306:, baclofen, and tetrabenazine. The proportion of patients who benefited from anticholinergics ranged from 1 in 9 in Oregon to 1 in 5 in England. Besides failing to resolve the blepharospasm, some drugs present the risk of side effects. In Japan, use of etizolam and benzodiazepine was associated with the development of blepharospasm. A case report from Sri Lanka suggests treatment with
318:
experienced significant relief of symptoms for a mean duration of 9.2 weeks. However, in a minority of patients, the injections do not provide any symptomatic relief. Injections of botulinum toxin may diminish in effectiveness with prolonged use and require increased dosage. Injections of botulinum toxin increase the risk of visual complaints and
219:
Typically, the symptoms—spasms and contractions of the eyelids—tend to worsen when the patient relaxes but abate during sleep. The symptoms may be temporarily alleviated by sensory tricks (geste antagoniste) including stretching or rubbing the eyebrows, eyelids, or forehead, and singing, talking, or
211:
Blepharospasm usually begins with occasional twitches of both eyelids, which progress over time to forceful and frequent spasms and contractions of the eyelids. In severe episodes, the patient cannot open their eyelids (apraxia), which severely limits their daily activities. Prolonged closure of the
334:
A case report from
California suggests the use of intense pulsed light therapy to relieve blepharospasm. Several complementary therapies simulate sensory tricks. One is to attach a device to spectacle frames to press on the patient's temple. Another is the application of thin cosmetic tapes to the
286:
Diagnosis of blepharospasm has been enhanced by the proposal of objective diagnostic criteria that start from "stereotyped, bilateral and synchronous orbicularis oculi spasms" and proceed to the identification of a "sensory trick" or "increased blinking". The criteria have been validated across
242:
Blepharospasm is often associated with dry eyes, but the causal mechanism is still not clear. Research in New York and Italy suggests that increased blinking (which may be triggered by dry eyes) leads to blepharospasm. A case control study in China found that blepharospasm aggravated dry eyes.
198:
Blepharospasm is a fairly rare disease. Estimates of incidence and prevalence vary, tending to be higher in population studies than service studies, likely because of delays in diagnosis. In the United States, approximately 2,000 new cases of blepharospasm are diagnosed each year. Estimates of
317:
to induce localized, partial paralysis of the eyelid muscles. Injections are generally administered at intervals of around 10 weeks, with variations based on patient response and usually give fairly quick relief from the muscle spasms. An
English study reported that 118 (78%) of 151 patients
602:
Scorr, Laura M.; Cho, Hyun Joo; Kilic-Berkmen, Gamze; McKay, J. Lucas; Hallett, Mark; Klein, Christine; Baumer, Tobias; Berman, Brian D.; Feuerstein, Jeanne S.; Perlmutter, Joel S.; Berardelli, Alfredo; Ferrazzano, Gina; Wagle-Shukla, Aparna; Malaty, Irene A.; Jankovic, Joseph (16 May 2022).
2355:
Defazio, Giovanni; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Berardelli, Alfredo; Perlmutter, Joel S.; Berkmen, Gamze Kilic; Berman, Brian D.; Jankovic, Joseph; Bäumer, Tobias; Comella, Cynthia; Cotton, Adam C.; Ercoli, Tommaso; Ferrazzano, Gina; Fox, Susan; Kim, Han-Joon; Moukheiber, Emile Sami (October 2021).
1262:
Defazio, Giovanni; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Stella
Aniello, Maria; Di Fede, Roberta; Esposito, Marcello; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Girlanda, Paolo; Liguori, Rocco; Marinelli, Lucio; Martino, Davide; Morgante, Francesca; Santoro, Lucio; Tinazzi, Michele; Berardelli, Alfredo (15 December 2011).
202:
The onset of blepharospasm tends to be during the ages 40–60. The condition is roughly more than twice as frequent among females than males, which may be related to menopause and hormone treatments. In Taiwan, the condition is more frequent among white- than blue-collar workers.
215:
Patients suffering from blepharospasm also report sensory symptoms including sensitivity to light, dry eyes, and burning sensation and grittiness in the eyes. Although such symptoms tend to precede the onset of the blepharospasm, they may both be due to a common third factor.
238:
However, blepharospasm is now known to involve several regions of the brain and to be a multifactorial condition in which "one or several as yet unknown genes together with epigenetic and environmental factors combine to reach the threshold that induces the disease".
1093:"Hormone replacement therapy and dry eye syndrome. Schaumberg DA,∗∗Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Ave E, Boston, MA 02215. USA E-mail: Buring JE, Sullivan DA, Dana MR. JAMA 2001;286:2114–2119"
762:
Byrd, Erica; Albers, Kathleen; Goldman, Samuel; Klingman, Jeffrey; Lo, Raymond; Marras, Connie; Leimpeter, Amethyst; Fross, Robin; Comyns, Kathleen; Gu, Zhuqin; Katz, Maya; Ozelius, Laurie; Bressman, Susan; Saunders-Pullman, Rachel; Comella, Cynthia (5 April 2016).
