The last British former ICS officer from the "judicial side" still serving in the subcontinent, Justice
208:. Candidates had to be aged between 18 and 23 to take the exam. The total marks possible in the examination were 1,900 and one could get up to three opportunities to enter. Successful candidates underwent one or two years of probation in the
636:(ICS 1943), a member of the final batch recruited to the ICS, who retired as Cabinet Secretary in April 1980, was the last Indian administrative officer who had originally joined as an ICS. The last former ICS officer to retire,
1178:
1498:
3202:
1143:
2581:
2221:
1951:
2120:
2004:
999:
622:, himself a former barrister who regarded Broome as a distinguished jurist and as "much as Indian as anybody can be who is not born in India". Upon his retirement on 18 March 1972 from the
694:
had an average 300,000 subjects, and each Civilian penetrated every corner of his subjects' lives, because the Indian Civil Service directed all the activities of the Anglo-Indian state."
247:
The Early Nationalists, also known as the Moderates, worked for implementation of various social reforms such as the appointment of a Public Service Commission and a resolution of the
377:
each year after retirement. Widows of deceased officers were entitled to £300 a year, leading to a popular saying that an ICS marriage was worth "three hundred a year alive or dead".
1908:
735:
2105:
2069:
1913:
1855:
1188:
3493:
3195:
2054:
68:
and were ultimately responsible for overseeing all government activity in the 250 districts that comprised British India. They were appointed under Section XXXII(32) of the
3518:
2653:
2443:
746:
3508:
2214:
1542:
3635:
3566:
1490:
3188:
244:, which together gave knowledge of the revenue system, as well as reading Indian history and learning the language of the province to which they had been assigned.
2611:
2605:
1467:
1147:
543:
of the revenue agents, but after 1937 they were forced by the new Congress-controlled provincial governments to hand back confiscated land. The outbreak of the
166:
Up to 1853, the Directors of the East India Company made appointments of covenanted civil servants by nominations. This nomination system was abolished by the
3169:
2207:
837:
3630:
3143:
2310:
2269:
209:
65:
3655:
3615:
3180:
3080:
2617:
2304:
2156:
1133:
Meghna Sabharwal, Evan M. Berman "Public Administration in South Asia: India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan (Public Administration and Public Policy)" (2013)
1900:
1034:
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1848:
1243:
3060:
2741:
2713:
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people, albeit with a change of title to the "Indian Administrative Service". It continued its main roles. Nehru appointed long-time ICS officials
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2920:
2840:
2811:
2788:
2400:
2188:
2172:
991:
664:
after independence, retiring in 1977 as Ambassador to Spain. At his death in 2021, he was the last surviving former Indian Civil Service officer.
652:(ICS 1937), the last living ICS officer to have joined the service in a regular pre-war intake, died in 2018. He was a retired Chief Secretary of
511:
551:
the revenue collectors had to rely on military force, and by 1946–47 direct British control was rapidly disappearing in much of the countryside.
114:
are all descended from the old Indian Civil Service. Historians often rate the ICS, together with the railway system, the legal system, and the
83:
At first almost all the top thousand members of the ICS, known as "Civilians", were British, and had been educated in the best British schools.
3440:
2747:
2436:
2284:
2059:
1931:
407:
248:
1895:
3676:
3488:
2410:
2405:
2340:
2100:
2095:
1941:
1592:
1389:
1351:
1299:
1274:
1118:
913:
791:
718:
appreciated their role in keeping India united after partition, and noted in Parliament that without them, the country would have collapsed.
584:
103:
3727:
3237:
2735:
2385:
1841:
684:
559:(1946–1947), a few British candidates were given emergency appointments in the ICS, though ultimately none of them ever served in India.
3122:
2659:
2599:
2375:
2325:
2320:
2230:
2064:
751:
3625:
3561:
2360:
1724:
Gould, William. "The Dual State: The Unruly 'Subordinate', Caste, Community and Civil Service Recruitment in North India, 1930–1955,"
1644:
3556:
3267:
3153:
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2521:
2429:
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2345:
2299:
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2024:
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514:(which eventually led to the foundation of the Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission under the
811:
697:
The ICS had responsibility for maintaining law and order, and often were at loggerheads with the independence activists during the
567:
At the time of the partition of India and departure of the British, in 1947, the Indian Civil Service was divided between the new
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3541:
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3445:
3105:
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2723:
2671:
2635:
2380:
2365:
2330:
2151:
2090:
1961:
1936:
442:
402:
73:
472:
Moreover, it would lessen the burden of Imperial responsibilities if a body of capable Indian administrators could be produced..