3155:
3140:
298:
Particularly when associated with dry eyes, blepharospasm may be relieved with warm compresses, eye drops, and eye wipes. A Japanese study showed that warm compresses containing menthol were more effective in increasing tear film.
2758:"Practice guideline update summary: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology"
2193:
Martino, Davide; Defazio, Giovanni; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Girlanda, Paolo; Tinazzi, Michele; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Aniello, Maria Stella; Avanzino, Laura; Colosimo, Carlo; Majorana, Giuseppe; Trompetto, Carlo (March 2007).
2755:
Simpson, D. M.; Hallett, M.; Ashman, E. J.; Comella, C. L.; Green, M. W.; Gronseth, G. S.; Armstrong, M. J.; Gloss, D.; Potrebic, S.; Jankovic, J.; Karp, B. P.; Naumann, M.; So, Y. T.; Yablon, S. A. (18 April 2016).
199:
incidence per million persons-years range from 14.5 in
Northern California to 100 in Taiwan. Estimates of prevalence per million range from 12 in Olmsted County, Minnesota to 133 in Puglia, Southern Italy.
3765:
2705:
Duarte, Gonçalo S; Rodrigues, Filipe B; Marques, Raquel E; Castelão, Mafalda; Ferreira, Joaquim; Sampaio, Cristina; Moore, Austen P; Costa, João (19 November 2020). Cochrane
Movement Disorders Group (ed.).
4151:
4146:
4163:
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Blepharospasm occurs in middle age and is more frequent among women than men. The most common treatments are medication and periodic injections of botulinum toxin into the eyelid muscles.
3314:
4242:
2251:
Molloy, Anna; Williams, Laura; Kimmich, Okka; Butler, John S.; Beiser, Ines; McGovern, Eavan; O'Riordan, Sean; Reilly, Richard B.; Walsh, Cathal; Hutchinson, Michael (1 April 2016).
1165:
Molloy, Anna; Williams, Laura; Kimmich, Okka; Butler, John S; Beiser, Ines; McGovern, Eavan; O'Riordan, Sean; Reilly, Richard B; Walsh, Cathal; Hutchinson, Michael (22 April 2015).
1407:
Peckham, E. L.; Lopez, G.; Shamim, E. A.; Richardson, S. Pirio; Sanku, S.; Malkani, R.; Stacy, M.; Mahant, P.; Crawley, A.; Singleton, A.; Hallett, M. (17 February 2011).
928:
Defazio, G.; Livrea, P.; De Salvia, R.; Manobianca, G.; Coviello, V.; Anaclerio, D.; Guerra, V.; Martino, D.; Valluzzi, F.; Liguori, R.; Logroscino, G. (12 June 2001).
283:
No laboratory tests exist with which to definitively diagnose blepharospasm. Historically, the condition was frequently misdiagnosed, often as a psychiatric condition.
3510:
1944:
Nociti, V; Bentivoglio, Ar; Frisullo, G; Fasano, A; Soleti, F; Iorio, R; Loria, G; Patanella, Ak; Marti, A; Tartaglione, T; Tonali, Pa; Batocchi, Ap (November 2008).
4232:
3505:
2507:
Arita, Reiko; Morishige, Naoyuki; Sakamoto, Ichiro; Imai, Natsuko; Shimada, Yuko; Igaki, Michihito; Suzuki, Atsushi; Itoh, Kouzo; Tsubota, Kazuo (5 April 2017).
327:
Patients who do not respond well to medication or botulinum toxin injections are candidates for surgical therapy. The most effective surgical treatment has been
2147:
3307:
2945:
156:
an uncontrolled muscle contraction. The condition should be distinguished from the more common, and milder, involuntary quivering of an eyelid, known as
3267:
358:
4133:
1595:
Evinger, Craig; Bao, Jian-Bin; Powers, Alice S.; Kassem, Iris S.; Schicatano, Edward J.; Henriquez, Victor M.; Peshori, Kavita R. (31 January 2002).
3050:"Efficacy of a Non-invasive Cosmetic Forcible Trick Treatment for Blepharospasm: Increase in Quality of Life Due to Use of Ultra-thin Adhesive Tape"
1130:
Adams WH, Digre KB, Patel BC, Anderson RL, Warner JE, Katz BJ (July 2006). "The evaluation of light sensitivity in benign essential blepharospasm".
146:
around both eyes. These result in abnormal twitching or blinking, and in the extreme, sustained eyelid closure resulting in functional blindness.
4123:
3300:
1992:
2414:
4103:
3776:
879:
4128:
3760:
3088:
1511:
Hwang, WJ (2012). "Demographic and
Clinical Features of Patients with Blepharospasm in Southern Taiwan: a university Hospital-Based Study".
713:
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3954:
3416:
223:
Although blepharospasm is defined as a bilaterally symmetric disorder that affects both eyes, some research has reported unilateral onset.