3701:
3148:
2677:
2629:
2539:
2279:
2274:
2246:
2049:
1880:
526:
1534:
479:
384:
ICS officers normally served for a minimum of twenty-five years, and there was a maximum service period of thirty-five years.
3435:
3287:
3115:
3110:
2846:
2834:
2706:
2641:
2545:
2178:
2146:
2029:
1946:
608:
201:
510:
In 1922, Indian candidates were permitted to sit for the ICS examinations in Delhi; in 1924, the Lee Commission, chaired by
1366:
Simon Epstein, 'District Officers in Decline: The Erosion of British Authority in the Bombay Countryside, 1919 to 1947' in
951:
3722:
3640:
3455:
3410:
2729:
2623:
2527:
2466:
2289:
1956:
596:
580:
2551:
2509:
2350:
255:
Civil Service and lastly, appointments from the bar (one-fourth of the posts in the ICS were to be filled from the bar).
3546:
3498:
3065:
2864:
2852:
2700:
2533:
2009:
1966:
1640:
698:
641:
515:
492:
488:
127:
77:
69:
2355:
3218:
2913:
2515:
556:
388:
1459:
3347:
3312:
3302:
2858:
2817:
2665:
2569:
2256:
2136:
2085:
229:
3551:
3536:
3513:
3342:
3247:
3090:
3075:
3008:
2870:
2765:
2503:
1890:
833:
111:
1565:
1423:
McDonald, Douglas (2015). "Becoming Indian: William Broome and Colonial Continuity in Post-Independence India".
3681:
3355:
3337:
3327:
3317:
3297:
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3023:
3013:
2759:
2593:
2115:
2110:
1976:
370:
145:
107:
1719:
965:: Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Government of India. 8 June 2011. Archived from
286:
1693:
Burra, Arudra. "The Indian Civil Service and the Nationalist Movement: Neutrality, Politics and Continuity,"
3503:
3370:
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3252:
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3055:
3033:
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221:
99:
31:
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3028:
2906:
2647:
2563:
2497:
2489:
1999:
1239:
661:
637:
500:
233:
212:, according to whether they had taken the London or the Indian examination. This period was spent at the
181:
in the month of August of each year. All candidate were required to pass a compulsory horse-riding test.
3405:
3400:
3332:
3257:
3242:
2982:
2478:
2472:
2039:
1885:
721:
600:
186:
finished education that the native country affords (the Report insisted that the civil servants of the
3594:
3040:
2683:
1971:
1798:
1738:
Krishna, Anirudh. "Continuity and change: the Indian administrative service 30 years ago and today,"
1661:
937:
633:
623:
615:
576:
355:
225:
213:
157:
95:
1656:
As per published records and book named "The India List and India Office List 1905" as published by
3571:
3395:
3050:
2238:
1773:
Potter, David C. "Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism: The Case of Indian Civil Service,"
1325:
David C. Potter, "Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism: The Case of Indian Civil Service,"
548:
421:
115:
3478:
2458:
2183:
1440:
881:
707:
680:
522:
496:
454:
187:
167:
161:
137:
1792:
A Young Man's Country: Letters of a Subdivisional Officer of the Indian Civil Service 1936-1937
1058:
Encyclopedia of Political Parties – India – Pakistan – Bangladesh – National – Regional – Local
992:"Historical Perspective of The Indian Civil Services & The Union Public Service Commission"
268:
251:(1893) allowing for simultaneous examination for the Indian Civil Service in London and India.
2948:
1588:
1385:
1347:
1295:
1270:
1215:
1114:
909:
787:
572:
170:
in 1853 and it was decided that appointments would be through competitive examinations of all
91:
3695:
3528:
1432:
702:
619:
324:
320:
217:
205:
200:
The competitive examination for entry to the civil service was combined for the Diplomatic,
171:
144:
took on its administrative responsibilities. The change in governance came about due to the
1183:
645:
343:
303:
241:
1060:. Vol. 23. Moderate phrase in India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. pp. 29–36.
327:
decided that prescribing a dress uniform would be an undue expense for their officials.
277:
2992:
1828:
807:
653:
604:
592:
312:
299:
54:
2199:
1803:
3716:
3277:
3232:
2987:
2972:
2943:
2929:
1636:
1632:
1444:
1027:"The Colonial Service Training Courses : Professionalizing the Colonial Service"
316:
141:
50:
17:
2968:
1657:
933:
715:
627:
544:
295:
237:
1747:
Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India
1582:
903:
3586:
3470:
2963:
2953:
966:
657:
190:
should have taken the first degree in arts at Oxford or Cambridge Universities).