295:
Standard first line treatments of blepharospasm are conservative therapies, oral medication, and periodic injections of botulinum toxin.
3170:
4185:
4118:
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Abbruzzese, G; Berardelli, A; Girlanda, P; Marchese, R; Martino, D; Morgante, F; Avanzino, L; Colosimo, C; Defazio, G (1 April 2008).
3103:
Farias, J., Sarti-Martínez, MA. Title: "Elite musicians treated by specific fingers motion program to stimulate propiceptive sense",
3888:
3691:
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for women going through menopause has been found to be associated with dry eyes, which in turn is associated with blepharospasm.
171:. It may be a primary or secondary disorder. The primary disorder is benign essential blepharospasm, in which term the qualifier
1899:"Prevalence of Blepharospasm and Apraxia of Eyelid Opening in Patients with Parkinsonism, Cervical Dystonia and Essential Tremor"
1360:
Martino, Davide; Liuzzi, Daniele; Macerollo, Antonella; Aniello, Maria Stella; Livrea, Paolo; Defazio, Giovanni (15 March 2010).
4007:
3522:
3498:
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Conte, Antonella; Ferrazzano, Gina; Defazio, Giovanni; Fabbrini, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Berardelli, Alfredo (2 June 2017).
3714:
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Another complementary therapy is retraining the brain to "rewire" itself and eliminate dystonic movements. Associated with
4201:
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179:. Blepharospasm may occur as secondary to conditions including dry eyes and other specific ocular disease or conditions,
4170:
3544:
262:
605:"Clinical Features and Evolution of Blepharospasm: A Multicenter International Cohort and Systematic Literature Review"
3680:
1041:
Martino, Davide; Livrea, Paolo; Giorelli, Maurizio; Masi, Gianluca; Aniello, Maria Stella; Defazio, Giovanni (2002).
235:. The basal ganglia are structures in the brain that are involved in the regulation of motor and reward functions.
4158:
3708:
3380:
880:"Benign Essential Blepharospasm Among Residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976 to 1995: An Epidemiologic Study"
4050:
220:
humming. Blepharospasm is aggravated by fatigue, stress, and environmental factors such as wind or air pollution.
4108:
4076:
4028:
3877:
3456:
1540:"Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Brueghel's syndrome). A variant of adult-onset torsion dystonia?"
4175:
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143:
4180:
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Defazio, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Conte, Antonella; Berardelli, Alfredo (10 February 2017).
813:"Epidemiology of benign essential blepharospasm: A nationwide population-based retrospective study in Taiwan"
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3869:
3687:
3539:
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Patients suffering from blepharospasm may get relief by wearing spectacles fitted to lift the upper eyelid.
331:, the removal of muscles responsible for eyelid closure. Myectomy is more effective than distal neurectomy.
2807:"Long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A injections to treat blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm"
4045:
4037:
3992:
3668:
3640:
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1851:
662:
Steeves, Thomas D.; Day, Lundy; Dykeman, Jonathan; Jette, Nathalie; Pringsheim, Tamara (31 October 2012).
251:
184:
3285:
2852:
Anderson RL, Patel BC, Holds JB, Jordan DR (September 1998). "Blepharospasm: past, present, and future".
2509:"Effects of a warm compress containing menthol on the tear film in healthy subjects and dry eye patients"
4060:
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3752:
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3645:
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2946:"Intense Pulsed Light: A Therapeutic Option for Patients With Rosacea-Related Dry Eye and Blepharospasm"
261:
Some drugs can induce blepharospasm, including those used to treat depression and
Parkinson's disease.
149:
The word blepharospasm is derived from the Greek: βλέφαρον / blepharon, eyelid, and σπασμός / spasmos,
1758:"Blepharospasm and orofacial-cervical dystonia: Clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients"
346:, making it possible for patients to recover substantial function that was lost due to blepharospasm.
3997:
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824:
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is a neurological disorder characterized by intermittent, involuntary spasms and contractions of the
1709:
Lu, Rong; Huang, Ruisheng; Li, Kang; Zhang, Xinchun; Yang, Hui; Quan, Yadan; Li, Qian (March 2014).
357:
The U.S. National
Library of Medicine maintains a register of clinical trials of therapies to treat
231:
Historically, it was believed that blepharospasm was due to the abnormal functioning of the brain's
3926:
3573:
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1465:
426:
247:
180:
2146:
Mauriello, Joseph A.; Carbonaro, Paul; Dhillon, Shamina; Leone, Tina; Franklin, Mark (June 1998).
1043:"Menopause and Menarche in Patients with Primary Blepharospasm: An Exploratory Case-Control Study"
4096:
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3292:
2091:"Blepharospasm in Japan: A Clinical Observational Study From a Large Referral Hospital in Tokyo"
1897:
Rana, Abdul-Qayyum; Kabir, Ashish; Dogu, Okan; Patel, Ami; Khondker, Sumaiya (11 October 2012).