131:
58:
660:(ICS 1942) transferred to the Indian Political Service in 1946 and then to the
2958:
1833:
1733:
A Young Victorian in India: Letters of H. M. Kisch of the Indian Civil Service
630:, Broome was the last former ICS officer of European origin serving in India.
335:
332:
1436:
1062:
The phase from 1885 to 1905 is known as the period of the Early Nationalists.
962:
649:
2421:
640:(also a member of the final ICS batch of 1943), retired as Chairman of the
656:
and was the oldest former ICS officer on record at the time of his death.
2977:
2044:
905:
In quest of Indian folktales: Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and William Crooke
568:
236:, where a candidate studied the law and institutions of India, including
3045:
2034:
2019:
1639:. However Pakistan was split into two. West Pakistan is now renamed to
725:
Commemoration of the Indian Civil Services at Westminster Abbey, London
595:(ICS 1928), retired as Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court (now the
374:
339:
315:
had suggested that the civil servants in India should have an official
1778:
1337:
1335:
331:
and cuffs, blue cloth trousers with gold and lace two inches wide, a
178:
177:
The examination for admission to the service was first held only in
90:
in 1947, the outgoing Government of India's ICS was divided between
3213:
1802:
1631:
ICS members in Pakistan was originally administering equally both
720:
563:
Partition of India, dissolution and subsequent service of officers
87:
118:, as among the most important legacies of British rule in India.
98:. Although these are now organised differently, the contemporary
2898:
2014:
1756:(1990), interviews with retired ICS officers about pre-1947 days
1609:
Glimpses of world history: being further letters to his daughter
3184:
2902:
2425:
2203:
1837:
1785:
Indianization of the Civil Services in British India, 1858–1935
2582:
Indian Post and Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service
1382:
The Chaos of Empire: the British Raj and the Conquest of India
2035:
Jammu and Kashmir Board of Professional Entrance Examinations
1707:
Ewing, Ann. "Administering India: The Indian Civil Service,"
1816:
The All India Services: A Study of their Origin & Growth
1702:
Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service
1584:
Anglo-Indian attitudes: the mind of the Indian Civil Service
1111:
Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India
1076:
Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century
1021:
1019:
1017:
148:, which came close to toppling British rule in the country.
27:
Civil service of India during British rule from 1858 to 1947
583:(IAS), while the part that went to Pakistan was named the "
64:
Its members ruled over more than 300 million people in the
2121:
The National Council for Human Resource in Health in India
2005:
Engineering Agricultural and Pharmacy Common Entrance Test
1292:
Public Personnel Administration : Theory and Practice
1766:
Potter, David C. "The Last of the Indian Civil Service,"
784:
Anglo-Indian Attitudes: Mind of the Indian Civil Service
478:
Regarding the importance of Indianising Civil Services,
1587:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 3.
1952:
University Grants Commission–National Eligibility Test
1074:
Porter, Robin J. (2001). "Imperial India, 1858–1914".
736:
Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
2106:
Indian Police Service Limited Competitive Examination
2070:
Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board
1810:(1 ed.). Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, & Co., Ltd.
1716:
The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj
1091:
Indian public administration: Institutions and Issues
886:
Indian public administration: institutions and issues
599:) in May 1966, receiving a knighthood in the British
2055:
Tamil Nadu Professional Courses Entrance Examination
3669:
3608:
3585:
3527:
3469:
3428:
3276:
3225:
3136:
3001:
2936:
2880:
2827:
2798:
2775:
2693:
2488:
2457:
2255:
2237:
2165:
2129:
2078:
1992:
1924:
1869:
2654:Indian Revenue Service (Custom and Indirect Taxes)
1418:
1416:
1146:. The British Library. 8 June 2011. Archived from
747:List of Indian members of the Indian Civil Service
3509:Military College of Telecommunication Engineering
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
644:in 1994. The last living British ex-ICS officer,
387:ICS officers served as political officers in the
3567:Tactics and Air Combat Development Establishment
1344:Problems and Issues in Administrative Federalism
952:"History of civil services in India and Reforms"
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
547:strengthened them again, but in the face of the
59:British rule in the period between 1858 and 1947
834:"Administering India: The Indian Civil Service"
671:
469:
183:
2612:Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers
2606:Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers
1523:. Harrison & Sons, Ltd. 1947. p. 241.
3196:
2914:
2437:
2215:
1849:
1491:"JPL Gwynn: Smitten by the land and language"
1384:. New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 492–494.
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
579:. The part which went to India was named the
8:
3494:Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School
3170:Civil service reform in developing countries
1763:(1987) 289pp; the standard scholarly history
1711:, June 1982, 32#6 pp 43–48, covers 1858–1947
1521:The India Office and Burma Office List: 1947
1104:
1102:
1100:
2311:Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission
2270:Arunachal Pradesh Public Service Commission
752:List of Public service commissions in India
306:in the uniform of the Indian Civil Service.