254:, but the causal mechanism is still not clear. In rare cases, blepharospasm is associated with
811:
Sun, Yng; Tsai, Pei-Jhen; Chu, Chin-Liang; Huang, Wei-Chun; Bee, Youn-Shen (26 December 2018).
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17:
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Limitless. How your movements can heal your brain: An essay on the neurodynamics of dystonia
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Micheli, Federico; Scorticati, María Clara; Folgar, Silvia; Gatto, Emilia (September 2004).
1816:
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1711:"The Influence of Benign Essential Blepharospasm on Dry Eye Disease and Ocular Inflammation"
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64:
1945:
1362:"The phenomenology of the geste antagoniste in primary blepharospasm and cervical dystonia"
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319:
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Defazio, Giovanni; Hallett, Mark; Jinnah, Hyder A.; Berardelli, Alfredo (16 July 2013).
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Blepharospasm may be associated with dystonia in other parts of the body, particularly
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930:"Prevalence of primary blepharospasm in a community of Puglia region, Southern Italy"
232:
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131:
31:
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in some rare cases, when a blow to the back of the head damages the basal ganglia.
3232:
2614:
Nutt, John G.; Hammerstad, John P.; de Garmo, Pat; Carter, Julie (February 1984).
2592:
2299:
2106:
1993:"Blepharospasm and Sixth Nerve Palsy as the Presenting Sign of Multiple Sclerosis"
342:, sensorimotor retraining activities and proprioceptive stimulation aim to induce
30:
Several terms redirect here. For the spontaneous, involuntary muscle twitch, see
3186:
3065:
2961:
2773:
2430:
2315:
2300:"Development and validation of a clinical guideline for diagnosing blepharospasm"
2004:
1805:"Long-term assessment of the risk of spread in primary late-onset focal dystonia"
1481:
837:
3442:
3403:
3345:
3216:
472:
Hallett, Mark; Evinger, Craig; Jankovic, Joseph; Stacy, Mark (14 October 2008).
3197:
3049:
2992:
1946:"Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis: causal or coincidental association?"
1710:
3553:
3423:
3238:
3149:
3008:
2253:"Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm"
1804:
1726:
1654:"Increased Blinking May Be a Precursor of Blepharospasm: A Longitudinal Study"
1167:"Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm"
1166:
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2012:
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3243:
3227:
2413:
Murakami, David K.; Blackie, Caroline A.; Korb, Donald R. (September 2015).
2196:"Head trauma in primary cranial dystonias: a multicentre case–control study"
1555:
1409:"Clinical features of patients with blepharospasm: a report of 240 patients"
929:
621:
307:
127:
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2020:
1977:
1930:
1883:
1836:
1742:
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1638:
1524:
1497:
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1346:
1296:
1217:"The significance of ophthalmological symptoms in idiopathic blepharospasm"
1198:
1151:
1074:
985:
961:
945:
911:
864:
745:
695:
664:"The prevalence of primary dystonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
648:
577:
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458:
2944:
Monterastelli, Anna N.; Bailey, Lucy A.; Cockerham, Kimberly (June 2022).
2930:
2873:
2647:
2358:"Diagnostic criteria for blepharospasm: A multicenter international study"
2179:
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1773:
1581:
1248:
1027:
1001:
3843:
3835:
3801:
3655:
3558:
2631:
1265:"Eye symptoms in relatives of patients with primary adult-onset dystonia"
1216:
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157:
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2252:
1653:
1232:
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1596:
1361:
1264:
1042:
878:
Bradley, Elizabeth A.; Hodge, David O.; Bartley, George B. (May 2003).
663:
535:
375:
Relationships of
Blepharospasm to Ophthalmic Conditions such as Dry Eye
3132:
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1914:
1867:
1612:
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1058:
679:
551:
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3144:
400:"Dystonia. Rewiring the brain through movement and dance", TEDxNapoli
2616:"Cranial dystonia: Double-blind crossover study of anticholinergics"
1898:
4138:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
2993:"A trial of a mechanical device for the treatment of blepharospasm"
2805:
Ababneh, Osama H; Cetinkaya, Altug; Kulwin, Dwight R (April 2014).
1852:"Development of Parkinson's disease in patients with blepharospasm"
339:
167:
Blepharospasm is one form of a group of movement disorders called
151:
3175:
2991:
Fantato, Alexina; Parulekar, Manoj; Elston, John (2 July 2019).
3296:
1215:
Elsron, J S; Marsden, C D; Grandas, F; Quinn, N P (July 1988).
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Waller, R R; Kennedy, R H; Henderson, J W; Kesty, K R (1985).
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Uchida, Kazuko; Kiyosawa, Motohiro; Wakakura, Masato (2020).
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Grandas, F; Elston, J; Quinn, N; Marsden, C D (1 June 1988).
106:
2663:"Mosapride (5HT4 agonist) in the treatment of blepharospasm"
2148:"Drug-Associated Facial Dyskinesias—A Study of 238 Patients"
88:
82:
76:
2089:
Wakakura, M.; Yamagami, A.; Iwasa, M. (3 September 2018).
1991:
Edechi, Chidalu A.; Micieli, Jonathan A. (28 April 2022).
100:
302:
Drugs used to treat blepharospasm are anticholinergics,
313:
The main first-line therapy is periodic injections of
275:
Blepharospasm is associated with exposure to the sun.
2901:
Transactions of the
American Ophthalmological Society
2575:
Vijayakumar, Dhanya; Jankovic, Joseph (4 July 2018).
103:
94:
79:
67:
3122:
2460:
Defazio, Giovanni; Livrea, Paolo (1 February 2004).
765:"Blepharospasm in a Multiethnic Population (P3.348)"
406:"How your movements can heal your brain", TEDxNapoli
97:
85:
73:
70:
4059:
4036:
4027:
4020:
3975:
3925:
3897:
3868:
3834:
3796:
3785:
3751:
3729:
3654:
3464:
3455:
3441:
3401:
3344:
3335:
3207:
3126:
3105:
Congreso Nacional De La Sociedad Anatómica Española
2257:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
2039:"Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm"
1809:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
1544:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
1171:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
990:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
121:
91:
55:
47:
42:
3263:Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation
2708:"Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm"
2200:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
2043:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
712:Simon, Guy J. Ben; McCann, John D. (Summer 2005).
2415:"All Warm Compresses Are Not Equally Efficacious"
2037:Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J (March 2004).
884:Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
4243:Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit
3308:
2854:Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
212:eyelids may result in functional blindness.
8:
2661:Piyasena INAP; Jayasinghe JAC (March 2014).
1756:Jankovic, Joseph; Ford, Janet (April 1983).
27:Abnormal contraction or twitch of the eyelid
4033:
4024:
3793:
3461:
3452:
3341:
3315:
3301:
3293:
3258:American Academy of Ophthalmology: EyeWiki
3123:
287:multiple ethnicities in multiple centers.
39:
3024:
2920:
2811:Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology
2781:
2731:
2678:
2548:
2389:
2331:
2227:
2122:
2062:
1685:
1628:
1571:
1440:
1313:Defazio, Giovanni; Livrea, Paolo (2004).
1017:
986:"Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients"
854:
836:
638:
620:
567:
505:
3286:National Organization for Rare Disorders
2712:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1464:Coscarelli, Jandira Mourão (May 2010).
417:
250:. Blepharospasm may be associated with
4104:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
3777:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
2700:
2698:
2570:
2568:
2084:
2082:
2032:
2030:
1597:"Dry eye, blinking, and blepharospasm"
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
51:Eye dystonia, Eye twitching, Eye spasm
4233:Extrapyramidal and movement disorders
3275:(Swedish source for licensed doctors)
1308:
1306:
1210:
1208:
1086:
1084:
923:
921:
384:, BEBRF Symposium, September 9, 2017.
7:
3955:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2577:"Medical treatment of blepharospasm"
2362:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
1658:Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
757:
755:
707:
705:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
529:
527:
525:
781:10.1212/wnl.86.16_supplement.p3.348
718:International Ophthalmology Clinics
388:Complementary/alternative therapies
4186:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
1091:Liesegang, Thomas J (March 2002).
896:10.1097/01.IOP.0000065203.88182.CF
730:10.1097/01.iio.0000167238.26526.a8
490:10.1212/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85
443:10.1212/01.WNL.0000027361.73814.0E
425:Hallett, Mark (12 November 2002).
377:, BEBRF Symposium, August 6, 2016.
369:Blepharospasm Research Foundation
144:orbicularis oculi (eyelid) muscles
25:
3889:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
3692:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
1715:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1132:American Journal of Ophthalmology
1097:American Journal of Ophthalmology
187:and other movement disorders.
183:and other forms of dystonia, and
3909:For more detailed coverage, see
3887:For more detailed coverage, see
3858:For more detailed coverage, see
3824:For more detailed coverage, see
3775:For more detailed coverage, see
2866:10.1097/00002341-199809000-00002
2478:10.2165/00003495-200464030-00002
2374:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.004
2164:10.1097/00041327-199806000-00016
1999:: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001916.
1538:Marsden, C D (1 December 1976).