66:presidencies and provinces of British India
3273:
3203:
3189:
3181:
2921:
2907:
2899:
2618:Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers
2444:
2430:
2422:
2305:Himachal Pradesh Public Service Commission
2222:
2208:
2200:
2157:All India Engineering Entrance Examination
1873:
1856:
1842:
1834:
1768:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
1761:India's Political Administrators,1919–1983
1728:Mar-June 2007, Vol. 20 Issue 1/2, pp 13–43
1267:A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 3
1089:Arora, Ramesh Kumar; Goyal, Rajni (1995).
422:Assistant Secretary to Government of India
2806:Provincial Police Service (Uttar Pradesh)
2783:Provincial Forest Service (Uttar Pradesh)
2391:Telangana State Public Service Commission
1731:Kisch, H. M.; Ethel A. Waley-Cohen (ed.)
3519:Military College of Materials Management
2742:Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)
2714:Jammu and Kashmir Administrative Service
2336:Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission
2265:Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission
1805:The Indian Civil Service as a Profession
1740:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics,
1695:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics,
890:The making of India: a historical survey
2841:Provincial Finance and Accounts Service
2812:Provincial Police Service (Uttarakhand)
2789:Provincial Forest Service (Uttarakhand)
2594:Indian Railway Protection Force Service
2401:Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
2189:Medical Council of India Screening Test
2173:Common Engineering Entrance Examination
1905:National Eligibility cum Entrance Test
1624:
908:. Indiana University Press. p. 6.
763:
512:Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham
3441:National Academy of Defence Production
3219:Indian military academies and colleges
2748:Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)
2285:Chhattisgarh Public Service Commission
2060:West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination
1932:Common Entrance Examination for Design
1770:(Apr 1979), Vol. 2 Issue 1/2, pp 19–29
538:After the Government of India Act 1935
491:, the Imperial Services headed by the
408:Joint Secretary to Government of India
3677:Combined Defence Services Examination
2411:West Bengal Public Service Commission
2406:Uttarakhand Public Service Commission
2341:Maharashtra Public Service Commission
2101:Combined Medical Services Examination
2096:Combined Defence Services Examination
1942:Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
1901:Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced
1673:As per Warrant or Precedence of 1905.
1535:"Ex-diplomat V.M.M. Nair passes away"
1405:"Last Briton Leaves Indian Service".
104:Central Superior Services of Pakistan
7:
2736:Provincial Civil Service (Jharkhand)
2386:Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission
1688:The I.C.S.: The Indian Civil Service
1643:and East Pakistan is now renamed to
1611:(Lindsay Drummond Ltd., 1949), p. 94
1470:from the original on 9 February 2019
1294:. Deep and Deep Publications, 2008.
1002:from the original on 4 December 2023
930:The India List and India Office List
840:from the original on 14 January 2019
685:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
611:until his final retirement in 1976.
2660:Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)
2600:Indian Railway Service of Engineers
2552:Indian Defence Service of Engineers
2510:Central Engineering Service (Roads)
2376:Rajasthan Public Service Commission
2351:Meghalaya Public Service Commission
2326:Karnataka Public Service Commission
2321:Jharkhand Public Service Commission
2231:Public Service Commissions in India
2065:Assam Combined Entrance Examination
1545:from the original on 6 October 2021
319:, as did their counterparts in the
136:From 1858, after the demise of the
80:, a member of the British cabinet.
3562:Indian Air Force Test Pilot School
3144:National civil service commissions
2361:Nagaland Public Service Commission
1567:One Who Forged India's Steel Frame
1179:"Archive: The men who ran the Raj"
814:from the original on 3 August 2019
25:
3268:Rashtriya Indian Military College
2588:Indian Railway Management Service
2576:Indian Ordnance Factories Service
2522:Indian Audit and Accounts Service
2396:Tripura Public Service Commission
2356:Mizoram Public Service Commission
2346:Manipur Public Service Commission
2300:Haryana Public Service Commission
2295:Gujarat Public Service Commission
2025:Odisha Joint Entrance Examination
1896:Joint Entrance Examination – Main
1501:from the original on 6 March 2021
1210:Mason, Philip (4 December 1987).