1425:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03161.x
1331:10.2165/00003495-200464030-00002
714:"Benign Essential Blepharospasm"
427:"Blepharospasm: Recent advances"
63:
390:, Philadelphia, October 9, 2021
268:Blepharospasm can be caused by
2950:Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology
2724:10.1002/14651858.CD004900.pub3
2581:Expert Review of Ophthalmology
2152:Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology
1997:Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology
536:"Blepharospasm 40 years later"
18:Benign essential blepharospasm
1:
4202:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
4087:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
3945:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
2897:"Management of blepharospasm"
2593:10.1080/17469899.2018.1503535
2107:10.1080/01658107.2017.1409770
1413:European Journal of Neurology
1109:10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01368-5
4171:Progressive muscular atrophy
3066:10.11476/shinkeiganka.37.237
2962:10.1097/WNO.0000000000001290
2774:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002560
2431:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000675
2419:Optometry and Vision Science
2316:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31829bfdf6
2005:10.1097/WNO.0000000000001916
1482:10.3109/08820538.2010.488564
838:10.1371/journal.pone.0209558
3681:Primary progressive aphasia
3109:European Journal of Anatomy
263:Hormone replacement therapy
4259:
4003:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
3709:Posterior cortical atrophy
3530:Striatonigral degeneration
3381:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
1950:Multiple Sclerosis Journal
382:Blepharospasm and dry eyes
29:
4109:Spinal muscular atrophies
4077:Primary lateral sclerosis
3935:Intracranial hypertension
3715:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3009:10.1038/s41433-019-0495-y
1727:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.11.014
1470:Seminars in Ophthalmology
1466:"Essential Blepharospasm"
1144:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.02.020
474:"Update on blepharospasm"
394:Neuroplasticity training
4176:Progressive bulbar palsy
3967:Intracranial hypotension
3950:Choroid plexus papilloma
3364:Herpesviral encephalitis
3079:Farias, Joaquin (2016).
3054:NeuroOphthalmology Japan
2269:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310266
2212:10.1136/jnnp.2006.103713
2055:10.1136/jnnp.2003.019869
1962:10.1177/1352458508094883
1821:10.1136/jnnp.2007.124594
1183:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310266
3688:Frontotemporal dementia
3374:Encephalitis lethargica
2462:"Primary Blepharospasm"
1556:10.1136/jnnp.39.12.1204
1315:"Primary Blepharospasm"
622:10.3389/dyst.2022.10359
380:Charles N.S. Soparkar,
335:forehead and eyebrows.
3993:Hepatic encephalopathy
3281:National Eye Institute
2680:10.4038/cmj.v59i1.5527
946:10.1212/wnl.56.11.1579
315:botulinum toxin type A
4051:Ataxia–telangiectasia
4008:Static encephalopathy
3731:Mitochondrial disease
3569:Spasmodic torticollis
3479:Basal ganglia disease
3107:, Alicante (España),
1774:10.1002/ana.410130406
1002:10.1136/jnnp.51.6.767
3998:Toxic encephalopathy
3704:Lewy bodies dementia
2632:10.1212/WNL.34.2.215
4046:Friedreich's ataxia
3429:Meningoencephalitis
3369:Limbic encephalitis
3083:. Galene Editions.
3068:– via JStage.
2525:2017NatSR...745848A
2095:Neuro-Ophthalmology
1762:Annals of Neurology
1233:10.1038/eye.1988.79
829:2018PLoSO..1309558S
373:Victoria S. Pelak,
329:protractor myectomy
252:Parkinson's Disease
185:Parkinson's Disease
175:indicates that the
4082:Pseudobulbar palsy
3820:Status epilepticus
3771:Multiple sclerosis
3608:Myoclonic epilepsy
3471:movement disorders
3417:Acute disseminated
3359:Viral encephalitis
3268:ClinicalTrials.gov
3208:External resources
2513:Scientific Reports
1903:European Neurology
1856:Movement Disorders
1670:10.1002/mdc3.12499
1601:Movement Disorders
1513:Acta Neurol Taiwan
1366:Movement Disorders
1269:Movement Disorders
1047:European Neurology
668:Movement Disorders
540:Movement Disorders
256:multiple sclerosis
207:Signs and symptoms
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4016:
4015:
3921:
3920:
3860:Template:Headache
3826:Template:Epilepsy
3747:
3746:
3721:Vascular dementia
3564:Status dystonicus
3437:
3436:
3412:Encephalomyelitis
3276:
3253:
3252:
3090:978-0-9951701-0-0
3003:(11): 1803–1808.
2823:10.1111/ceo.12165
2768:(19): 1818–1826.
2533:10.1038/srep45848
1915:10.1159/000341621
1868:10.1002/mds.20084
1721:(3): 591–597.e2.
1613:10.1002/mds.10065
1550:(12): 1204–1209.
1378:10.1002/mds.23011
1281:10.1002/mds.24026
1059:10.1159/000047975
940:(11): 1579–1581.
775:(16_supplement).
680:10.1002/mds.25244
674:(14): 1789–1796.
552:10.1002/mds.26934
484:(16): 1275–1282.
324:(eyelid droop).
137:
136:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4250:
4034:
4025:
3983:Brain herniation
3794:
3634:Intention tremor
3629:Essential tremor
3494:Postencephalitic
3462:
3453:
3342:
3323:Diseases of the
3317:
3310:
3303:
3294:
3274:
3273:Internetmedicin
3124:
3112:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3028:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2956:(2): e494–e496.
2941:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2718:(11): CD004900.
2702:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2126:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2034:
2025:
2024:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1956:(9): 1284–1287.
1941:
1935:
1934:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1862:(9): 1069–1072.
1847:
1841:
1840:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1021:
981:
966:
965:
925:
916:
915:
875:
869:
868:
858:
840:
823:(12): e0209558.
808:
793:
792:
759:
750:
749:
709:
700:
699:
659:
653:
652:
642:
624:
599:
582:
581:
571:
531:
520:
519:
509:
469:
463:
462:
437:(9): 1306–1312.
422:
404:Joaquin Farias,
398:Federico Bitti,
248:Meige's Syndrome
181:Meige's Syndrome
177:cause is unknown
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
40:
21:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4208:
4134:Congenital DSMA
4055:
4012:
3971:
3917:
3905:Sleep disorders
3893:
3870:Cerebrovascular
3864:
3830:
3787:
3781:
3743:
3725:
3650:
3596:Choreoathetosis
3469:
3446:
3433:
3397:
3331:
3321:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3203:
3202:
3135:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3047:
3046:
3042:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2036:
2035:
2028:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1607:(S2): S75–S78.
1594:
1593:
1589:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1040:
1039:
1035:
983:
982:
969:
927:
926:
919:
877:
876:
872:
810:
809:
796:
761:
760:
753:
711:
710:
703:
661:
660:
656:
601:
600:
585:
533:
532:
523:
471:
470:
466:
424:
423:
419:
414:
367:
355:
344:neuroplasticity
304:benzodiazepines
293:
281:
229:
209:
196:
117:
66:
62:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4256:
4254:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4065:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3962:Cerebral edema
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3911:Template:Sleep
3901:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3791:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3739:Leigh syndrome
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3475:
3473:
3466:Extrapyramidal
3459:
3450:
3448:encephalopathy
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3408:
3406:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3350:
3348:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3325:nervous system
3322:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3235:
3224:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3178:
3167:
3152:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:Classification
3120:
3119:External links
3117:
3114:
3113:
3096:
3089:
3071:
3060:(2): 237–243.
3040:
2983:
2936:
2887:
2860:(5): 305–317.
2844:
2817:(3): 254–261.
2797:
2747:
2694:
2653:
2626:(2): 215–217.
2606:
2587:(4): 233–243.
2564:
2499:
2472:(3): 237–244.
2452:
2405:
2347:
2310:(3): 236–240.
2290:
2263:(4): 420–424.
2243:
2206:(3): 260–263.
2185:
2158:(2): 153–157.
2138:
2101:(5): 275–283.
2078:
2049:(3): 506–507.
2026:
1983:
1936:
1909:(5): 318–321.
1889:
1842:
1815:(4): 392–396.
1795:
1768:(4): 402–411.
1748:
1701:
1664:(5): 733–736.
1644:
1587:
1530:
1519:(3): 108–114.
1503:
1476:(3): 104–108.
1456:
1419:(3): 382–386.
1399:
1372:(4): 407–412.
1352:
1325:(3): 237–244.
1302:
1275:(2): 305–307.
1254:
1227:(4): 435–439.
1204:
1177:(4): 420–424.
1157:
1122:
1103:(3): 435–436.
1080:
1053:(3): 161–164.
1033:
996:(6): 767–772.
967:
917:
890:(3): 177–181.
870:
794:
751:
701:
654:
583:
546:(4): 498–509.
521:
464:
416:
415:
413:
410:
409:
408:
402:
392:
391:
385:
378:
366:
363:
354:
351:
340:Joaquin Farias
292:
289:
280:
277:
228:
225:
208:
205:
195:
192:
135:
134:
125:
119:
118:
116:
115:
59:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4255:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:Reye syndrome
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Hydrocephalus
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3753:Demyelinating
3750:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Restless legs
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:Blepharospasm
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Hemiballismus
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3386:Brain abscess
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3244:Blepharospasm
3241:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
922:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
871:
866:
862:
857:
852:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
756:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
706:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
655:
650:
646:
641:
636:
632:
628:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
584:
579:
575:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
530:
528:
526:
522:
517:
513:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
468:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
418:
411:
407:
403:
401:
397:
396:
395:
389:
386:
383:
379:
376:
372:
371:
370:
364:
362:
360:
359:blepharospasm
352:
350:
347:
345:
341:
336:
332:
330:
325:
323:
322:
316:
311:
309:
305:
300:
296:
290:
288:
284:
278:
276:
273:
271:
266:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
240:
236:
234:
233:basal ganglia
226:
224:
221:
217:
213:
206:
204:
200:
193:
191:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
162:fasciculation
159:
155:
153:
147:
145:
141:
140:Blepharospasm
133:
132:ophthalmology
129:
126:
124:
120:
111:
61:
60:
58:
56:Pronunciation
54:
50:
46:
43:Blepharospasm
41:
33:
32:Fasciculation
19:
4196:
4095:
4068:
4029:Degenerative
3766:Inflammatory
3713:
3646:Stiff-person
3578:
3484:Parkinsonism
3457:Degenerative
3354:Encephalitis
3337:Inflammation
3327:, primarily
3290:
3237:
3226:
3215:
3191:
3180:
3169:
3154:
3139:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3080:
3074:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2765:
2761:
2750:
2715:
2711:
2673:(1): 26–27.