1037:from the original on 9 March 2016
3542:Air Force Administrative College
3461:Military Institute of Technology
3212:
2754:Rajasthan Administrative Service
2724:Karnataka Administrative Service
2672:Indian Telecommunication Service
2636:Indian Railway Personnel Service
2381:Sikkim Public Service Commission
2371:Punjab Public Service Commission
2366:Odisha Public Service Commission
2331:Kerala Public Service Commission
2152:Special Class Railway Apprentice
2091:Engineering Services Examination
1962:National Entrance Screening Test
1937:Common Management Admission Test
1726:Journal of Historical Sociology,
1489:K. S. S. Seshan (16 June 2016).
1458:P. M. Gwynn (17 November 1999).
1269:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
1246:from the original on 22 May 2017
1056:Ralhan, Om Prakash, ed. (1995).
998:. UPSC Pathshala. 11 June 2020.
443:Chief Secretary (British Empire)
403:Secretary to Government of India
285:
276:
267:
86:At the time of the partition of
3702:Military education and training
3489:College of Military Engineering
2678:Indian Radio Regulatory Service
2630:Indian Railway Accounts Service
2540:Indian Defence Accounts Service
2280:Bihar Public Service Commission
2275:Assam Public Service Commission
2247:Union Public Service Commission
2050:Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test
1881:Common University Entrance Test
1645:People's Republic of Bangladesh
174:, without distinction of race.
3436:Defence Services Staff College
2847:Provincial Secretariat Service
2835:Provincial Development Service
2707:Gujarat Administrative Service
2642:Indian Railway Traffic Service
2546:Indian Defence Estates Service
2179:National Board of Examinations
2147:Joint Management Entrance Test
2030:Rajasthan Pre-Engineering Test
1947:Joint Admission Test for M.Sc.
1113:. Princeton University Press.
140:'s rule in India, the British
1:
3456:College of Defence Management
2730:Kerala Administrative Service
2624:Indian Railway Stores Service
2528:Indian Civil Accounts Service
2467:Indian Administrative Service
2290:Goa Public Service Commission
1957:Joint Entrance Screening Test
1370:, (May 1982) 16#3, pp 493–518
1236:"The Un-Indian Civil Service"
710:as his Finance Minister, and
687:on the Imperial Civil Service
597:Punjab and Haryana High Court
581:Indian Administrative Service
447:Secretary to State Government
3547:Air Force School, Coimbatore
3499:High Altitude Warfare School
3238:Armed Forces Medical College
2865:West Bengal Judicial Service
2853:Provincial Transport Service
2701:Bihar Administrative Service
2534:Indian Corporate Law Service
2010:Gujarat Common Entrance Test
1967:NIT MCA Common Entrance Test
1641:Islamic Republic of Pakistan
1342:Maheshwari, Shriram (1992).
888:(1995) p. 42; Ranbir Vohra,
699:Indian independence movement
642:Pakistan Board of Investment
603:upon his return to Britain.
516:Government of India Act 1935
493:Secretary of State for India
489:Government of India Act 1919
128:Civil Service in early India
78:Secretary of State for India
76:. The ICS was headed by the
70:Government of India Act 1858
3728:Government of British India
2516:Central Secretariat Service
2504:Central Engineering Service
1864:Standardised tests in India
557:Interim Government of India
415:Additional Deputy Secretary
389:Indian Political Department
45:), officially known as the
3744:
2859:Rajasthan Accounts Service
2818:West Bengal Police Service
2666:Indian Statistical Service
2570:Indian Information Service
2137:All India Pre Medical Test
2086:Civil Services Examination
1777:, (Jan 1973) 7#1 pp 47–73
1460:"Obituary: J. P. L. Gwynn"
1214:. Pan Books. p. 146.
902:Naithani, Sadhana (2006).
808:"The Indian Civil Service"
782:Dewey, Clive (July 1993).
733:
714:as his Foreign Secretary.
648:(ICS 1932), died in 2002.
480:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
353:
230:School of Oriental Studies
155:
125:
29:
3690:
3557:Flying Instructors School
3552:Air Force School, Jodhpur
3514:Officers Training Academy
3248:Bangalore Military School
3162:
2871:West Bengal Legal Service
2766:West Bengal Civil Service
1891:Common Law Admission Test
1876:
1742:Nov 2010, 48#4 pp 433–444
1697:Nov 2010, 48#4 pp 404–432
1329:, (Jan 1973) 7#1 pp 47–73
1109:Cohn, Bernard S. (1996).
585:Civil Service of Pakistan
531:Central Superior Services
431:Judge of State High Court
195:Macaulay Committee Report
3682:Services Selection Board
3451:National Defence College
3446:National Defence Academy
3226:Education & training
3154:Civil service by country
2828:Non-State Civil Services
2760:Tamil Nadu Civil Service
2452:Public Services of India
2116:Teacher Eligibility Test
2111:Services Selection Board
1977:Management Aptitude Test
1829:The Indian Civil Service
1437:10.1177/0376983615597167
1425:Indian Historical Review
712:K. P. S. Menon
495:, were split into two –
487:With the passing of the
371:Indian Rebellion of 1857
146:Indian Rebellion of 1857
108:Bangladesh Civil Service
30:Not to be confused with
3504:Indian Military Academy
3263:Dholpur Military School
3253:Belgaum Military School
2888:Civil Services of India
2558:Indian Economic Service
2142:Common Proficiency Test
1754:Indian Tales of the Raj
1720:excerpt and text search
1212:The Men who Ruled India
880:Ramesh Kumar Arora and
786:. A&C Black, 1993.
450:Divisional Commissioner
296:Sir Henry Edward Stokes
222:University of Cambridge
100:Civil Services of India
32:Civil Services of India
3577:College of Air Warfare
3149:Government occupations
2648:Indian Revenue Service
2564:Indian Foreign Service
2498:Central Labour Service
2490:Central Civil Services
2000:Combined Aptitude Test
1790:Saumarez Smith, W. H.
1265:P. N., Chopra (2003).
726:
691:
662:Indian Foreign Service
638:Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi
485:
459:Assistant Commissioner
453:Deputy Commissioner /
234:Trinity College Dublin
204:, the Indian, and the
198:
47:Imperial Civil Service
3258:Chail Military School
3243:Ajmer Military School
2983:Public administration
2799:State Police Services
2776:State Forest Services
2479:Indian Police Service
2473:Indian Forest Service
2040:Joint Employment Test
1886:Common Admission Test
1799:Smith, Vincent Arthur
1745:MacMillan, Margaret.
1581:Dewey, Clive (1993).
1380:Wilson, John (2016).
1346:. Allied Publishers.
724:
668:Support and criticism
601:1967 New Year Honours
112:Myanmar Civil Service
3723:Indian Civil Service
3595:Indian Naval Academy
3002:By country/territory
2694:State Civil Services
2684:Indian Trade Service
1972:Policy Aptitude Test
1775:Modern Asian Studies
1662:India Office Records
1368:Modern Asian Studies
1327:Modern Asian Studies
1150:on 25 September 2015
1078:. pp. 345, 434.
938:India Office Records
634:Nirmal Kumar Mukarji
624:Allahabad High Court
361:the administration.
356:Aitchison Commission
226:University of London
214:University of Oxford
158:Aitchison Commission
39:Indian Civil Service
18:Bengal Civil Service
3572:Air Defence College
1981:IISER Aptitude Test
1290:Goel, S.L. (2008).
1191:on 4 September 2016
1031:britishempire.co.uk
869:The A to Z of India
626:as its most senior
549:Quit India movement
529:were designated as
399:Central Government
122:Origins and history
3479:Army Cadet College
2459:All India Services
1607:Jawaharlal Nehru,
1564:Bali, H.N (2013).
1541:. 6 October 2021.
1242:. 10 August 2016.
727:
708:Chintaman Deshmukh
681:David Lloyd George
609:Home Civil Service
497:All India Services
466:Changes after 1912
455:District Collector
300:Sir Gabriel Stokes
224:, colleges in the
168:British Parliament
162:Early Nationalists
138:East India Company
74:British Parliament
3710:
3709:
3600:Naval War College
3537:Air Force Academy
3424:
3423:
3178:
3177:
2949:Government agency
2896:
2895:
2419:
2418:
2317:
2197:
2196:
1988:
1987:
1759:Potter, David C.
1594:978-1-85285-097-5
1391:978-1-61039-293-8
1353:978-81-7023-342-8
1301:978-81-7629-395-2
1276:978-81-207-2506-5
1120:978-0-691-00043-5
996:upscpathshala.com
915:978-0-253-34544-8
871:(2010), pp 288–90
867:Surjit Mansingh,
793:978-0-8264-3254-4
439:State Government
259:Uniform and dress
206:Colonial Services
152:Entry and setting
72:, enacted by the
49:, was the higher
16:(Redirected from
3735:
3696:Military academy
3661:Commandant MILIT
3529:Indian Air Force
3484:Army War College
3274:
3217:
3216:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3116:Northern Ireland
2923:
2916:
2909:
2900:
2719:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2315:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
1874:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1811:
1809:
1752:Masani, Zareer.
1714:Gilmour, David.