2670:
2667:Ceylon Med J
2666:
2656:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2584:
2580:
2519:(1): 45848.
2516:
2512:
2502:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2365:
2361:
2350:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2203:
2199:
2188:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2098:
2094:
2046:
2042:
1996:
1986:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1322:
1318:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1224:
1220:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1138:(1): 82–87.
1135:
1131:
1125:
1100:
1096:
1050:
1046:
1036:
993:
989:
937:
933:
887:
883:
873:
820:
816:
772:
768:
724:(3): 49–75.
721:
717:
671:
667:
657:
612:
608:
543:
539:
481:
477:
467:
434:
430:
420:
393:
368:
356:
348:
337:
333:
328:
326:
320:
312:
301:
297:
294:
285:
282:
274:
267:
260:
245:
241:
237:
230:
222:
218:
214:
210:
201:
197:
194:Epidemiology
189:
172:
166:
150:
148:
139:
138:
4181:Fazio–Londe
4021:Both/either
3815:Generalised
3674:Early-onset
3669:Alzheimer's
3404:spinal cord
3217:MedlinePlus
2907:: 367–386.
2425:(9): e327.
2368:: 109–114.
270:concussions
48:Other names
4227:Categories
3789:paroxysmal
3761:Autoimmune
3554:Dyskinesia
3424:Meningitis
3402:Brain and
3239:Patient UK
3193:DiseasesDB
412:References
365:Multimedia
3786:Episodic/
3664:Tauopathy
3615:Akathisia
3603:Myoclonus
3586:Athetosis
3518:Tauopathy
3228:eMedicine
3017:0950-222X
2970:1070-8022
2913:0065-9533
2831:1442-6404
2762:Neurology
2640:0028-3878
2620:Neurology
2601:1746-9899
2541:2045-2322
2486:1179-1950
2439:1538-9235
2382:1353-8020
2324:0028-3878
2304:Neurology
2277:0022-3050
2220:0022-3050
2172:1070-8022
2115:0165-8107
2013:1070-8022
1970:1352-4585
1923:0014-3022
1876:0885-3185
1829:0022-3050
1782:0364-5134
1735:0002-9394
1678:2330-1619
1621:0885-3185
1564:0022-3050
1490:0882-0538
1433:1351-5101
1386:0885-3185
1339:0012-6667
1289:0885-3185
1241:0950-222X
1191:0022-3050
1117:0002-9394
1067:0014-3022
1010:0022-3050
954:0028-3878
934:Neurology
904:0740-9303
847:1932-6203
789:0028-3878
769:Neurology
738:0020-8167
688:0885-3185
631:2813-2106
560:0885-3185
498:0028-3878
478:Neurology
451:0028-3878
431:Neurology
308:Mosapride
291:Treatment
279:Diagnosis
173:essential
128:Neurology
123:Specialty
4238:Dystonia
4152:SMALED2B
4147:SMALED2A
3844:Migraine
3836:Headache
3802:epilepsy
3798:Seizures
3656:Dementia
3559:Dystonia
3111:, p. 110
3035:31267089
2978:34270518
2882:13678666
2839:23844601
2792:27164716
2742:33211907
2689:24682196
2559:28378793
2494:14871168
2447:26164316
2400:34583301
2342:23771487
2285:25904812
2238:17056625
2133:30258472
2073:14966178
2021:37389956
1978:18768580
1931:23075668
1884:15372598
1837:17635969
1743:24269849
1696:29082270
1639:11836761
1525:23196730
1498:20590421
1451:20649903
1394:20108367
1347:14871168
1297:22173654
1199:25904812
1152:16815254
1075:11914554
962:11402121
912:12918550
865:30586395
817:PLOS ONE
746:15970766
696:23114997
649:36248010
609:Dystonia
578:28186662
516:18852443
459:12434791
353:Research
169:dystonia
158:myokymia
4164:SMA-PME
4159:SMA-PCH
4142:SMALED1
3854:Tension
3849:Cluster
3574:Meige's
3391:Amoebic
3233:oph/202
3187:D001764
3026:7002569
2931:3832534
2922:1298706
2874:9783280
2783:4862245
2733:8094161
2648:6363970
2550:5381094
2521:Bibcode
2391:9048224
2333:3770163
2229:2117628
2180:9621275
2124:6152494
2064:1738986
1790:6838174
1687:5654574
1630:3327285
1582:1011031
1442:3934127
1249:3253136
1028:3404184
1019:1033145
856:6306223
825:Bibcode
640:9557246
569:5941939
507:2676990
3883:Stroke
3697:Pick's
3624:Tremor
3591:Chorea
3222:000756
3176:606798
3165:333.81
3087:
3033:
3023:
3015:
2976:
2968:
2929:
2919:
2911:
2880:
2872:
2837:
2829:
2790:
2780:
2740:
2730:
2687:
2646:
2638:
2599:
2557:
2547:
2539:
2492:
2484:
2445:
2437:
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