1674:
1671:
1665:
1654:
1648:
1629:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1486:
1480:
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1477:
1475:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1420:
1411:
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1402:
1396:
1395:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1339:
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1323:
1306:
1305:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1187:. Archived from
1175:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1023:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
972:on 20 March 2012
971:
956:
948:
942:
941:
926:
920:
919:
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893:
878:
872:
865:
859:
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850:
849:
847:
845:
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
804:
798:
797:
779:
703:Jawaharlal Nehru
689:
620:Jawaharlal Nehru
545:Second World War
527:Central Services
501:Central Services
483:
412:Deputy Secretary
365:Salary and ranks
344:ostrich feathers
338:with black silk
325:Council of India
321:Colonial Service
289:
280:
271:
249:House of Commons
218:Indian Institute
196:
172:British subjects
57:in India during
21:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3686:
3665:
3636:Commandant DSSC
3604:
3581:
3523:
3465:
3420:
3288:Amaravathinagar
3279:
3272:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3179:
3174:
3158:
3132:
2997:
2932:
2927:
2897:
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2823:
2794:
2771:
2717:
2689:
2484:
2453:
2450:
2420:
2415:
2314:
2251:
2233:
2228:
2198:
2193:
2161:
2125:
2074:
1984:
1920:
1909:(Undergraduate)
1865:
1862:
1825:
1797:
1783:Sharma, Malti.
1686:Blunt, Edward.
1683:
1681:Further reading
1678:
1677:
1672:
1668:
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1471:
1464:The Independent
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1234:
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1209:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1184:Hindustan Times
1177:
1176:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1144:"Civil Service"
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1121:
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832:
831:
827:
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760:
743:
738:
732:
690:
678:
670:
646:Ian Dixon Scott
565:
540:
484:
476:
468:
418:Under Secretary
367:
358:
352:
350:Nature and role
346:, and a sword.
323:. However, the
310:
309:
308:
307:
304:V. Narahari Rao
292:
291:
290:
282:
281:
273:
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261:
242:law of evidence
197:
194:
164:
156:Main articles:
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134:
126:Main articles:
124:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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3656:Commandant NDC
3653:
3651:Commandant CAW
3648:
3646:Commandant NWC
3643:
3641:Commandant CDM
3638:
3633:
3631:Commandant AFA
3628:
3626:Commandant INA
3623:
3621:Commandant IMA
3618:
3616:Commandant NDA
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3418:
3413:
3411:Sujanpur Tihra
3408:
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3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
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3265:
3260:
3255:
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3245:
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3223:
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3210:
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3193:
3185:
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3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
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3128:European Union
3125:
3120:
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3118:
3111:United Kingdom
3108:
3103:
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3036:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2993:Public service
2990:
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2975:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
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2926:
2925:
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2868:
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2822:
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2809:
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2800:
2796:
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2769:
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2727:
2721:
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2585:
2579:
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2531:
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2463:
2461:
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2241:
2235:
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2229:
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2219:
2212:
2204:
2195:
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2139:
2133:
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2103:
2098:
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2076:
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2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1914:(Postgraduate)
1911:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1870:National level
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1823:External links
1821:
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1819:
1812:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1771:
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1736:
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1700:Dewey, Clive.
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1431:(2): 303–331.
1412:
1409:. 12 May 1966.
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1709:History Today
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1093:. p. 43.
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51:civil service
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33:
19:
3694:
3670:Examinations
3166:
2969:Merit system
2712:
2309:
1815:
1804:
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1753:
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1687:
1669:
1658:India Office
1652:
1627:
1608:
1603:
1583:
1576:
1566:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
1520:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1494:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1463:
1453:
1428:
1424:
1406:
1400:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1343:
1326:
1291:
1285:
1266:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1230:
1211:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:the original
1182:
1152:. Retrieved
1148:the original
1138:
1129:
1110:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1030:
1004:. Retrieved
995:
986:
976:15 September
974:. Retrieved
967:the original
958:
946:
934:India Office
929:
924:
904:
897:
892:(2001) p 185
889:
885:
876:
868:
863:
854:
844:18 September
842:. Retrieved
828:
818:18 September
816:. Retrieved
802:
783:
716:Sardar Patel
696:
692:
679:
672:
632:
628:puisne judge
613:
589:
566:
553:
541:
530:
525:and class 1
520:
509:
505:
486:
477:
470:
394:
386:
383:
381:£3,284,163.
379:
368:
359:
329:
311:
253:
246:
238:criminal law
199:
184:
176:
165:
135:
85:
82:
63:
46:
42:
38:
36:
3609:Commandants
3587:Indian Navy
3471:Indian Army
3429:Tri Service
3348:Kazhakootam
3313:Chittorgarh
3303:Bhubaneswar
3081:New Zealand
2964:Technocracy
2954:Bureaucracy
2718:(1957–2019)
2316:(1957–2019)
1993:State level
1195:4 September
1041:25 February
882:Rajni Goyal
658:V.M.M. Nair
228:(including
132:British Raj
116:Indian Army
3717:Categories
3343:Kapurthala
3137:Categories
3014:Bangladesh
2959:Bureaucrat
2175:(proposal)
1505:8 February
1474:8 February
959:arc.gov.in
758:References
734:See also:
369:After the
336:cocked hat
3356:Korukonda
3338:Jhunjhunu
3328:Gopalganj
3318:Ghorakhal
3298:Balachadi
3293:Ambikapur
3167:See also:
3106:Sri Lanka
3101:Singapore
3034:Hong Kong
3009:Australia
2656:(IRS-CIT)
2184:Madhyamik
1570:. Boloji.
1549:6 October
1539:The Hindu
1495:The Hindu
1445:146608189
1407:The Times
1154:14 August
963:New Delhi
650:V. K. Rao
569:Dominions
523:All India
3371:Manasbal
3361:Kunjpura
3323:Goalpara
3091:Pakistan
3076:Malaysia
2978:Diplomat
2937:Concepts
2662:(IRS-IT)
2584:(IPTAFS)
2045:SEE-UPTU
1801:(1903).
1779:in JSTOR
1543:Archived
1499:Archived
1468:Archived
1244:Archived
1035:Archived
1000:Archived
838:Archived
812:Archived
741:See also
677:—
614:Justice
577:Pakistan
475:—
395:Source:
240:and the
202:the Home
193:—
96:Pakistan
3416:Tilaiya
3391:Purulia
3386:Punglwa
3381:Nalanda
3376:Nagrota
3366:Lucknow
3308:Bijapur
3280:Schools
3086:Nigeria
3061:Ireland
3046:Germany
2814:(UKPPS)
2808:(UPPPS)
2791:(UKPFS)
2785:(UPPFS)
2750:(UKPCS)
2744:(UPPCS)
2716:(JKAS)
2620:(IRSSE)
2614:(IRSEE)
2608:(IRSME)
2596:(IRPFS)
2512:(CES-R)
2130:Defunct
2079:Service
2020:MHT-CET
1718:(2007)
1006:23 July
940:. 1905.
730:Members
683:, then
428:Courts
375:annuity
340:cockade
220:), the
188:Company
53:of the
3406:Satara
3401:Rewari
3352:Kodagu
3333:Imphal
3278:Sainik
3096:Russia
3051:Greece
3041:France
3024:Canada
3019:Brazil
2881:Others
2873:(WBLS)
2867:(WBJS)
2861:(RAcS)
2843:(PFAS)
2820:(WBPS)
2768:(WBCS)
2762:(TNCS)
2738:(JPCS)
2686:(ITrS)
2680:(IRRS)
2644:(IRTS)
2638:(IRPS)
2632:(IRAS)
2626:(IRSS)
2602:(IRSE)
2590:(IRMS)
2578:(IOFS)
2554:(IDSE)
2548:(IDES)
2542:(IDAS)
2536:(ICLS)
2530:(ICAS)
2524:(IAAS)
1925:Others
1818:(1969)
1807:
1794:(1977)
1787:(2001)
1749:(2007)
1735:(1957)
1704:(1993)
1690:(1937)
1591:
1443:
1388:
1350:
1298:
1273:
1250:18 May
1218:
1117:
912:
790:
674:India.
333:beaver
179:London
102:, the
3071:Japan
3066:Italy
3056:India
3029:China
2855:(PTS)
2849:(PSS)
2837:(PDS)
2756:(RAS)
2732:(KAS)
2726:(KAS)
2709:(GAS)
2703:(BAS)
2674:(ITS)
2668:(ISS)
2650:(IRS)
2572:(IIS)
2566:(IFS)
2560:(IES)
2518:(CSS)
2506:(CES)
2500:(CLS)
2481:(IPS)
2475:(IFS)
2469:(IAS)
2257:State
2239:Union
2166:Misc.
1619:Notes
1441:S2CID
970:(PDF)
955:(PDF)
573:India
232:) or
92:India
88:India
3396:Rewa
2015:KEAM
1660:and
1635:and
1589:ISBN
1551:2021
1507:2019
1476:2019
1386:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1252:2017
1240:OPEN
1216:ISBN
1197:2016
1156:2015
1115:ISBN
1043:2016
1008:2020
978:2011
910:ISBN
846:2014
820:2014
788:ISBN
575:and
521:The
499:and
342:and
302:and
160:and
130:and
110:and
94:and
37:The
1433:doi
571:of
43:ICS
3719::
2971:/
1537:.
1497:.
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1462:.
1439:.
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